I-Emperor penguins (i-Aptenodytes Forsteri) - uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwamaphengwini wamalungu aphilayo omndeni. Ama-penguin ayizidalwa ezihlekisayo, ezinemibala efakiwe ebenza babukeke njengamadoda kuma-tuxedos.
Bangakwazi ukujula ngokujula kwamamayela angama-550 futhi babambe umoya wabo kuze kuphele imizuzu engama-20! Ama-penguins ahlala ikakhulu endaweni esemazansi, ogwini lwe-Antarctica, kwesinye isikhathi atholakala ogwini lweNew Zealand. Yinhlobo eyodwa kuphela edla inyakatho encane yekhwetha - e-Galapagos Islands, futhi iyi-penguin eshisayo.
Ama-Emperor penguins
Lezi zinyoni ezingenabhanoyi, kufaka phakathi nohlobo olukhulu lwamaphengwini, zingokubhukuda okuhle kakhulu. Amaphiko, lapho ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo aguquka aba oars abahlukile, asiza lezi zinyoni, zibumbeke emhlabathini, ukuba zisheshe futhi zisebenze ngaphansi kwamanzi. Amabhugoyi adla kakhulu ezinhlanzini nakuma-squid, kwesinye isikhathi ama-crustaceans.
Kuma-penguins, owesilisa ubamba iqanda
Izimo Zokuphila Zezingulube
Amabhuyi ahlala ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu, lapho kubanda khona iqhwa elinamandla kanye neziphepho zeqhwa. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kwamapayipi aminyene, iningi lawo, kubandakanya nezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zamaphinifa, zivame ukuduka emihlambini eseduze. Bakha amakoloni amakhulu, angafaka ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-30. izinyoni. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi bakwazi ukuzihlinzeka ngokushisa okwanele. Amakoloni amakhulu kunawo wonke afinyelela esigidini esisodwa.
Ikamu Lokunethezeka
I-Camp Whoaway ingelinye lamakamu akude kakhulu we-hatch emhlabeni. Siqukethe amatende ayisithupha okulala ahlukene namatende amathathu amakhulu, axhumene, akha indawo yokuhlala negumbi lokudlela.
Ikhabethe ngalinye lokulala liyavutha futhi lifakwe echibini kanye nasendlini yangasese. Ungageza itende elihlukile eliseduzane nendawo ejwayelekile. Amamojula okulala enzelwe ukuhlalisa abantu ababili. Ungaphinde ufake amakhamera, ama-laptops, ama-iPads, njll. Ethendeni lakho noma egumbini lokuphumula okwabelwana ngalo.
Igumbi lokudlela elijwayelekile, umtapo wezincwadi negumbi lokuphumula livulekile ubusuku nemini. Iziphuzo ezishisayo nezibandayo, ukudla okulula okulula kutholakala amahora angama-24 ngosuku egumbini lokudlela. Isidlo sasekuseni esihleliwe, isidlo sasemini nesidlo sakusihlwa kuzonikezwa. Esikhathini sakho samahhala, ungalalela izinkulumo zabaqondisi bethu.
Lalela izwi lamaphengwini
Ama-penguin enza izidleke zawo emifantwini nasemifantwini yamatshe noma yomhlaba. Amachwane asheshe azimele bese kuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili ahlanganyele nezinye izingane zihlangane endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi-kindergarten. Ngenxa yenhlangano enjalo, abazali bangahamba bayozingela ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngezingane. Ama-penguins amancane ezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu ze-Emperor penguins achitha isikhathi sabo esiningi enkulisa, futhi abazali beza kuphela ukuzondla amaphuphu abo. Lapho umzimba wepenguin osemncane umbozwe iplamu "yabantu abadala", ushiya ikholoni aqonde olwandle oluvulekile ayozifunela ukudla.
Uyakwazi ukuthi ...
- Ezinye izinhlobo zama-penguins zingakhula ngesivinini ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kufike ku-20 km / h.
- I-Emperor penguin enkulu kunazo zonke ifinyelele kubude obuyi-1,4 m ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-45 kg.
- Abamele inhlobo enkulu kunazo zonke zepenguin bangahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-18 futhi baphonsele ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-565.
- Lapho ama-penguins eshayeka, inhliziyo yabo ishaya kancane, ngakho-ke igazi lijikeleza emzimbeni kancane, kanti nomzimba udla umoya-mpilo omncane.
- Izimpaphe ze-penguin zimboza umzimba njengama-shingles. Isikhumba asihlangani namanzi futhi asipholi.
- Ngenkathi yokuzalela ama-Emperor penguins - ngoMeyi, e-Antarctica kunamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu eMhlabeni.
- Owesilisa uvame ukufaka isidleke, insikazi ifune ukudla.
- Amehlo wepenguin azwela kakhulu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza. Ngenxa yalesi sici, ama-penguins angabona kahle ngisho nasezimeni eziphansi kakhulu futhi azingele ngempumelelo nasekujuleni kolwandle olumnyama.
Obani ama-penguins, futhi angatholakala kuphi?
Ngakho-ke, Siyazi ukuthi lezi yizinyoni zasolwandle, azindiza, kepha zibhukuda ngokuphelele futhi lokhu kungenzeka cishe konke esikwaziyo ngalezi zidalwa ezixakile nezimangalisayo ezinesisu esimhlophe nomhlane omnyama.
Ngokusho kwe-Intanethi enkulu, sekuvele kunezinguqulo ezi-3 zemvelaphi yamagama alezi zilwane ezinelukuluku:
- ngokusho kokuqala kwabo, ipenguin ingumlandeli wokhozi olwalunamaphiko amhlophe qwa, olwalubukeka lufana kakhulu naye ngekhulu le-19, futhi aluzange lwazi ukundiza, futhi lubuthuntu emhlabeni, kwakunguye owayejwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi amatilosi wepenguin,
- ngokusho kwenguqulo yesibili, igama lale nyoni lihambisana nokuhunyushwa kusuka esiNgisini njenge-hairpin, ebiphinde ibe nokuvela kophiko olunegama elimhlophe ngaphambili,
- inguqulo yesithathu ihumusha isiPenguin ngokuthi "amanoni."
Noma kunjalo, namuhla ngaleli gama sihlobanisa inyoni eyodwa kuphela, lapho ososayensi banezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-18. Futhi ngaphambi kokuba okungenani babe ngu-40! Yize kunjalo, okhokho be-penguin ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-60 ezedlule (noma mhlawumbe zonke izigidi eziyikhulu, akukacaci) babehlala esimeni sezulu esishisayo ngesikhathi lapho izwe lakubo i-Antarctica lalingakakhiwa ungqimba oluqhubekayo lweqhwa.
Kepha sekudlule amakhulu eminyaka, isimo sezulu sashintsha, i-Antarctica yathuthukela eSouth Pole, yaphenduka i-ice floe eyodwa enkulu. Izilwane eziningi zashiya, ezinye zanyamalala, futhi bambalwa kuphela abakwazi ukujwayela ukubanda okungapheli. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-penguins.
Namuhla ungahlangana nomndeni wepenguin kulo lonke elase-Antarctica, ohlanganisa i-Antarctica esivele siyisho kanye nezindawo eziseduze kwesiqhingi se-Atlantic, Indian kanye ne-Pacific Oceans. Kepha ungadidanisi i-Antarctic ne-Arctic, ehlangana neNorth Pole kwelinye, ngokubhekene ngqo noMhlaba wethu.
Ama-penguin awahlali emanzini oLwandle i-Arctic, kepha lapho ungathola khona izinkomba kanye nama-walruse, imikhomo ye-baleen nemabhele.
Ngakho-ke, sizuze izingongolo: ama-penguins ahlala eningizimu, e-Antarctic, lapho iqembu lawo elikhulu kunawo. Ungaphinde ubabone laba badlali base-diving eNew Zealand, ohlangothini olusentshonalanga yoLwandle iPacific, bane “amafulethi” e-Australia naseNingizimu Afrika, eSouth America nasePeru.
Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ama-penguin athanda ukubhiswa yilanga. Bancamela ukupholisa, ngoba ezindaweni ezishisayo kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kunamanzi abandayo. Indawo efudumele abayikhethile kuphela eduzane kwekhwetha, eziQhingini zaseGalapagos oLwandle iPacific.
Banjani?
Bonke abameleli bomndeni wepenguin babhukuda ngokuphelele futhi bagxathule, kepha bahluke kancane ngokubukeka nendawo yokuhlala. Ngakho
- Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo zezinsalela ezise-Antarctica:
- I-Imperial, ngobukhulu kunayo yonke, ifinyelela ku-1.22m ukuphakama kanye nesisindo esingu-22-45kg, enesihlathi esikhanyayo se-orange. Ibizwa nangokuthi inyoni kaForster ukuhlonipha ukutholwa kwayo - isazi semvelo esivela emhlabeni wonke sihamba kukaputeni owaziwayo uCaptain.
