Uhlobo lokuqina lwamahhashi iTrakenen ulungele abagibeli. Ubunzima bokuthobeka nokuthobeka. Amahhashi ayonqenqelwa amabele eGermany, lapho ayesetshenziswa ezimpini zempi. Njengamanje, ama-trakens angabamba iqhaza abaziwayo emidlalweni yama -est. Ukubukeka okumnandi kwabamele abamele futhi ukusebenza kwabo kwenza amaTrakeen amahhashi izintandokazi zabazalanisi.
Umsuka Wehhashi Le-Trakenen
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwezinsuku zokuzalela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, indawo yesenzo yiPrussia. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-traken asetshenziswa njengokugibela amahhashi ezimpini zempi. Amahhashi ayekhuthazela futhi ekhombisa isivinini esihle kakhulu uma ehamba emhlabathini. Abasungula lo mzalo ama-Prussian mares ohlobo lwehlathi nama-stallions egazi lasempumalanga.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, kwasungulwa ipulazi lokuqala elihle kakhulu lokufuya, abasebenza ngamakhompiyutha bathola isimo sokuzalela, bayingxenye yebutho laseGerman lamahhashi futhi bathola nelungelo lokuhambisa amalungu emindeni yasebukhosini ngenqola. Ngasikhathi sinye, abamele izinhlobo zohlobo lokuzalwa bathola ukuthandwa phakathi kwabalimi, asetshenziswa njengezilwane zokubopha imithwalo.
Amahhashi alethwa okokuqala eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Imvamisa, kwakusetshenziswa ama-stallion ezindongeni zamahhashi. Ngemuva kweMpi eNkulu yokuPhathwa kwamaPatriotic, kwakhiwa ipulazi lesifunda esifundeni saseRostov, lapho besalusa khona imfucumfucu yaseRussia. Amahhashi abamba iqhaza elikhulu emiqhudelwaneni yama-equestrian, lapho afinyelela khona ukunqotshwa okufanele.
Incazelo yokuzala
Amahhashi ama-Trakenen ahlukahlukene ngokusetshenziswa futhi athola indawo yawo kwezemidlalo, epulazini, futhi athola imiklomelo kwimibukiso ehlukahlukene. Cabanga ingaphandle labesilisa abahle.
Umlando womsuka
Ngo-1732, edolobhaneni lase-East Prussia edolobhaneni laseTrakenen, kwavulwa kwalelo gama lelo gama lepulazi elithi "Trakenen", ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona amahhashi angaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu.
Inhloso enkulu yaleli pulazi le-Stud kwakuwukuhlinzeka ibutho lePrussia ngamahhashi amahle kakhulu amahhashi: frisky, unsretentious and Hardy.
Ukuwela kwakuhanjelwa ama-mares amancane aluhlobo lwasendaweni (ama-seagulls) kanye nama-stallion wegazi lasempumalanga - ama-Arabhu, amaBerberian, amaTurkey, amaPhuthukezi, amaNeapolitan nawaseSpain.
Kamuva, ukuzalaniswa kwemizimba kwaqala ukwenziwa ngemidlwane yamahlobo amaNgisi angashisiwe. Ngisho nama-stallion amabili ama-Aybar ne-Baku alethwa njengabakhiqizi.
Ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, kwakuvunyelwa kuphela izinhlobo zamahhashi zaseArabia nezinezinhlungu eziphelele, kanye nezindlela zazo ezihlukile zokuzala kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zokuzala ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile: ubude obukhulu, umzimba omude, imilenze eqinile, intamo ende eqondile, kanye nokunyakaza okukhiqizayo kanye nemikhuba emihle.
Futhi, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ama-stallion ahlolwa ngemijaho ebushelelezi, ebese ithathelwa indawo indawo yokuzingela izimbotshana nezinqola. Imishini yahlolwa emsebenzini wokulima nowezokuthutha.
Ngaleyo minyaka, ekujahisheni okuningi okwaziwayo e-Europe, bekungamahhashi eTrakenen awina. Ngakho-ke kwaqalwa uhlobo lwehhashi elikhulu, elihamba ngezinyawo ezinkulu, lelo phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 laligcwele emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukuzalaniswa kwamaTransenen eJalimane kwakusondele ukuqothuka.
Inani elikhulu lamahhashi lashona ngenkathi kuthunyelwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu, noma kwathunjwa amasosha aseSoviet. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokududulwa kwezinyanga ezintathu eTrakenen eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngamahhashi ayinkulungwane kuphela afika kule ndawo.
Kunobufakazi obunjalo bokuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke iminyakazo eminingi futhi esindayo yemfuyo (izinhloso eziyi-139 - esitimeleni nangaphezulu kuka-700 - bebodwa), ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt Ernst Elert, ithimba lokukhiqiza elalibalekile laliseGradice, Neustadt nasePerlin.
Kukhona inguqulo yokuqala ebinomqondo wokwakha uhlobo olusha - uhlobo lweKirov, “ukuxubanisa” kanye namanye amahhashi e-trophy. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono wemfashini wabe usushiywe ngaphandle futhi uqhubeka nokuzalela amahhashi eTrakenen ahlanzekile.
Bayiswe emahhashini, amabutho asemngceleni, ezinhlanganweni zezemidlalo zezwe lamaSoviet.
Lo mhlambi waqashwa yi-Institute of Horse Breeding (MZIK) futhi uqobo nguProfessor V.O. Witt. Isiphetho sabakwaTrakens besingaphansi kokubhekwa kuka-S. M. Budenny.
Ukuba khona kwalowo mhlobo kwaqhekeka ngemuva kokuhlakazwa komgibeli wezinqola ngo-1953. Ngaphansi kweKhrushchev, zonke izimboni zamahhashi zangena ngaphansi kommese
Ngo-1956, inani elincane kunazo zonke lamahhashi eTrakenen laqoshwa kuwo wonke umlando wokuzalela: ama-602 mares nama-stallion angama-45. Ukuzalela kwasindiswa ngenxa yabathandi abagcina emahhashini abo ama-Trakenen, okuyindlela yokuziqhenya yezwe lonke laseJalimane.
Ngawo-1960s, abafuyi bamahhashi baseJalimane banquma ukubuyisa uhlobo lokuzithwala lwamahhashi olusuka kumahhashi ukuya emidlalweni.
Futhi njengoba amahhashi alolu hlobo lokuzalela kusukela ekuqaleni azibonakalise emidlalweni yasendulo (bonisa ukugxumagxuma, ukuphinda futhi umcimbi) ohlangothini oluhle kakhulu, isasasa kulokhu kuzalaniswa likhuphukile hhayi eJalimane kuphela, kepha nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ngisho nase-USA. Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Trakenen ngalesi sikhathi zase zivele zihlanzekile.
Ngaphezu kweTrakenen, ama-trackenens angama-purebred aqala ukudalulwa epulazini laseGanshu elisanda kuhlelwa ngo-1965.
Ithonya elikhulu kunazo zonke ekuzaleni kwama-tracken aseJalimane enziwa ama-Albatzon stallions azalwa ngo-1955 evela e-Albatross, amaGanshu Altgesell ezifuywayo ezivela e-Altzilber, i-Almanac evela e-Abendstern, kanye nase-stallions eyabiwa ePoland kanye ne-USSR Tower, iLabyrinth, iVespažen, iColombo, iTrafft ne-Eol.
Isimilo
Amahhashi alolu hlobo lokuzalela anomlingiswa odidayo: kukhona amahhashi athambekele ekusebenzeni, futhi kukhona abangafuni ukusebenza nakancane. Abanye abantu banobungane, abanye banolaka.
Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, abamele inzalo bathambile futhi bavumelana nezimo, banesibindi futhi bayanquma. Uma kukhona izicucu ezinhle emhlambini wezinkomo, bazosiza ngentokozo umgibeli ongenalwazi ukufinyelela eziphakemeyo emidlalweni yama-equestrian.
Amahhashi ahlukaniswa ukusebenza kwawo kahle kanye nesibopho sawo sokubulala noma yiliphi iqembu, okuzoheha ikakhulukazi labo abathanda ukuphindaphindwa.
Ukusebenza
Izici ezihlose futhi ezinokwehla zamahhashi ziyindlela ebalulekile yokuhlola uhlobo. Ama-Trakens abonakala ngokugijima okulula, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwe-saddle. Ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kuthuthukiswe amakhono okusebenza nezemidlalo, kusetshenziswa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuqeqesha.
Kubandakanya izivivinyo zokuphindwa, izinhlanga ezinqamula izwe, ukunqoba izithiyo.
Ngenxa yokuthi izilwane ziboleka ukuziqeqesha futhi zibe nomlingiswa olinganiselayo, zilungele noma yiluphi uhlobo lomdlalo we-equestrian.
