Inhlanzi ezidla inyama yomdanso Umndeni we-salmon. Ihlala emachibini amakhulu nasemifuleni yaseMpumalanga Ekude, eSiberia, e-Altai, eNyakatho Kazakhstan. Isisindo esingaphansi kwesalimoni. Umzimba olungiselelwe kahle umbozwe ngezikali ezincane.
Inhlanzi incane, inekhanda elithambile, inomlomo onamandla namazinyo amakhulu. Umbala wesiliva ogqamile. Umhlane umnyama, une-tint eluhlaza, isisu sikhanya, simhlophe-simhlophe. Amabala amaningi amnyama atholakala emzimbeni wakhe ophakeme, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambili kunasemuva.
Amabala nawo asekhanda, nakhona makhulu. Amaphini we-caudal nawasemuva abomvu, amanye aphuzi, ama-pectoral kanye ne-ventral akhanya kancane. IMisa umsila kuyahluka ngobudala. Abantu abaneminyaka eyisikhombisa abanesisindo esingu-3-4 kg bakhula babe ngama-70 cm.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ishintsha umbala, iba umbala obomvu-wethusi. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesinye isikhathi sihlala iminyaka eyi-15-17. Ikhula impilo yami yonke. Ifinyelela ubude obufika ku-200 cm futhi inesisindo esingu-90 kg. Enye yamathayi amakhulu yabanjwa eMfuleni iYenisei.
Habitat
Kusukela kudala, abantu abahlala eSiberia babebheka ibhere njengeyengcweti yomsila, futhi imisila njengeyinkosi yemifula yamachibi namachibi. Le nhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu ithanda amanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile nezindawo ezingafinyelelwa ehlane, ikakhulukazi njengemifula enamanzi ajulile enezimpophoma ezinkulu ezishelelayo, ezinezimpophoma nemigodi.
Lawa ngamathanga angenakungeneka womgodi womfula i-Yenisei, lapho kunemvelo enhle kakhulu ye-taiga. E-Krasnoyarsk Territory, i-taimen ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu kunayo yonke. Bahlala amaTaimen: Izifunda zeKemerovo, Tomsk - imifula yeKiya neTom, iRepublic of Tuva, isifunda i-Irkutsk - izansi zemifula: iLena, i-Angara, i-Oka. E-Altai Territory - kuhlu lwe-Ob.
Ama-taimen aseSiberia (ajwayelekile) - ummeleli omkhulu kakhulu womndeni we-salmon. Enye yezinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile. Ihlala insimu ebalulekile yeYurophu neNyakatho ye-Asia. Isidlakela esikhulu kunazo zonke.
Kutholakala emifuleni yeSiberia, indawo eseAmur. Entwasahlobo, phakathi nesikhathi lapho kukhuphuka khona izinga lamanzi, inhlanzi iqala ukuhamba ibhekise ezindaweni zamanje ezinqenayo. I-Taimen ikhetha inhlabathi enamatshe amatshe, phansi kusuka kuma-rapid, lapho kuphuma khona amanzi asemhlabathini.
I-Taimen ukubhukuda okuqinile futhi okuqinile, okunomzimba onamandla futhi obanzi emuva. Ehlobo kuhlala emigodini ejulile ngaphansi kwama-rapids, ekunwetshweni nge-pasi elingalingani, emikhondweni ethule. Ingabanjwa ngamaqembu abantu abaningana ezindaweni eziphakathi nomfula.
Usazi kahle isigaba sakhe somfula. Umhlaseli wesikhathi sobusuku. Ekuseni, uphumule emva kokuzingela. Esikhathini sezulu esibuthakathaka semvula ukuzingela ubusuku nemini. Izinhlanzi eziqinile neziselula, zingagxuma kalula ngaphezulu kwemikhawulo nezinye izithiyo.
Ukugcina le nhlanzi enhle njengezinhlobo, kwethulwa izindlela ezivimbelayo. Kuwo wonke ukudoba ngomsila kwenziwe ngokomgomo - "ukubamba - ukukhulula." Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli yithuba elihle lokubona ukukhula kwalo nokukhula endaweni yemvelo.
