UNodule uyamazama - igama elijwayelekile lomndeni wamabhungane, lapho kunezinhlobo ezingaba yikhulu. Hlangana nezinambuzane ungalimela kuphela izilimo zikabhontshisi. Izibungu ezisencane zithinta izimbotshana nezimpande zezitshalo, kuyilapho amabhungane amadala agaya amaqabunga kanye nezindawo zokukhula. Uma ungathathi izinyathelo zokulawula izinambuzane, isivuno sosizi oluhlaza kanye nembewu kuncishiswa kaningana.

Izici zemvelo zamabhungane

Izinambuzane zivamile kulo lonke elaseYurophu elinesimo sezulu esifudumele. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-nodule zigcwala ubusika esigabeni sezinambuzane zabantu abadala kanti yizinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezisebenzisa izinyanga zobusika esigabeni sezibungu. Amasayizi amabhungane amadala ahlukahluka ukusuka ku-3 kuye ku-8 mm. I-nodule weevil inezici eziningi zokuhlukanisa:

UNodule uyamazama

• ishubhu elincane lesikwele elicishe libe skwele,
• i-elytra embozwe ngamabreyizi nezikali zama-grey shades akhanyayo,
• Amehlo aqabulayo nge-cilia yombala omhlophe noma omnyama,
• amaconsi abomvu anezimpuphu
• I-oval emuva ihlotshiswe ngemivimbo emnyama noma amabala.

Akukho mehluko osobala, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sezitho zangasese, kwabesilisa nabesilisa.

INodule weevil isidalwa esinamahloni kakhulu. Ebona ingozi, alingisa isinambuzane esifile.

Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo emazingeni okushisa okungu-5 ° C, ukuvuswa kwezinambuzane kuqala. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wabo ubonakaliswa ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezifudumele, lapho i-thermometer ifinyelela ku + 15 ° С. AmaNevule weevil aqala ukufuduka efuna amasimu e-pea, amasimu atshalwe nge-alfalfa, i-vetch, ubhontshisi wezinso, ne-lentils. Isikhathi sokuhlala sithatha izinsuku ezi-5 kuye kwezingama-20 futhi kuya ngesimo sezulu. Esikhathini sezulu esinamafu noma esina imvula, ama-weevil abonwa iminyaka, noma kunjalo, ngezinsuku ezishisayo, ukuqedwa kwezilimo kwenzeka ngokushesha. Amabhungane athelelekile angadala umonakalo omkhulu kwizithombo. Ngokwokubonwa kososayensi bezinto eziphilayo ngemuva kokuhlala kabusha, izinambuzane ziphila impilo yokuhlala.

Ngemuva kobusika, mabhungane amadala adinga ukudla futhi adle amaqabunga amancane aphezulu emidumba. Bakwenza lokhu ngandlela-thile, ngomqondo wokugedla ama-ovals emaphethelweni wamahlamvu. Kunezimo lapho amakoloni amaningi e-weevil ewabhubhise ngokuphelele amaqabunga amahlumela wepea kanye nezinye izitshalo ze-leguminous.

Owesifazane ucishe abe kathathu ubudlova kunowesilisa. Ngokwesilinganiso, igaya ephepheni lika-10 mm², kuthi owesilisa kube ngu-3.3 mm² kuphela. Umuntu olambe kakhulu angadla aze afike ku-16 mm ² ngosuku.

Ukuzala kabusha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama-weevil

AmaNevule weevil adume hhayi ngobudlova nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuzala. I-Oviposition iqala ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Owesifazane oyedwa ubekela amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-30 ngosuku; empilweni yakhe emfushane uyakwazi ukukhiqiza amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-30. Insikazi ayizikhethi izindawo ezikhethekile futhi isakaze amaqanda ngokungahleliwe. Ekuqaleni, imibungu ikhanya ngombala futhi imbozwe ngegobolondo elinamathele elibamba amaqanda emaqabungeni naseziqu. Kancane kancane, zigobhoza emhlabathini, ziba mnyama ngombala futhi zixube nenhlabathi ngesikhathi semvula.