Umsuka wohlobo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abameli bokuqala bokuzalelwa kwamahhashi eTrakenen bavela endaweni yasePrussia ngekhulu le-13, ngenxa yemizamo yabahwebi bamahhashi bendawo inhloso yabo eyinhloko ukwakha amahhashi aqinile, aqine futhi aqinile ukuze abambe iqhaza ekulweni nezitha. Isikhathi eside, ukuzalaniswa akuzange kunikeze imiphumela emihle, futhi amahhashi wezimpawu ezifiselekayo akwazi ukwakhiwa ngo-1732 kuphela. Ukuzalelwa kwaqanjwa ngegama edolobheni laseTrakenen, lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi wokukhetha. Amahhashi asendaweni amahle kakhulu endawo, amaBelgian, ama-Arabhu, ama-Anglo-Scottish, amaSpain namaPersi alukhuni aqokelwa ukukhethwa.
Izindleko
Ukuthenga umgodi kuzodla umfuyi kusuka ezigidini ezimbili kuya kweziyishumi.
Isizathu salokhu ukuthi kuwukuzalela okuphezulu. Izindleko zesilwane ngqo zincike eminyakeni yobudala, ubulili, isimo sempilo, impumelelo yezemidlalo kanye nokudlalwa kwezinyawo.
Isibonelo, ama-specimens agulayo noma amadala azobiza okuncane - cishe ama- $ 1,000. Amahhashi amancane angenazo iziqu zemidlalo nokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo athengiswa ngentengo yamadola ayi-3 kuye kwayi-6.
Okubiza kakhulu kubhekwa njengamahhashi asemancane, aqinile futhi anempilo ngokuqeqeshwa kwezemidlalo kanye nomlingisi omuhle. Ngezindlela eziningi, izindleko zesilwane zincike ekutheni abazali bangobani nokuthi iziphi izimpumelelo ezingemuva kwazo.
Izici zangaphandle
Imininingwane yokubonakala kwentaba yethulwe ngendlela yetafula:
Ukubukeka | Isimilo |
Ukuphakama kubune | Ukuphakama okujwayelekile kungama-166 cm, kepha abantu ngabanye bavame ukutholakala ngo-175 cm ukuphakama. |
Ubude be-Torso | Cishe ngu-170 cm. |
Ukujikeleza kwesifuba | Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu omdala ngu-195 cm. |
Metacarpus | Cishe ngama-21 cm. |
Kufanele | Kungaba yi-bay, emnyama, ebomvu, ngezikhathi ezithile i-grey. |
Ikhanda | Inesakhiwo esifanele, imigqa emihle, iphrofayili iyacwaswa noma iqondile. |
Izindlebe | Encane, spiky, iqonde. |
Amehlo | Kukhulu, kuyabonakala. |
Ntamo | Iconsiwe, inobude obumaphakathi. |
Mane | Inwetshiwe ngobude, inobukhazikhazi obulula. |
Ubuna | Kude, ngesisindo semisipha esithuthukisiwe. |
Umhlanga | Kubonakala ngobukhulu, kwemisipha, kunokwakheka okusaqanda. |
Umsila | Kude, kuhle kakhulu. |
Emuva | Unamandla, umsipha. |
Isifuba | Kubanzi, nge-blade ehlombe ebekiwe. |
Imilenze | Inamandla kakhulu futhi ithuthukisiwe, ubude obuphakathi, inesimo esifanele. |
Hooves | Zinkulu, zinesimo esifanele. |
Ukubuyekezwa
Ngokuya kwezibuyekezo, izinzuzo zohlobo lokuzala zihlanganisa:
- ukulula ekuqeqesheni,
- Universality (asetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene),
- isibindi, ukukhuthazela, ubungozi
- izinkomba zokusebenza okuhle kakhulu
- ukungaguquki
- umlingiswa onokuthula nobungane
- ukuhamba nobushelelezi bokuhamba,
- Ukubukeka okuhehayo
- ikhono lokugxuma phezulu.
Okubi:
- Imvamisa, izilwane ziba nezifo ezihlangene kanye nama-hernias.
- Izinga lokusinda lingama-85%, isizathu sokungabi namandla kokuzivikela komzimba namandla aphansi.
- Amahhashi kunzima ukuzalanisa emhlanjini, ngenxa yokuthi, uma uqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo, azifani empilweni enhle, zivame ukubamba izifo noma umkhuhlane. Kungcono ukuzalanisa ngezitebele ezihlukene ngokunikwa kwamadlelo ehlobo.
- Isici esiyingqayizivele yi-moodness nokubhubhisa. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu ekunakekelweni nasekugcinweni kwamahhashi. Lapho kuzalaniswa, izilwane zazigcinwa ezitebeleni ezihlanzekile, ukuzinakekela kwakuhamba phambili. Ngasikhathi sinye, ososayensi abenakanga kangako ekuqeqeshweni nasemsebenzini wezilwane.
Ukushisa
Njengoba izimbotshana zazigaxwe njengamahhashi ezempi, zinomuntu ozinqumayo, ophikelelayo futhi oshesha ukuthukuthela. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, amahhashi anesimilo impela, anesineke futhi angavumelana nezimo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ngaphandle kokufutheka kwemvelo okwenzeka emahhashini maqondana nezinye izilwane, amanye amahhashi angazithatha kwesinye isikhathi ukuthola izitha, ihhashi lithonywa kalula ngabantu, lishintshwe kahle ekuqeqesheni okwenziwa njalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho cishe njalo lifinyelela umphumela omuhle kwezemidlalo.
Izici ezikhiqizayo
Izici ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba kanye nomlingiswa oguquguqukayo okukuvumela ukuba usebenzise kahle lokhu kuzalanisa kwezemidlalo. Abagibeli nabo bayabandakanyeka emsebenzini wezolimo nasekugibeleni amahhashi.
Isilinganiso sokuphila kwamahhashi alolu hlobo yiminyaka engama-30, isikhathi sokuthomba siyiminyaka emi-2, kepha bancoma ukuzala lapho ihhashi selifinyelele eminyakeni emi-4 yobudala. Abesifazane babonakala ngokukhiqiza ubisi oluphezulu, njengalabo abamele uhlobo lokuzala lwezemidlalo. Owesifazane oyedwa ngenyanga uyakwazi ukukhiqiza amalitha angama-240 obisi, ngosuku - amalitha angama-7-8.
Ukuzala
Amahhashi-trakens aphila cishe iminyaka engama-30-35. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili emahhashini alo mhlobo kwenzeka eneminyaka engu-2. Kepha abafuyi bancoma ukulinda iminyaka engama-3-4 - lokhu kuyadingeka ekuvuthweni okuphelele komzimba wesilwane.
Ukuzalela kuvame ukuzalaniswa ngokwezifiso ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwesizini kwabesifazane.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-320 kuye kunyaka ongu-1. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-mare iziphatha ngokucophelela nangokuthula, isisu sayo siyindilinga engxenyeni yesibili yokukhulelwa.
Ngesikhathi sokudweba, kubalulekile kakhulu ukuvumela i-mare ukuba ihambe. Lapho i-foal isizozalwa, i-mare iqala ukungaziphathi kahle, bese iyolala, bese ivuka.
Ukubeletha kuhlala isikhathi esingadluli imizuzu engama-20. Ingane izalwe imanzi, umama uqala ukuyikhotha. Ngosuku olulandelayo, angahamba ngebele egcekeni.
Ngemuva kwenyanga, ngaphezu kobisi, i-foal ifakwa ngemifino. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-6, iwundlu lidluliselwa kwisitolo sangasese.
Ukuze amahhashi kaTrakenen azizwe emuhle, eqinile, eqinile futhi ephilile, ekhombisa imiphumela emihle emiqhudelwaneni, kudingeka aqinisekise ukunakekelwa okufanele:
- Ukuhlanza isitebele nokuqina. Ukuhlanza kwenziwa njalo. Kanye ngenyanga, igumbi liphathwa ngamanxusa we-antiseptic kusuka ezinambuzaneni nasezinambuzaneni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi akukho okubhaliwe egumbini. Amahhashi awakubekezeleli ukoma okhuphukile, umswakama ophezulu kanye nomoya - lokhu kungaholela ezifweni.
- Hlomisa okondlayo nezitsha zokuphuza. Kufanele zihlale zinamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile kanye nokudla okusha.
- Nikeza uhambo olude. Ngenxa yokuthi amathrekhi ayizilwane ezisebenzayo, adinga ukuhamba ibanga elide, okuyilapho esebenzisa khona amadlelo amakhulu, ukuze amahhashi abe nethuba lokugcwala inala.
- Ukuhlanganisa nokugeza amahhashi njalo. Lezi zinqubo zisiza ukugcina ukubukeka okuhle. Kanye ngesonto udinga ukugeza amahhashi akho ngezinwele ezikhethekile nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwe-mane. Ehlobo, lokhu kufanele kwenziwe kaningi.