- U-Adele, ojwayelekile futhi odumile, oqanjwe ngumcwaningi waseFrance ukuhlonipha umkakhe. Akekho omunye ummeleli ofana nepenguin emvelweni onjenge-Adele.
- Izihlobo ezisondelene ze-Emperor penguin, ezincane kuphela ubude nobukhulu futhi zinombala ogqamile ngombala, abasebukhosini bazinza esiqhingini eseningizimu - iKerguelen e-Indian Ocean, eSouth Georgia e-Atlantic, eTierra del Fuego, eMacquarie oLwandlekazi iPacific.
- Indawo yokuhlala yamaPapuan, efana kakhulu neyasebukhosini, kwakuyiSouth Georgia kanye nesiqhingi saseKerguelen. Le nhlobo ihlukaniswa umucu omhlophe odlula ekhanda elincane usuka kwelinye iso uye kwelinye. Igama laso yisigameko sangempela sezokwelapha, ngoba ama-penguin awahlali ezweni lamaPapuans eNew Guinea!
- UCrested, osenyakatho kakhulu, onamashiya amfishane aphuzi, anamaswidi emikhawulweni, athandana noTasmania kanye nogu lwaseNingizimu Melika. Ugxumela emadwaleni lapho, eqhunyiswa ngesigaqa sezimbali esinamathambo omabili bese ewela emanzini "nesosha". Ukuqina kokubukeka kunikezwa izimpaphe eziphuzi eziqala emakhaleni futhi zikhukhumeza ngopelesi ngemuva kwamehlo.
- Ummeleli obizwa ngokuthi yi-Victoria penguin, obizwa ngokuthi i-Victoria penguin, ongaphandle okufanayo ne-creeded browned, uncamela iningizimu yeNew Zealand neziqhingi zaseSolander naseStewart.
- EChile nasePeru, kukhona ama-penguin amaHumboldt, aqanjwa nge-geologist yaseJalimane ebathole. Lolu hlobo luphawula amabala alo amhlophe ngaphansi kwamehlo ngesimo sehhashi, ligijima ngemuva kwekhanda liye esifubeni.
- Ukubona ummeleli wombukeli obunjengobukaHumboldt, ophinde futhi aqambe imbongolo ngezwi lakhe elikhulu nelingathandeki, udinga ukuya eNamibia noma eNingizimu Afrika.
- Esiqhingini saseJuan Fernandez kanye naseRio de Janeiro yaseBrazil, ungathola ukubukwa kweMagellans, okufana nezihlobo zayo ezimbili - isibuko wamehlo noHumboldt. Unemivimbo emibili emnyama kuphela esifubeni sakhe, hhayi neyodwa.
- Ukuxhumana nezinhlobo zeGalapagos, ezingaphansi kweMagellan ngosayizi kuphela, kuzokwenzeka eziqhingini zaseGalapagos zeFernandin nase-Isabela. Ulapho eyedwa, abekho abanye abamele eziqhingini.
- E-Australia naseMigibe, ungahlangana nepenguin enkulu eshisiwe. Uyazibuza ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba amashiya akhe ekhula njalo.
- Izimpuphu zegolide, ezinezimpaphe eziphuzi zegolide zehla kusuka ezingeni lamehlo kuyo yonke indlela eya emuva, zizinza e-Falkland Islands naseningizimu yeChile.
- I-penguin encane, ephansi kunazo zonke ukuphakama - cishe ama-40 cm, ibizwa ngokuthi luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa ephezulu ye-monophonic ephezulu. Ingabonakala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika.
- Izinhlobo ezinamaphiko amhlophe nazo ziphakathi kwezingaphansi futhi ezingabonakali kancane, kanye nezincane. Ihlala eCanterbury nasentshonalanga yeNew Zealand.
- I-penguin ebabazekayo, noma ebizwa nangokuthi ngamehlo aphuzi, yakha indlu "esiqhingini saseCampbell naseziqhingini zaseMacquarie naseBounty. Umucu ophuzi usuka kwelinye iso uye kwelinye.
Zonke lezi zinhlobo ezingenhla zingama-65-75 cm amade, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe zingokwasebukhosini nasebukhosini. Isisindo senyoni encane kunazo zonke, ngokwesibonelo, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuqala kusuka ku-1 kg, izinhlobo eziphakathi zinesisindo esingu-3.5-4 kg.
Aphila kanjani ama-penguins?
Lokhu kuqubuka ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni emanzini kungukulingana kwangempela. Ukwakheka komzimba wabo owenzelwe kahle kumane nje kwenzelwe ukuhambisa lapho bangathola khona isivinini esilingana ne-10 km / h. Kodwa-ke, uma bejaha, bangashesha ukuya kuwo wonke ama-20-25 km / h, bephula wonke amarekhodi wesikhathi esichithwa ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngakho-ke, lo mbuso uyakwazi ukuhlala kuze kube yimizuzu engama-18-20, ushona ujule kumamitha ayi-530!
Isengezo somakhi sakha umzimba sisiza konke lokhu: imisipha yepenguin ithuthukiswa kangangokuba noma yimuphi umakhi owakha umzimba angaba nomona, ngoba ukubhukuda ezimweni zokumelana nekholamu yamanzi kudinga amaphisi aqinile kakhulu.
Lezi zilwane nazo zigxuma phezulu. Njengamakhandlela, agxuma ephuma emanzini angena ogwini, afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,8 ukuphakama, enye ilandelana. Futhi ngubani owathi emhlabeni bayahamba kancane. Ukuwela ngapha nangapha, izinyoni zonga amandla, kepha lapho zidinga ukugijima kuwo wonke ama-paws azo, zingakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha angama-3-6 ngehora! Futhi bayakwazi ukuhamba kalula ekuhambeni kusuka kuma-slide e-ice, ngisho nasemhlane, ngisho nokulala esiswini. Yizame, bamba!
Ungqimba obukhulu lwamafutha angaphansi (2-3 cm), izingqimba eziningi zezimpaphe ezingangeni manzi, phakathi kwazo lapho umushini womoya ugcina ukushisa, usiza openguin ukuthi ungaboli. Balahla "amabhizinisi abo ama-tuxedos" kanye ngonyaka ehlobo, babuyekeza isudi yezimpaphe ezigqoke kancane.
Futhi, ukuze kungabi yiqhwa, bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu, bahlangana ngamaqembu amancane: kufudumele ndawonye! Ukuze kungakhubeki muntu kusuka emaphethelweni, labo abageza eqenjini bahlala besuka enkabeni besiya emaphethelweni, kusukela emaphethelweni kuya esikhungweni impela. Sekukonke, umndeni wepenguin onobungane ungabalelwa kumashumi ezinkulungwane kuya kwizigidi zezinyoni endaweni eyodwa!
Kumenyu yabo yansuku zonke kukhona ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans, wona awaginya ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwamanzi, ngaphandle kokuphamba afinyelele emhlabathini, lapho enza khona izimbotshana ezingaba ngu-200 ngosuku.
Ama-penguin aphile iminyaka engaba ngu-25, uma abantu bengazihluphi.
Namuhla, sekusondele ukuqothuka, izinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane - ezinamabala, amangalisayo neGalapagos.
Ezinye zezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani izinyoni zizingelwa amaqanda azo namafutha angaphansi, akhishwa kuwo uwoyela. Abanye abantu bayancipha ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla ngenxa yokushintshwa kwesimo sezulu esibi.
Ngithole ividiyo epholile mayelana nama-penguins. Bheka, ukumamatheka)
Nanka ama-penguins amangalisayo. Iziphi izinto ezijabulisayo ozaziyo ngalezi zinyoni? Yabelana ngolwazi lwakho kumazwana)
Izinhlobo ze-penguin
Ngaphandle kokuthandwa okungafani nalutho lwamapengu, iningi lezinhlobo zazo azihlukaniswa ngamatilosi. Kepha ngokulunga, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le yindaba enzima kakhulu.
I-penguin enkulu kunazo zonke ukubusa, noma i-Forster. Ihlala kuphela ogwini lwe-Antarctica futhi emanzini aseduze nayo. Le penguin iqanjwe ngoD. Forster, isazi semvelo emhlabeni jikelele ukuxoshwa kukaputeni D. Cook. Esimweni sezulu esifudumele, ithathelwa indawo yinkosi esondele penguin, edla izindwani eziqhingini ezisakazeke kuLwandle Oluseningizimu. I-Emperor penguin ifinyelela ku-120 cm, i-king penguin ingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1. Nhlangothi zombili zentamo, amabala e-orange avele ngendlela yezingcaphuno ezinkulu. I-penguin yenkosi nayo inombala we-orange ngaphambi kwentamo.