Ukushisa ngenhla kuka-32 ° C nokungabikho kwemvula kuholela ekufeni kwamaqanda amaningi. Ukushisa kanye nomswakama nakho kuthinta ukukhula kwemibungu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kweqanda kuthatha izinsuku ezi-6 kuye kwezingama-30, bese kuvela isibungu esingenamlenze esinekhanda elincane futhi ngaphandle kwamehlo kuvela kuso. Isinambuzane esincane sikhuphuka ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, lapho sithola khona izigaxa zezitshalo. Unganquma indawo yokungena yama-larva ngentethe emnyama. Ngemuva kokungena kwi-nodule, kuqala ukudonsa konke okuqukethwe. Ngemuva kokusala kwegobolondo elilodwa ukusuka ku-tuber, izibungu ziqhubekela kolandelayo. Esigabeni se-larval, inambuzane eyodwa ibulala amaqhugwane angama-5-6.

Ngemuva kokudla amaqhubu amaningi, izibungu zikhula ngosayizi futhi azilingani nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ngakho-ke kuqala ukudla izicubu ezingaphandle zezimpande. Kwisitjalo esisodwa sethanga, ngasikhathi sinye kungaba nabantu abasha abangama-20. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-25 kuye kwezingama-40, kuya ngesimo sezulu sendawo yokuhlala kanye nesimo sezulu. Izibungu ezivuthiwe zingcwatshwa enhlabathini zize zijule ku-10-15 cm futhi zihlomise ngesibalo sokuhlanjululwa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-9-14, ibhungane elisha lishiya ipupa. I-nodule weevil esanda kuzalwa iqala ukudla kakhulu futhi idla amaqabunga amnandi athosi, i-alfalfa vetch. Ngemuva kokuvuna izilimo zaminyaka yonke, izinambuzane zindizela otshanini obudala be-leguminous, lapho zihlala khona ebusika.

Izinhlobo ezivamile ze-nodule weevils

Izinhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo futhi ezibanzi kunazo zonke i-strope nodule weevil. Kuthunyelwe eYurophu nase-Asia. Ubude bokubhungwa abudluli ku-6 mm, futhi kungahlukaniswa kwezinye izinsimbi ngokungabikho kwe-cilia. Kukhona izihlakala ze-nodule ezi-peas, lensini, okuvame kakhulu ku-alfalfa naku-clover.

I-Nodule bristly weevil akuvamile ukuba ikhule ibe ngaphezu kuka-4.5 mm. Ama-cilia amhlophe abekwe ngaphezulu kwamehlo avuthayo. I-Elytra imbozwe ngokubomvu nge-setae emfushane emnyama nezinwele ezinde ezimhlophe. Ukulungiselela ukuthuthuka kuphizi, i-clover kanye nemidumba yonyaka.

I-weevil enezinyawo eziphuzi embozwe izinto eziningi futhi ibonwa ngamehlo. Sisatshalaliswa engxenyeni yezwe yaseYurophu naseNyakatho neCaucasus. Kukhethwa i-Clover ne-alfalfa.

I-Clover nodule weevils

IClover nodule weevil ngummeleli omncane womndeni omkhulu wezinambuzane. Ubukhulu bayo bufika kancane ku-3 mm. I-Prothorax ichazwe yimigqa emi-3 elula, umzimba ngaphandle kwezinwele nama bristles. Idla nge-clover, eyabizwa ngayo.

I-Nodule pea weevil yigama elidumile elijwayelekile lezilokazane zezitshalo zepea. Lokhu kufaka amabhungane anemizila enemichilo.