Amahhashi ancintisanayo adingeka ukuqeqeshwa nokuqeqeshwa nsuku zonke. Uma amakilasi engahambelani, lokhu kungenza ukuthi amahhashi angabi namandla ngokwanele futhi aqine.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi
- Izinzuzo eziphambili zohlobo lokuzalwa zivezwa ngu:
- nokuguquguquka
- ukusebenza okuphezulu
- ukunyakaza okulula nokushelela, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamahhashi ku-hippotherapy,
- ikhono elihle lokugxumela phezulu, ukuze amahhashi athathe indawo yokuqala kwezemidlalo,
- ukubukeka okukhangayo nokumele,
- umlingiswa olinganiselayo
- ukuhambisana nokuqeqeshwa.
- Izici ezingezinhle zifaka:
- isimo somoya esimangazayo kanye nokuncipha okuphathelene nokunakekelwa,
- ubunzima bokwalusa ngendlela yezinkomo kanye namazinga okusinda wezinyoni - ngenxa yokungatheleleki komzimba,
- kusengaphambili kwezilwane ku-hernias kanye nezifo ezihlangene.
Ukondla
Ukondliwa kokuzalelwa kwamahhashi eTrakenen kuyinkinga ehlukile. Kulokhu, kubalulekile ukulandela izincomo eziyisisekelo:
- Yize iqiniso lokuthi amahhashi alolu hlobo lokuzalela makhulu ikakhulukazi, anesisu esincane. Ngalesi sizathu, badinga ukudla njalo, kodwa ngezingxenye ezincane.
- Kuyadingeka ukubheka njalo ukuthi izilwane zinamanzi ahlanzekile nezitsha zokuphuza. Kudingeka ukuthi ugezwe ngemuva kokudla ngakunye.
- Ukuhlangabezana namakhono wokuhlafuna wamahhashi, ukusebenza kahle kwepheshana lesisu, kubalulekile ukufaka ifolishi ekudleni.
- Ukwethula umkhiqizo omusha ekudleni kwehhashi kufanele kube kancane kancane. Ngakho-ke isisu sijwayela esitsheni esingajwayelekile.
- Nikeza izilwane kuphela ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Ungondli amahhashi ngemikhiqizo yokubumba; lokhu kungaholela ekungenweni yizifo ezithathelwanayo.
- Ukulungiswa kokudla kususelwa ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokomzimba.
- Ngemuva kokudla, amahhashi adinga ukuphumula - lokhu kunomthelela wokugaya ukudla okungcono. Awukwazi ukulayisha ngokushesha amahhashi ngomsebenzi womzimba.
Ukuze ulondoloze impilo yamahhashi eTrakenen, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlolwe njalo, unaka ubuntu besibeletho.
Umlimi uzodinga ukuxubha amahhashi akhe, anqume ama-specimens akhonjiwe, futhi anisele izilwane ngezikelemu kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinhlamvana.
Qiniseka ukuthi uthintana nodokotela wezilwane, unanzelele ukuthi ukuziphatha kwehhashi kushintshe kakhulu, nempilo yakhe yaba nzima.
Izidingo zegumbi
Amahhashi agcinwa endlini ehlonyelwe ngokukhethekile - esitebeleni. Kulokhu, umuntu ngamunye kufanele abe kwisitolo esincane, esifakwe ngeziqukathi zokuphakelwa namanzi. Amathangi angenziwa ngokhuni, ngensimbi, ngensimbi noma ngeplastiki (kuphela ama-feeders), kanti izitsha zokuphuza kungcono ukhethe kuzo insimbi engenacala noma ngensimbi.
Igumbi eliqukethe amahhashi kufanele libe nokhonkolo phansi onobukhulu okungenani abangama-20 cm. Ikhonkolo limbozwe ngamakamela enjoloba ngaphezulu, angaba amasentimitha angama-5. Ngaphezulu kwephahla lwerabha, fafaza kakhulu ngenkuni noma ngotshani.
Ngokuqondene nombuso wokushisa, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ama-trakens amelana nezinguquko zokushisa futhi angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokushisa noma ukubanda. Ukuze ungafaki amathuba okuba khona kwezigameko ezijwayelekile zabantu, kusanconywa ukulandela ukubusa okulinganiselwe kokushisa, ehlobo - 25 ° C, nasebusika - ukuphendukela ekushiseni kwamakamelo ukuze izinga lokushisa lingaconsi phansi kuka-8 ° C.
Amahhashi ahlushwa ukushoda kokukhanya, ngakho-ke esitebeleni kufanele kube namawindi anele ukuze kukhanyiswe kahle phakathi nosuku. Kusihlwa, esitebeleni kufanele kukhanyiswe yimithombo yokukhanya okwenziwe ngobuningi obanele, kungakuhle ukufaka ukukhanya okuhlukile ngaphezulu kwendawo ngayinye. Amahhashi agwetshiwe awakubekezeleli okusalungiswa, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukungena ngaphakathi emagcekeni ebusika, ngemuva kokuthola izilwane endaweni evikelekile.
Umswakama esitebeleni akufanele wedlule ama-70%. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi indawo yokuhlala amahhashi ngokwayo inomswakama omkhulu, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lokumba kwemikhiqizo yedoti yezilwane.
Ukuze ungeqi izinkomba zomswakama ojwayelekile, kunconywa ukuthi uhlanze umquba njalo ubuye udoti owomile.
Ukugoma
Abahloli bezilwane futhi bagome izilwane kabili ngonyaka:
- Ngemuva kokubuya emadlelweni ehlobo.
- Ngaphambi kokuya emadlelweni asentwasahlobo.
Ukugoma kunconyelwe:
- kusuka ku-anthrax,
- kusuka dermatophytosis,
- ngokumelene nomkhuhlane
- ngokumelene leptospirosis,
- kusuka kumarabi
- kusuka ku-tetanus.
Ukuvikelwa kwezifo
Ukwenza ihhashi ligule kancane, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo ezithile zokuvimbela, ezihanjiswa:
- Ukuhlanza njalo izakhiwo nokushintsha udoti nsuku zonke, ukugwema ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane amancane ayingozi,
- ukondliwa njalo nokudla okujwayelekile,
- ukuhlolwa kwanyanga ngudokotela wezilwane ukuthola izinkinga zempilo futhi usebenzise ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi,
- ukuhlinzeka abantu ngezithasiselo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Vitamin minerals ukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki,
- ukuhlanzeka kwamahhashi, ukugeza kwabo njalo, ukunakekela izinselo, amazinyo noboya,
- ukugoma okufika ngesikhathi ngokunconywa kukadokotela wezilwane,
- ukusetshenziswa kokuphakelwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, obekuhlolwe ngaphambilini ukuba khona kwezinto zangaphandle, ukungcola kwezitshalo eziyingozi, indle ye-rodent, ukulandela ukubola, isikhunta,
- ukuqinisekisa ukuphumula ebusuku okuphumuzayo nokuphumula okujwayelekile kwinqubo yokusebenza kanzima,
- ukuhambisana ne-microclimate edingekayo egumbini okuhlala kulo amahhashi.
Ukunakekelwa nokuhlanzeka
Izitebele zamahhashi kufanele zigcinwe zihlanzekile, ngakho-ke izitebhisi zihlanzwa nsuku zonke, bese udoti uthathelwa indawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okondlayo nezitsha zokuphuza kuhlanzwa njalo, kugezwa ngokuphelele kusuka kumfucumfucu wokudla bese womile elangeni. Njalo ngenyanga benza ukuhlanza okujwayelekile, belapha izitebhisi ngama-antiseptics avela ezimungwini.
Ungakhohlwa ukunakekela umzimba wesilwane - kumele umeme njalo udokotela wezilwane ayohlola amahhashi, ahlanze futhi afake izihlakala, afake amazinyo akhe, futhi agonywe ngesikhathi esifanele. Kuyadingeka ukugeza amahhashi njalo, ekufanele ukukusebenzisa ngamanzi afudumele kancane, futhi ukuze kugcinwe ukukhanya kwejazi, kugezwa ngama-shampoos akhethekile.
Inqubo yansuku zonke yasekuseni kufanele ihlanganiswe izinwele ngebhulashi ekhethekile. Kuyadingeka ukuvala izinwele zamahhashi kusuka emuva, ukwehla kancane, futhi ekugcineni, udinga ukuhlanganisa i-mane nomsila.
Lapho uhlanganisa izinwele, ungathola amanxeba emzimbeni wesilwane: ukulimala ngomshini noma ukulunywa yizinambuzane ezifakwayo, eziphathwa nge-antiseptics nangezinye izindlela ngokunconywa kukadokotela wezilwane. Amakilasi okuqeqesha amahhashi kufanele abanjwe kusukela esemncane, umuntu oyedwa kumele ahlanganyele kulokhu njalo. Amakilasi aqala ngokujwayela izwi lomnikazi, enze imiyalo yokuqala ngokushintsha ithoni yokuxhumana nesilwane.
Lapho ihhashi liqala ukulalela imiyalo, nakanjani liyakhuthazeka nge-goodies - ushukela, ama-breadcrumbs, izaqathe, okuyisisusa esihle kakhulu sesilwane.