I-Papuan Penguin inokusatshalaliswa okufanayo nenkosi penguin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlala eNhlonhlweni Yase-Antarctic eneziqhingi eziseduze. Le penguin yesayizi ephakathi, engaba ngu-75 cm ukuphakama.Angahlukaniswa kalula kwezinye izinhlobo ngumugqa omhlophe ohamba nomqhele wekhanda usuka kweliso kuya kolunye. Ezincwadini zethu, kuvame ukubizwa ngephutha ngokuthi yimbongolo. Kepha igama langempela le-papuin yePapuan yisigameko sezilwane, ngoba openguin abahlali eNew Guinea. Ngaphansi kwalelo gama wachazwa nguD. Forster ofanayo, ogama lakhe lingu-Emperor penguin.
Ogwini lwe-Antarctica kanye nasesifundeni sase-Antarctic Peninsula, izidleke ezidumile zepenguin - u-Adélie penguin, oqanjwe ngunkosikazi omuhle wenhloko yomkhumbi waseFrance Antarctic, owenza ucwaningo ngeminyaka yama-30 yekhulu leminyaka edlule, iDʻUrville, okuhlonishwe igama lakhe ukuthi lolunye lolwandle lugeza i-Antarctica. I-Adele inombala ojwayelekile wepenguin: umsila omnyama nekhanda, isisu esimhlophe qhwa nesifuba. Eduze kwamehlo indandatho emhlophe ebonakalayo. Awekho amanye ama-penguins afana ne-Adele.
I-Antarctic penguin, edla esiqhingini sase-Antarctic nasePeninsula ye-Antarctic, nayo ihlukaniswa kalula kwezinye izilwane. Ngokungafani ne-Adélie penguin, unesigqoko esimnyama kuphela ekhanda lakhe, lapho okuvela khona imichilo emnyama.
Ama-penguins aseGalapagos, amangalisa, noma imbongolo, amaMagellans noHumboldt, noma ama-penguins ePeru afana kakhulu ngombala. UHumboldt Penguin, oqanjwe ngo-geologist ovelele waseJalimane, udla ugu lwasePeru ngaseningizimu aze afike kuma-degree angama-38 eningizimu. Ngombala weplamu lawo, amabala amise okwenziwe ngehhashi elimhlophe ayabonakala edlula esweni ngemuva kwekhanda kuya esifubeni esiphezulu, kanye nesigaxa esimnyama esidonsa isifuba esimhlophe iqhubeke ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Ogwini oluseningizimu yePacific lwaseNingizimu Melika, uthathelwa indawo yiMagellanic penguin. Kepha phakathi kuka-32 no-38 degrees Yu. w. izindawo zalezi zinhlobo ziyagqagqana, i.e. zombili lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ndawonye. IMagellanic penguin ibuye ihlale emanzini athambile aseNingizimu Melika ukusuka ohlangothini lwe-Atlantic naseziQhingini zaseFalkland (Malvinas). Ukushintshaniswa kwemivimbo emhlophe nebumnyama kule zinhlobo yemvelo ukuthi imivimbo emibili emnyama iphazamisa isifuba, hhayi neyodwa, njengeHumboldt Penguin.
IHumboldt Penguin iyefana nepenguin, ehlala kuphela ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Afrika. Akekho umuntu ozomdida lapha, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zamaphinifa azitholakali emanzini ase-Afrika. Futhi bambiza ngezimbongolo ngokukhala okukhulu nangokungathandeki. IGalapagos ifana ne-pagein yaseMagellanic, nokho, ephansi ngosayizi kuyo. Uhlala esiQhingini saseGalapagos kuphela, lapho kungekho khona ezinye izinhlobo zamaphinifa.
Iqembu elilandelanayo lama-penguins liqukethe izinhlobo eziyisithupha, futhi zonke zinamaphiko egolide ezimpaphe emakhanda azo anikeza la mapenguin ukubukeka okungajwayelekile ngakolunye uhlangothi nokubukeka okuqinile kwelinye.edume kunazo zonke yazo i-crested, noma "ipenguin igxuma emadwaleni." Ihlala emaqhingini amaningi ezindaweni ezishisayo zoLwandle Oluseningizimu. Izimpaphe eziphuzi zohlobo lwe-penguin e-crested aziqali kude namakhala futhi zibukeka zimangaza kakhulu ngemuva kwamehlo. Kwigama elithi "gxuma phezu kwamadwala" indlela yakhe yokuhamba iyabonakala - ukusunduza ngemilenze yomibili ngasikhathi sinye. Ugxumela emanzini esuka ogwini "njengesosha", futhi angangeni njengamanye amapengu.
Esiqhingini esisendaweni eshisayo yemikhakha ye-Atlantic ne-Indian Ocean yoLwandle Oluseningizimu kanye nasesifundeni se-Antarctic peninsula kuhlala i-penguin ephuzi ephuzi, noma kunalokho, izimpaphe zegolide ekhanda lakhe kunepenguin eshisiwe. Amachashazi abo aqala ezingeni eliphakathi neso futhi njengoba izinwele zisiya phansi ngemuva kwamehlo kuya emuva.
Ijazi elifanayo elinezinwele zegolide leSchlegel penguin, ukusatshalaliswa kwalo kukhawulelwe esiqhingini saseMacquarie, esendaweni encane eningizimu yethafa laseNew Zealand. kulula ukuhlukanisa ezinhlangothini ezimhlophe zekhanda. Izinhlobo ezi-3 ezisele zaleli qembu zihlala esifundeni saseNew Zealand eningizimu yeCook Strait. Lawa ama-Snare Crested Penguin, ama-Thick-Command, noma uVictoria Penguin, kanye ne-Great Crested Penguin. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala kude azibonakali. Izimpaphe eziphuzi kuzo zibukeka njengamashiya aminyene, zinwebeka kancane entanjeni yentamo, nakupenguin omkhulu okhanyayo, “amashiya” aqhuma phezulu.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda saseNew Zealand kuhlala i-penguin enhle, noma enombala ophuzi. Ekhanda lakhe ngokusebenzisa umqhele kusukela esweni kuya esweni kudlula umucu ophuzi. Ikhanda lonke libuye liphuzi.
Onke ama-penguins abhalwe ngaphezulu, ngaphandle kombuso nawasebukhosini, anamasayizi aphakathi nendawo - acishe abe ngu-65-75 cm. Amancanyana - cishe amasentimitha angama-50 - yi-penguin yaseGalapagos kuphela. Kepha akayena omncane kunabo bonke. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezengeziwe ezinokuphakama kwazo okungamasentimitha angama-40 kuphela. Lezi zingulube eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma ezincane nezinamhlophe. Owokuqala uhlala ezizungeze iziqhingi ezinkulu zaseNew Zealand, esiQhingini saseChatham nasogwini oluseningizimu ye-Australia, elesibili - kuphela ogwini olusempumalanga lweNew Zealand. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-penguin, angaphandle ngokungalingani - phansi emhlophe, phezulu okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izinyoni ezincane kuzo zonke izinhlobo zepenguin zinombala ohlukile ngokuhlukile.
Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngama-penguins: ukuthi bakha imibhangqwana ethembekile “eshadile,” eyizungeza. Kukhona futhi impikiswano eningi ngokuthi ahlala kuphi ama-penguins: e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic. Eyokugcina ingaphendulwa ngokungenamqondo - ama-penguins ahlala e-Antarctica, ngokunembile - i-Antarctica.
E-Antarctica
I-Antarctica yingxenye eseningizimu yomhlaba yoMhlaba. Siqukethe: izwe elisempumalanga ye-Antarctica, emaphethelweni aseningizimu yolwandlekazi abathathu:
Indawo yalesi sifunda somhlaba ingamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingama-52,5. Izilwandle ezitholakala lapha "zinesivunguvungu" kakhulu, amaza angafika kumamitha angama-20 ukuphakama. Amanzi ebusika ngempela ayaba, i-Antarctica ezungeze iqhwa elinobumba obukhulu, obungamakhilomitha ayi-500 kuye kwayi-2 000. Futhi ehlobo konke kuguquka kakhulu, iqhwa liya enyakatho. I-Antarctica yaqala ukukhuluma ngo-1502 lapho i-Amerigo Vespucci ithola iziqhingi eziningana.
Emaphethelweni ayo, i-Antarctica iyingxenye ye-polar ohlangothini oluseningizimu yoMhlaba. Ngaphakathi, kukhona izwekazi leqhwa, elingaba amakhilomitha skwele ayizigidi eziyi-14 ubukhulu, amamitha ayi-2 000 ukuphakama, kepha uma belungekho u-ice, izwekazi belingenakuba nokuphakama okunjalo. Inqubo yentaba-mlilo ayimisi kuze kube namuhla.
Leli qhwa elinamamitha ayi-24 ama-cubic metres angama-90% omthombo wamanzi amasha emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwezibalo ezingezinhle, uma lonke leli qhwa selincibilika, khona-ke izinga loLwandle Lomhlaba luzonyuka ngamamitha ayi-60.