Ububi kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane

Ukulimala kwezilimo zezolimo kulethwa yizimbungulu ezindala kanye nezibungu ezisencane. Kulimaza izitshalo ezincane, konakalisa uhlelo lwezimpande, okuholela ekugcineni ekufeni kwezitshalo noma ukuncipha kwesivuno sembewu, isisindo samahlamvu aluhlaza. Izinyathelo zokulwa ne-nodule weevil zifaka izindlela zokuma kwezinto zakudala nezindlela zamakhemikhali:

• Ukuhlanza ngokuphelele imfucuza yezitshalo nokulima inhlabathi,
• ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi nembewu ngama-insecticides,
• sihlwanyela imidumba yonyaka ezigabeni zokuqala,
• ukulawula ukhula njalo nokukhulisa umhlabathi,
• ukubhujiswa kwamabhungane ezitshalweni ngesisombululo se-barium chloride,
• ukukhawulelwa kwenhlabathi ene-acidic.

Ezindaweni zokugcina ngemuva kokuvuna izimbali zonyaka, kushiywe amabheyithi anobuthi.

Izigaba zokuzala

Izinambuzane zabantu abadala ebusika emasimini, zivuka lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lifinyelela esitebeleni esishisayo esilinganayo kuya kwezine. Lapho umoya ufudumala uze ufike ku-13 ... + 17 ° C, amabhungane athatha iphiko futhi aqale uhambo lokuya kwelinye izwe eyofuna izimbotshana, okuhlala cishe izinsuku eziyishumi noma eziyishumi nanhlanu.

Ukondla ngemuva kobusika, ngoMeyi, izinsikazi ziqala ukubeka amaqanda azo bese ziqhubeka nalo msebenzi kuze kube nguJulayi, ngemuva kwalokho zibulawa ukukhathala. Owesifazane oyedwa ngesizini angabeka amaqanda angama-90 kuye kwangama-900 (inani lincike ezimweni zezulu kanye nokudla).

Amaqanda abekwa ngokungahleliwe, ngaphandle kokulungiselela ngendlela yokufakwa emhlabathini. Iqanda elinamathelayo elivela esiqwini noma esiqabwini ngemuva kokulimisa limane ligobhoze emhlabathini, lixube lapho sekuna imvula. Uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu futhi kungekho mvula, umbungu uyafa.

Ukukhula kombungu osezithole usesimweni esihle ngokushisa kwama-25 ° C kuyaqhubeka isikhathi esingangesonto, emva kwalokho izibungu ezivelayo zihlala ezincekwini, ebezondla ngazo kamuva. Ngemuva kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezimbalwa ezidliwayo, izibungu zikhula, zidle ngaphandle, zidle nezimpande zezitshalo. Ukukhula kuhlala inyanga, emva kwalokho izibungu esezitholile isisindo esidingekayo zizimbela imbobo emhlabathini, izindonga zazo ziboshwe ngamathe kanye nomhlaba. I-cradle ibhujiswa kalula ngesikhathi sokumbiwa, kepha ezimweni zokungavikeleki ivumela i-pupa ethambile ukuba ikhule ibe bug encane ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Nodule weevil - inkathazo

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zasentwasahlobo, mabhungane aqala ukondla, ezama ukubamba izinyanga ezilambile zobusika. Ukuvela kwamabhungane enkundleni kungalandelelwa ngabokuqala ababuthakathaka, bese kuvela ukubukeka okunjengamaqabunga emaqabungeni amancane ezindawo ezihlanganisiwe ze-legume.

Isimo sezulu esihle esifudumele, amabhungane angawabhubhisa ngokuphelele amaqabunga we-seedling endaweni enkulu kahle, ngoba ngemuva kokudlula emhlabeni ama-weevil awashiyi izindawo zokudla futhi awumisi ngisho nasebusuku.

Ngosuku lunye, ibhungane elilodwa lingadla amamitha ayi-2 skwele. amahlamvu amaqabunga, kuthi izinsikazi zidle kathathu abesilisa.