Amathemba okuzala
Njengamanje, ihhashi iTrakenen, okuwukuphela kohlobo lomjaho ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa kwegazi elivela ngaphandle, liyafuya eJalimane.
Kuleli lizwe, kukhona cishe ama-5,000,000 mares kanye nama-300 stallion. Ukufuya izinhlobo ezibandakanyekayo kwamanye amazwe, phakathi kwazo: iFrance, iDenmark, i-USA, iPoland, iNew Zealand, iNgilandi, iCroatia, neRussia.
Kungaphethwa ngokuthi amathemba wohlobo lokuzalelwa kukaTrokeen alungile impela, ukufuneka kwawo kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko idatha enhle ebonakalayo, ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamahhashi kwendawo yonke.
Impumelelo Yezemidlalo Nemiklomelo
Amahhashi ama-Trakenen abukeka kahle, kepha futhi asebenza ngezinga eliphakeme. Isilwane sizoba umsizi omuhle nomngane kumgibeli wanoma iliphi ibanga.
Muva nje, ama-trakens atholakala njalo emiqhudelwaneni emhlabeni jikelele, ajwayele ukuphuma abawinile, hhayi abalaleli. Uhlobo lokuzalelwa kwamahhashi iTrakenen lukhombisa imiphumela emihle ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-equestrian.
Amandla amahle kakhulu we-jumping namandla alo mahhashi kubonakala kakhulu emiqhudelwaneni nasekuphathweni okwenziwe ngendlela exubile. Uma kwenzeka, ama-trakens nawo avame ukuwina imincintiswano.
Ngo-1972, emiqhudelwaneni yemidlalo yezwe yasekhaya, ihhashi lemvelaphi yaseRussia okuthiwa u-Ashes lakhunjulwa ngokukhethekile. Umgibeli wakhe u-E. Petushkova uthole umklomelo ophakeme kunabo bonke emiqhudelwaneni yeqembu futhi waba ngumpetha womhlaba kulo mqhudelwano.
Umkhohlisi waseMelika u-Abdullah wayengakhunjulwa kangako - uthole igolide kuma-Olimpiki e-1984. Abameli abahamba phambili kulokhu kuzalanisa bangamahhashi emvelaphi yaseJalimane neyaseRussia - bakhombise imiphumela emihle kaninginingi.
Abamele abaziwayo
Amahhashi adumile eTrakenen abonga impumelelo yawo wezemidlalo. Namuhla, emazweni aseYurophu nase-USA, zinamandla emidlalweni yama-equestrian yasendulo.
Ummeleli owaziwa kakhulu wohlobo lweTrakenen yihhashi elimpunga u-Abdullah, owadlalela iqembu laseMelika futhi wanqoba ama-Olimpiki ngo-1984. Okunye futhi owayedume ngakho kwakungu-ehhashi waseRussia uPepel, owasiza i-Honored Master yezeMidlalo u-Elena Petushkova emidlalweni yama-Olimpiki kanye neWorld Championship ngo-1970 ekuphakamiseni ukuthatha indawo okokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi eTrakenen kusathandwa nanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emapulazini amakhulu, njengoba kunjalo emhlabeni wonke. Futhi ukuze ukhule isilwane esisebenza kahle, esisebenzayo, kuyadingeka ukumnikeza ukunakekelwa okufanele, izondlamzimba ezinhle nezimo ezinhle zokuphila.
Izinzuzo kanye nokubi
Njengoba lo mfuzo uqhamuke amahlandla ambalwa esondele ekuqothulweni, okokugcina isitoko sawo sabuyiselwa esimeni esihle, esinethezekile, esasingakwazi kodwa sithinte izimfanelo ezithile. Lezi zilwane zinomsindo ngokweqile ngokudla nangezimo. Uma uzalusa umhlambi wezinkomo, imfuyo izokwehla kakhulu, igule, yingakho kuyalwa ukuthi udlulise amahhashi emadlelweni asehlobo, bese ugcine okusele kuwo okufudumele.
Noma yikuphi ukuzalaniswa kunezinzuzo nobubi. Izimfanelo ezinhle zama-trekens, kuyadingeka ukugqamisa okulandelayo:
- baqeqeshiwe kahle futhi baqeqeshiwe kalula,
- ukusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlobo zemvume kuyakuvumela ukusetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukahlukene,
- amahhashi awesabi lutho futhi angazibeka engcupheni, ngoba ahlukaniswa ngesibindi,
- inkomba yezempilo isezingeni eliphezulu,
- Uhlobo lwabantu abaningi lunomusa,
- ukunyakaza kushelele, kukhanya, umgibeli angeke akwazi kodwa
- Ukubukeka okuhehayo
- ikhono lokugxuma phezulu.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iminonjana ithanda kakhulu izimo zokuvalelwa, inezinkinga ezinjengokuthi:
- lezinkinga ezivame kakhulu emahhashini - i-hernias nezifo ezihlangene,
- Amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka ayimbangela enkulu yokuthi kungani lohlobo lukhombisa isilinganiso sokusinda sama-85% kuphela,
- ayilungele ukuzalaniswa emhlanjini, amahhashi aqala ukugula,
- udinga ukulawula ngokuqinile ukudla futhi unikeze kuphela ukudla kwekhwalithi ephezulu.
Uma ungahambisani nemibandela yokuboshwa, khona-ke inani lokushona kwabantu liyodlula inani lama-85%. Abafuyi abanokuhlangenwe nakho banikeza izeluleko zabo ngalolu daba futhi bancoma ukuthi ulandele le mithetho elandelayo:
- akwanele ukufaka ukufudumeza esitebeleni, kufanele futhi kufakwe umoya ophakeme wekhwalithi ephezulu,
- kumuntu ngamunye kubekwa indawo yokudla yodwa yendawo edingekayo,
- Umbhede wokuthungwa uyahlanzwa ngesikhathi, futhi udoti uguquka njalo, uma lokhu kungenziwa, kuzoba indawo yokuzalanisa amagciwane namagciwane,
- ukondliwa kwamahhashi kumele kube ngokulinganayo futhi kungafaki okusanhlamvu kuphela, kepha futhi ne-hay; izithelo nemifino kwethulwa njengokufakwa komanyolo okwengeziwe, ukuhlinzeka ngokufinyelela njalo kwamanzi ahlanzekile nosawoti,
- noma ngabe isiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ihhashi kufanele lizwe imithwalo efanayo - lokhu kungaba ukuhamba kwesikhashana,
- Ukuhlanza nezinye izinqubo zokuhlanzeka kwenziwa ehlobo nasebusika,
- izinselo zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile, ngoba ngenkonzo yabo babiza uchwepheshe owenza ukuhlanza nokucwala izicathulo,
- umsele nomsila kuyanqotshwa,
- ngokuya ngemigomo esekwe wudokotela wezilwane, ukugoma kanye nokuhlolwa kwesilwane kuyenziwa.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala yehhashi le-Trakenen
Ihhashi elidonswayo wavuswa ngekhulu le-18 e-East Prussia. Yathola igama layo ukusuka epulazini lokuqala le-Stud, lapho uTreakenen azalelwa khona. Lokhu kuzalaniswa kuphela okungazange kuhlangane nabanye. Ilungele ukugibela amahhashi. Phambilini, ihhashi lalisetshenziswa kabanzi emahhashini, manje sekutholakele ukusetshenziswa emidlalweni yezemidlalo.
IGait ukuzalela kwamahhashi ayishiyi izixhumi ezihlukile zokuxhumana zobuhle zihamba. Amahhashi agxuma kakhulu futhi emuhle, enza umbono ongafanelwe.
Banesibindi, baqinile futhi baqeqeshiwe kahle. Okusemqoka amasudi amahhashi asenkingeni: obomvu, bay, omnyama no grey. I-roan ne-karakova zivame kakhulu.
Ihhashi likaTrakenen lide kunalokho, linomile obucayiwe kanye nemigqa ejwayelekile. Ukuphakama kwakhe kufinyelela ku-168 cm.Ikhanda lisesimweni esihle nebunzi elibanzi futhi linamehlo athambile.
Iphrofayli livame ukuvumelana kancane, kepha futhi liqonde. Ihhashi linentamo ende, emfishane, ethambile kancane. Idlulela ekushwabeni kwemisipha bese ibekwa ngokuqondile emaphethelweni amahlombe, iphetha ngomzimba omuncu onomhlubuko ovalayo. Ukuzalela kunemilenze enhle eqinile enhle enezinselo ezinkulu ezimbozwe ngophondo olubuthuntu. Kunzima ngamazwi ukuchaza bonke ubuhle Ihhashi elidonswayo.
Ihhashi elinamanzi ngokuphelele libekwa uphawu eJalimane. Ethangeni lakhe langakwesobunxele, kuvela isithombe sokugcotshwa kwezinyamazane. Leli siko labuyiselwa emuva ngo-1732, lapho lokhu kuzalaniswa kuqala.
Ukuwela kwenzeka phakathi kwama-maZhmudskie mares namahhashi asempumalanga, kwabe sekufakwa ama-stallion ama-knightion abambe iqhaza kwi-Crusades.Afika eRussia ezodinga izidingo zamahhashi amaBudyonny engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20.