Ukuziphatha kanye nohlobo lwenhlanzi
Izimpilo phansi komfula, ezindaweni zokuphumula zosizo lwamanzi. Ekuseni nasekuntweleni kwalo lizingela eduze kwamanzi. Ngesikhathi sokubanda, ngaphansi kweqhwa. Abamele abancane bajoyina emaqenjini. Izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zithanda ukubhukuda zodwa, kwesinye isikhathi kuhlanganiswe ngababili. Umsebenzi weSalimoni uyanda ngokushisa okunciphayo.
Uma amanzi efudumele, inhlanzi ilahlekelwa ukuhamba, iyavinjwa. Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wenzeka ngenyanga kaSepthemba, lapho u-taimen ekhula khona isisindo. Ukungasabi ukujula nokugquma, bangakwazi ukugxuma kalula phezu kwempophoma encane noma ukukhahlela.
Ziyakwazi ukuhamba emanzini angajulile lapho imihlane yazo ibonakala ngaphezu kwamanzi. Uthanda izulu lina, elinomoya. Kukholakala ukuthi inkungu isheleka ngokushesha, kanti nokuqina kwenkungu, kuyashesha ukunyakaza. Abadobi bathi imishubhu ingenza imisindo ezwakala ngaphakathi kwamanzi.
Umsoco
Ekupheleni kwenyanga yesibili yehlobo, i-fry ikhula ibe ngu-40 mm, ukudla kokuqala kokuthosa yizibungu zezihlobo zabo. Eminyakeni yokuqala engama-3-4, izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-taimen zidla izinambuzane kanye nezinsana zezinhlanzi ezinye, ikakhulukazi, inhlanzi. Abantu abadala - izinhlanzi: ama-patch, ama-gudgeon nezinye izilwane zasemanzini amasha. Ubuye abe nentshisekelo ngama-waterfowl nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo (amadada, ama-shrews, ama -ouse voes).
Izilwane zomhlaba ezincane zingaba inyamazane yazo uma ziseduzane namanzi. Kuzovela emanzini bese kuthola isilwane emhlabeni. Uthanda amaxoxo, amagundane, ama-squirrels, amadada kanye namahansi, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke - i-youngling grey. Ama-taimen feeds unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokunwebeka, kakhulu ngemuva kokusakazeka. Ikhula ngokushesha. Ngeminyaka eyishumi, ifinyelela ku-100 cm ubude, ama-10 kg esisindo.
Ukuzala
E-Altai iqhuma ngo-Ephreli, e-North Urals ngoMeyi. I-Taimen caviar i-amber - ebomvu, usayizi wepea (5 nangaphezulu mm). Kukholelwa ukuthi amaqanda avela kaningi ngonyaka, kodwa kaningi. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, babuyela ekhaya lapho babehlala khona.
Inani elijwayelekile lamaqanda womuntu oyedwa lizinkulungwane eziyi-10-30. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda emgodini phansi komfula, yona uqobo iyayenza. Abesilisa abahle ekugqokeni izitho zokuhlobisa, imizimba yabo, ikakhulukazi phansi yomsila, iba nsundu - bomvu. Ubuhle obungenakulibaleka bemvelo - imidlalo yokuphephisa yezinhlanzi zohlobo lwama-taimen!
Ukubamba umsila
Lolu hlobo aluthengiswa. Igundane lingasebenza njengesiqalo (kumnyama ebusuku, likhanya emini). Ngomsila omuhle, kuhle ukusebenzisa isibungu. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwabadobi, ifinyelela ekuhlaselweni ngezindlela ezahlukene: ingashaya ngomsila wayo noma igwinye bese iya ekujuleni. Kungaphula noma kudilize umugqa wokudoba ngesikhathi sokuloba emanzini. Ukuze ungalimazi inhlanzi, udinga ukusheshe udonsele ogwini, udonsele igwegwe emuva ngegwegwe.
Ngokudoba ngokuswayipha noma ngenye indlela, imvume ekhethekile iyadingeka kwiziphathimandla zasendaweni, ngoba izinhlanzi zomsila zivikelwe ngumthetho. Izinhlobo zeTaimen: ISakhalin (olwandle lwaseJapan, kuphela amanzi anosawoti asolwandle nasolwandle afanelekile ngokuphelele), eDanube, eSiberia - emanzini amasha.