Kamuva, izibungu zizojoyina amabhungane, zidle izitshalo ezivela ngezansi, futhi zengeza amathuba okutheleleka ekulimaleni kwemishini.

Konke lokhu kuholela kubuthakathaka obuningi ngisho nokufa kwezitshalo, kuthinta kakhulu isivuno sezilimo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthengiswa kwamapheya ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwawo ngamabhungane kuncishiswa ngo-70%.

Akuwona wonke amafutha okugcotshwa izinambuzane alungele izingane. Thola ukuthi yiziphi imali eziphephile ezinganeni zakho ku-https: //stopvreditel.ru/parazity/zashhita/mazi.html.

Sitona crinitus

Impunga ebhulayo, indlovu ebunjiwe, indlovu ebunjiwe, iSitones crinitus, i-Spotted bean weevil

Itshaliwe i-pea weevil

IColeoptera (Amabhungane) - IColeoptera

UBristle nodule weevil - inkathazo yamathanga, i-vetch, ubhontshisi, i-lentil, i-alfalfa, i-sainfoin neminye imifino etshaliwe. Amabhungane nezibungu ziyingozi. Amabhungane angaphezulu kwamazwe amaningi. Ukuzala kabusha izilimi ezimbili. Ukuthuthuka kuqediwe. Amabhungane ngokuvamile asebusika, anciphisa izibungu. Isizukulwane esisodwa siyakhula ngonyaka. Kungokweqembu lezomnotho lama-nodule weevils.

Chofoza esithombeni ukwandisa

Izintandokazi t (o C)+28 Min t ukuthuthukiswa (C)+5 Ukuzala (ama-PC)82-860 Izizukulwane ngonyaka1 I-Imago (mm)2,8-4,5

Izindlela zomzabalazo

Izimbungulu zeBhungane zigcinwa kangcono yizinto zemvelo, njengezithando sekwephuzile noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo zesimo sezulu, inani lamaqanda abekwa yizinsikazi liyancipha, futhi amaqanda uqobo afela ingxenye enkulu.

Kepha, ngeqiniso, ngethemba lesimo sezulu kuphela esiyisiphukuphuku, ngakho-ke kunemisebenzi eminingana ehlose ukubhujiswa kwamabhungane ngokufika.

Izinketho zokubhujiswa kwamabhungane:

• ukulima okujulile kwezinkambu ngemuva kokuvuna isivuno esedlule, okuzobhubhisa izibungu kanye nepupae sekwedlule isikhathi,
• ukuhlwanyela izilimo ekuqaleni, ukuze kuthi lapho amabhungane eshiya umhlabathi, izitshalo zilahlekelwe ubumnene bazo futhi zingakulungeli ukudliwa ngamabhungane,
• ukufafaza kusenesikhathi kwamasimu anamakhompiyutha we-organophosphorus, ama-pyrethroids nezinye izinambuzane, okuzokhipha ubuthi babantu abadala futhi kunciphise isibalo samaqanda abekwe,
• fafaza emaphethelweni ezitshalo ngezimbotshana zedatha noma i-hexachloran, okuzobhubhisa amabhungane ekuqaleni kokufuduka.

I-Morphology

I-Imago. Beetle 2.8-4.5 mm ubude. I-Elytra, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engemuva, ne-setae ebonakalayo ebonakalayo. Amehlo aqine futhi aqine ngokulinganayo. I-Pronotum ngemivimbo emithathu emincane emide emide. Izikali ezikwi-elytra ziyindilinga, zibomvu grey futhi zimhlophe, zinkulu, njengomthetho, ngaphandle kwe-luster yensimbi. Ingxenye yesithathu, yonke yesihlanu, isisekelo sesithupha nesishiyagalombili, kanye nayo yonke ingxenye yeshumi, imhlophe qwa, inezindawo ezimnyama ezisakazeke ngasese nemivimbo emide ephuzi-grey. Amaphayi nemilenze ephansi ibomvu.

