1. Ama-petrels - izimbaza zasolwandle eziphakathi nendawo
Ama-petrels noma amabhubhu-amabhere yigama leyunithi efanayo. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngenxa yamashubhu ezimpondo ekhaleni lezilwane ezinqobayo (ngenxa yokuthi kwavela igama lesibili), lezi zinyoni ziyakwazi ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yazo phezu kwezikhala ezivulekile zolwandle nolwandle.
2. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-80 zezimbungulu, izigidi zabantu - lezi zinyoni zagcwalisa lonke ulwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba wethu.
3. Bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo eziphakeme ukusuka eNorth Pole kuya eningizimu. Kepha i-hemisphere eseningizimu idume ngobuningi bezinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo. Ama-petrels ahlala ezahlukene ngaseningizimu yePacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi izinyoni zitholakala ogwini lwe-Antarctica nase-Australia. Ukuze zidleke, zikhetha iziqhingi ezincane ezitholakala olwandle.
4. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezidleke zaphayini eduze nolwandle lwaseRussia, ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu zezinhlobo zazo zingabonakala ngesikhathi sokuma.
5. Amasayizi weziphali ayahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni. Izinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke ubude zingamasentimitha angama-25, amaphiko azo angaba amasentimitha angama-60, nesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-200. Kepha izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinyoni zikhulu ngosayizi. Kukhona nezilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo ezisondelene nobukhulu bama-albatross. Ubude bawo bomzimba bufika kumitha eyi-1, amaphiko cishe amamitha ama-2 nesisindo esilingana namakhilogremu amahlanu, kepha kunabantu abafinyelela ku-8-10 kilos.
6. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwe-biology kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-petrel: umdondoshiya futhi mncane.
I-Northern Giant Petrel
7. Inyathi enkulu yasenyakatho - inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini. Ubude bomlomo bungamasentimitha ayishumi, amaphiko afinyelela ku-55 amasentimitha. Uqhwathu unombala ophuzi ophuzi, onesihloko esinsundu noma esibomvu.
8. Umbala weplamu kubantu abadala ungwevu omnyama, umhlophe endaweni ye-chin kanye nekhanda, unamabala amhlophe ekhanda, esifubeni nasentanyeni. Ezilwaneni ezincane, izimpaphe zimnyama futhi ngaphandle kwamabala amhlophe.
9. Lezi zinhlobo zivame eningizimu ye-Atlantic, Pacific, ulwandle lwaseNdiya. Izinhlobo zohlobo lweSouth Georgia Island.
Isilobo esikhulu esiseNingizimu
10. Ipulazi elikhulu eliseningizimu linobude bomzimba wamasentimitha ayikhulu, amaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha angama-200. Isisindo kusuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-5 kilos. Uqhwaku lwayo luphuzi ngokuphela okuluhlaza.
11. Kunemibala emibili ongakhetha kuyo le nyoni - emnyama nokukhanya. Amapayipi akhanyayo amhlophe, anezimpaphe ezimnyama ezingavamile. Imnyama inombala onsundu grey, inekhanda elimhlophe, intamo nesifuba, ihlotshiswe ngamabala ansundu.
12. Le nhlobo yezilwane ezifuywayo itholakala eningizimu ye-Atlantic, Pacific, ulwandle lwaseNdiya. Izindlebe eziqhingini eziseduze nase-Antarctica.
U-petrel okhokhiswe kancane
13. Izigxobo ezihlawuliswe imincane kakhulu: ngamasentimitha angama-40 ubude ngamaphiko wemitha eyi-1. Amapayipi abo anombala onsundu, acishe abe mnyama, isisu sabo sikhanya.
I-petrel ekhokhiswe kancane ayihlukumezani nakancane. Uvela eziqhingini ezisakazeke eBass Strait phakathi kweTasmania nogu lwaseNingizimu Australia. Kulapho kuzalwa khona imiphanzi emincane, futhi inzalo yayo iyakhutshwa.
15. Ngaphandle kosayizi wabo omncane, uqhwaku olunemikhawulo emincane uthutha amashumi ezinkulungwane amakhilomitha ngaphandle kwezinkinga: usuka e-Australia uye eJapan, bese udlula eChukotka uya ogwini olusentshonalanga neNyakatho Melika usuka lapho uye emazweni abo okuqala, uya eBassov Strait. Ngamanye amagama, lezi zingane zindiza zizungeza uzungu loLwandle iPacific, olukhulu kunabo bonke eMhlabeni!
Isithwathwa seqhwa
16. Isigaxa seqhwa - inyoni encane enobude bomzimba amasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-40, amaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha angama-95, anesisindo esingama-kilogremu ayi-0.5.
17. I-plumage yalolu hlobo imhlophe emsulwa nenendawo encane emnyama eduze kweso. Umlomo umnyama. Imilenze ingwevu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ihlala ogwini lwe-Antarctica.
Grey petrel
18. Igobongo elimpunga linobude bomzimba wamasentimitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-50, amaphiko angaba amasentimitha ayi-110. Umbala weplamu ungwevu omnyama noma onsundu omnyama, ucishe waba mnyama. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kuyisiliva. Le nyoni idla esiqhingini esiseningizimu yolwandle iPacific ne-Atlantic.
I-Antarctic petrel
19. Amaphilisi we-Antarctic - usayizi ophakathi. Ubude bawo bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-45, amaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-110, isisindo esingama-0.5-0.8 kilos.
20. I-plumage yalesi zinhlobo ilula yesiliva-grey emhlane futhi imhlophe ngesisu. Izimpiko phezulu zinemisindo emibili: nsundu-nsundu enomugqa omhlophe phakathi. Uqhwaku lumnyama onsundu. Imilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezinzipho ezimnyama. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ifaka ugu lwe-Antarctica.
Ophayini abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
21. I-petrel eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - uhlobo oluncane olunamaphiko angafika kumasentimitha angama-70. I-plumage ngimpunga emuva, ekhanda nasemaphikweni. Ingaphezulu lekhanda limhlophe. Uqhwaku luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enemibala epinki.
22. Izingulube eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zivamile eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba eduze kweCape Horn.
Encane (ejwayelekile) petrel
23. Iphalethi elincane noma elijwayelekile linobude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-31 kuya kwangama-36, isisindo samagremu angama-375-500. I-Wingspan efinyelela kumasentimitha angama-75.
24. Umbala womhlane wakhe uhluka kusuka kumpunga kuya kumnyama, isisu simhlophe. Izimpiko ngaphezulu zinombala omnyama noma onsundu, ngezansi zimhlophe ngomngcele omnyama. Umthethosivivinywa onsundu, omnyama ekugcineni. Lolu hlobo lwezidleke zenyathi eNyakatho Atlantic.
Great Pied Belly Petrel
25. Ubude bomzimba wale nyoni bufika kumasentimitha angama-51, amaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-122. Ngemuva inombala onsundu ngombala omhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda nezinsiba ezimhlophe emsileni. Isisu simhlophe. Isigqoko esinombala onsundu siyabonakala ekhanda. Umlomo umnyama. Ihlala eSouth Atlantic.
ICape Petrel
26. Amajuba aseCape noma eCaperels. Isisindo sale nyoni sisuka kumagremu angama-250 kuye kwangama-300, ubude bomzimba buba amasentimitha angama-36, amaphiko okufika aze afike kumasentimitha angama-90. Izimpiko zibanzi, umsila umfushane, uyindilinga.
27.Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko luhlotshiswe ngephethini emnyama nomhlophe enezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Ikhanda, isilevu, izinhlangothi zentamo nomhlane kumnyama. Izinhlobo zivame esifundeni esingaphansi kwe-subantarctic.
I-Westland Petrel
28. Iphoyinti laseWestland linomzimba wezinyoni ongafika emasentimitheni angama-50. Beak isimilo esenziwe ngesimo se-hook. Le nyoni ipendiwe imnyama ngokuphelele. Zitholakala eNew Zealand kuphela.
29. Izimbotshana zasolwandle zihlukile kwezinye izinyoni ngoba zihamba ngobuso emanzini. NgesiNgisi, lezi zinyoni zibizwa nangokuthi "i-petrel" - ukuhlonipha umphostoli uPeter, owahamba phezu kwamanzi. Kepha amapharele kulokhu asiza ulwelwesi olukhethekile emilenzeni.
30. Umbala weplamu wamapharethi umhlophe, mpunga, nsundu noma umnyama. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo zivezwa cishe ngendlela efanayo - abesilisa nabesilisa - ngakho-ke kunzima ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ngazinye nezinyoni zobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.
31. Bonke abamele umndeni we-petrel undiza kahle, uhluka ngezitayela zokundiza kuphela. Ama-paws abo atholakala ngemuva futhi akakhiwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuba semhlabeni kogobela akuwona umsebenzi olula.
32. Uqhwaku lwezinyoni lude, lufana nesicoco esinophondo olubukhali nemiphetho yasesimweni, esisiza isiluluzi ukugcina inyamazane iphuma uqhwaku.
33. Ukudla kwe-petrel kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-mollusks nama-crustaceans. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, le nyoni iyakuthanda ukudla nge-herring, ama-sprats, ama-sardine, ama-cuttlefish.
34. I-petrel iyazingelwa ikakhulukazi ebusuku, lapho inyamazane yayo itheleka ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi. Kulokhu, inyoni kuqala ibheka inhlanzi encane, bese ingena emanzini kamva kwayo. Amapharele ngangokunokwenzeka angatshuza angamamitha ayi-6,5 ngemilomo yawo ahlunga amanzi olwandle, eshiya izinsalela ezidliwayo.
35. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kokudla okunjalo kudinga umzamo omningi kusuka enyameni, ezifuyweni zivame “ngobuqili” futhi zithole ukudla, imikhomo ehamba nayo noma imikhumbi yokudoba.
36. Izidleke zasema-petrel ezihlahleni ezimbozwe ngotshani, kude nolwandle ezikoloni ezinkulu. Isizini yokuqala yokuzala ezinyangeni iqala ngokwesilinganiso kusuka eminyakeni eyi-8, kubantu abangavamile - kusuka ku-3-4. Ama-perelle ayizinyoni ezinamuntu futhi akhombisa ukwethembana hhayi komunye nomunye, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni zawo ezihlala kuzo.
37. Izinsolo zohlobo ngalunye zihlukile. Imvamisa abazali bmba umgodi osuka kumitha eli-1 kuye kwayi-2 ukujula njengesidleke. Ngemuva kwalokho insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa, lapho bobabili abalingani bezitholela khona izinsuku ezingama-50-60.
38. Emavikini okuqala emva kokuzalwa kwenkukhu, udinga ukunakekelwa kwabazali ngokucophelela. Imvamisa, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala nenkukhu cishe izinyanga ezimbili, emva kwalokho banduke.