I-Taimen ingumhlobiso wesimo saseSiberia. Ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwendawo, ukuncipha kwamanani, intengo yemisila iphakeme. Umhlambi oqabulayo osendaweni efinyelela phezulu ye-Ob unenani labantu abangama-230. Ngo-1998, i-taimen yafakwa kwi-Red Book of Altai Territory. Namuhla ukudoba ngomsila kwenqatshelwe! Namuhla, kwenziwa uhlelo lokubuyisa nokuvikela ubuningi bezinhlobo.
Bheka isimilo
Le nhlanzi ingeyomndeni wakwa-salmon, uhlobo lwe-taimen. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjengejwayelekile, isiKorea, iSichuan, iDanube, iSakhalin.
Isici sohlobo ukungabikho komehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezikuyo. Bonke abameleli bane:
- umzimba omude wenhlanzi ejwayelayo,
- isicwebezelisiwe kusuka phezulu nangapha ezinhlangothini ngekhanda "eliphakeme",
- umlomo omkhulu obanzi ovuleka ufike lapho uthi gill,
- imigqa emibili yamazinyo amakhulu, agobile futhi abukhali,
- mncane, ikakhulukazi yisiliva,
- endaweni yomugqa we-lateral kukhona amabala amnyama asayizi wepea,
- amaphiko anemibala eminingi: i-caudal ne-anal inombala obomvu, i-dorsal ine-grey shades, i-pectoral kanye nesisu esiswini ngimpunga okhanyayo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eSiberia le nhlanzi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-pike ebomvu, kunzima ukuyidida nezinye izinhlobo. Okuthile okufana nakho kuyizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zemifula esezintabeni namachibi, i-lenok ne-grayling. Kodwa-ke, zincane kakhulu futhi zibandayo kunomakhelwane wazo osezindlini ezibandayo.
Igalari: inhlanzi zohlobo lwe-taimen (izithombe ezingama-25)
Izindawo zokuhlala
Kunemiqondo emibili - indawo kanye ne-biotope. Indawo le iyindawo lapho abamele lolu hlobo noma izinhlobo zingaphila khona. I-biotope uhlobo olufanayo lwezimo zemvelo ze-biiogenic ne-abiogenic lapho ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezifakiwe kule biocenosis ihlala khona.
Ububanzi bunqunyelwe engxenyeni yase-Asia yeRussia. Lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala emifuleni ye-Urals, Yakutia, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeFar East, Khakassia, Buryatia, Transbaikalia.
Uma uchaza indawo esezindongeni zamanzi, imifula enjengale:
ITaimen nayo ingahlangatshezwa echibini laseTeletskoye nase Khanka.
Kutholakala kuphela emifuleni namachibi ahlanzekile, angenacala. Naphezu kokufana ngokubukeka kwepiki, inemikhuba ne-catfish. Bobabili bayathanda ukuhlala lapho kunamakhompiyutha amaningi nemigodi. Umzimba omkhulu onjalo kumele ufihlwe emigodini, futhi ujule. Njengoba esehlalile ezindlini zokukhosela, imisila iya ukuzingela.
Isisindo sabadala sifinyelela ku-60-80 kg
Ukuzalela
Le nhlanzi-yezinhlanzi zamanzi abandayo iqala ukuzala ngemuva kokuba ifinyelele kubude obungamasentimitha angama-60. Lokhu kuyinkinga enkulu yezinhlobo eziningi ezinkulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngokusebenza okuningi kwabadobi, bambalwa abaphila kuleli banga. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu abancipha futhi abangaphansi kokuzalela bahlala ezindaweni zokugcina.
Kungenzeka yini, ngenduku eyodwa yokudoba, ukubhubhisa sonke isibalo somsila, ompunga kanye nelensi emfuleni owodwa wentaba? Vele ungakwenza. Zonke lezi zinhlanzi zigcinwa ezivunguvungu nasemgodini, ziqhubeka nokudlwengulwa nokudlwengulwa kuphela ngokuzingela nokusakaza. Ukwazi indawo yemigodi emfuleni, ungabamba zonke izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezingazalela. I-trifle esindile, kunjalo, ingakhula iqale ukwanda. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuzokwenzeka kuphela uma umuntu eshiya imigodi yalo mfula eyedwa okungenani iminyaka emi-5. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, ama-taimen azonyamalala endaweni yokugcina enjalo.