I-dimorphism yezocansi. Abantu abathandanayo abangabobodwa emndenini weevil behlukile ekwakhekeni kwezitho zangasese.

Iqanda encane, okusaqanda.

ULerva, njengabo bonke abameleli bomndeni we-weevil, oncishwe imilenze namehlo, ongaqondakali noma ongaphelele komoya, unekhanda elincane le-chitinised.

Idoli, njengabo bonke abameleli bomndeni we-weevil, ngesimo sifana nebhungane eline-primordia evezwe buthaka ye-rostrum, imilenze namaphiko.

I-Phenology of development (ngezinsuku)

UkuguqulaKugcwele Umjikelezo ogcwele45-60 Iqanda (umbungu)7-29 ULerva30-40 Idoli9-13 I-ImagoIzinyanga eziyi-11-12

Intuthuko

I-Imago. Mabhungane abadala badla ngokweqile ezindaweni zokuphakelwa, emasimini ezinhlamvu. Entwasahlobo, ukuvuka kwenzeka endaweni yokushisa yomoya ka-3-4 ° C. Umsebenzi obalulekile wezinambuzane uvuselelwa ku + 12-14 ° C, ukundiza ku + 13-17 ° C. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amahlumela ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ze-leguminous ayatholakala. Ngokuya ngezimo zesimo sezulu, isikhathi sokuhlala kabusha sinokuhlala ezinsukwini ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-20.

Mabhungane adinga ukondliwa okwengeziwe, ngakho-ke, ukudla amaqabunga emidumba kugcinwa kakade ezinsukwini zokuqala zasentwasahlobo ezifudumele. Ekuqaleni, lokhu kudla akunampilo, futhi emaqabungeni amancane akhulayo kuvela ukubukeka kwendelelo yomuntu ngamunye, okuqoshwe emaphethelweni. Ukuqala kwesimo sezulu esifudumele kwelanga kuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu ezindaweni ezinabantu. Kunezimo zokubhujiswa okuphelele kwamaqabunga ezitshalweni zamakhasi, ku-vetch nakweminye imidumba.

Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa. I-Oviposition yenzeka ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, ngokuya ngesimo sezulu sendawo yokuhlala kanye nesimo sezulu. Inani eliphelele lamaqanda abekwe ngabesifazane lisuka ku-82 liye ku-860. Ngosuku olulodwa, kubekwe ama-27. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda asakazeke phezu kwenhlabathi, isiqu namaqabunga ezitshalo zokudla. Indawo ekhethekile ayikhethiwe. Amaqanda omile futhi aqhubekele emhlabathini, lapho phakathi kwezimvula axubana khona nengaphezulu lomhlabathi.

I-Phenology

I-Phenology yentuthuko ye-Weevil nodule. Ihambelana nezifunda zaseningizimu yeRussian Federation, Moldova, Ukraine, njll. Ngokuya:

Iqanda. Ukukhula kombungu ezingeni lokushisa lika + 28 ° C kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-7, ku + 12 ° C - kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingama-29. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu ngu-21-25 ° C. Ngezansi kuka + 8 ° C nangaphezulu + 32 ° C, ukuthuthukiswa kombungu akwenzeki.

ULerva. Ukushushuluza okukhulu kugcinwa ngoMeyi-Juni ngemvula eyanele. Ukungabikho kwemvula kuholela ekufeni kwengxenye ebalulekile yamaqanda. Izibungu ezihuduzayo zingena ezincwadini zokudla okunempilo. Ngemuva kokubhubhisa okuqukethwe yisihloko esisodwa, izibungu zidlulela kwesinye. Ngokubhubhisa amaqhugwane angama-2-3, isibungu sikhula ngosayizi bese sidla kuphela ngaphandle kwamaqhubu, silimaza hhayi kuphela amaqhubu ngokwawo, kodwa nezicubu ezingaphandle ezimpandeni zezitshalo. I-larva eyodwa ibhubhisa kusuka ezincwadini ezi-3 kuye kweziyi-8, ngokuya ngosayizi wazo. Ukuthuthukiswa izibungu kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30- 40.