39. Amapharele amakhulu anomqondo omuhle wokuhogela. Ezinyoni, lokhu kutholakala kwangempela. Ngephunga, bathola udoti emikhunjini naku-carrion.
40. Emndenini we-petrel, kukhona imindeni emibili engezansi - uFulmarinae noPuffininae. Abamele iFulmarinae dive kabi futhi kabi, ifolishi itholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu zamanzi. Indiza yabo iyabhadazela, iyatatazela. Abamele iPuffininae bayandiza, bahlela futhi ngokuvamile baphephe amaphiko abo. Lezi zinyoni zishayelela ngokuphelele inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Isilima se-petrel
41. Abesifazane abayiziphukuphuku bangomunye wabamele abajwayelekile be-oda le-tube-nosed Russia. Bathola igama labo ngenxa yokukhohlisa kwabo kukho konke okuzungezile. Imvamisa ngesikhathi sesidleke - emhlabeni - isiwula singavala ngisho nomuntu.
42. ukundiza kwalezi zinyoni kungaba ukukhuphuka noma ukushushuluza. Esimweni sezulu esipholile nesizolile, bangatholakala bephumile phezu kwamanzi noma bendiza ngaphezu komhlaba.
43. AmaStupys agcina olwandle ngasikhathi sinye. Emhlambini bahlangana kuphela emikhunjini yokudoba ukuze bathathe udoti. Ngasikhathi sinye, zivame ukuxabana, lapho-ke uzwe ukubhonga kwalezi zinyoni.
44. Amapharele angamacala amade phakathi kwezinyoni. Ama-petrel anesilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile esifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30. U-petrel omkhulu ompunga kakhulu waphila iminyaka engama-52.
45. Kungani lezi zinyoni zabizwa ngokuthi yizingulube? Ama-petrels achitha cishe impilo yawo yonke phezu kwezilwandle kanye nolwandle, futhi emhlabeni kuvela kuphela ngenkathi kubekwa amaqanda. Ngaphambi kwesivunguvungu, lezi zinyoni ziphakama ebusweni bamanzi ziye emoyeni, lapho ziphoqelelwa ukuba zihlale isikhathi eside kuze kungafanele. Inani elikhulu lalezi zinyoni liwela ngemuva komkhumbi odlulayo, njengokungathi lixwayisa amatilosi ngesivunguvungu esiseduze. Ngakho-ke, ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-petrel.
Isigaxa senjoloba
46. Isisindo sabameleli abancinyane besigcawu se-petrel singama-gramu angama-20 kuphela. Lezi izinyoni zomndeni kasturkovye. Zihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe ekuhlaselweni: kuzwakala phakathi kwamatshe, emifantwini noma emiseleni.
47. Esimweni sezulu esipholile katurki angatholakala endiza ngaphezu kwamanzi olwandle. Indiza yabo iyajuluka. Esimweni sezulu esinesiphepho, lezi zinyoni ezingavamile zithanda ukuhlala phakathi kwamagagasi aphezulu - zibavikela emimoyeni enamandla. Izilwane ezincane zasolwandle zifakiwe ekudleni kwe-katurki.
48. Akunandaba ukuthi izimbotshana zithanda kanjani ukuzulazula emhlabeni, kuze kube kuphela kwezinsuku zazo zibuyele ezindaweni lapho zazalelwa khona ukuzonikeza isizukulwane esilandelayo. Ngesikhathi sokudlela isidleke, lapho sekudingeka isikhathi esiningi emhlabeni, amapharele awadeleli futhi I-carrion - umlomo wayo ubukhali, inyama ayisikeki njengemese.
49. "Imvula yePetrel" - into eyaziwa ngamatilosi. Lesi sibalo esikhulu sezilwane ezifuywayo sihlala emphemeni wemikhumbi (ikakhulukazi lokhu kwenzeka ngesimo sezulu esibi). Amatilosi ayewabiza ngokuthi "avutha amalangabi", njengoba lezi zinyoni zigobhozela emikhunjini ziye ekukhanyisweni kwamalambu.
50. Kunenkolelo yokuthi ukubonakala kogobolondo emoyeni kuveza isivunguvungu, njengoba kufakazelwa yigama lenyoni. Kodwa-ke, iphuzu liwukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi kufike isivunguvungu, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ziya ogwini, kuyilapho i-petrel isetshenziselwa ukundiza phezu kolwandle kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ihlala emoyeni. Isimo sezulu esihle, ayibonakali phakathi kwezinye izinyoni futhi ayishayi. Kepha isimo sezulu sikhetha ukulinda isimo sezulu, sikhuphuke ngaphezu kwamanzi, hhayi emhlabathini.
Izici zePetrel neHabitat
I-petrel - olwandle lwasolwandle. Uchitha sonke isikhathi sakhe emanzini. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kubekwa amaqanda lapho angasondela khona emhlabeni. Abantu abathanda ukuhamba olwandle baqaphela ukuthi le nyoni izungeza kanjani ngaphezulu komkhumbi, bese bahlala emafwini. Umbono omuhle. Lapho kunesivunguvungu olwandle, igobongo alikwazi ukuwela emanzini, kufanele lindize kuze kube yilapho isivunguvungu sidamba.
Cishe zingaba ngu-80 izinhlobo zezilwane izinyoni zomndeni ezifuywayo. Abamele abancane kakhulu bale nhlobo banesisindo esingama-gramu angama-20, isisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke singafinyelela ku-10 kg. Izinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo! Kepha ngokusho kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo, noma kunjalo ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezingavamile yizinhlobo ezimbili zama-petrel - ama-giant and nyembamba-cast.
Uma igobolondo selifikile, isimo sezulu sizoba sihle. Futhi uma inyoni izungeza phezu kwamagagasi - kuzoba nesivunguvungu
Isilobo sasolwandle omkhulu uyamangalisa ngosayizi. Ubude obujwayelekile bale nyoni bufika kumitha eyi-1. Inesisindo esisuka ku-8 kuye ku-10 kg. Izimpiko zayo zinkulu nje, ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,8. Uma uqhathanisa, i-albatross inamaphiko angamamitha ayi-3. Ngenxa yamaphiko amakhulu kangaka, igobolondo lingahamba kalula emhlabeni.
Isilinganiso bird petrel squad inobukhulu obufana nosayizi wezigwinyo. Umbala weplamu uhlukile kuhlobo ngalunye lokubhaliselwe. Izimbotshana eziningi zimnyama. Futhi kuphela endaweni yomsila wawo ongabona amamaki amhlophe. Bonke abamele le nhlobo banomlomo omfishane nemilenze emide, enohlonze. Ungathola izimbotshana ezinombala onsundu-mnyama. Okumhlophe okumpunga nakho kufanelekile kubo.
Zonke izinqenqema, ukusuka eNyakatho kuye eSifundazweni EsiseNingizimu, zakhiwe yile nyoni emangalisayo. Ezilwandle eziningi nasolwandle, kutholakala izimbotshana. Ngenxa yokuhleleka kwamaphiko awo, angenza izindiza ezinkulu ukusuka ezindaweni ezibandayo ezingaphansi komhlaba kuya emanzini afudumele olwandle ageza iNingizimu Melika. Izimbotshana eziningi ziyatholakala naseNingizimu Pacific. Ngisho nesifunda sezulu esibandayo soLwandle i-Arctic nolwandle iBering asibesabi.
Isimilo se-Petrel bird kanye nendlela yokuphila
Kungani igama lenyoni petrel? Konke kulula. Bona, njengasemanzini olwandle, bangazizwa kusenesikhathi ukuthi izimo zezulu ezimbi zilindelekile noma zilungile. Uma i-petrel iwela emanzini, isimo sezulu sizoba kahle. Futhi, uma ehlala ezungeza amagagasi, maduze kuzoba nesivunguvungu.
Izithombe ezithathwe ngogobolondo abakhokhelwa kancane
Isela elisesabekayo likaPetrel. Ungadonsa ngobuqili nangamahloni iqanda liqhamuka epenguin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baba yingozi enkulu yama-penguin amancane, ikakhulukazi lapho ehlangabezana nendlala enkulu. Ama-penguin akwazi kahle lokhu, ngakho-ke ahlala eqaphile.
Amachwane wezilwane ezibandayo ngokwawo ayazikhukhumeza futhi anolaka. Kungcono ukuthi ungasondeli kulesi siqhwaga. Iqiniso ngukuthi izidalwa ezifuywayo esiswini zikhiqiza uwoyela okhethekile, onephunga elimdonsayo inyoni ithulula othile ongase ayisongele.
Akulula ukuwasha la ketshezi. Ngesinye isikhathi amachwane amancanyana angakhafulela ilitha lekota. Ukuthi kungakanani kwesitoko sabantu abadala kuyesabisa ukuqagela. Kepha kukhona futhi izingulube ezingenalo ulaka. Isibonelo, upharethi omfishane. Abazakhi izidleke. Zihlala ngemijondolo emabhange asezingeni.
Okubonakalisiwe kuyinyoni ebizayo yeqhwa
Njengabanye abaningi abamele izinyoni ze-tubular, emakhaleni egobolondo avulekela kumashubhu wophondo. Kuthiwa ngosizo lawa manzi, usawoti owedlulele ushiya umzimba wezinyoni. Futhi ngenxa yalawa manzi, amagobongo avikelwe emanzini. Ngenxa yezitho, ezinamalungu futhi abekwe ngemuva, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukuhamba masinyane emanzini.
Emhlabeni, ahamba ngokuxegayo ngomlomo wawo namaphiko agobile. Konke izincazelo bird bird khuluma ngamandla akhe, amandla nobuhle. Amapharele adala ngababili. Yize isikhathi esiningi bebodwa.Entwasahlobo, lapho zidinga ukundiza kwisiza esidlekayo, zithola i-pair yazo.
Okubonakalisiwe yiphuphu lembumbulu
Ukuphaka uPetheli
Ukudla okumnandi kukaPetrel izinhlanzi ezincane. Bathanda i-herring, amahlumela nama-sardine. Kuyintokozo futhi ukuthi lezi zinyoni zidla ama-cuttlefish kanye nama-crustaceans. Kuyathakazelisa ukubheka ukuthi i-petrel ibheka kanjani phansi inyamazane yayo, bese ingena shí emanzini bese ivela nayo. Uqhwaku lwayo lwenzelwe ukuhlunga amanzi futhi lishiya yonke into idliwe.
Ngokuvamile, ukuzingela okunjalo kwenzeka ebusuku. Kungalesi sikhathi sosuku lapho izisulu zepulazi ezingenzeka zintanta ziye emanzini. Ukuze uzondle, i-petrel isebenzisa isikhathi esiningi, umzamo namandla. Kwesinye isikhathi udinga ukunqoba amakhulukhulu amakhilomitha ukuze angahlali elambile.