Impi Yomhlaba Yesibili yacishe yaqeda lolu hlobo oluhle kakhulu ebusweni bomhlaba. Kepha sibonga iGerman lokhu akwenzekanga. Kuze kube manje, usahola phambili ekuzaleni amahhashi eTrakenen. Usizwa iDenmark, iFrance, iPoland neRussia. Kepha ngokungena kufacebook, ama-mares atholakala ekukhetheni okunzima kakhulu, lapho ahlola khona amapharamitha awo athile.
Izidingo ezibucayi zibekwa kuma-stallion, ezenza ukuthi zikwazi ukukhiqiza kuphela i-3% yazo zonke ezikhona, kepha akunandaba umbala onjaniihhashi le-trakenensky.
Ukunakekelwa nentengo yehhashi elidaliwe
Amahhashi anjalo adinga ukunakekelwa okuphezulu kuphela futhi adinga izimo ezifanele zokuphila. Amahhashi asenkingeni adinga ukudotshwa, ukugcotshwa futhi kugezwe ngesikhashana.
Izitebele kufanele zihlanzwe nsuku zonke futhi kufanele kwenziwe ukwelashwa kwezinambuzane. Ukuhlanza okujwayelekile ngama-antiseptic agents kwenziwa kanye ngenyanga. Ihhashi ngalinye kufanele libe nesitebele salo, lapho kuhlala khona amanzi ahlanzekile notshani.
Njengoba lokhu kuzalanisa kusebenza kakhulu futhi kuselula, abamele bayo badinga ukuhamba ngezinyawo okude nsuku zonke. Imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka emadlelweni efektri, emihlanjini emincane.
Kudaliweamahhashiukubamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni yama-equestrian kumele kuqeqeshelwe ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile nsuku zonke, okusiza ukukhulisa ukukhuthazela nokuthuthukisa amakhono athile, ungakubheka lokhu okuningi Izithombe.
Izinqubo zokuhlanzeka zibaluleke kakhulu kumahhashi eTrakenen ukuze angalimazi futhi abe nokubukeka okuhle nangokuzilungisa kahle emiqhudelwaneni eminingi. Ukukhanya, bobabili uboya kanye ne-mane zisebenzisa isampula yamahhashi ekhethekile noma insipho yokuwasha. Kanye ngesonto, amanzi anikezwa endaweni efakwe ngokukhethekile.
Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi atholakala egumbini lokushisa. Ukuze ungeze ubukhazikhazi, ngenkathi usula, engeza usawoti omncane wethebula. Akunakwenzeka ukuthulula ekhanda nasezindlebeni ezivela ngaphezulu, ihhashi lingathuka limi emilenzeni yalo yangemuva.
Ehlobo, amahhashi angagezwa khona kanye emgwaqweni, kodwa kabili ngesonto. Kwenqatshelwe ukungasebenzisi izindlela ezikhethekile, lokhu kuholela ezifweni zesikhumba ezahlukahlukene. Ngemuva kwezinqubo zamanzi, amahhashi kufanele asulwe. Ochwepheshe emkhakheni we-Equestrian bafaka trakenenskyamahhashi kuya kwezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-purebreds emakethe anokuphakama okuhle inani.
Ungabheka futhi nenketho engabizi kakhulu yesabelomali. Kungcono ukuthenga amahhashi we-trakenensky emapulazini e-Stud. Intengo yazo ingahluka, kusuka kuma-ruble angama-50 000-500 000, futhi kuzoncika ezintweni eziningana: isihlahla somndeni, iminyaka, impumelelo yabasubathi kanye nobulili.
Uma inani eliceliwe kumthengisi lingaphansi, khona-ke kukhona ithuba elikhulu lokuthenga isilwane esigulayo noma esidala. Kunoma yikuphi, isitifiketi sokwelashwa kumele sinikezwe.
Umlando wokuzala
Ngo-1732, edolobhaneni lase-East Prussia edolobhaneni laseTrakenen, kwavulwa kwalelo gama lelo gama lepulazi elithi "Trakenen", ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona amahhashi angaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu. Inhloso enkulu yaleli pulazi le-Stud kwakuwukuhlinzeka ibutho lePrussia ngamahhashi amahle kakhulu amahhashi: frisky, unsretentious and Hardy. Ukuwela kwakuhanjelwa ama-mares amancane aluhlobo lwasendaweni (ama-seagulls) kanye nama-stallion wegazi lasempumalanga - ama-Arabhu, amaBerberian, amaTurkey, amaPhuthukezi, amaNeapolitan nawaseSpain. Kamuva, ukuzalaniswa kwemizimba kwaqala ukwenziwa ngemidlwane yamahlobo amaNgisi angashisiwe. Ngisho nama-stallion amabili ama-Aybar ne-Baku alethwa njengabakhiqizi. Ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, kwakuvunyelwa kuphela izinhlobo zamahhashi zaseArabia nezinezinhlungu eziphelele, kanye nezindlela zazo ezihlukile zokuzala kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zokuzala ezihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile: ubude obukhulu, umzimba omude, imilenze eqinile, intamo ende eqondile, kanye nokunyakaza okukhiqizayo kanye nemikhuba emihle. Futhi, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ama-stallion ahlolwa ngemijaho ebushelelezi, ebese ithathelwa indawo indawo yokuzingela izimbotshana nezinqola.Imishini yahlolwa emsebenzini wokulima nowezokuthutha. Ngaleyo minyaka, ekujahisheni okuningi okwaziwayo e-Europe, bekungamahhashi eTrakenen awina. Ngakho-ke kwaqalwa uhlobo lwehhashi elikhulu, elihamba ngezinyawo ezinkulu, lelo phakathi kwekhulu lama-20 laligcwele emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, ukuzalaniswa kwamaTransenen eJalimane kwakusondele ukuqothuka. Inani elikhulu lamahhashi lashona ngenkathi kuthunyelwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu, noma kwathunjwa amasosha aseSoviet. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokududulwa kwezinyanga ezintathu eTrakenen eNtshonalanga Yurophu, ngamahhashi ayinkulungwane kuphela afika kule ndawo. Kunobufakazi obunjalo bokuthi ngemuva kwayo yonke iminyakazo eminingi futhi esindayo yemfuyo (izinhloso eziyi-139 - esitimeleni nangaphezulu kuka-700 - bebodwa), ngaphansi kobuholi bukaDkt Ernst Elert, ithimba lokukhiqiza elalibalekile laliseGradice, Neustadt nasePerlin.
Kukhona inguqulo [ Kuphi? ] ukuthi ekuqaleni bekunomqondo wokwakha uhlobo olusha - i-Kirov eyodwa, "ukuxubanisa" iminxa namanye amahhashi endondo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono wemfashini wabe usushiywe ngaphandle futhi uqhubeka nokuzalela amahhashi eTrakenen ahlanzekile. Bayiswe emahhashini, amabutho asemngceleni, ezinhlanganweni zezemidlalo zezwe lamaSoviet. Lo mhlambi waqashwa yi-Institute of Horse Breeding (MZIK) futhi uqobo nguProfessor V.O. Witt. Isiphetho sabakwaTrakens besingaphansi kokubhekwa kuka-S. M. Budenny. Ukuba khona kwalowo mhlobo kwaqhekeka ngemuva kokuhlakazwa komgibeli wezinqola ngo-1953. Ngaphansi kweKhrushchev, zonke izimboni zamahhashi zangena ngaphansi kommese
Ngo-1956, inani elincane kunazo zonke lamahhashi eTrakenen laqoshwa kuwo wonke umlando wokuzalela: ama-602 mares nama-stallion angama-45. Ukuzalela kwasindiswa ngenxa yabathandi abagcina emahhashini abo ama-Trakenen, okuyindlela yokuziqhenya yezwe lonke laseJalimane.
Ngawo-1960s, abafuyi bamahhashi baseJalimane banquma ukubuyisa uhlobo lokuzithwala lwamahhashi olusuka kumahhashi ukuya emidlalweni. Futhi njengoba amahhashi alolu hlobo lokuzalela kusukela ekuqaleni azibonakalise emidlalweni yasendulo (bonisa ukugxumagxuma, ukuphinda futhi umcimbi) ohlangothini oluhle kakhulu, isasasa kulokhu kuzalaniswa likhuphukile hhayi eJalimane kuphela, kepha nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ngisho nase-USA. Izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Trakenen ngalesi sikhathi zase zivele zihlanzekile. Ngaphezu kweTrakenen, ama-trackenens angama-purebred aqala ukudalulwa epulazini laseGanshu elisanda kuhlelwa ngo-1965. Ithonya elikhulu kunazo zonke ekuzaleni kwama-tracken aseJalimane enziwa ama-Albatzon stallions azalwa ngo-1955 evela e-Albatross, amaGanshu Altgesell ezifuywayo ezivela e-Altzilber, i-Almanac evela e-Abendstern, kanye nase-stallions eyabiwa ePoland kanye ne-USSR Tower, iLabyrinth, iVespažen, iColombo, iTrafft ne-Eol.