Idoli. Ukulinyazwa kwenzeka emhlabathini futhi kuqala engxenyeni yokuqala kaJuni endaweni yehlathi lase-Ukraine. Isibalo esikhulu se-pupae sitholakala ekujuleni kwamasentimitha angama-10 - 20. Ukujula kwe-pupation kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 ​​cm. Isigaba sabafundi sithatha izinsuku eziyi-9 kuya kwezi-13.

I-Imago. Amabhungane amasha aqhamuka enhlabathini ehlobo adinga umsoco. Ngakho-ke, kuye kwaba nezimo zokufuduka kwamabhungane amancane aye ezitshalweni ezinezitho eziluhlaza eziluhlaza. Ukusuka ezibandeni, indiza ubhontshisi wokudla, i-vetch, i-lentil, i-lupins nokunye okusanhlamvu, bese kuthi namakhambi e-leguminous angapheli. Lapha baqhubeka nokudla kuze kube yilapho sebehambele ubusika. Umjikelezo ophelele wokukhula kwezinambuzane uthatha izinsuku ezingama-45-60.

Izinhlobo zezomvelo eziseduze

Ngokusho kwe-morphology (ukubukeka), i-imago isondelene nezinhlobo ezichaziwe Sainfoin nodule weevil (USitona callosus) Umehluko omkhulu ubukhona be-elytra phambi kwesisekelo segebe lesihlanu leshubhu, elimbozwe ngaphambili ngezikali ezikhanyayo, i-expressionotic ecylindrical, ikhanda ububanzi, ngamathempeli amafushane afanayo, osayizi abakhulu (4-7 mm).

Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezichaziwe zivame ukutholakala Ukhula lwembotshana nodule weevil (Sitona cylindricollis) kanye ne-moth nodule weevil (Sitona flavescens), efanayo e-morphology ku-imago ene-setae nodule weevil (Sitona crinitus).

Ukusatshalaliswa kwezwe

I-bristle nodule weevil isatshalaliswa kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia nengxenye yeSiberia, ngaphandle kwasenyakatho nemigwaqo ye-taiga kanye ne-tundra. Uhla lwezinambuzane luhlanganisa iCaucasus, Kazakhstan, i-Asia Ephakathi (kungafakwanga ogwadule), iNtshonalanga Yurophu, iNyakatho Afrika, i-Asia Minor kanye neNtshonalanga Asia, iMongolia kanye nenyakatho nentshonalanga yeChina.

Lo mbhalo wahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa izinto ezilandelayo:

IVasiliev V.P. Izinambuzane zezilimo namahlathi aluhlaza: Amathani amathathu- T. 2. Ama-arthropods ayingozi, ama-vertebrates. - 2nd ed., IsAm. bese wengeza. / Ngaphansi kwesamba. ed. V.P. Vasiliev, Abahleli bevolumu V.G. UDolin, V.N. Stovbchatyy .-- K: Ukuvunwa, ngo-1988 576., kugula. KULUNGILE

I-Verderevsky D.D. Incwajana yesazi sezolimo namahlathi ngokuvikelwa kwesitshalo. Iqembu lababhali lihlelwe nguVerderevsky D.D., Polevoy T.N., Shapa V.A. - Chisinau: "Cartya Moldovenienasca", 1968. - 724 k.

Ikhathalogu yombuso yokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-agrochemicals avunyelwe ukusetshenziselwa insimu yeRussia Federation, 2013. UMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation (Umnyango Wezolimo waseRussia)

I-Kryzhanovsky OL, Izinambuzane kanye nezikhaza - izinambuzane zezilimo zezolimo. Umqulu II Coleoptera. L: Ukushicilela indlu "Isayensi", 1974.- 336 k.