Esithombeni inyoni encane encanyana
Ukuzala Nesikhathi Sokuphila KwePetrel
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwezilwane ezifuywayo ziqala kusukela lapho zifika endaweni yazo yokuhlala yaphakade. Njengomthetho, babuyela esidlekeni sonyaka wabo wokugcina. Ngokuvumelana kwalokho, izimbotshana zona zakha okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, bahlala bethembekile komunye nomunye iminyaka esele. Ezindaweni ezifudumele, amachaphaza ahlala abhangqiwe ngaphandle kokundiza noma kuphi.
Lezo zinyoni ezindizela izidlekeni zazo ziziphatha kamnandi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyalwa nazo uqobo. Izinzwa zohlobo ngalunye lwegobela zihlukile. Lezi zinyoni zibeka iqanda elilodwa esidlekeni bese ngezikhathi ezithile zilibopha. Owesilisa akanamahloni okufaka esikhundleni sowesifazane wakhe lapho enquma ukundiza eyofuna ukudla.
Okubonakalisiwe yigobongo esidlekeni
Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesilinganiso samaqanda ezinsuku ezingama-52. Cishe isonto, iphuphu elisanda kuzalwa alikwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele futhi alikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokunakekelwa ngabazali. Ngemuva kwalokho ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha futhi ekugcineni ishiye isidleke. Ama-Thunderbirds aphile iminyaka engaba ngu-30.
I-petrel
Izinyoni zase-Antarctic zikhonjwe kakhulu ngama-penguins, kepha ziyizinyoni ezindizayo. Kepha kulesi sifunda esinenkani kunezinyoni eziningi ezindizayo futhi unyaka wonke.
Njengomthetho, lena inyoni eyi-albatross, i-skua ne-Arctic tern. Kepha inyoni edume kakhulu e-Antarctica ingulube.
Ngokuvamile, izikelendlwana zomndeni ziwumndeni wonke, kepha e-Antarctica kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela - lokhu ngumbala we-Antarctic, i-petrel yeqhwa kanye ne-girel enkulu.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
IPetrel ingenye yezinyoni zasolwandle ezidume kakhulu. Abanye babantu abavakashele uhambo lokuhamba olwandle bebengakujabuleli ukubona ophahleni, kungaba phezulu esibhakabhakeni, kwesinye isikhathi baziphonse phezu kwamagagasi, bese befika phezulu bese begxumela olwandle olujulile ukusuka lapho.
Uma ubheka le nyoni, umuntu angawakhumbula ngokungazenzisi amazwi eNgoma ekhuluma ngePetrel M. Gorky: “Phakathi kwamafu nolwandle iPetrel iyabhonga ngokuziqhenya, nombani omnyama onjengalowo. Ukuthinta iphiko legagasi, noma ukukhuphuka ngomcibisholo kuze kube semafwini, uyakhala, futhi amafu ezwa injabulo ngokukhala kwenyoni ngesibindi. "
Ama-perelle ayizinyoni ezinomzimba olulwe kahle namaphiko anamandla adonsela ukunaka hhayi kuphela kwabagibeli abahamba ngamaloli olwandle, kodwa futhi nabatiloshe abanolwazi abahlala benaka indlela abaziphatha ngayo. Ngoba kunenkolelo yokuthi izikelendlwana ziyizifebe zesimo sezulu.
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amatilosi aqaphele iphethini eyodwa. Lapho ulwandle luzolile noma luyaluza kancane, izimbotshana zikhuphukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni. Kubukeka sengathi akukho okufanekisela ukuwohloka kwesimo sezulu, kodwa kungazelelwe, ngaphandle kwesizathu, lezi zinyoni zehla futhi ziqala ukundiza ziphansi ngaphezu kwamanzi. Wonke umuntu, linda isivunguvungu. Futhi emva nje kwesikhashana, umoya uyaqina, amafu avame ukukhuphuka, bese kuqala isivunguvungu.
Le ndlela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isibe uphawu olukhethekile lwamatilosi. Futhi ezinsukwini ezikude, lapho bekungasenamabhakhodi, amathuluzi abonisa ingcindezi esemkhathini, lokhu kubika ngemikhumbi engaphezu kokukodwa okusindisiwe, okuthe izinduna zazo, lapho zibona lokhu kuziphatha kwezingulube, zaya nemikhumbi yazo ngokushesha zaya eziteshini lapho zingalinda khona isivunguvungu. Ukusuka lapha kwaqhamuka igama lalezi zinyoni, i-petrel - ihambisa isiphepho.
Labo ababenenhlanhla eyanele yokuhambela olwandle oluvulekile, vele, abakwazanga ukusiza kepha banaka iqiniso lokuthi abaningana, abangafani komunye nomunye, baziphatha ngale ndlela. Umuntu uthola umbono wokuthi lezi ezinye izinhlobo zezihlobo ezikude. Futhi kunjalo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, kunezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngaphezulu kokudluliselwa kolwandle lwaseRussia kuphela lapho kuhlalwa khona izinhlobo ezi-7: izimbotshana ezimfishane, ezinemilenze emincane nezimpunga.
Intshisekelo ethile amele iziphongwana ezidlekayo E-Antarctica neziqhingi eziseduzane. Kukhona indawo okwazalelwa kuyo enkulu kunazo zonke - iGiant Petrel, enamaphiko ayo ngaphezulu 2 amamitha.
Lapho, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-300 ukusuka ogwini ekujuleni kwe-Antarctica naseziqhingini zase-Antarctic: ISouth Shetland, Bouvet, South Georgia, iSandwich South, iSouth Orkney, iBalleny neScotland izidleke ezinhle kakhulu zeqhwa.
Ukuvela kogobela omncane
Iphalethi elincane uma liqhathaniswa nabanye abamele uhlobo lincane.
Ubude bomzimba walezi zinyoni bungamasentimitha angama-30 380, banesisindo kusuka ku-350 kuya ku-500 amagremu. Amaphiko asuka kumasentimitha angama-76-89.
Izimbungulu ziyizinyoni zasolwandle.
Umzimba ongaphezulu umbozwe izimpaphe zombala ompunga omnyama noma omnyama, kanti isisu nesifuba zinamapheya amhlophe. Amaphiko angenhla anombala omnyama, onsundu omnyama noma omnyama, futhi ngaphansi mhlophe. Izimpiko zineziqu ezimhlophe. Uqhwaku lunikeza umbala ogqamile, kanti isihloko salo simnyama.
Ukuziphatha okuncane kogobela kanye nokudla okunempilo
Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlanzi eziphakathi nendawo: ama-sprats, i-herring, isardine. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, ama-petrel amancane amancane adla kuma-cephalopods nama-crustaceans, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane zasemhlabeni.
Ama-petrels adla ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle.
Izilwane ezifuywayo ezincane seziphile okungenani iminyaka engama-50. Izimbambo zezinyoni zakha impilo. Ebusika, lezi zinyoni ezinemibala azikho kuphela oLwandle Olumnyama, abanye abantu bafika e-Argentina naseBrazil. Kuma-petrel amancane amancane ukundiza ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-10 akunzima. Ngokuphila kwabo konke, lezi zinyoni zimboza amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili.
Kukhethwe iqhugwana lalezi zinyoni.
Izilwane ezifuywayo ezincane zidla kakhulu olwandle, kuyilapho zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngemihlambi emincane. Ngesikhathi izidleke, zihlangana emikhondweni emikhulu. Emini, izimbotshana ezincane zithula kakhulu, futhi ebusuku zihlela ikwaya evumayo.
Ukuzala
Izimbotshana ezincane zivame ukuhlela izidleke ezimbotsheni. Imisele yezinyoni zimba zodwa, ubude bazo bungafinyelela kumitha eyi-1. Uma inhlabathi ilukhuni futhi ingenakumbiwa, insikazi ibeka iqanda emfuleni ophakathi kwamadwala. Ukuhlanganiswa kuqukethe iqanda elilodwa elimhlophe. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha cishe izinyanga ezi-2.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, inyoni ibeka iqanda elilodwa.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili emva kokuzalwa, abazali bayeka ukondla inkukhu, futhi uqala impilo ezimele. Ngemuva kokushiya umgodi, iphuphu liya olwandle.
Lalelani izwi lesikhwanyana esincane
https://animalreader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/serij-burevestnik-puffinus-griseus.mp3
Le ndlela yinde, ngakho-ke iyingozi enganeni. Ipulazi lihamba ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku laphephele kunoma iyiphi indawo esekusithekeni. Usuku isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu senkukhu, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi noma yimuphi umhlaseli uyakwazi ukukuqaphela kalula. Uma ingane ifika olwandle, bese iqala ukudla lapho, dive futhi ifunde ukundiza. Lapho amachwane asekhulile esephikweni, ajoyina abafowabo.
U-petrel omncane akekho osondele ekubhujisweni. Inani labantu abacishe babe yisigidi.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
I-Macaw parrot
Igama lesi Latin: | I-Procellariidae |
Igama lesiNgisi: | I-petrel |
Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Isigaba: | Izinyoni |
Ukuhlonza: | Isigaxa somzimba |
Umndeni: | I-petrel |
Umusa: | Kuyacaciswa |
Ubude bomzimba: | 25 cm |
Ubude bephiko: | 23-29 cm |
I-Wingspan: | 60 cm |
IMisa: | 200 g |
Ukuchazwa kwenyoni
Amasayizi aphathekayo ahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni. Izinyoni ezincane kunazo zonke zifinyelela ku-25 cm ubude, amaphiko azo angaba ngu-60 cm, futhi isisindo sawo sifinyelela kuma-200 g.kodwa izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinyoni zisakhulu ngosayizi. Kukhona nezilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo ezisondelene nobukhulu bama-albatross. Ubude bomzimba wabo bufinyelela ku-1 m, amaphiko angaba ngu-2 m nesisindo aze afike ku-5 kg.
Umbala wezinqwaba zaphalishi umhlophe, mpunga, nsundu noma umnyama. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinhlobo zivezwa cishe ngendlela efanayo - abesilisa nabesilisa - ngakho-ke kunzima ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ngazinye nezinyoni zobulili obuhlukile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.
Bonke abameleli bomndeni we-petrel bayindiza kahle, bahluke ngezitayela zokundiza kuphela. Ama-paws abo atholakala ngemuva futhi akakhiwa kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuba semhlabeni kogobela akuwona umsebenzi olula.
Uqhwaku lwezinyoni lude, lufana nesicoco esinezimpondo ezibukhali nemaphethelo asesimweni, esisiza isiluluzi ukugcina inyamazane iphuma uqhwaku.