Ihhashi Lanamuhla le-Trakenen
Namuhla ihhashi iTrakenen ukuphela kohlobo lwamahhashi ezemidlalo eJalimane olufuya ngaphandle kokufakwa kwegazi elingaphandle. Njengoba abakhiqizi basebenzisa ama-stallion weTrokeensky kuphela, kanye ne-Arabian, izinhlobo zamahhashi ezigcwele kanye neziphambano zawo. Ihhashi likaTrakenen, elifuyelwa eJalimane, lingabonakala njalo ngesihlamba esiyinqayizivele: izimpondo zesigaxa ethangeni langakwesobunxele.
Ukukhula ekushwabeni kwehhashi eligwetshwayo ngamasentimitha ayi-162-165. Izilinganiso ezimaphakathi zamahhashi eTrakenen:
- ama-stallions 166.5 - 195.3 - 21.1 cm,
- mares 164.6 - 194.2 - 20.2 cm
Ihhashi laseTrakenen liyabiwa kulo lonke elaseJalimane, namuhla isibalo salokhu kuzalaniswa cishe kwama-2 500 mares kanye nama-270 stallion. Ibelwe nakwamanye amazwe - iLithuania, iFrance, iDenmark, i-USA, iPoland, iNew Zealand, iNgilandi, iCroatia, neRussia. Lapho wenza ama-mares ku -book, uhlelo lokuhlola lwamaphuzu ayishumi lusetshenziswa ngokuhlukile: uhlobo, umzimba, izingalo, ukuqina, i-lynx, inyongo nokuzwakala jikelele. Ama-stallions angaphansi kokukhethwa okuqinile kakhulu. I-3% kuphela yenani eliphelele lama-stallion athola imvume yokusebenza njengomkhiqizi. Kuzalo namuhla kunemigqa yeDampfross, Fetish, Ararad, Pythagoras ne-Pasteur egibele ngokuphelele.
Ihhashi elidonswayo eRussia
Ngokokuqala ngqa, amahhashi eTrakenen eRussia avele ngaphambi kweMpi Enkulu Yezwe. Ngobukhulu obukhulu babuyiselwa ngo-1925. Ama-stallion ayesiya kubagibeli bamahhashi, kanti ukudla okuhamba phambili kwakugcotshwa ngamabhilidi amsulwa ikakhulu epulazini le-stud. Ibutho lokuqala lamahhashi. Kodwa-ke, inzalo evela kulawa ma-mares ayikwazanga ukulondolozwa: ngenxa yokungafani kokuqukethwe eJalimane naseRussia ngaleso sikhathi, iningi labesilisa elihamba ngesisu lahanjiswa. Okwesibili uhlobo lohlobo lweTrakenensky lungena emkhakheni wezwe lethu ngo-1945. Lawa mahhashi aqoqwa yipulazi lawo. IKirov, etholakala esifundeni saseRostov. Ukuhlangana kwalawa mahhashi kuhlobo lweTrakeens kwasungulwa kuphela yiTauris, ngoba imibhalo yamahhashi yayilahlekile. Umsuka wawo cishe wonke amahhashi wasungulwa, futhi afakwa emsebenzini wokufuya. Kuze kube manje, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokulima epulazini "i-Russian trakenen" iyipulazi labo. I-Kirov.
Izilinganiso ezimaphakathi zamahhashi aseRussia Trakenen ami ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- ama-stallions 167.4 - 195.1 - 21.4 cm
- mares 163.6 - 192.3 - 20.8 cm.
Amasudu yi-bay, emnyama, nsundu, ikarak nebomvu, imvamisa kakhulu grey, ayikho eminye imivimbo. Inani elikhulu le-trainn yaseRussia lakhombisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu emidlalweni yama-equestrian kuwo wonke amazinga. I-stallion Ash idume ngokukhethekile, eyaba ngompetha bama-Olimpiki ngo-1972, yaphinde yanqoba imincintiswano eminingi yaseYurophu neyomhlaba. Phakathi kwama-trakenes anamuhla, u-Al Passal, obekhuluma embukisweni we-jumping noDressage, obekhuluma ngokuhumusha, uyaphuma. Amanye ama-trakenen stallion, azalelwe eRussia abese ethengiswa phesheya, akhombise kahle izimfanelo zawo zokugijima ezandleni zabaseYurophu, kubandakanya nabasubathi baseJalimane. Phakathi kwalawa mahhashi kukhona iPrince, Biotope, Harpoon, Chlorophyll (aka Waitaki). Imigqa emikhulu kakhulu yamahhashi aseRussia iTrakenen angumugqa wePythagoras, Pilger, Parsival kanye ne-Arabia stallion yaseSurf.
E-Russia, uhlobo lwe-Trakenens lufuywa eMoscow KZ, isudi yokulima. IKirov, ipulazi leKaliningrad, Ipulazi lokuvivinya, kanye nasepulazini labalimi. IDovatora eBelarus.
Izici Zangaphandle
I-silhouette elicwengekile nenhle, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukususa amehlo akho, iyinzuzo engaqinisekile engathandabuzekiyo yokuzalanisa. Ikhanda lefomu elifanele, ukungena kwamehlo amakhulu, iphrofayili eqondile, imilenze elula, izinwele ezicwebezelayo, ubude obude - ihhashi libukeka liphelele.
Umbala oyinhloko wesudi umnyama, kodwa kuyatholakala imibala emfushane, ye-bay ne-red typimens. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amachaphaza anezinhlobo zokuthula, ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezinamabala kuhlobo kuyavunyelwa, ngaphambili abamele abanjalo benqatshiwe.
Ama-stallions ahlukaniswa yisifuba esinamandla futhi esibanzi, amabala amade amahlombe nomzimba oqinile. Ukuhlelwa kwemilenze kunembile, ukuphakama ekushwabeni kwamadoda kufinyelela ku-173 amasentimitha, futhi kwabesifazane - kufinyelela ku-165 amasentimitha. Isisindo esivamile sehhashi ngamakhilogremu ayi-500.
Izinzuzo kanye Nokuqukethwe kokuqukethwe
Ukwenza "umfanekiso" ophelele womelele wohlobo lokuzalwa, siqokomisa izinhlangothi ezinhle nezingalungile zamahhashi asePrussia. Izinzuzo:
- Ukubukeka - akunakwenzeka ukukhipha amehlo akho ehhashini elinomusa.
- Isimo sokuzithoba nomlingiswa onobungane.
- Ubuhlakani, ikhono lokufunda nokuqeqesha.
- Ukubekezela nesibindi.
- I-hopping kanye nokusebenzisa izimfanelo.
- Universality in application.
- Umsebenzi onzima nokusebenza.
- UGrace.
Okubi kwamahhashi amaJalimane kufaka phakathi:
- Ukuvikela ukungatheleleki, ukuthambekela kwezifo ezahlukahlukene, ukufa njalo kwezilwane ezincane.
- Ukuhlangana okubuthakathaka kofuzo, ukubonakala kwe-hernias kungenzeka.
- Kuchithiwe, ukujula kwamahhashi okuzalela okungasasebenzi.
Ukusilela kokuzalela kulula ukukulungisa ngokunikeza amahhashi ngezimo ezifanele nokunakekelwa okuhleliwe.
Umlando wohlobo lokuzalela
Ukuvela kwezinhlobo zohlobo lweTrakenen kuqale ngonyaka ka-1732, lapho kuvulwa ipulazi elinezilwane eziyinkulungwane nengxenye ngaphansi kobuholi bukaFrederick I. esigodini sase-East Prussian eTrakenen (amazwe aseJalimane yanamuhla).
Yize umlando wamaTrakens, eqinisweni, uqala ekuqaleni kakhulu - ngisho nangesikhathi kukoloni lwePrussia yi-Teutonic Order, lapho izindondo zazibandakanyeka ekuzaleni kwamahhashi amasha, emhlabeni wonke ekuhlanganyeleni nasekugibelekeni kwamahhashi.
Imikhankaso eminingi yamasosha ngaleso sikhathi ibeka phambili izidingo ezintsha zamahhashi, okwakufanele aqine ngokwanele, aqine futhi asheshe. Ukuhlangabezana nalezi zinhloso, ama-stallion asempumalanga ashubile futhi akhanyayo anama-Zhmud mares.
Ngenxa yalokhu, maphakathi nekhulu le-15, i-Teutonic Order yayivele inamapulazi angaphezu kwesithathu kwamapulazi anemfuyo ephelele yabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu amahhanisi namahhanisi amahhashi. Ngesikhathi uFrederick I enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi, izwe lasePrussia lalidinga amahhashi aqinile. Ngakho-ke, umbusi wadala ipulazi lokuqala lasebukhosini eTrakenen, elalifanele ukuhlinzeka amahhashi amahhashi aqinile futhi aqinile.