Izindawo ezihlala kuzo ama-penguin
Isimo sezulu sishintsha njalo kule planethi, futhi ngokufuduka kwe-Antarctica eduzane nasogobheni oluseningizimu, izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo ziye zashiya le ngxenye yomhlaba, kufaka phakathi iningi lamapengu.
Ngakho-ke namanje, ahlala kuphi ama-penguins - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic? Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo zezilwane ezi-2 kuphela ezisele e-Antarctica:
Izinhlobo ezisele cishe zonke zathuthela eningizimu. Izinhlobo zasebukhosini zihlala eSouthern Hemisphere, eduze naseTierra del Fuego, eSouth Georgia, eKerguelen, eziQhingini zaseSandwich.
Izinhlobo zezidumbu zitholakala ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika, eTasmania naseziqhingini ezise-Subarctic. Futhi ogwini oluseningizimu yeNew Zealand kuhlala i-penguin eminyene ne-penguin encane. Ipenguin enkulu isizinzile esiQhingini SaseS Snar.
Eziqhingini zaseGalapagos kuhlala ama-90% abantu begama elifanayo elithi penguin. Ipenguin enamaphiko amhlophe yayigudla ugu oluseningizimu ye-Australia, etholakala naseNew Zealand, eningizimu.
Lapho kunesibanda samanje esibandayo, izinhlobo zemibukiso zihlala eNamibia naseNingizimu Afrika. IHumbold penguin ihlala ogwini lwePeru neChile.
Kwezinye izindawo, lezi zilwane nazo zihlala, kepha hhayi e-Arctic. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo wokuthi ahlala kuphi ama-penguins - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic angabizwa ngokuthi awokuqamba. Ngemuva kwakho konke, i-Arctic ingasenyakatho yoMhlaba, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya ehlobo lingakhuphuki ngaphezu kuka-1010 С.
Obani ama-penguins?
Ama-penguins angamalungu omndeni wezinyoni zasolwandle ezindizayo. Lo mndeni unezinhlobo eziyi-18 ezidonsa ngokuphelele nokubhukuda.
Isakhiwo sabo somzimba senzelwe ukuhambisa kalula emanzini, amaphiko amancane anamisipha kakhulu, ngaphansi kwamanzi abasebenza njengezikulufo. Lezi zinyoni zine-sternum, lapho i-keel ibonakala khona ngokucacile. Izinyawo zepenguin zinezimbambo zokubhukuda, futhi emhlabeni umsila usebenza njengokusekelwa okwengeziwe.
Izimpaphe zesilwane zifana kakhulu nezinwele, futhi isisu cishe sabo bonke abantu simhlophe. Ngenkathi isilwane sitshelwa ngenqwaba yaso, ayikwazi ukubhukuda, ngakho-ke amaphinifa kufanele afe yindlala kuze kukhule amasha.
Ngisho nokuphendula umbuzo: "Ahlala kuphi ama-penguin - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic?", Kusicacela ukuthi ahlala ezimweni zezulu ezinzima. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezincelisayo zinesendlalelo esinamafutha esikhulu (cm 2-3), futhi ngaphezu kwaso kukhona ezinye izingqimba ezi-3 ezingavunyelwe ukungena emanzini. Amabhugoza angabona kahle emanzini, kepha emhlabeni kuncane okubonayo. Izindlebe zezilwane azibonakali kalula, njengezinyoni eziningi, futhi lapho zicwiliswa emanzini zivale ngohlaka lwensimbi eminyene.
Umsoco
Akuhehi hhayi lapho kuhlala khona ama-penguins - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic, nokuthi zidlani lezi zilwane. Ngokwemvelo, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izakhamizi zolwandle olujulile. Okokuqala, yinhlanzi, cishe noma yikuphi okutholakala endaweni (ama-sardine, i-Antarctic silverfish, ama-anchovies).
Ukwazi impendulo yombuzo: “Ahlala kuphi ama-penguin - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic?”, Futhi adlani, singasho nokuthi ama-crustaceans afakiwe ekudleni kwawo. Kepha lezi zinhlobo kufanele zidle kaningi, kepha amandla amancane asetshenziselwa ukusesha, ukucwilisa nokudla ama-crustaceans amancane.
Isiphetho
Uma ubheka isithombe lapho kuhlala khona ama-penguins - e-Arctic noma e-Antarctic, awuqondi ngaso leso sikhathi. Eqinisweni, lezi zilwane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo noma esishisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azakhi izithandani ezithembekile kakhulu, zingantshontsha ngisho izingane komunye nomunye. Ama-penguin ashiywe ngaphandle kwabazali ngokuvamile awemukelwa ngamanye ama-penguin.
I-Antarctica iyizwekazi elinezimo zezulu ezinzima. Izinga lokushisa ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe alikhuphuki ngaphezu kweqhwa, futhi izwekazi lonke ligcwele iqhwa. Kodwa-ke, iSouthern Ocean ezungeze i-Antarctica ingesinye sezemvelo esimangalisa kakhulu Emhlabeni futhi iyikhaya lezidalwa eziningi ezimangalisa.
Iningi lezilwane ziyafuduka, ngoba isimo sezulu salelizwekazi siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi umuntu angahlala futhi abe nobusika ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zitholakala kuphela e-Antarctica (izilwane ezihlala endaweni eyodwa kuphela kuthiwa yi-endemic) futhi zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa ngokuphelele nendawo yokuhlala enesihluku. Kusukela i-Antarctica yatholakala eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule, izinhlobo zezindawo azisetshenziselwa umphakathi wesintu, okuholela kwesinye sezici ezinhle kakhulu zezilwane zasendle zase-Antarctica: abantu bayazijabulisa njengoba zinjalo nakubantu. Kubavakashi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izilwane eziningi zingasondela kuzo, futhi ngeke zibaleke, futhi kubacwaningi - ithuba lokufunda kangcono izilwanyana zase-Antarctica. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ama-Anarctic Treaties ayakwenqabela ukuthinta izilwane zasendle!
Kulesi sihloko, sihlanganise uhlu nencazelo emfushane nezithombe zabanye abamele abaziwayo bezilwane zezwekazi elibanda kakhulu emhlabeni - i-Antarctica.
Omama
Imikhomo ingesinye sezidalwa ezingaqondakali futhi ezimangalisayo Emhlabeni. Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ezake zake zaphila emhlabeni, zinesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayikhulu, zedlula kalula izibankwakazi ezisindayo. Ngisho nomkhomo “ojwayelekile” mkhulu futhi ubhekwa njengokudala kwendalo. Imikhomo mikhulu, kodwa izilwane ezincelisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kunzima ukuyifunda. Bahlakaniphe kakhulu, banokuphila okuyinkimbinkimbi nempilo yenkululeko ephelele yokunyakaza.
Imikhomo ingeyohlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo, ezibizwa kanjalo namahlengethwa namaphayiphu. Ziyizilwane ezincelisayo njengabantu, izinja, amakati, izindlovu nabanye. Okusho ukuthi, abanakubizwa ngokuthi izinhlanzi. Imikhomo iphefumula umoya ngakho-ke kufanele ikhuphukele ebusweni ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze iphefumule. Bazala amazinyane aphilayo ahlala nonina unyaka owodwa futhi bondla ubisi lwawo. Imikhomo inegazi elifudumele futhi inesikhumba esinjengomuntu (yize sinjalo esilungiswe kakhulu).
Imikhomo yase-Antarctica ibizwa ngokuthi yonke imikhomo esebenzisa okungenani ingxenye yesikhathi esithile ngonyaka osogwini lwezwekazi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- Blue whale (Isilinganiso sobude besilisa esidala singama-25 m, abesifazane - ama-26.2 m. Isisindo somzimba somuntu omdala singamathani ayi-100 - 120),
- Ama-whale abushelelezi aseningizimu (Isilinganiso sobude 20 m nesisindo sama-96 t),
- (Ubude bomzimba 18 m, isisindo - 80 t),
- (Ubude kusuka ku-18 kuye ku-27 m, isisindo esingu-40-70 t),
- I-Sperm whale (Isilinganiso sobude be-17 m, isisindo esiyi-35 t),
- I-Humpback whale (Isilinganiso sobude 14 m, isisindo esingu-30 t),
- (Ubude - 9 m, isisindo - 7 t),
- I-Killer whale (ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-8.7 kuya ku-10 m, isisindo kufika ku-8 t).
Isigaxa soboya beKerguelen
I-Kerguelen fur seal ingeyamalungu omndeni owaziwa ngokuthi yizimpawu zamanzi. (Otariidae) okufaka uphawu lwezimpawu zoboya kanye namabhubesi olwandle.