Izici zokudla kwe-petrel
Ukudla kwe-petrel kuqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane, igobolondo, kanye nama-crustaceans. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, le nyoni iyakuthanda ukudla nge-herring, ama-sprats, ama-sardine, ama-cuttlefish.
I-petrel izingela ikakhulukazi ebusuku, lapho inyamazane yayo ivela ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi. Kulokhu, inyoni kuqala ibheka inhlanzi encane, bese ingena emanzini kamva kwayo. Amapharele ngangokunokwenzeka angatshuza angamamitha ayi-6,5 ngemilomo yawo ahlunga amanzi olwandle, eshiya izinsalela ezidliwayo.
Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kokudla okunjalo kudinga umzamo omkhulu kule nyoni, izikelemu zivame “ngobuqili” futhi zithole ukudla, okuhamba nemikhomo noma ngemikhumbi yokudoba.
Ukusakazeka kwezinyoni
Izinhlobo zePetrel zihlala endaweni ehlukahlukene eningizimu yePacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi izinyoni zitholakala ogwini lwe-Antarctica nase-Australia. Ukuze zidleke, zikhetha iziqhingi ezincane ezitholakala olwandle.
I-Northern Giant Petrel
Inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini. Ubude bomlomo bungaba ngu-10 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-55 cm. Uqhwaku umbala ophuzi ophuzi, onesihloko esinsundu noma esibomvu. Umbala we-plumage kubantu abadala ungwevu omnyama, omhlophe endaweni ye-chin kanye nekhanda, unamabala amhlophe ekhanda, esifubeni nasentanyeni. Ezilwaneni ezincane, izimpaphe zimnyama futhi ngaphandle kwamabala amhlophe.
Izinhlobo zivame eningizimu ye-Atlantic, Pacific, ulwandle lwaseNdiya. Izinhlobo zohlobo lweSouth Georgia Island.
Isilobo esikhulu esiseNingizimu
Ubude bomzimba wenyoni bubalelwa ku-100 cm, amaphiko angaba ngu-200 cm. Isisindo sisuka ku-2,5 kuye ku-5 kg. Uqhwaku luphuzi ngokuqedela okuluhlaza.
Kunezinketho ezimbili zombala wenyoni - omnyama nokukhanya. Amapayipi akhanyayo amhlophe, anezimpaphe ezimnyama ezingavamile. Imnyama inombala onsundu grey, inekhanda elimhlophe, intamo nesifuba, ihlotshiswe ngamabala ansundu.
Kutholakala eningizimu ye-Atlantic, Pacific, ulwandle lwaseNdiya. Izindlebe eziqhingini eziseduze nase-Antarctica.
Izigxobo zase-Antarctic
Isigaxa siphakathi nendawo. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buba ngu-45 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-110 cm, isisindo esingu-0.5-0.8 kg. I-plumage iyisiliva elimpunga okukhanyayo emuva futhi imhlophe phezu kwesisu. Izimpiko phezulu zinemisindo emibili: nsundu-nsundu enomugqa omhlophe phakathi. Uqhwaku lumnyama onsundu. Imilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezinzipho ezimnyama.
Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ifaka ugu lwe-Antarctica.
ICape Doves noma iCape Petrels
Isisindo sezinkukhu sisuka ku-250 siye kuma-300 g, ubude bomzimba buba ngu-36 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-90 cm. Izimpiko zibanzi, umsila mfishane, uyindilinga. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lwamaphiko luhlotshiswe ngephethini elimnyama nelimhlophe enezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Ikhanda, isilevu, izinhlangothi zentamo nomhlane kumnyama.
Izinhlobo zivame esifundeni esingaphansi kwe-subantarctic.
Isithwathwa seqhwa
Inyoni encane enobude bomzimba obungu-30 kuya ku-40 cm, amaphiko afinyelela ku-95 cm, anesisindo esingama-0,5 kg. I-plumage imhlophe ngokuphelele inendawo encane emnyama eduze neso. Umlomo umnyama. Imilenze ingwevu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ihlala ogwini lwe-Antarctica.
Ophayini abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ukubuka okuncane okunamaphiko okufika ku-70 cm.I-plumage iimpunga emuva, ekhanda nasemaphikweni. Ingaphezulu lekhanda limhlophe. Uqhwaku luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imilenze iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enemibala epinki.
Le nyoni idlangile eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba endaweni eseCape Horn.
Izinhlobo zezinkanyezi ezingaphansi kwePuffininae zindiza, zihlela futhi zivame ukushaya amaphiko. Lezi zinyoni zishayelela ngokuphelele inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi.
I-petrel encane noma evamile
Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-31 kuye ku-36 cm, isisindo esingu-375-500 g. I-Wingspan ifinyelela ku-75 cm. Umbala wangemuva uhluka kusuka kumpunga kuya kumnyama, isisu simhlophe. Izimpiko ngaphezulu zinombala omnyama noma onsundu, ngezansi zimhlophe ngomngcele omnyama. Umthethosivivinywa onsundu, omnyama ekugcineni.
Izinhlobo izidleke eNyakatho Atlantic.
Great Pied Belly Petrel
Ubude bomzimba wenyoni bufika kuma-51 cm, amaphiko aqine aze afike ku-122 cm. Ingemuva linombala onsundu onsundu ngomugqa omhlophe ngemuva kwekhanda nezimpaphe ezimhlophe emsileni. Isisu simhlophe. Isigqoko esinombala onsundu siyabonakala ekhanda. Umlomo umnyama.
Ihlala eSouth Atlantic.
Grey petrel
Ubude bomzimba ukusuka ku-40 kuye ku-50 cm, buvele ngamaphiko cishe buyi-110 cm. Amapayipi grey omnyama noma onsundu omnyama, acishe abe mnyama. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko kuyisiliva.
Izidleke zezinyoni eziqhingini eziseningizimu yolwandle iPacific ne-Atlantic.
I-Antarctic petrel
Inyoni enkulu enkulu efinyelela kuhafu wemitha ngosayizi futhi inamaphiko afinyelela ku-120 cm. Amapayipi amnyama amnyama grey, isifuba esimhlophe, umlomo omnyama nemilenze kuyinika ukubukeka kwesibindi. Futhi amaphiko amade anamandla amnika ithuba lokuhlala emoyeni isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu, ngokuphelele hhayi ukuhambisa amaphiko akhe, kepha ukumane akhuphuke emoyeni.
Ngakho-ke, cishe sonke isikhathi lesi sithelo esisichitha olwandle. Akesabi ngisho nezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngoba ukudla kwayo ikakhulukazi kuyizinhlanzi ezincane, izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamuntu, lapho ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka okunamandla olwandle ukudla kwakhe kuphezu kwamanzi futhi angadla ngokwanele, ebamba i-krill noma inhlanzi evela ekushayweni kwamagagasi. Uqhwaku olude oluhlotshiswe ngemichilo oluneziphetho ezibukhali luyivumela ukuba ibambe ngisho nenhlanzi eyanyakaza kakhulu noma enye impilo yasolwandle.
Imilenze yephothi ayikhuliswa kahle, futhi ibekwe emuva kakhulu, ngakho-ke emhlabeni ihamba nobunzima, kaningi, ngokuqina imane iphumule esifubeni nasemaphikweni. Kepha esemhlabeni, usebenzisa kuphela isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Izidleke zembatho zase-Antarctic ikakhulukazi ogwini, zikhetha indawo evame ukuba semaweni. Owesifazane ubeka iqanda elilodwa elilodwa ngegobolondo elimhlophe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqanda likhulu ngokungajwayelekile ngokuqhathaniswa nobukhulu benyoni ngokwayo. Ukuqandeka kuthatha izinsuku ezingaba ngu-40, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga eyodwa, lelo khubalo lesibaya selivele liqala ukundiza.
Isilo esikhulu
Lona mkhulu womndeni we-petrel. Ubukhulu bawo bungaba ngamasentimitha angama-80 nangaphezulu, futhi amaphiko angafika ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili. Lezi ikakhulukazi yizinyoni ezinombala omnyama onombala onsundu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amapayipi ansundu. Ikhanda kanye nentamo kulula Ngokuvamile, umbala weplamu kanye noqhwaku ushintsha ngobudala kulezi zinyoni, kanti ama-petrel amakhulu wona athola umbala ofanayo cishe ngeminyaka eyi-7. Kungokwenza imibala ukuthi ungaqagela iminyaka yabo.
Kepha kukhona phakathi kwabo ama-albino, lapho iplamu limhlophe. Ikhanda lezinyoni zalolu hlobo zilula, kukhona amabala ansundu entanyeni nasesifubeni, futhi kwezinye izindawo izimpaphe ezimnyama zikhona emzimbeni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abahlukile kubalingani babo abampunga.
Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo ezicishe zibe yinqaba futhi ukudla kwazo okuyinhloko konke kungu-carrion. Lezi yizilwane zasolwandle ezifile nezinyoni. Olwandle badla izinhlanzi, i-squid, i-Antarctic krill, imigodi ye-pinnipeds nakho konke okuzayo. Kwesinye isikhathi zinamathiselwe emikhunjini yokudoba futhi ihambe nayo, idla imfucuza elahlwe olwandle kusuka ekusikeni izinhlanzi. Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo eziyizinyoni cishe ziyizinyoni eziqine kunazo zonke e-Antarctica, futhi njengoba zinikezwe ukuthi azikho izitha ezidla umhlaba lapha, lezi zinyoni ezinkulu ezimnandi zidlala indima yazo. Kaningi bahlanganyela ekuphangeni kwangempela.Bantshontsha amaqanda ama-penguin nezinyoni, bahlasela amachwane futhi badle izidumbu zamaphengwini awele. Izinyoni ezincane kwesinye isikhathi ziyabulawa, kufaka phakathi ama-petrels kanye nama-penguin amancane. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa ukuthi lobhuti uziphatha kanjani.
Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo zivame esidlekeni ezindaweni ezivulekile. Insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa elilodwa, elilingana kathathu njengenkukhu. Bazali bakhe batshanyana ngokushintshana, esikhundleni somunye nomunye ukuze bazondle. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, iphuphu libamba iqanda, elizondla ngalo izinyanga ezintathu nangaphezulu. Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo zidla amathole azo ebusuku ngoba zimatasa zizingela phakathi nosuku. Ipulazi elikhulu le-petrel likhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhuthele futhi ukhombisa nokuba nolaka. Uma inyoni isondela kuye, akagcini ngokuba abaleke, kodwa futhi azihlasele. Esitha, ukhipha uketshezi olunuka kabi, olunephunga elimdabukisayo kunokumenza athathe umhlalaphansi. Ngakho-ke yize kungekho nabazali, angazimela ngokwakhe.