Isitshalo iTrakenen saqala ukusebenza emikhondweni emibili - ukudalwa kwamahhashi amabutho amabutho namasosha anamandla okusebenza komhlaba wezolimo.
Ekuqaleni, ama-mares amancane amahlathi nama-stallion asempumalanga anesibindi - amaPheresiya nawaseTurkey, ama-Arabhu kanye namaBerberian, iSpanish kanye neNeapolitan, asetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa, ngenxa yalesi sizathu aze athela nama-stallion amabili amaDon. Kamuva, abameleli bohlobo lwesiNgisi babajoyina.
Ividiyo: konke mayelana nokuzalelwa kwamahhashi eTrakenen Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ama-stallion amahhashi angenasici nemifino yase-Arabia yahlonishwa njengeyona ndlela engcono kakhulu yokuzalela.
Ukuxuba kwabantu abanegazi elivunyelwe futhi kwavunyelwa, noma kunjalo, kwakufanele bahlangabezane nezidingo eziyisisekelo:
- osayizi abakhulu
- ukukhula okukhulu,
- umzimba omude
- intamo ende neqondile
- imilenze eqinile
- uhlamvu oluguqukayo.
Ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, amahhashi azalwe eTrakenen asefikile kulezi zidingo. Ama-Stallions aqale ukusetshenziswa ngokuqinile kwezemidlalo - izinhlanga ezibushelelezi, ukujaha okuyindawo eshibhile, ukuzingela parfors, ukuphindaphindwa, imibukiso ye-jumping, i-triathlon kanye nama-mares asetshenziselwa ezolimo.
Ngakho-ke, kwadalwa ihhashi eligcwele, eliqine futhi elinzima iTrakenens. Lokhu kuzalanisa kwehle emlandweni njengenye yezindawo ezaziwa kakhulu emidlalweni yama-equestrian. Kuyo yonke leminyaka lama-20, ama-trakens athole imiklomelo emiqhudelwaneni eminingi. Emafektri amahhashi alolu hlobo lokufuya, empeleni ayefakwe uphawu ethangeni lethanga lasekhohlo nge-antler elk enezimpawu eziyisikhombisa.
Kuwo wonke umlando wabo, ama-traken abelokhu esondele ekuqothulweni. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili, ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwamahhashi asuka eJalimane aya eNtshonalanga Yurophu, abantu abaningi bafa. Lapho uya khona akafinyeanga amahhashi ayinkulungwane.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isitoko sabe sincane kakhulu - kwaba ngama-50 ama-estall nama-600 mares kuphela. Kwakunokwenzeka ukusindisa lo mzalo ekuqothulweni kuphela ngokubonga abalimi abanomdlandla abazibekele umgomo wokugcina ama-tracens.
Kusukela ngo-1960, ihhashi lakwaTrakenen laqala ukuhlanzeka futhi laqeqeshwa kabusha abaqeqeshi bamahhashi baseJalimane ukusuka ezinqoleni zamahhashi kuya kwezemidlalo.
Kusetshenziswa kuphi?
Amahhashi abunjiwe asetshenziswa indawo yonke. Ama-stallions abamba iqhaza kwezolimo, abamele izinhlobo zezilwane bazuza impumelelo enkulu emidlalweni yabezizwe. Iziduna zivame ukusetshenziswa ekuzaleni, zithuthukisa ikhwalithi yohlobo oluphambili esitebeleni.
Emadolobheni amakhulu, ama-trakens asetshenziswa emsebenzini wamaphoyisa agxiliwe ukuhambahamba emigwaqweni. Amahhashi alokhu kuzalanisa asetshenziswa ekuhambeni izintaba ezindaweni lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukushayela imoto.
Izici Zokuqukethwe
Isidingo esiyinhloko sokugcina amahhashi ukuhlanzeka. Ezibondeni kunconyelwa ukwenza ukuhlanzwa njalo nokubulala amagciwane. Izilwane kumele zibe nokufinyelela okuqhubekayo kumanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile. Amahhashi kufanele agezwe futhi izinselo zawo zibhekwe.
Okuphakelayo okuyinhloko
Isisekelo sokudla kwamahhashi hay, imifino nokudla kwezilwane. Inani lokuphakelwa libalwa ngokuya ngeminyaka nomsebenzi womzimba wesilwane. Imithetho Yokondla:
- ukuhanjiswa kufanele kube kuncane
- ebusika, kunconyelwa ukufaka i-vithamini,
- kwethulwa okuphakelayo okusha ngezigaba,
- ama-feeders nezitsha zokuphuza kufanele zihlanzeke, ukubulala amagciwane kwezitsha kwenziwa njalo, ukwelashwa okushisa kuyadingeka,
- ngemuva kokondla ihhashi, udinga ukuphumula kancane, kuthunyelwa isilwane sokuhamba ihora ngemuva kokudla.
Kubalulekile! Ekamelweni lapho kudliwa khona ama-artiodactyls, akufanele kube namagundane. Amagundane kanye namagundane kungabathwali bezifo ezithathelanayo ezingadluliselwa emahhashini.
Inqobo nje uma isilwane isesitolo, kufanele ifumane amanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile.
Izithasiselo zokudla okunempilo
Ukudla okuyinhloko kokondla amahhashi kunconywa ukuthi kufakwe izithasiselo ezinomsoco kanye nama-vitamin premixes. Usawoti kumele ube khona njalo ekudleni kwama-artiodactyls abantu abadala. Izithako ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ngamahhashi:
- I-retinol
- Carotene emafutheni.
- IGranvit E.
- ICalcium pantothenate.
- I-Trivitamin.
- Gxila ekushayweni kwe-methane.
- Imvubelo.
- Lysine Gxila
Ngaphezu kwezithasiselo ezingenhla ekudleni kwamahhashi namahhashi ayalungiswa kufaka phakathi amavithamini amsulwa nezithasiselo zemvelo ezisebenzayo, njengamafutha enziwe, ugalikhi, i-kelp eyomile, i-nettle nabanye.
Kubalulekile! Uma uthatha isinqumo sokuphambukisa ukudla kwamahhashi ezemidlalo ngama-supplements, yenza lokhu ngokuqapha futhi uqaphele umthamo, ezinye izakhi zingadala isivivinyo esihle sokudubula.
Ukuhlanzeka nokunakekelwa kwamahhashi
Ukuze kuvinjelwe izifo, inhlala-kahle yezilwane nokubukeka kwazo kucocekile, izilwane ezifuywayo zidinga ukugezwa. Le nqubo kumele yenziwe njalo, kanye ngesonto, lapho kushisa, amahhashi achitha isikhathi esiningi endlini yokugezela. Mane nomsila kugezwa nge-shampoo yokubeka isimo. Ngemuva kokugeza, amahhashi asulwa futhi ahlanganwe. Ukugwema isifo sezinselo, nakekela umbhede wesilwane ohlanzekile nowomile.
Uklaba
Amahhashi okuqeqesha nokuhamba awenziwanga ngaphambi kwehora ngemuva kokudla. Amahhashi asebenzayo adinga ukuhamba nsuku zonke emadlelweni. Isikhathi sokuhamba amahora ama-3. Lapho uqeqesha njalo ihhashi, isilwane siba ngcono kwezemidlalo nokuqina. Amathreyi awakwazi ukugcinwa ezintanjeni ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthi emadlelweni.
Amaqiniso athakazelayo ngamahhashi
Uhlobo lokuzalela iTrakenen ludumile emibuthanweni yezemidlalo futhi luthathwa njengobuhlakani balo nokukhuthazela kwalo. Amaqiniso ngokusebenza ngobuhle obuhle kakhulu
- Emilenzeni yezinyamazane eziyizimbotshana kanye nama-stallion kukhona ukucwaswa ngesimo sezimpondo ezikhululekile, okusikhumbuza isilwane esingesokuzalwa kukaTroke.
- AmaTrakens kuphela uhlobo wohlobo lwamahhashi ezemidlalo afudulwa ngaphandle kokuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo.
- Ebhange lezingulube lezemidlalo liphumelele izimpumelelo - ukunqoba emidlalweni yama-Olimpiki kanye nokuncintisana komhlaba.
- Ukukhuthazela, umusa, ubuhlakani, umlingiswa kanye nokukwazi ukusebenza kuyizimfanelo ezihlangana ekuzaleni okukodwa.
AmaTrakens ayaziswa ngabazalisi, ukuzalanisa kubhekwa njengento elite. Naphezu komlando omude, lohlobo luye lwagcinwa ngendlela yalo emsulwa futhi lusengolunye lwezinkundla ezinhle kakhulu zezemidlalo.
Ukudla I-Trakenen Horse
Ukuze amahhashi aqhubeke enempilo futhi eselula, kufanele athole okuphakelayo okulungile. Ukuze i-trokeec ikhule kahle futhi amathumbu asebenze kahle, kubalulekile ukufaka iflishi kwimenyu.