Ngokubukeka nangendlela, lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zifana nenja enkulu. Bayakwazi ukudonsa amafliphu angemuva ngaphansi komzimba baphakamise isisindo sabo ngamaphayipthi angaphambili, yingakho beguquguquka kakhulu emhlabeni ngokuqhathaniswa namanye ama-pinnipeds.
Amaduna afinyelela isisindo esingama-200 kg futhi amahlandla ama-4 kunezinsikazi. Zikhawulelwe ikakhulu eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezinabantu abangama-95% eSouth Georgia Island.
Ingwe yolwandle
Ibizwa ngokuthi ingwe yolwandle ngenxa yamabala emzimbeni, ingenye yezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu e-Antarctica. Isisindo sabesilisa sifinyelela kuma-300 kg, nabesifazane - 260-500 kg. Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buhlukahluka kusuka ku-2.8-3.3 m, kanye nezinsikazi 2.9-3.8 m.
Ukondliwa kwezingwe zasolwandle kwehluka kakhulu. Bangadla noma yisiphi isilwane abangasibulala. Ukudla kuqukethe izinhlanzi, ama-squid, ama-penguin, izinyoni nezimpawu ezincane zamanzi.
Izingwe zasolwandle aziwona amakhono ahlukahlukene uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Idayi ende kunazo zonke ayihlali isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-15, ngakho izilwane zihlala ziseduze namanzi, futhi azihambi amabanga amade ngaphansi kweqhwa eliqhubekayo. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda ngesivinini kuze kufike ku-40 km / h.
Isigaxa seCrabeater
Izimpawu zomshubelo we-crabeater kukholakala ukuthi ziyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kakhulu ezwenikazi. Abantu abadala banesisindo esingu-200-300 kg futhi ubude bawo bomzimba bubalelwa ku-2.6 m. Lezi yizilwane ezihlala zodwa, noma kunjalo, zingalala ngamaqembu amancane, okudala isithombe somndeni onenhlalo. Ukuxhumana kwangempela kungenzeka phakathi komama nezingane zabo.
Abazidli izinkalankala, naphezu kwegama labo. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-95% e-Antarctic krill, okusele kuyis squid nenhlanzi. Zilungele kahle ukubamba ukubonga kwe-krill emazinyweni awo, okwenza isixha sokubamba inyamazane emanzini.
Njengoba uphawu lwe-crabeater londla kakhulu nge-krill, awadingi ukugxila ngokujulile futhi isikhathi eside. Ukutshuza okujwayelekile ukuya ekujuleni kuka-20-30 m, kuthatha imizuzu eyi-11, kepha aqoshwa ekujuleni kuka-430 m.
I-Weddell Seal
Ama-Weddell seal ayizilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala eqhweni. Isisindo sabantu abadala siyehluka phakathi kwama-400-450 kg, futhi ubude bomzimba buyi-2.9 m (emadodeni) no-3.3 m (kwabesifazane).
Bondla ikakhulu inhlanzi, kanye nama-squid nama-invertebrates ngamanani amancane kakhulu. Amanzi ama-Weddell ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ayakwazi ukuntywila ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-600 futhi achithe ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba yimizuzu engama-82.
Ubukhulu benani lezi zilwane kunzima ukuzilinganisa, ngoba zihlala eduze kwe-Arctic Circle naseqhweni elihelezayo.
Izindlovu zaseningizimu
Izimpawu zasendlovu ezingaseningizimu zinkulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izimpawu futhi zibonisa uphawu lwe-sex dimorphism. Isisindo sabantu besilisa siyahlukahlukahluka kuhlu lwe-1500-3700 kg, nabesifazane - 350-800 kg. Ubude bomzimba wesilisa buyi-4.5-5.8 m, nabesifazane - 2,8 m.
Ukudla kuqukethe kakhulu i-squid, kepha inhlanzi futhi ikhona (cishe ama-75% ama-squid nama-25% ezinhlanzi). Abesilisa, njengomthetho, badlulela eningizimu, bexosha inyamazane yabo.
Izindlovu ezingaseningizimu - izinhlobonhlobo ezihlaba umxhwele, zishona ziye ekujuleni kwama-300-500 m imizuzu engama-20-30. Zitholakala kulo lonke i-Antarctica, ezansi naseningizimu ejulile.
I-Antarctic tern
I-Antarctic tern iyilungu elijwayelekile lomndeni we-tern. Le nyoni encane, ubude bayo bungama-31- 38 cm, inesisindo esingu-95-120 g, futhi enamaphiko angama-cm angama-66-77. Uqhwaku lwayo imvamisa lubomvu noma lube mnyama. I-plumage i-grey elula noma emhlophe, kune- “cap” emnyama ekhanda. Izeluleko zamaphiko alesi sici ziphuzi ngombala onsundu.
Badla izinhlanzi kanye ne-krill, ikakhulukazi lapho ese-Antarctica. UKrachki uqaphela inyamazane yabo esuka emoyeni, bese engena emanzini ngemuva kwayo.
I-cormorant ese-Antarctic eluhlaza okotshani
I-cormorant yase-Antarctic eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyilungu kuphela lomndeni ogcwele izitho ezitholakala e-Antarctica. Bahlala eceleni kwegwili laseNingizimu Antilles neNhlonhlo ye-Antarctic, bajula eningizimu. Lawa ma-cormorants abonakala ngombala wamehlo okhanyayo kanye nokukhula kwe-orange-yellow ngaphansi komlomo, okuba kukhulu futhi kukhanye ngesikhathi sokuzala. Isisindo somzimba singama-1,8-3,5 kg, kuyilapho abesilisa besinda kancane kunabesifazane. Ubude bomzimba buhlukahluka ukusuka kuma-68 kuye kwangama-76 cm, kuthi amaphiko lawo acishe abe yi-1.1 m.
Ngokuvamile zidla izinhlanzi, zivame ukwakha “umgibe” wamashumi noma izinyoni ezingamakhulu zingene emanzini ziphindaphindane zisize ekubambeni izinhlanzi. Lawa ma-cormorant ayakwazi ukuntywila ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-116. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, acindezela amaphiko awo aqine emzimbeni bese esebenzisa izinyawo zawo ezibandayo.
I-White plover
I-White Plover ingelinye lezinhlobo ezimbili zohlobo Chionidae . Uthanda indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni. Lapho ehamba, anikine ikhanda lakhe njengejuba. Isisindo somzimba sehluka kusuka kuma-460 kuye ku-780 g, ubude bomzimba bungama-34-41 cm, kuthi amaphiko abe ngama-75-80 cm.
ICape Dove
ICape Dove ingeyomndeni we-petrel. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-430 g, ubude bomzimba - 39 cm, kuthi amaphiko afinyelele ku-86 cm. Umbala wempaphe wale nyoni umnyama nomhlophe.
ICape Pigeon idla nge-krill, inhlanzi, i-squid, i-carrion kanye nemfucuza yemikhumbi, uma ikhona. Imvamisa babamba inyamazane ebusweni bamanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bagobhoza ngokujulile.
Isithwathwa seqhwa
Izingulube zeqhwa ziyizinyoni ezimhlophe ezinobuhlalu obumnyama namehlo. Zingubungako bejuba, futhi eziphikisayo zihle kunazo zonke izinyoni zase-Antarctic. Ubude bomzimba bungama-30-40 cm, ama-wingspan - 75-95 cm, nesisindo - 240-460 g.
Zondla ikakhulu nge-krill futhi kufanele zihlale ziseduze nolwandle ukuze zikwazi ukufinyelela ekudleni. Zitholakala ogwini lwe-Antarctica, futhi, njengoba wazi, isidleke kude phakathi nezwekazi (kuze kufike ku-325 km ukusuka ogwini), ezintabeni eziphuma phezu kweqhwa elizungezile.
I-Wandering albatross
I-albatross ezulazulayo iyinyoni enamaphiko amade kunawo onke (ukusuka ku-3.1 kuya ku-3.5 m). Le nyoni ingenza izindiza ezinde izinsuku eziyi-10 - 20, ebangeni elingafika kumakhilomitha ayi-10,000, isebenzisa amandla amancane nje kunalapho ihlala esidlekeni.
Isisindo esijwayelekile sisuka ku-5.9 kuya ku-12,7 kg; abesilisa cishe baba ngama-20% ubunzima kunabesifazane. Ubude bomzimba buhlukahluka kusuka ku-107 kuya ku-135 cm.
Isisekelo sokudla izinhlanzi, ama-squid nama-crustaceans. Le nyoni izingela ebusuku phezu kwamanzi noma ukudonsa ngokujula. Ama-albatrosses azulazulayo alandela izikebhe nemikhumbi yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lapho kudonswa khona ukudla. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngemikhumbi yokudoba elahla izinhlanzi ngaphezulu.