Lapho kufika ekwindla, izidleke ezinkulu zindizela esifundeni esishisayo esishisayo, zishiya nam amaphuphu azo. Ngokuzithandela, amachaphaza amancane afunda ukusinda futhi afunde ukundiza futhi azitholele owawo ukudla. Lapho zikhula futhi ziba namandla ngokwengeziwe, zindizela ngasenyakatho zodwa, lapho zijoyina ezinye izidakamizwa ezindala.
Izilwane ezinkulu ezifuywayo zinomuzwa omangalisayo isayensi engasakwazi ukukuchaza. Yize kunjalo, izikelemu zivame ukundiza zisuka endaweni lapho zizalelwa khona izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ngandlela thile, zihlala zithola indlela yazo ebuyela emuva. Kwenziwa isivivinyo lapho kuthathwa enye ingulule encane ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-5 000 ukusuka endaweni yezidleke. Ngemuva kokukhululwa, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12 wayesele ekhaya. Akukona nje ukuthi wayengahamba kanjani, ngoba kulezi zindawo ayengakaze abekhona, kepha empeleni iqiniso. I-Antarctic enokhahlo ayinakucatshangwa ngaphandle kwale nyoni emangalisayo.
Umndeni we-petrels
Ama-petrels - ama-Procellariiformes
Isikebhe esifana ne-petrel sifaka izinhlobo ezifana:
- I-albatross emnyama, emnyama, noma yiliphi iqembu lasolwandle elihlanganisa ama-albatrosses (Diomedeidae),
- izimbotshana, i-fulmar, ama-prion, kanye ne-petrel enkulu (i-Procellariidae),
- uvemvane (Hydrobatidae)
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-117 izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngosayizi nesisindo. Zonke izithiyo zibonwa yibo
emakhaleni akho ebonakalayo abekwe ngaphezulu komlomo. Lokhu kubanikeza elinye igama - "amashubhu". Imilenze yezinyoni i-webbed, futhi izinzwani zezinzwane ziyizinqe noma azikho. Zonke izinhlobo zinephunga elinamandla le-musky, ngenxa yokuphepha kwejusi lesisu. Ijusi leli lingasetjenziswa njengendlela yokuzivikela ngokufafaza ngomlomo lapho inyoni ithuka.
Amapharele zazibalulekile kubantu bendawo njengomthombo wokudla kwamaprotheni, izimpaphe futhi zabenzela ukuhlaselwa okukhulu eziqhingini lapho lezi zinyoni ziphindaphindeka khona. Lesi simo siholele ekubhujisweni okuyingxenye noma okuphelele kwezinhlobo zezindawo. Abantu, ngaphezu kwalokho, babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokwethula izinyamazane ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amagundane, izingulube kanye namakati. Ezifundeni lapho kuhlala khona izidalwa ezifuywayo, abantu baqhubeka nokuqoqa amaqanda, amaphuphu amancane. Izinkulungwane eziningi zamapharethi amancane noma ama-petrels amafushane (i-Puffinus tenuirostris) zibanjwa esiqwini seBass Strait eziqhingini zaseTasmanian, futhi zithengiswa okusha, usawoti noma kufriziwe okufana ne-muttonbird. Kuwo wonke amathuba, igama elithi Muttonbird lisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kwenyama njengendlela yokugcwalisa iwundlu kusukela kubahlali bokuqala baseNew South Wales. Inani lama-muttonbirds manje selalawulwa ukugcina ubukhona besibalo.
ENew Zealand, abantu bomdabu baseMāori bebelokhu bebutha abaseTiti abancane (izingulube zezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane) kusukela ezikhumbuzweni zesikhathi sabo, ilungelo labo liqinisekiswa unomphela ngesivumelwano neNdlovukazi uVictoria. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lweplanethi, amakhulu izimbotshana (I-Puffinus) phambilini ibanjelwe imboni yokudla nanjengendawo yokudla okuyi-lobster esiqhingini saseWales saseSkomer naseSkokholm, manje esinezindawo zokugcina ezinokulinganiselwa ukuthi ziqukethe izimbiza ezingaba ngu-200,000 nama-petrel angama-2000 (iHydrobates pelagicus). Esiqhingini saseTristan da Cunha eSouth Atlantic, isakhamuzi salesi siqhingi siqoqa amaqanda ezinqwaba zezilwane zasolwandle ezixubile, ezibandakanya izimbotshana ezingaphezu kuka-6,000,000 (Puffinus gravis).
Ukuvunwa kwama-fulmars (i-Fulmarus glacialis) kuwumkhuba wasendulo phakathi kwabantu abahlala ogwini olusenyakatho oluhle, lapho kukhethwa khona izinyoni ngokuzalaniswa. E-Iceland, cishe i-50 000 yama-fulmars abanjwa minyaka yonke ukusuka ngo-1897 kuya ku-1925, kepha i-ornithosis (igciwane le-avian) eyavela ngo-1939 yaholela ekuvinjelweni kokusetshenziswa kwe-fulmar ekudleni.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17, ngesikhathi sokufika kwamakhosi eBermuda, izigidi zezihlambi zamachaphaza zaseBermuda zadliwa cishe ngaphambi kokuqothulwa kwabantu. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-300, le nhlobo ibithathwa njengeyindala, kepha ngo-1951 kwatholakala izidleke ezimbili esiqhingini, lapho izinsalela manje ziphila ngaphansi kokuqashwa okuqinile. I-West Indies Black-Cinji Petrel nayo yabhekwa njengendlulile ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu, amagundane kanye nama-mongoose, kuze kube ngonyaka we-1961 kutholakala inani labantu, ngenani elilinganisiwe lezinyoni okungenani ezingama-4,000. Kwavela ukuthi zizalela edwaleni laseHaiti elingafinyeleleki.
Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19, inani elikhulu le-albatross labulawa ngenxa yokudla (ikakhulu imikhomo) nokuhweba ngezigqoko. Ngokunyamalala kwemikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi, ushintsho emfashinini, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo eziningi ezidlekayo, njengamakamelo okukhangisa, izidlo ezinjengalezi zanyamalala ngokoqobo, kepha ama-albatross akakwazanga ukukugwema ngokuphelele ukucindezelwa ngabantu. Njengamanje, ukudla kwama-albatrosses amaningi emhlabeni kusongelwa yimikhumbi yokudoba, eqoqa inani labantu ababalulekile abangama-squid.
Izilwane eziningi ezifuywayo zihlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere, kepha izinhlobo eziningana ziye zathutha izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha zisuka enyakatho zidlula ekhwejini, ebusika, olwandle olusenyakatho lapho zilulama khona, zidla futhi ziphumula zilungiselela ukubuyela ekhaya ehlobo eseningizimu entwasahlobo. Ngokunjalo, izinhlobo zohlobo eNyakatho Nenkabazwe nazo zihlala ehlobo laphakade, zifudukela kude naseningizimu ziyothatha ubusika. Inani lokufuduka okuncane alinqamuli ikhwetha. Izinhlobo eziningana, cishe ezihlala phansi, ezincane kakhulu izimbotshanaisidleke ezindaweni ezishibhile futhi ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke, kuzo zonke izindawo eziphakeme zamalwandle angenamakhaza, ayakhiwa, kepha kuhlala okuncane esifundeni esinezinetheku, lapho kungekho moya wokuphakamisa amaphiko awo amade, ukudla okuyi-crustacean lapho izilwane zasolwandle eziningi zincike khona kakhulu. Emkhakheni okhuphukayo wamanzi ezintabeni ezinomoya ezinamandla zokuhlangana kwe-Antarctic, phakathi kuka-40 ° no-60 ° ububanzi baseningizimu, iyi-krill shrimp (izinhlobo ze-Ephausia), eheha amabhere emhubheni futhi ondle ukumba izimbotshana. Abanye badla emaphethelweni eqhwa kusuka ezwenikazi lase-Antarctic, kanye nezinhlobo ezine ze-tubarosa (Antarctic fulmar [Fulmarus glacialoides], petrel enkulu [Macronectes giganteus], izigaxa zeqhwa [I-Pagodroma NIVEA], kanye nezilwane ezincane ezifuywayo zikaWilson kodwa eziningi kakhulu [i-Oceanites Oceanicus] ogwini lwayo. Imisele yesiphandla sikaWilson ingavinjelwa yiqhwa izinsuku eziningana ngesikhathi sokuzalela isikhathi eside. Amakhala wamapayipi kuphela ahlangana eduze nemikhawulo yeqhwa ezindaweni eziphakemeyo ze-Arctic, okuyi-silly efinyelela eFranz Josef Land, Greenland nase-Arctic Circle enyakatho ye-Aleutian Islands.
Ama-albatrosses (umndeni wakwaDiomedeidae), izidalwa ezimbili kuphela, iMidway neWhite-backed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus) nazo esidlekeni enyakatho yokudideka komoya. Lama-albatross asondele ekuqothulweni ngenxa yabazingeli nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo esiqhingini esidlekayo seTorisima. Kwakunezinyoni eziningi ezingagugi olwandle ngaleso sikhathi ukuvumela ukululama okuyingxenye, inani elibuyiselwe lingabantu abangaphezu kwe-1800 njengamanje. Cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 ze-albatross ziyahlukahluka kwi-Southern Hemisphere, zidonsa umoya waphakade we- “forits forties” (phakathi kuka-40 ° no-50 ° North) futhi iqonde enyakatho ngokudla, imisinga ebandayo ebandayo ogwini olusentshonalanga yeSouth America, South Africa, Australia neNew Zealand. Olunye uhlobo, i-wavy albatross (D. irrorata), luhlukile ngoba luhlala kuphela esiQhingini saseGalapagos esikhwebeni, lapho cishe singekho khona isidleke sababili esingaphezu kuka-3,000 esiqhingini saseHood.
Umndeni wakwaProcellariidae ufaka omkhulu izimbotshana, njenge-enymar esenyakatho naseningizimu, iTyphoons (Pterodroma), izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ezifuywayo, izinyoni ze-Whale. Ezinye zezingulube nogobolondo yizinhlobo ezinkulu zemifakelo emaphakathi nezwe ezintabeni ezisezintabeni e-Andes, eWest Indies, eMadeira naseNew Zealand. Abamele kakhulu kulo mndeni ngama-petrel amakhulu (ama-Macronectes) - u-Albatross - njengama-scavenger kanye nabazungezayo be-circumpolar abanomlomo osindayo kanye namaphiko wamamitha angu-2.4 (amamitha ama-8). Ezincane kunazo zonke zingama-Whalebirds (prion), izinhlobo ezine zezinyoni ezincane, ezinesitoko, ezingafundiswanga, ubude obuyi-22 kuye kuma-30 (9 kuya ku-12 inches); zizalela eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Umndeni we-petrel (Hydrobatidae) uhlala kuzo zombili izindawo, kodwa inani elikhulu kunawo wonke olwandle i-Pacific Ocean, elincane kunazo zonke izimbotshana eBaja California. Incintisana nezilwane ezifuywayo zaseYurophu njengamapharethi amancane kunazo zonke. Igama petrel (“Peter Little”) uqhamuka kulomkhuba uvemvane uhamba phezu kwamagagasi.