Ngama-lens kanye nama-graylings kulula okulula - asheshe afinyelele ekuthweni, ukuze abe nesikhathi sokubeka amaqanda kuze kufike ukuvakasha okulandelayo kwabadobi emigodini.
Kunzima ikakhulukazi ukuzalanisa izinhlanzi ezinkulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela okunamandla kwe-anthropogenic, ngakho-ke i-taimen manje iyindawo yokutholwa. Okuxakayo ngempilo ukuthi izinhlanzi ezincanyana zihlala emifuleni, lapho ukuzingela okuningi kuhamba khona. Futhi lolu daba alukhona kuphela enanini lokudla nokudla kwalolu hlobo lwenhlobo. I-taimen ekhanda lakhe lezinhlanzi iya ngokuya isuka esigabeni sokuphamba iya esigabeni sophondo. Ngamanye amagama, imvamisa bambamba ukuthi angadli, kepha ukuze azigabise.
Ukuthwetshwa kwabantu abakhulu kunama-60 cm ngobuningi endaweni eyodwa kuholela ekulahlekelweni ngokuphelele kwamandla okuzala alesi sintu. Ngalesi sizathu, inhlanzi ayizukuphela masinyane kuyo yonke indawo ebangeni layo, kepha emfuleni nasemachibini ngamanye, okuwukuthi, lapho abadobi bekhombisa ukungavunyelwa okuthile - okungenangqondo futhi okungenangqondo.
Ukuhluma ngomsila, njengazo zonke izinhlanzi ezindaweni ezibandayo, kuqala entwasahlobo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, abantu abavuthiwe bashintsha umbala wabo wesiliva, obagcoba emanzini acwebile, abe yizithunzi ezibomvu zethusi. Okwamanje, lapho umhlaseli wesiliva evame ukuba "yipike elibomvu", kubonakala kahle kubo bonke abazingeli bomzimba wezinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele athathe izingozi, ngoba abesilisa nabesifazane kumele batholane ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuba namaqanda omaki, abantu basheshe bashintshe umbala wabo obomvu ube ojwayelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho, baphinda bahlangana nemibala yomfula wezintaba.
Yize i-taimen caviar isuka enhlanzini enkulu, inezici ezincane - hhayi ngaphezu kuka-5.5-6 mm. Izinsikazi ezincane azikwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10-15 ngasikhathi. Labo asebekhulile bayakwazi ukuphonsa amaqanda amahlandla ama-2 ngaphezulu.
ITaimen, ehlala emifuleni emikhulu esezintabeni, ibhekwa njengokuthi "ushaka" walamanzi.
Ukwenza isakramente lokuqhuma, izinsikazi zikhuphukela emifuleni ephezulu yemifula futhi zakhe izidleke lapho kusuka ngamatshe amsulwa. Kule ndawo eseceleni, i-caviar ilele cishe inyanga. Amafutha akhula ngokushesha bese kuthi lapho kuphela ihlobo ahambele umkhumbi aya endaweni lapho kuhlala khona abantu abadala.
Izinsana zondla kakhulu ezilwaneni ezi-invertebrate ezihlala emanzini noma eziwela ebusweni bawo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, izilwane ezidla ezinye sezikwazi ukuxosha i-fry yezinye izinhlanzi.
Izinkinga ze-taimen
Abadobi bayazi ukuthi ukuthola i-taimen yimpumelelo enkulu. Lo mbono awuzange wakhelwe iqiniso lokuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuluthola. Abamele nje balolu hlobo sebeya ngokuya bencipha. Lokhu okungenhla kuchaza izizathu eziningana zokuncipha kwenani lezinhlobo. Kodwa-ke, uhlu lwezinkinga lukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kungokulandelayo:
- Ukubamba ngokweqile. Okuyingozi kakhulu kubantu ukubanjwa kwabantu abadala abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Isiko lokukhulula inyamazane manje alisizi noma ngokudonsa igwegwe kuyo. Iqiniso ngukuthi isicoco sezinhlanzi senza umonakalo omkhulu enhlanzini kangangokuba kuthi ngemuva “komusa” onjalo ufe ngendlala namanxeba. Inhlanzi encane elimele ngokuvamile iba yisisulu sabantu abaphumelele ngokwengeziwe, kanti nenhlanzi enkulu, ngenjabulo yezisulu zayo eziningi, ayikwazi ukudla isikhathi eside. Imvamisa ukutheleleka kungena emanxebeni avela kungwegwe, okubangela ukuqina, inhlanzi ibulawe yisifo. Ngakho-ke ukuxazulula inkinga yokudoba ngokweqile kungalawula kuphela ukukhiqizwa kwalolu hlobo.