I-South Polar Skuas
Ama-skuas asezingeni eliphakeme ayizinyoni ezinkulu kunalokho. Isisindo esijwayelekile sowesilisa yi-900-1600 g, futhi imincane kakhulu futhi ilula kunezinsikazi. Ubukhulu obuphakathi: 50-55 cm, namaphiko angama-130-140 cm.Ahlala esidlangalaleni e-Antarctica futhi azalela kude naseningizimu. Lezi zinyoni ziqoshwe eSouth Pole.
Zidla ikakhulu inhlanzi kanye ne-krill, yize amaqanda wepenguin, amaphuphu kanye ne-carrion nazo zingafakwa ekudleni, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ama-skuas aseNingizimu polar abonwe entshontsha izinhlanzi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.
Isilobo esikhulu esiseNingizimu
Isilobi esikhulu seningizimu siyinyoni edla inyama evela emndenini wezilwane ezifuywayo. Isisindo sazo singama-5 kg futhi ubude bomzimba waso singamasentimitha angama-87. Izimpiko zihlukahluka kusuka ku-180 kuya ku-205 cm.
Ukudla kuqukethe izidumbu ezifile zezimpawu zasolwandle namaphinifa, i-carrion, squid, krill, crustaceans, kanye nemfucuza evela emikhunjini noma ezikebheni zokudoba.
Izikhathi eziningi, lezi zinyoni zitholakala eziqhingini zase-Antarctic nase subantarctic. Zihlala endaweni evulekile esiQhingini saseFalkland.
Emperor penguin
Ama-penguins ama-Emperor angamapenguins amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30 (kodwa angafinyelela ku-40 kg), futhi ukuphakama kwawo kube ngamamitha ayi-1.15 .Izinsikazi nezinsikazi zinombala ofanayo nosayizi womzimba. Ngemuva nangekhanda kumnyama, isisu simhlophe, isifuba sivele saphuzi, endaweni yezindlebe kukhona amabala anemibala ephuzi egqamile. Njengawo wonke ama-penguin, awazintambo, anomzimba osikiwe, futhi amaphiko amfekethiswe aba amafulethi endawo yokuhlala yasolwandle.
Ukudla kwaso kuqukethe izinhlanzi, kepha kungahlanganisa nama-crustaceans nama-cephalopods. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, lezi zinyoni zihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba imizuzu eyi-18 futhi zishone zijule ngamamitha angama-535. Inokuthathelwa kokuthile kwalokhu, kufaka phakathi i-hemoglobin engahlelekile, amathambo alukhuni kanye nokwehla kwamandla emetabolism.
I-Emperor penguin izidleke endaweni ebandayo. Umbono waguqulwa ngezindlela eziningi zokulwa nokulahlekelwa ukushisa: izimpaphe ziveza ukufakwa okungama-80-90%, futhi inengqimba yamafutha angamamitha angama-3 cm aminyene, angaphansi kaphansi, ahlanganiswe ne-plumage, edlala indima eqondile ekugcineni inyoni ifudumele, inqubo yokuhlanza izimpaphe Kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukwehlukaniswa kanye nasekugcinweni kwamapheya ngezindlela ezinesibindi nezingaphenduki zamanzi.
King penguin
I-King Penguin inhlobo yesibili ngobukhulu penguin ngemuva kombusi. Ukuphakama kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-100 cm, futhi isisindo sisuka ku-9.3 kuya ku-18 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. I-plumage yama-penguins ama-king akhanya kakhulu ukwedlula eyesihlobo sabo esiseduze sohlobo lwamakhosi, kepha uma kungenjalo iyafana.
Ama-penguins ama-King adla izinhlanzi ezincane kanye ne-squid. Bangakwazi ukungena ngaphansi kobukhulu obuyi-100 m, kepha babuye babonwa ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha angama-300. Inhlanzi zenza ukudla kwabo okuyi-80-100%, ngaphandle kwezinyanga zobusika zonyaka.
Ama-King penguins azalela eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ye-Antarctica, kanye naseTierra del Fuego, iziQhingi zaseFalkland nezinye iziqhingi ezifudumele.
I-Subantarctic Penguin
I-subantarctic penguin, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-papuan penguin. Iqashelwa kalula umucu wayo omhlophe obanzi ogijima ngaphezulu kwekhanda lakhe kanye nomlomo wawo okhanyayo obomvu o-orange. Lolu hlobo lunezinyawo ezinamabala ansundu, futhi umsila omude nguwo ovelele kunawo wonke ama-penguin.
I-papuan penguin ifinyelela ukuphakama okungama-51 kuye kwangama-90 cm, izenze izinhlobo zesithathu zikakhulu penguin, ngemuva kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu: i-Emperor ne-penguins zenkosi. Abesilisa banesisindo esikhulu cishe esingama-8.5 kg, ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuncibilika, nesisindo esilinganiselwe esingama-4.9 kg, ngaphambi kokuzalelwa. Kwabesifazane, isisindo sisukela ku-4,5 kuye ku-8.2 kg. Le nhlobo iyona eshesha kakhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi, ithuthukisa isivinini esifinyelela ku-36 km / h. Zivumelaniswa ngokuphelele nezimo zezulu ezinzima kakhulu.
Ama-penguin ama-Subantarctic adla kakhulu ama-crustaceans, kanti nezinhlanzi zakha cishe u-15% wokudla.
I-Antarctic krill
I-Antarctic krill imele i-oda le-Ephausian, elivame emanzini ase-Antarctic oLwandle Oluseningizimu. Le ndawo encane kakhulu ehlala emaqenjini amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela kubantu abangama-10,000 ukuya kuma-500,000 ngemitha eyi-cubic. UKrill udla ngo-phytoplankton. Ikhula ngo-6 cm ubude, inesisindo esifinyelela ku-2 g, futhi ingaphila iminyaka eyisithupha. I-Krill ingenye yezinhlobo ezibalulekile ku-Antarctic ecosystem futhi, ngokwemvelo ye-biomass, cishe izinhlobo zezilwane ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni (cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-500, ahambelana nabantu abangama-300-400 trillion).
Belgica antarctica
I-Belgica antarctica yigama lesiLatini lolo hlobo lwezinambuzane ezingabonakali ezindizayo oluya e-Antarctica. Ubude bawo buyi-2-6 mm.
Lesi sinambuzane sinombala omnyama, ngenxa yawo uyakwazi ukudonsa ukushisa ukuze usinde. Ingakwazi futhi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko kosawoti ne-pH, futhi iphile ngaphandle komoya-mpilo amasonto ama-2-4. Emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi - 15 ° C, Belgica antarctica iyafa.
Ama-penguins (Sphenisciformes) adume kakhulu futhi amaningi kunazo zonke izinyoni ezihlala e-Antarctica. Inani labo licishe libe ngama-85% wenani eliphelele lazo zonke izinyoni zase-Antarctic, futhi iningi lamaphengwini ama-penguin e-Adelie. Amabhungele ayizinyoni ezinesitoko, amaphiko ancishisiwe abe ngama-fins, ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo emanzini. Emhlabeni, ahamba aqonde nge-jait edonsayo edonsayo. Ubude bomzimba bamapengu obuningi buyi-60-70 cm, kepha kukhona ngaphezulu. I-penguin enkulu kunazo zonke i-Emperor Penguin, engaba imitha elilodwa ubude futhi inesisindo esingama-41 kg. Ama-penguins izidleke emikhakheni eminingi, enezinyoni ezingama-80,000. Ukubukeka, iphunga nomsindo ovela kulezi zikoloni kuhlala kungalibaleki. Iningi lezinyoni zakha izidleke zamatshe lapho zibeka khona iqanda elilodwa noma amabili.
Izici ezijwayelekile zama-penguins
Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuthola ukudla e-Antarctica embozwe yiqhwa, amaphinifa ayaphoqelelwa ukuba athole ukudla olwandle, ekufuneni kwawo asebenzisa iningi lesikhathi sawo. Zonke izinyoni zingabhukuda ezinhle kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukungena ekujuleni okukhulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-Emperor Penguin ingena shí kumamitha angama-250. Imilenze nemisila yabo isebenza njengomhlanga, namaphiko afana nabaphathi. Bondla ikakhulu inhlanzi encane kanye ne-krill, ngayinye ibamba ngokwayo ngokwahlukana. Inani elikhulu lokudla lidliwa yikholoni le-penguin ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Lapho becwaninga ama-penguins e-Adélie, kwatholakala ukuthi izinyoni ezindala zenza izingcingo ezingaba ngu-40 nsuku zonke olwandle ngesikhathi sokuphuza amaphuphu, futhi isikhathi ngasinye ziletha nengxenye yekhilogremu yokudla. Isibonelo, eCape Crozero, ikoloni lamapengu angu-175,000 aletha cishe amathani angama-3 500 wezinhlanzi ogwini lwezinkukhu. Futhi indawo enkulu kunazo zonke ezindongeni eCape Adar iqukethe izinyoni ezingama-250,000.