Amapharele amanzi imindeni (i-Pelecanoididae) kanye nohlobo (i-Pelecanoides) inezinhlobo ezine. Zincane, zihola impilo yokuhlala ogwini, izinyoni eziphilayo zihlala eziqhingini eziseningizimu, kufaka phakathi iTristan da Cugna, iziqhingi zaseFalkland, New Zealand naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia. Amapharele e-Aquatic awamude kakhulu futhi amnyama futhi amhlophe; afana kakhulu ngokubukeka nemikhuba yezinyoni ezincane ezisenyakatho ye-hemisphere.
Konke izimbotshana babe nokuphila isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuvela kwabo nemvelo yolwandle. Njengoba bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo olwandle, baqinile emhlabathini, basebenzise amaphiko abo ngokucophelela njengezimpawu zokubasiza ukuba bahambe, imilenze yabo ikude kakhulu ngemuva ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezinemilenze emibili. Zimbalwa izinhlobo zezidalwa ezihlala emiseleni nasemiseleni yamatshe futhi ziphila impilo yobusuku, ngokuba zingasizi futhi zingakwazi ukusheshe ziwele phansi lapho zihlaselwa izinyamazane. Njengomthetho, ukufukelwa kwezinyoni kuyimibhalo ebhaliwe futhi akuxhumeki ukusondela komuntu engozini, futhi kuvame ukumvumela ukuthi amcindezele. Ama-Albatrosses alalela ikakhulukazi - yingakho igama elithi mollymawk (albatross), livela ku-Dutch mollemok ("i-stupid Seagull").
I-Albatross, indiza enamaphiko amade idinga abagijimayo abahamba kahle ngosuku oluzolile, ezindaweni ezibucayi bayozosebenzisa igquma noma ukukhwela itshe noma isihlahla ukuthola ithuba lokuphakama noma ukugoqa onqenqemeni lwedwala eliseduze. On the iphiko, kukhona izindiza ekahle; ezivunguvungwini ezinzima zokuphaka olwandle zivame ukukhanya futhi zinomusa. I-albatross ingabamba futhi idlule ngomkhumbi osheshayo olwandle, lapho i-glide ende ivame ukungaphazanyiswa ngokushaywa kwamaphiko ayo. Amandla e-albatross yokuhamba emoyeni ngaphandle kokushaya amaphiko awo kuye ngokuthi ijubane lomoya liphansi kakhulu emazeni kunamamitha ambalwa ukuphakama emoyeni. Amaphethini endiza awuchungechunge lwama-ellipses abanzi akha umfutho engxenyeni ephezulu yomoya, alandelwe ukunyakaza ukumelana nomoya ezindaweni ezingaphansi zomoya nomoya omncane. Lapho-ke ishebezela emoyeni, ibuye iqoqe ithonya elisha. Kungasetshenziswa isithombe esifanayo sendiza, empeleni, ukuhamba ngesivunguvungu noma isivunguvungu. Ijubane lomoya elijwayelekile le-albatrosses eyindilinga neyazulazulayo (i-Diomedea epomophora ne D. exulans), enamaphiko ayo afinyelela kumamitha ama-3.4 (amamitha ayi-11), isuka ku-80 kuye ku-110 km (amamayela angama-50 kuye kwangama-70 ngehora). Yize ukundiza kubonakala kulula, ingxenye yamandla ichithwa ekusebenzeni kwemisipha, ebamba amaphiko amade, amancanyana ubude bawo obugcwele.
Indiza ephakathi izimbotshana kufana ne-albatrosses ezindizayo, kepha amaphiko ayo amafushane aqhwakala njalo phakathi kwezikhathi ezimfushane ze-glide. Amaphiko amancane ngokuvamile awazinzisi, ayashayeka, futhi ngesinye isikhathi andiza, imilenze ilenga phansi, inyathela ebusweni bamanzi.
Amapharele, izimbotshana zidla izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nama-crustaceans abambeka eduze kobuso, enza izimbotshana ezimfishane njengoba kudingeka. Amapharele amaningi amaningi adla inani elikhulu le-squid. Ama-Albatrosses, ama-petrel amakhulu kanye nokuntywila okuncane okucwathile, ayondla kusuka ebusweni, imvamisa efika emanzini. Ebusuku, zidla ama-squid akhuphukela phezulu, phakathi nosuku zidla izinhlanzi zesikole, udoti ovela emikhunjini, olimele, okhathele, noma izinyoni ezifile, kanye ne-carrion, kufaka nenyama yemikhomo efile namanye ama-cetaceans. Isilo esikhulumhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwamabhubhu aguqukayo ngokwanele ukuba afinyelele emhlabeni ukuze abulale ezinye izinyoni, ahlasela izidleke zawo ezinamaphaphu, angavikelwa kahle ngabazali bawo.
Ukuzala nokukhula.
Imvamisa abavuthiwe nabadala izimbotshana buyela kumasayithi okusungula asungulwa, amasonto amaningi, ngenxa yeqanda elilodwa elimhlophe. Imvamisa kunomncintiswano osabekayo ezindaweni zokudla izidleke emakoloni amakhulu aminyene eziqhingini ezincane. Ukubuyela minyaka yonke esidlekeni esifanayo, owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala bethembekile kuye, futhi ngenxa yalokho, komunye nomunye impilo yonke. Kukholakala ukuthi amanye ama-albatross ahlala ndawonye olwandle ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa isikhathi sezinkathi. Ngokungafani nezimbumbulu eziningi ezigobhoza, zitholakala emhlabeni kuphela ebusuku, ngakho-ke azisoze zabona abangane bazo ogwini (zibazi ngezwi, ngokuthinta futhi, mhlawumbe, ukuhogela) futhi, mhlawumbe, hhayi abashadikazi ngamabomu ngababili olwandle.
Ekuhlangabezaneni ngakunye okusha ogwini phakathi kokuzalela izimbotshanaKunemikhosi eyinkimbinkimbi, ukulwa kwezinyoni, ukukhilosha nokukhala. Lezi antics zenzeka ebusuku nasebusuku, ama-albatross, kuthi kamuva kube khona neminsalo nomfanekiso womdanso. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kunikeza isikhathi sokuba nomlingani, ukuqashelwa kwendawo futhi kuqubule noma ikuphi ukuhlukunyezwa kwendalo noma ukwesaba.
Izinhlobo zezidleke zihlukile kancane ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile. Ama-Albatrosses ayahlanza, akha indunduma yenhlabathi nezitshalo. Izidenge nezinye izidleke zasemini, izidleke zantengendane emaphethelweni noma ezingeni lomhlabathi. Iningi izimbotshana, ukudonsa izimbotshana kanye nezinye izimvemvane zimba izimbobo enhlabathini ethambile, ezinye izimvemvane zisebenzisa imifantu yemvelo.
Lapho isidleke sesenziwe, elinye lamalungu alo izimbotshana imvamisa ihlala igada ukuqeda ezinye izinyoni ezisafuna indawo efanelekile yokwakha isidleke. Iziduna zingahlala ziqaphile izinsuku eziningana nobusuku, kanti insikazi idla olwandle ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokudla okunempilo kweqanda elikhulayo. Kwezinye izinhlobo, insikazi ingahamba ngomkhumbi wokuphilisa kabusha emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda ayo, uma umyeni wayo efikelwa yinyama. Izinyoni ezidaliwe azondli, kodwa esikhundleni salokho zizalela isikhathi esiyizinsuku eziningana, inyoni esele ukuze ivikele futhi ifukamele amaqanda inciphisa isisindo, kanti enye iminyakazo idla inyama futhi ikhuluphele olwandle.
Amaqanda afakwa isikhathi eside, cishe izinsuku ezingama-80 ngokuzulazula kwama-albatross, izinsuku ezingama-52 ezigebengwini, izinsuku ezingama-40 ezimbizeni ezincane kunazo zonke.Esontweni lokuqala noma ngemuva kokuqunjelwa, inkukhu engenakusiza edinga ukushisa yomzimba womzali iphile. Ngalesi sikhathi, udla ukudla okunempilo okunamafutha kanye nezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezigaywe kabili, ezivuselelwa yizinyoni ezindala, okubangela imisipha iminyene ukulawula ukugeleza kwezidingo zekhukhamba. Ngokwemvelo, leli chwane lifuna imilomo evulekile yabazali, efudumele nenephunga inhlanzi, ligxuma futhi lizizwe lingaboni, bathola umlomo wabantu abadala uvulekile.
Amahlaya izimbotshana, ikhule ngokushesha, bese iqala ukunyakaza, futhi ngokushesha inkukhu iba negazi elinemfudumalo, okungukuthi, ikwazi ukuzigcina ifudumele, futhi abazali bayo bondla kude olwandle babuye nesitshalo esikhudlwana sokudla esiswini sabo. Abanye abazali ababuyi ekudobeni isikhathi eside. Amapharele bangahamba cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1000 besuka eWales baye eBay of Biscay bese bebuyela emuva bezothola ukudla abayithandayo, ama-sardines. I-albatross ingashiya amaphuphu ayo akhule kahle isonto noma amabili. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi bobabili abazali babuye ngasikhathi sinye, iphuphu lingakugwinya ukudla okulingana nesisindo salo ekudleni okukodwa. Iba namafutha kakhulu ezigabeni zokugcina zesikhathi eside sobusha, okungenani izinyanga ezimbili ngamapharethi amancane futhi ifinyelela izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuma-albatross amakhulu.
Ngaphambi kokuba ipulazi liphume esidlekeni, abazali asebekhulile bandiza baye kolwandle olwandle. Lokhu kuqala inkathi yokulamba, engahlala isonto lonke ngaphareli omncane, izinsuku eziyi-12 ezifuyweni eziphakathi nendawo, futhi kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuba osemusha alwandle. Lapho kungenalutho, inamehlo afakwe kahle, acinene futhi asindayo, ukuze ikhule, idinga isikhathi sokunciphisa umzimba nokuzivocavoca ngaphambi kokuba ikwazi ukundiza. Ngemuva kwezinsukwana zokuzila ukudla nezimpiko, ingandiza ngobunye ubusuku obunomoya, ikakhulukazi uma ibhajwe emgodini endaweni ephakemeyo enjengemcibisholo, lapho ingagxuma futhi inyakaze olwandle ngesivunguvungu. Isimo sezulu esipholile sibi kakhulu kunesitha, ezisencane ezizalwa eziqhingini eziningi izimbotshana wehlela phansi olwandle, esindayo kakhulu, uzophinda futhi aqhubeke nokuhlala endaweni yakhe ngaphandle kokuthi akwazi ukundiza emoyeni. Zingochwepheshe zokubhukuda, futhi zingangena shí ukugwema izisulu ezihlaselwa umoya.