Ukudla ngokwabo kufanele kuhlukaniswe futhi kuncane ngevolumu. Lapho wethula okuphakelayo okusha, udinga ukukunika okuncane, awukwazi ukukushintsha kakhulu. Lokhu kuzoholela ekufakweni kobuthi kwamahhashi.
Zonke izinto zokudla kufanele zipheke futhi zigcinwe zihlanzekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuhlala kunamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile okuphuza esitobhini. Udinga ukushintshwa okungenani kanye ngosuku, kaningi ehlobo. Ngemuva kokudla, kufanele kuthathe isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba iThhashi Elinyakazayo lihambe ngezinyawo noma ngezigaba. Ngaphambi komncintiswano, ukudla kwe-steed kufanele kulungiswe.
Okuphakelayo okufakiwe kufanele kugcinwe emakamelweni ahlanzekile nawomile. Akumele kube khona amagundane nama-parasites.Uma imikhiqizo yabo yokungcola ingena emzimbeni wehhashi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo kungenzeka ukuthi kufake ukufa kwesilwane.
Ukuzala nokuphila isikhathi eside sehhashi likaTrakenen
Isikhathi sokuphila samahhashi eTrakenen sisezingeni eliphakathi kweminyaka engama-30- 35. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili, kepha abalimi balinda u-3-4 ukuqedela ukuvuthwa komzimba.
Lokhu kuzalaniswa, njengomthetho, ngokufakwa kokufakelwa. Lokhu kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwesizini nama-mares. Isikhathi somdwebo sihlala kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-320 kuya kwezingama-360, ngaleso sikhathi i-mare iba nokuzola nokucophelela. Isisu sakhe siyindilinga kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yokukhulelwa.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kufanele abe nokuhamba okusebenzayo. Ngesikhathi se-foal, ihhashi liyaqina: liyalala, bese livuka futhi. Isikhathi sokuzalwa uqobo sifushane, cishe imizuzu engama-20.
Inja izalwa imanzi, futhi umama uqala ukuyikhotha. Ngosuku olulandelayo, angaphuma nge -bele aye egcekeni. Ngemuva kwenyanga, i-foal, ngaphandle kobisi, ithola imifino ethile. Unezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, uxoshwa kumama wakhe bese edluliselwa endaweni yokuzijabulisa uqobo.
Ingaphandle
Izimpawu zangaphandle zehhashi elenzelwe:
- inhloko yesimo esijwayelekile, kunalokho yomile, enemigqa emihle, enkulu, icwebezelayo futhi ijulile amehlo, ibunzi elibanzi ne-concave encane noma iphrofayili eqondile,
- intamo yobude obuphakathi, enemigqa eqondile, okumise okwenziwe isigaxa, mncane, nenhle,
- isifuba sibanzi futhi sijulile,
- icala linamandla, ubude obuphakathi,
- amahlombe ayashona, amahlombe amahlombe mide,
- ibuna phezulu, izicubu zomzimba, ezikhule kahle
- ulayini ophezulu ulungile futhi uqondile,
- izicubu ezingemuva ezinemisipha ethuthukisiwe,
- i-oval croup enemisipha ende yamathanga,
- imilenze yefomu elifanele nokubekwa, ngokuhlangana okuchazwe kahle kanye nemisipha ekhule kahle
- izinselo zikhulu futhi zinamandla, zibanzi, zefomu elifanele.
Amasudi atholakala kulokhu kuzalanisa:
- mnyama
- bay
- bomvu
- ngezikhathi ezithile ezimpunga.
AmaTrakens enza umbono omuhle, abukeke njengamahhashi anengqondo futhi enhle. Iminyakazo yabo ilula futhi inomusa, ihlukaniswa ngokukhanya, isigqi nomusa wesinyathelo.
Usayizi
Uhlobo lweTrakenen ngumnikazi wamasayizi amakhulu nokukhula okuphezulu.
Ama-Stallion anezilinganiso ezilandelayo:
- ukuphakama kokubuna kungama-avareji ayi-166 cm, yize kukhona abamele abade kakhulu abafinyelela ku-174 cm,
- ukuqina kwesifuba - kufika ku-195 cm,
- ukujikeleza metacarpal - 21 cm.
- isilinganiso esiphakathi - mayelana ne-164 cm,
- ukujikeleza kwesifuba - 194 cm
- ukujikeleza metacarpal - 20 cm.
Izici zomlingiswa
AmaTrakens ahlakaniphile kakhulu futhi anobuhle. Isimo sabo sivumelana ngokuphelele nokubukeka. Isibonelo, banezinto ezinjalo:
- ukukhononda, ubumnene nokulalela, okwenza ama-tracens abe ngabafundi abahle, ngoba ababoleka kahle ukuqeqeshwa,
- ubuhle bokuziphatha, obonakala ekuphenduleni okuzolile, okuqondisiwe, ukunyakaza okulula,
- ukubekezela nokukhuthazela,
- ubuhlakani,
- Ubuhlakani
- ukusebenza kahle kakhulu,
- umsebenzi kanye nokuhamba
- isibindi, ukungesabi kanye nekhono lokuthatha izingozi uma kunesidingo,
- amandla okulalela umuntu futhi axhumane naye ezinyaweni ezilinganayo.
Ama-Trakens akuzona nje izilwane ezilungele kahle ukugibela nemidlalo, ziyakwazi nokuba ngumngane womuntu, zizwe imizwa futhi zisabele kuwo.
Njengoba la mahhashi ayefakwe amasosha egibela amahhashi, isimilo sawo sihlanganiswe ngokuvumelanayo amandla okuthatha izingozi, ukukhuthazela, ukuhamba nokuzinikela kumuntu, okwenze ukuba lelihhashi libambe kahle.
Ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa kwamathreyi
Ukuthi izicubu zizizwe zilungile, zaziphilile futhi ziqinile, zikhombise imiphumela ephezulu emiqhudelwaneni, zidinga ukuhlinzeka ukunakekelwa kwekhwalithi.
- Izitebele nezitebele kufanele zigcinwe zihlanzekile. Ukuhlanza kwenziwa nsuku zonke. Kanye ngenyanga, igumbi liphathwa ngama-antiseptic agents ngokumelene namagciwane nezilokazane. Igumbi kufanele lome, ngaphandle kokusalungiswa nomswakama ophezulu.
- Indawo yokudlela yehhashi ngalinye kufanele ifakwe i-feeder kanye nesitsha sokuphuza, lapho kuhlale khona ukudla okusha namanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza.
- AmaTrakens ayasebenza ngakho-ke adinga ukuhamba ibanga elide. Amadlelo amakhulu asetshenziselwa ukuhamba, ukuze amahhashi akwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka.
- Abantu ababamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni badinga ukuqeqeshwa nsuku zonke nokuqeqeshwa kanzima. Ukungahambisani kwezifundo kuzoholela ekutheni amahhashi angaqeqeshwa ngokwanele, aqine futhi aqine.
- Ukuze ulondoloze ukubukeka okuhle kwamapheshana, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa nokugeza njalo. Kanye ngesonto, amahhashi ahlanzwa ngezinwele ezikhethekile nemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwe-mane yamahhashi. Ehlobo, le nqubo yenziwa kaningi - kabili ngesonto. Amanzi okugeza kufanele abe lokushisa kwasekamelweni, futhi indawo yezinqubo zamanzi kufanele ihlome ngokukhethekile futhi ifudumele. Ehlobo, ungageza ihhashi khonale emgaqweni futhi uwushiye umile elangeni. Ebusika, ngemuva kokuthatha "amanzi okugeza," lesi silwane sidinga ukuthi sisulwe.
Ukugxila okubalulekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekunakekelweni kwehhashi le-Trakenen futhi kuhambisane nezincomo ezilandelayo:
- naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iminonjana iyizilwane ezinkulu impela, isisu sazo sisincane kakhulu. Lokhu kudinga ukondliwa okujwayelekile nokuxutshiwe ngezingxenye ezincane,
- ukuze kusetshenzwe kahle ipheshana esiswini nokwaneliseka kwezidingo zokuhlafuna, izilwane kumele zondliwe
- ukwethulwa kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo omusha ekudleni kufanele kwenzeke kancane kancane ukuze isisu sibe nesikhathi sokujwayela ukudla okusha,
- ihhashi kumele libe nokufinyelela okuqhubekayo kumanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile. Kungcono ukunikeza amanzi ahlanziwe, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, emi. Shintsha isiphuzo kanye ngosuku, futhi ehlobo - kabili,
- izitsha ihhashi elidla nokuphuza kulo kufanele lihlale lihlanzekile futhi ligezwa ngemuva kokudla ngakunye,
- Ukudla kwesilwane kwakheka ekusebenzeni kwaso nasekusebenzeni ngokomzimba,
- ngemuva kokudla, ihhashi lidinga ukuphumula ukugaya ukudla. Musa ukumlayisha ngokushesha ngokomzimba,
- okuphakelayo okudla ihhashi kufanele kube sezingeni eliphezulu futhi kuhlolwe. Gwema isikhunta noma isikhutha kulo.