Ama-penguin e-Adelie angabhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu aze afike kumakhilomitha ayi-15 ngehora. Lokhu kubanikeza ithuba lokugxuma baphume emanzini baqonde emafulelweni eqhwa noma ogwini. Ngale gxuma, kubonakala sengathi ziyandiza. Ukugxuma kuye kumamitha amabili kuyabasiza nokubalekela ekuhlafunweni komhlaseli wengwe. Ezinye izitha zepenguin eziyingozi ziyimikhomo ebulala olwandle nama-skuas, adla amaqanda awo.
Ama-penguins ama-Emperor amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-penguin ngosayizi. Zicishe zibe yimitha elilodwa ubude futhi zinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-30- 40. Zinekhanda elimnyama, intamo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enebala eli-orange eliqhakazile eduze kwezindlebe, nesifuba esimpunga siphuzi simhlophe. Zondla amantshontsho azo isikhathi eside uma ziqhathaniswa namaphinifa ka-Adelie. Zizalela amaqanda kakhulu ngaphambili, ukuze kuthi lapho ihlobo, ligcwele ukudla okuhlukahlukene, amaphuphu asevele ezimele. Ekwindla elinamandla (ngo-Ephreli-Meyi), ama-penguin aqoqana emikhondlwini eminingi eqhweni olwandle ezindaweni ezivikelwe. Iqanda okuwukuphela kwalo elibekwe ngowesifazane ngoMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni owesilisa ufukamela ezinyangeni ezimbili ezibandayo kakhulu. Ushisa iqanda ngesikhwama ngaphansi kwesisu phakathi kwemilenze, le ndawo ehlanganisa isikhumba nezimpaphe iyakwazi ukufudumeza iqanda liye ku-+50 ° C. Ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, abesilisa bafika beondlekile kahle, benobubanzi obukhulu bamafutha, athuthukiswa ikakhulukazi esiswini. Kepha ngesikhathi "sokufakwa" konke lokhu kugcinwa kwamafutha (cishe ama-5-6 kg) kuyadliwa. Ama-penguin anciphisa aze afike ku-40% wesisindo sawo, anciphise isisindo, amaplamu awo aba angcolile, alahlekelwe ngokuphelele yimisuka yawo yangempela kanye nokuthukuthela. Abesifazane kulezi zinyanga ezimbili bondliwa olwandle, bese bebuyela koloni futhi bashintshe izindawo nomlingani. Ngemuva kokuba abesilisa abondlekile vele sebebuyile kowesifazane futhi bobabili abazali sebevele bebambe iqhaza ekondleni amaphuphu ndawonye. Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, amaphuphu asolt futhi alungele ukuzama ukuwela olwandle. Bachitha iminyaka yabo yokuqala emibili yokuphila olwandle noma e-pack ice.
I-Emperor penguin ihlukile phakathi kwezinyoni zase-Antarctica. Izalela ebusika, eqhweni ngasogwini lwezwekazi nakwikoloni elilodwa ngenkathi ebi kakhulu ye-Antarctica, cishe ebumnyameni obungapheli. Ngezikhathi zamakhaza kakhulu, izinyoni ziyahlangana ngamaqoqo aminyene ukuze zifudumale. Njengamapharele amakhulu, ama-penguin angaphila iminyaka engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40.
I-Adelie ipenguin enkulu kunazo zonke e-Antarctica. Ubude bomzimba wakhe buyi-60-70 cm, isisindo silinganiselwa ku-5.5 kg. Abesifazane nabesilisa akuhlukile ngombala, banekhanda elimnyama, intamo kanye nomhlane, isisu esimhlophe nokugqwala okumhlophe kuzungeze amehlo. Bachitha ubusika emikhunjini yolwandle, futhi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo bafika emhlabathini ngokuzalaniswa.
Babuyela endaweni efanayo unyaka nonyaka futhi bavame ukuya koloni olufanayo. Okokuqala, abesilisa bafika bahlomise izidleke, ngemuva kokuzala ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, insikazi ibeka amaqanda amabili bese ibuyela olwandle izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili nane, kuyilapho abesilisa belenga amaqanda. Amaviki amane, abesilisa, belenga amaqanda, bangadli, futhi lapho kuphela isikhathi lapho izinsikazi zibuya, zilahlekelwa kuze kube yingxenye yesisindo somzimba wazo.
Ezinyangeni ezilandelayo zesikhathi sokufakwa kwamabele nasemva kokuba amaphuphu aqhamuke, ayaphumelela ukuze aqhubeke olwandle eyofuna inyamazane.Abuya nezinhlanzi noma amakhovu emilonyeni yazo ayokondla amantshontsho.
I-Penguin Imibhalo
Lezi zinyoni zithembela kubantu, ngoba azizange zibe nezitha ezivulekile e-Antarctica yeminyaka eyinkulungwane. Yebo, yebo. Kumayelana ama-penguin . Yizo kuphela izinyoni ezibhukuda kodwa ezingandizayo.
OKUNGCONO NOKUFUNDILE
Owokuqala wabaseYurophu ukubabona wayengumatilosi odumile wasePortugal uVasco da Gama namatilosi akhe ngo-1499. Hhayi e-Antarctica: ngaphambi kokutholakala kwaleli zwekazi kwakusakude kakhulu, futhi nangasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika - ama-penguins amangalisayo futhi uhlala khona. Kuyiqiniso, elinye lamalungu eqembu elikhulu lamaPutukezi lizichaze kwidayari yakhe ngokungenangqondo ukuthi: “Sabona izinyoni, zikhulu njengamarhanisi, kanti ukukhala kwazo kufana nokukhala kwezimbongolo.
Ama-penguins ama-Emperor yiwona amakhulu amakhulu
Ubufakazi obulandelayo obulandelayo bushiywe ngonyaka ka-1520 ngu-Antonio Pigafetta, owahamba noFernand Magellan ekuphumeni kwakhe emhlabeni jikelele. Ubuye waqhathanisa namaphengwini, kulokhu abonwa ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika, nezinyoni ezifuywayo: "Amarhanisi akhangayo ahlala eqondile futhi angazi ukuthi angandiza kanjani."
Ngale ndlela, kwakunguPigafetta owabonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezihambahamba zondlekile kahle, futhi lokhu kwazimisela igama labo: ngesiLatin, "fat" - pinguis (penguis), ngakho-ke ama-penguins.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo eziyi-18 zezinyoni eziqwini ze-penguin, kepha sizogxila kwezimbili kuphela - lezo ezihlala e-Antarctica. Kuyinto Emperor penguins futhi Adelie penguins .
Zonke ezinye izihlobo zahlala ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, kanye naseNew Zealand nase-Australia. Bahlala ngisho nasenkabazwe e-Galapagos Islands. Kepha ngokwesiko penguins "zinqunyelwe" e-Antarctica, yize zimbili kuphela zazo.
Adelie Penguin Colony
Ngaphezu kokukhuluphala, ukuhamba kancane kubhekwa njengophawu lwesimo samaphaphu wamakhosi. Shono nje: ukuphakama kwabo kufinyelela amasentimitha ayi-120, futhi isisindo sawo singama-45 kilos. Emhlabeni, ama-penguin ahamba ngokukhulu ukucophelela, alondoloze ibhalansi ngosizo lwamaphiko amafushane.
Ngendlela, zona, hhayi ama-paws, uma kunesidingo, zisebenza njengenjini enkulu. Lapho udinga ukusheshisa, izinyoni zilele esiswini eshelelayo futhi ngokushesha nangokuphindayo ziphenduka eqhweni noma emhlabathini. Leyo yimilinganiso emnyama nomhlophe!
Kepha emanzini, ama-penguin agugile kakhulu - angababhukudi abahlukahlukene futhi abahlukahlukene. Amagagasi asike ebusweni ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-35 ngehora, kuthi "ngemuva kokushiswa", bezama ukubamba inhlanzi ngokushesha okukhulu, bagwinya bonke abangama-50! Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penguins angakwazi ukungena ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-20 futhi ahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-10.
Ama-penguins e-Adelie acwila emanzini
Ukuhlala isikhathi eside entweni yolwandle akuyona nje kuphela ukudla - kuwuhlobo lwegumbi lokushisa. Esiqandisini esijwayelekile se-Antarctic, ukuya ngaphansi kwama-degree angama-50-60 nama-gales aqinile, amanzi aqinile kubo kufana neseshini eshisayo kumuntu: ayinakubanda ngaphezu kwama-zero degrees.
NGICELA UKUZE UQUKETHWE
Kungani ama-penguin ehamba emhlabathini? Abahloli bamazwe ase-Polar bawubuze kaningi lo mbuzo lapho behlangana nezinyoni kude nolwandle. Ukuhamba ibanga elide kwaqoshwa isazi sezilwane saseBrithani u-Edward Wilson ngo-1911: wabona amathikithi openguins eshalofini i-Ross ice, amakhilomitha ayi-110 ukusuka ogwini.