Ngokushesha ngenxa yezingozi ezivela ezweni, amachwane asheshe afunde ukundiza, amachaphaza amancane ahamba ngendlela yendabuko yokufuduka, eyodwa indiza ende ngaphandle kwabantu abadala. Eqondiswa isifiso sakhe sangaphakathi sokundiza, uyaqhubeka ukundiza; ufinyelela ubusika ebengakaze abubone ngaphambili, imvamisa ngejubane elimangazayo. Ezinye izingulube zihlangene eWales njengohlobo olusencane ngemuva kwendiza: 9,900 km (cishe amamayela ayi-6 200) eningizimu yeBrazil ngezinsuku eziyi-16,5. Ukuhlala isigamu sosuku lokuphumula nokudla, lokhu kulingana nokuthi ijubane elijwayelekile lokuhamba kwamakhilomitha angama-50 (ama-30 miles) ngehora phakathi nenkathi iyimpumelelo emangalisayo yenyoni esanda kudonswa isidleke.
Ama-albatross amancane ahlala esidlekeni isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, inqobo nje uma amachwane ebukhosi obabazabalazayo nabazulazulayo esinda ebusika base-Antarctic. Bayasinda lapho kunezivunguvungu zeqhwa nomoya wasendle ovunguza ezidlekeni zezimbotshana, kepha bafudumele ngokwanele ngaphansi kwamanoni abo ukuze baphile ngaphandle kokudla phakathi nezinsuku zasebusika, kuze kufike isikhathi sokuthi abazali babo bazondle. Ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokudlekwa, la ma-albatrosses amakhulu awakwazi ukukhulisa amachwane angaphezu kwelilodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ukukhokhela isilinganiso sokuzalela kancane, ama-albatross ahlala isikhathi eside, isikhathi sokuphila, ngemuva kokufika eminyakeni yokuzalanisa, kubonakala sengathi amashumishumi eminyaka. Ukuqashelwa kwe-albatrosses kukhombisile ukuthi azizali ngempumelelo kuze kube iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ukuze kugcinwe inani lazo, ama-albatrosses azulazulayo nawasebukhosini okokuqala futhi kamuva, kufanele abe nesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuphila phakathi kwezinyoni. Eminye imiphanda ephakathi nendawo ibeka iqanda layo lokuqala lapho ineminyaka emihlanu, kanti encane kunazo zonke petrel ukwenze ehlobo lesithathu noma lesine.
Kuhlala kunesilinganiso esikhulu sabantu ngamunye izimbotshanaokungazalanisi. Ngonyaka wokuqala olwandle, inyoni encane ayikwazi ngisho nokusondela emhlabeni. Ngenkathi izinyoni ezivuthiwe zithutha ngokuphelele ukufuduka, futhi zizinza izidleke, izingane zonyaka zingahamba kakhulu endleleni, zichitha ihlobo olwandle. Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, intsha izobe izalela eziqhingini nasogwini sekwedlule isikhathi kakhulu ukwenza okungaphezu kokutshala nokutshala kwenhlabathi ngokubambisana okuzayo. Maphakathi nehlobo ezindaweni zemihlambi, kukhona ukufika kwezinyoni ezingakhuli ezijwayele izindawo ezithembisayo zokuzalela. Lapho amakoloni esegcwele khona, kuhlala kunjalo, kepha izinyoni ezincane ezingenalwazi ezishiywe zakha amakheroni amasha endaweni yezwe lakubo.
Izinyoni ezinamaphiko amade angathi uPetrel zinentamo emfushane, ezinomsila omfushane naphakathi nendawo nemilenze. Izindwangu ziphakathi kweminwe yangaphambili, kanti iminwe engemuva (isithupha) yincane noma ayikho. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo ezinamandla ezindizayo, amachaphaza okuntywila anamaphiko amafushane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilinganiso sesici (isilinganiso sesilinganisi sephiko kuya ku-chord, noma ububanzi) sephiko singadlula i-14:01 kwamanye ama-albatross. Lokhu kuwuphiko olude, oluncane olungenakuphakama okukhulu, amaphiko avumelana kakhulu nokuntanta.
Iningi izimbotshanalapho bezivikela engcupheni, bakhipha okugcwele uwoyela esiswini ngamandla athile. Kwezinhlobo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezinobudlova ezidlekeni emadwaleni, lokhu kungumkhuba, ukusabela kovalo, okubuye kukhonze ukwenziwa lula kwendiza, kungasetshenziswa njengesikhali esivikela. Ukuthola isitha, le nyoni iphonsa umfudlana owuketshezi lwe-fetid ngemitha noma ngalapho iqonde khona, imvamisa ngokunemba okukhulu. Umkhuba lo unemvelo, ingane ithule, ifana nesirinji - uwoyela ophuzi. Kamuva, inkukhu e-fluffy ifaka uwoyela kunoma yisiphi isivakashi, ngisho nakubazali bayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwalawa oyela oyingqayizivele kukhombisa ukuthi ama-wax secretions ama-pancreas (igumbi lokuqala lesisu) acebile ngamavithamini A no D. Ezinyoni eziningi, izindonga zamaphashini zikhipha uketshezi olunamandla okusabalalisa ngokushesha ukudla okuluhlaza.
Lapho isisu sikhipha u-oyela, amafutha amaningi ngokweqile azokhishwa kancane, okungaphazamisa i-metabolism petreluma igcinwe esiswini ngamanani amakhulu. Iphonsa ngaphandle komlomo nangekhala, iphinda futhi iphonsa amavithamini nosawoti ngokweqile ekudleni kokudla kwasolwandle namanzi olwandle. Uhlobo olufanayo lwesikhumba se-sebaceous gland sezinye izinyoni, ama-secretion kawoyela angasiza nasekuphathweni kwezimpaphe ezingangeni manzi, bahlanza izimpaphe zabo ngalawo mafutha.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-petrel - ulwandle lomyalo we-petrel. Eqinisweni, i-oda lifaka izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, ezihlanganiswe ngaphansi kwaleli gama. Okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobungcweti babo, okukuvumela ukuthi ukhuphuke isikhathi eside ngaphezulu kwamanzi futhi udle olwandle. Isici esiyingqayizivele sokuhlukanisa amashubhu asoqhwaku lomlomo ugeleza ngalo usawoti.
Amapharele adinga amanzi amaningi, kepha ahlala ngaphezu kwezilwandle ezinosawoti kanye nolwandle, lapho inani elikhulu lamakhilomitha kungekho mthombo wamanzi amasha. Ngakho-ke, bona, njengamapengu, bazivumelanisa nokuphuza amanzi kasawoti. Amanzi kasawoti adlula “kusihlungi” esibayeni sawo bese ekhishwa ngamashubhu ngendlela kasawoti.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi kunjengesilobi
Ngokubonakala kwayo konke, igobolondo libonisa ikhono lokundiza isikhathi eside emoyeni phezu kokujula kolwandle. Banomzimba omfishane, amaphiko aqinile nama-paws amancane. Isembozo sezinsiba sezimbotshana siminyene, azivumeli izinyoni ukuba ziqandekele ngaphansi komoya ovunguzayo futhi zimanzi namanzi anosawoti nemvula.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izidladla zamaphilisi zincane kakhulu futhi ziseduze kakhulu nomsila kangangokuba izinyoni ngeke zikwazi nokuma kuzo - kufanele zithembele kumaphiko awo esifubeni. Imilomo yalezi zinyoni ihlala ikhombe kancane, igobe ekugcineni - lokhu kuvumela izinyoni ukuba zibambe ngempumelelo izinhlanzi ezishelelayo.
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, ama-perelle ahluka ngaphandle, kufaka phakathi nosayizi.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- inyathi enkulu yasenyakatho. Le nyoni enkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wezilwane,
- iseningizimu enkulu enkulu yaseningizimu. Le nyoni iphansi ngosayizi kusihlobo sayo esisenyakatho,
- I-Antarctic petrel. Lezi yizinyoni ezinsayizi aphakathi nendawo,
- Cape petrel. Babizwa nangokuthi iCape Doves. Le nyoni encane ekhanyayo, efinyelela kubude obungu-36 cm.,
- isithwathwa seqhwa. Lolu uhlobo oluncane olungafika ku-30 cm ubude,.
- uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi inyoni encane enamaphiko afinyelela ku-70 cm.
Lezi ngezinye nje zezinhlobo zama-petrel. Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-70 ezaziwa ngokusemthethweni.
Uhlala kuphi lo mdlwane?
Photo: petrel endizeni
I-petrel ichitha cishe impilo yayo yonke ihambahamba olwandle nasolwandle. Izimpiko zaso zisetshenziselwa ukubamba umzimba wegobolondo izinsuku, zidonsa umoya. Kunzima ukuqamba uhla oluthile lwezilwane ezifuywayo, ngoba, ngokungafani nama-albatrosses, ahlala kuzo zombili izindawo eziseSouthern and Northern hemispheres. Ingulube enkulu yasenyakatho ingatholakala olwandle lwe-Atlantic, Pacific, olwandle lwaseNdiya. Indawo esidlekayo iziqhingi zaseNingizimu Georgia.
I-petrel enkulu yaseningizimu ihlala emanzini afanayo, kepha izidleke kuphela eduze nase-Antarctica. Kuhlala nalaphaya ama-petrel ase-Antarctic naseqhwa. Izilwane ezifuywayo zaseCape nezesibhakabhaka zithanda isimo sezulu esiphansi kwe-Antarctic, esidlekeni eCape Horn. Ipulazi laseWetland lihlala kuphela ogwini lwaseNew Zealand. Izidleke ezincanyana ezincane, ezinemibala emincane nezimpunga e-Atlantic. Indawo yokuhlala kogobela omncane okhokhiswayo nayo inomkhawulo - kuphela iTasmania ngasogwini lwase-Australia.
Amapharele awawudingi umhlaba njengendawo yokuhlala yaphakade. Bangathatha amakhefu amafushane ngqo emanzini, babe nekhono lokulala khona kanye emoyeni, bathembela nje kumaphiko nomoya osakazekile. Amapharele ajwayele ukufika ekuphumuleni emikhunjini nasezikebheni - yindlela le mbono etholwe ngayo amatilosi. Ama-petrels esidlekeni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lapho edinga ukubeka amaqanda nokunakekela inzalo. Bahlala bekhetha izindawo ezifanayo zezidleke.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Isilobi esizalwa esiqhingini esithile siyohlala sizalela lapho.
Manje uyazi ukuthi litholakala kuphi igobongo. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Ngabe udlani petrel?
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yesinyoni
I-petrel iyinyoni edla inyama. Ukuze uhlale ugcina amandla emzimbeni omkhulu osendizeni izinsuku, i-petrel idinga inani elikhulu lamaprotheni. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezincane, ukudla kwazo kufaka zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans nama-cephalopods - ikakhulukazi ama-squids. Kwesinye isikhathi izimbotshana zijaha izikebhe zokudoba. Lapho, abakwazi ukuphumula kuphela, kepha futhi bangazuza ngezinhlanzi ezivela ngamanetha. Futhi, izikelendla zidla ngokulangazela i-carrion, zintshontsha ukudla kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ama-poprel amakhulu amakhulu angazingela emhlabeni. Ngokuyisisekelo, babhubhisa izidleke zama-gulls, penguins nezinye izinyoni ngokudla amaqanda. Kepha kwenzeka ukuthi bahlasela namachwane ama-penguins noma amawundlu ezimpawu zoboya. Isigaxa esikhulu asimbizi lutho ukusifaka isikhonkwane ngenkathi umama ekuzingeleni.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi ama-penguin aqoshwe phansi ayizinyoni ezincane, ama-petrel awawathinti ngenxa yesimilo sabo esihle.
Into ekhethekile ekudleni kwama-petrels i-krill. Ngenxa yezici zoqhwaku, ezivumela ukuhlunga amanzi kasawoti, amapharele, ukuhlela ngqo ebusweni bamanzi, kusongele amanzi emqhonyeni, akuhlunge bese kumunca izakhi zomzimba ohambeni. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi bakwazi ukusinda ngisho nangezikhathi zokulamba. Izilwane ezifuywayo zizingela ngenkani ebusuku kuphela. Cindezela amaphiko ngokuqinile emzimbeni, bona, njengedwala, bangena emanzini endaweni lapho babone khona isikole senhlanzi. Izinhlanzi eziningana zibanjwa ngokushesha, zigwinywe ngqo ngaphansi kwamanzi bese zibhukuda nenhlanzi encane eluqhweni lwayo. Ukujula okuphezulu okuwela kuzo lezi nyoni kungamamitha ayi-8.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: IPetrel eRussia
Isikhathi esiningi inyoni ichitha indiza ngenhla kwamanzi. Zindiza ngemihlambi emincane - abantu abangama-5-7. Ngakho-ke kulula ngabo ukubheka inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi baphunyuke ezingozini ezingabakhona. Amaqembu amakhulu ezinceku ezinkulu zibuthana phezu kwesikole senhlanzi, umkhumbi, noma enye inyamazane. Ngenxa yalokhu, abanye amatilosi bababheka njenge "manya olwandle." Amatilosi ayasazi isici esimangazayo sembiza ukuzwa indlela yesivunguvungu esondela ngayo. Esimweni sezulu esipholile nesizolile, lezi zinyoni zandiza ngokuthula esibhakabhakeni, zifuna inyamazane. Kepha uma kusondela isivunguvungu somoya nomoya onamandla, izidumbu zokwehla emanzini zimemeze. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha kokuziphatha, ama-petrel athole igama lawo.
Ama-petrel ayizinyoni ezinolaka futhi ngobuqili. Behlela emikhunjini ngamaqembu amancane, babelana ngemisebenzi ethile: abanye abantu baphazamisa amatilosi, benza sengathi bantshontsha izinhlanzi, kanti ezinye izikelendlwana zokweba nokudla. Kumabhagi okudoba, amagilebhu angagcwalisa izisu zawo kahle. Kepha kukhona uhlangothi oluseceleni, ngenxa yokuthi yiziphi izingulube ezingathandi ukwehla ngomkhumbi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-laps abo awakavumelaniswa nokuhamba okujwayelekile, kepha futhi abakwazi ukuphuma, behlela phansi kakhulu indawo.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesilinganiso esinjalo samaphiko nosayizi womzimba, ungandiza kuphela ngokudonsa usuka endaweni ephakeme enkulu futhi ubambe okuvimba umoya. Ngakho-ke, izikelemu zindiza kalula lapho kunezivunguvungu, lapho zikwazi ukuhamba ngokuthula phakathi kwezivunguvungu zomoya eziningi. Ukudinwa kwezilwane ezibandayo kufinyelela kwezinye izilwane. Lapho sebebone uphawu lwensada noma ipenguin njengezinyamazane, bangahle bangalindi umzali ukuthi aqhubeke nokuzingela, kepha bahlasele obala. Imvamisa ukuphathwa kwe-penguin noma i-fur seal akwanele ukuxosha i-petrel, futhi kubulala i-cub, kuyondla phambi komzali.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Grey Petrel
I-dimorphism yezocansi kwizigxobo ayivezwanga. Kwezinye izinhlobo, insikazi incane kancane kunowesilisa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi awukho umehluko onjalo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zilwane ezifuywayo ngokwazo zinquma owesilisa noma owesilisa ngezimpawu ezithile zemisindo nokuhamba komzimba.
Izinyoni zihlangana ndawonye amakoloni amakhulu, lapho zifuna khona umngane womshado. Amakoloni anjalo angafinyelela abantu abayisigidi esisodwa. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthola indawo enhle yesidleke, ngakho-ke, izikelelwana zilwa kakhulu phakathi kwazo endaweni enhle. Ukulwa phakathi kwezingulube kuyaqhubeka ilungelo lokushada nowesifazane. Kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi izingulube zakha ngababili abazinzileyo abangahlukani iminyaka eminingana.
Ngemuva kokuba owesimame ekhethe owesilisa, kuqale imidlalo yokuzalela. Owesilisa uletha izipho kowesifazane - amatshe namagatsha ngokwakhiwa kwesidleke. Ngokubambisana bakha isidleke, kuthi emva kwalokho ukuqandana nokubekwa kweqanda elilodwa kwenzeke. Owesifazane ushiya iqanda lapho enakekela owesilisa, futhi ubhabha inyanga yonke adle olwandle. Ngesikhathi sokubuya kwayo, inkukhu yayisivele inyakelwe, ngakho-ke yaqala ukumondla ukudla okugaywe ngogwayi lwayo olukhethekile. Ubaba angandiza aye olwandle eyokondla, kepha abuyele njalo ukuzokondla insikazi kanye nenkukhu ekhulayo.
Ukumshiya yedwa kuyingozi - ezinye izilobe, ngezizathu ezingenangqondo, zingabulala iwundlu. Amapharele amancane akhula aze afike ezinyangeni ezimbili, ezinkulu - kuya kwezine. Amachwane avuthiwe aphuma esidlekeni akhohlwe abazali bawo.Sekukonke, lezi zinyoni ziphila okungenani iminyaka eyi-15, kepha ezinde kakhulu ezihlala isikhathi eside zazisekudingisweni zaze zaba ngu-50.
Izitha Zemvelo Zasemvelo
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi kunjengesilobi
Ama-perelle ayizinyoni ezinkulu ezingazinakekela, ngakho-ke zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Ama-skuas aseNingizimu polar avame ukonakalisa izidleke zawo, adle amaqanda namachwane ezintekenteke, uma abazali bawo beye kwenye indawo. Futhi, lezi zinyoni zincintisana nezilwane ezifuywayo ekudleni, ngakho-ke kungaba nokuqina okungathi sína phakathi kwazo.
Amagundane namakati angeniswe endaweni yezidleke nawo ayingozi ezidlekeni namachwane. Kepha amapharethi nawo anazo izinto zawo zokuvikela. Izwa ukwesaba, iphuphu lishunqisa umfudumezi we-fetid ephuma emlonyeni wakhe, osabisa masinyane noma ibaphi abanye abazidlayo. Le ketshezi linamafutha, kunzima ukuligeza futhi liphunga isikhathi eside, okuthi kube nezinkinga zokuzingela okungahle kube khona komhlaseli ongaba khona.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Njengoba kunjalo ngama-penguins, ukudideka mayelana nokuya ocansini kwesinye isikhathi kuholela ekwakhekeni kwamabili ngabobulili obufanayo kulezi zinyoni.
Futhi, izinhlobo ezincane zezilwane ezifuywayo zingasongelwa ezinye izinhlanzi namabhubesi olwandle. Zingahlaselwa oshaka noma ezinye izakhamizi zasolwandle ezinkulu lapho igobolondo ligobhoza emanzini ukuze libambe inyamazane noma lapho libhukuda kanye namagagasi. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukuzivikela, ngenxa yalokho, ziyisisulu esilula.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inkukhu Yesinyoni
Amapharele makhulu ngobuningi. Ukuba izinyamazane ezinobukhulu obukhulu, azibangeli isithakazelo kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane. Ukuntula inani lentengiso, bekungakaze kube yilitshe lokuzingela okuqondiswe kubantu. Inani lezaphaphazi ku-Atlantic lodwa licishe libe yizigidi ezi-3. Indawo yoLwandlekazi iPacific ihlalwa ngabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezine. Igobongo lase-Antarctic linabantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingama-20 sebebonke. Inani labantu lizinzile.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zihlukaniswa njengezinqabile, noma zingafakwanga i-Red Book.
Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- I-Balearic petrel
- igobongo elinezinyawo eziphinki,
- isivunguvungu esimhlophe
- Isishingishane iMadeira
- Isivunguvungu saseHawaii.
Ukuncipha kwamanani kubangelwa kuphela yizici ze-anthropogenic, ezinezizathu eziningana, enye yazo ukungcola kwezilwandle zomhlaba. Ama-petrels ajwayele ukuwela ezindaweni zika-oyela, azenzele izikole zezinhlanzi, yingakho asheshe abulawe ubuthi. Ngakho-ke izinyoni zingabanjiswa ngopulasitiki ngesikhathi sokubhukuda futhi zife zingakhoni ukuntanta noma ukuhamba. Futhi, ukudoba ngobuningi. Izinhlanzi zibanjwa zisezingeni lezentengiso ezindaweni zezilwane ezifuywayo. Balahlekelwa ukudla kwabo, yingakho bedinga ukuthutha isikhathi eside beyofuna ukudla. Kuyathinta nesibalo sabantu.
I-petrel - inyoni enkulu, ephansi ngosayizi kuphela kune-albatross. Ubungako bawo, indlela aphila ngayo kanye nezimpawu zobuntu babo kuvunyelwe ukuba babe ngezinye zezinhlobo zezinyoni eziningi kakhulu. Basahamba ngemikhumbi ngenkuthalo yohambo olwandle futhi bazise amatilosi ngezaqhwithi ezinamandla.