Ibanga lokuqoshwa labhalwa ngabahloli bamazwe baseMelika ngobusuku bango-1958: bathola umkhondo wepenguin amakhilomitha angama-400 ukusuka olwandle! Kuthathe amasonto ambalwa lolu hambo ngesivinini sokuhamba amakhilomitha angama-5- 10 ngehora.
Vele, leyo mizila yebanga elide iyindlela etholakalayo. Kepha amahora amaningi okuhamba ama-Emperor penguin amabanga amafushane ogwini futhi ajulile ezweni elikhulu yinto evamile. Benza umsebenzi wokuzivocavoca ngokucula noma ngababili.
Ama-penguin afisa ukwazi kakhulu
Ngasikhathi sinye, bafana kakhulu nabantu abaxoxa ngezinkinga ezithile lapho behamba - kubukeka kunelukuluku. By the way, izithiyo ezisendleleni ehlelelwe ama-penguin akusona isithiyo: naphezu kokuqhuma kwangaphandle, bashaya izihloli eziphindaphindayo ngokungenamkhawulo ngokunqamula amadwala noma ukunqoba ama-ice hummocks ashelelayo.
Zihlanze, yini engingayisho. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi basebenza ngokungabi nalutho: Ihlobo efudumele lichithwa olwandle, kanti ebusika baseningizimu-polar ngamafrimu asabekayo ogwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungalesi sikhathi esibonakala singafaneleki kakhulu ukuthi bashada futhi bathole inzalo.
Ama-penguin ama-Emperor ayizinto ezinkulu: uma esetholile umngane womshado, awabheki omunye umuntu. Babheka umakoti lapho ngo-Ephreli kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi behlangana eqhweni ngasogwini. Ipenguin encane, ehamba ogwini, ihlala ikhala lapho intokazi iphendula khona. Kwesinye isikhathi umkhwenyana uthatha amahora ambalwa ukwenza ucwaningo olunjalo, kepha umbhangqwana uvame ukutholakala kuye. Uma i-penguin ngaphambili yayinentombi, imemeza futhi ithola yena kuphela.
Ukunakekela izingane yisihloko esehlukile nesifundisa kakhulu. Lapho sekuphele inyanga ngemuva komshado, ipenguin yensikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa (enesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-500 ngobude obungamasentimitha ayi-12!), Bese abashadikazi bayo bangaze bamehlise eqhweni - bahlala begcina amaflipper (ngemuva kwakho konke, abazitholi izidleke zomndeni).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyanga ezimbili zokuqala ezinzima ebusika iqanda lifakwa, noma kunalokho, licindezelwa esifubeni. Sonke lesi sikhathi akasadli - uhlala emafutheni aqoqekile ehlobo ehlobo aze alahlekelwe yisisindo sakhe.
Ngemuva kwalokho iguqulwa ngowesifazane, owahamba namafutha ezinyangeni ezimbili. Kuyiqiniso, akudingeki ukuthi ahlukumeze neqanda isikhathi eside kakhulu: kuzalwa ithole, elondliwa ngunina cishe inyanga. Ngemuva kwalokho kuza ubaba ophumule, onakekela ingane sonke isikhathi esisele aze akhule.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwe-Antarctic, ama-penguin e-Adélie (mancane: kufika kumasentimitha angama-80), inendlela ehlukile. Abafuni umakoti ngokukhala, kepha bethula isithandwa kothandekayo.Uma engayiniki imvume yakhe, uyafulathela, umkhwenyana onobubi afune omunye umakoti.
Njengoba sebakhe umndeni, amaphinifa akha isidleke - lona kanye amatshe aba yinto yokuqala yokwakha. Umbhangqwana awunalo owodwa, kodwa amaqanda amabili. Baboshwe ngokushintshana ngokulandelana - amasonto amabili lilinye.
Amachwane nawo aphekelwa ndawonye - isikhathi esingangenyanga, bese ama-penguin athunyelwa kuhlobo lwenkulisa: zonke izingane ezizalwa koloni ziqoqelwa epulatifomu ehlukile. Ngakho-ke babambisana, futhi nabazali babo babaphathela ukudla. Umkhombe uyaqothuka lapho ama-penguin eyeve eshumini nambili ekwazi ukuzitholela ukudla.
Ama-penguin ama-Adelie maningi kakhulu kunalawo okwasebukhosini. Banelukuluku futhi banobungane ngabantu. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngesikhathi somdlalo webhola phakathi kwabahloli be-polar esiteshini saseMirny, ipenguin eyodwa yavele yangena enkundleni futhi yaqala ukugijima ngemuva kwebhola - kwakunzima ukwehlisa isidlali sebhola esingajwayelekile. Umfowabo wazihlukanisa ngendlela ehlukile: wenza indawo yokuhlala ophahleni lukathreyi futhi akafuni kushiya lutho.
ISICELO SE-HUNT
Okuncane ngokudabukisayo. Abanye babuza: kungani kunamaphengwini amaningi kangaka e-Antarctica, futhi akukho okunje ezimweni zezulu ezifanayo ze-Arctic? Ngempela, ingabe imvelo inikeze “ukuntanta, kepha kungenazindiza” kuphela kwiNyakatho Nenkabazwe?
Ngesinye isikhathi, inyoni enkulu enkulu enamaphiko amahle futhi yazulazula ngasogwini futhi igeleza emanzini e-Arctic. Ngisho umbala ohambelana nepenguin umnyama nomhlophe, ngaphandle kokuthi uqhwaku olwedluliselwe phambili lwalunamandla ngokwengeziwe. Le nyoni - ungenantambo .
Kuze kufike emuva ngekhulu le-17, ukwahlulela ngemibhalo egciniwe yematilosi, endaweni yesimo sezulu esenyakatho kwakuyinto eyayivame kakhulu - izigidi zabantu. Kepha maphakathi nekhulu le-19, akusalanga nyoni eyodwa: eyokugcina yabonwa eduze kweGreat Newfoundland Bank ngo-1852.
Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi ngumsebenzi kabani: inyama emnandi kanye ne-fluff ethambile kunazo zonke emhlabeni zenze i-eelless engenantambo yaba inyamazane efiselekayo yabazingeli. Kepha uma le ndoda yasendulo ibilinganiselwe ngenani elidingeka kakhulu lezinyoni, khona-ke uhla lokudoba olwalandelayo lwabantu baseYurophu abafika eFar North bayiphelisa i-biography ye-analoges yasenyakatho yama-penguins.
Lesi sakamuva saba nenhlanhla: i-Antarctic yatholwa ngabantu abaphuthukile kakhulu abenze iziphetho ezifanele kusukela esiphundu esibuhlungu somuntu ongenantambo. Kancane kancane sifunda ukuvikela imvelo. Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlala kude nezwekazi lesithupha (ama-pstinos ama-crested, amangalisayo nama-Galapagos) aqashelwa njengalawo asengozini ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kanti ezinye eziyisikhombisa zithathwa njengezisengozini.
Khumbulani nge-widerless widerless - eyokuqala yezinyoni zaseYurophu nezaseMelika ezabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngumuntu - iphephabhuku le-American Society of Ornithologists laqanjwa ngokuthi i-Auk - "The Eider".
Imizamo yokungena eNyakatho Pole ngama-penguin
Ngo-1936, umhloli wamazwe waseNorway uLars Christensen wabamba amaphawu enkosi ayisishiyagalolunye emabhishi aseNingizimu Georgia wawathumela enyakatho.
Ama-penguin azinza ngasogwini lwaseNorway, ephephile ezidlaleni zomhlaba, lapho aqala khona impilo entsha. Eminyakeni eyishumi elandelayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo zaziswa, kufaka phakathi lezo ezinamakhanda egolide.
Kepha indawo yokuhlala kwamaphengwini e-Arctic yaba yesikhashana futhi eyokugcina yabonakala ngo-1949. Akekho owazi kahle ukuthi baye kuphi nokuthi uma bekwazile ukuphindaphindeka.
Ngamafuphi, impendulo yombuzo "Kungani engekho ama-penguins eNorth Pole?" munye kuphela - abagcinanga lapho.
I-Antarctica, njengoba uyazi, ngaphambili yayiyizwekazi elichumayo, kanye namaphinifa esidlekeni futhi azalaniswa nje endaweni enzima futhi azizwa emkhulu kwi-South Hemisphere, lapho kukhona izidalwa ezimbalwa ezidla ubhedu emhlabeni.
Mhlawumbe ubuningi bezimpungushe ezingama-arctic, izimpungushe namabhere asenyakatho, ingasaphathwa eyabo bonke laba bantu, kuzokwenza ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwabo kungenzeki.