- Amanzi asemizimbeni yamanzi atholakala ngokuhlukahluka ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi womuntu. Ukuguqulwa kombuso wokushisa wezidumbu zamanzi kwenzeka ngenxa yokushisa kwesimo sezulu. Ushintsho lokushisa lwamanzi okuphakathi konyaka okungenani lwamadigri ayi-0,5 lungathinta kakhulu isimo sabantu. Imililo yasehlathini nayo iholela ekushiseni kwamanzi. Umlotha omnyama, ongagadliwe ngumthunzi ovela ezihlahleni, unomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlabathi, okuphuma kuwo amanzi afudumele angena emfuleni.
- Umlilo neminye imisebenzi yebhizinisi kushintsha i-pH yamanzi. Iba ukungathathi hlangothi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-alkaline, ethinta kabi isimo sabantu sawo wonke ama-salmonids.
- I-Taimen ingumhlali wezindawo zokugcina i-oligotrophic. Amanzi akuso awanampilo ezintweni eziveza izinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziphilayo zomsila, i-lenok, i-grey ne-trout zixazululwa ngokuphila emanzini anjalo. Njengomphumela womsebenzi we-anthropogenic (ezolimo ezinomanyolo omanyolo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezinamanzi amakhulu enezinto eziwohlokayo ze-organic, njll.), Izidumbu zamanzi ze-oligotrophic ziba yi-eutrophic. Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemuva kwale nqubo, izidalwa eziningi ziyafa ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Izinhlanzi ezivumelaniswa nezimo zezindawo zokugcina i-oligotrophic ziphakathi kwabokuqala ukufa.
- Izimayini, ikakhulukazi zegolide, ezigudle imifula zenza amanzi abe ngamafu, ziguqule izakhiwo zalo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, futhi zonakalise nemigodi yesaimen evele nje. Konke lokhu akuholeli ngisho nokwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi zalezi zinhlobo, kodwa ngokunyamalala kwazo ngokuphelele.
- Ukungcoliswa kwezidumbu zamanzi ngemfucumfucu yezimboni kushintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zamanzi, okuthinta ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zalezi biocenoses. Ngenxa yalokhu, "i-pike ebomvu" ithathelwa indawo yi-pike yangempela, engakhethi kangako ekukhetheni izidumbu zamanzi nezimo zezemvelo futhi, ezibaluleke kangako.
Lokhu kude nohlu oluphelele lwezinkinga zezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi abandayo e-oligotrophic kusikisela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzoba nomsila omncane futhi ongaphansi wazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, maduze kusukela kupela "ukubamba, inhlanzi, okukhulu nokuncane", yigama lokugcina kuphela elizosala.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, empeleni, kuyintokazi enobuhlakani. Uma abantu bengavumeli abantu abakhulu ukuba baziveze, khona-ke ukukhiqiza kabusha kwenzeka kakade ngezinhlobo ezincane. Ukugaya abantu yinto eyenzeka endaweni yonke. Ngakho-ke i-taimen kungekudala izoba yinhlanzi encane.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ihlala emanzini amasha - imifula namachibi anamanzi abandayo, angalokothi aye olwandle. Kwenzeka eRussia endaweni enkulu: kusuka e-Urals (Pechora nase-Kama izansi zemifula) kuya emaphethelweni asempumalanga ye-Yakutia kanye naseningizimu ye-Far East (i-Yana, Aldan, Uda, Tugur imifula, eMfuleni i-Amur ngezindawo ezilandelwa iGur, Bira, Katen, Kafen, Sukpai, Chur , ITunguska, i-anyui, iKhor), eShukin (isakazeka emfuleni iTym eduze namadolobhana aseTymovskoye, iKrasnaya Tym, i-Beloye, ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka emlonyeni, eMelkoy naseBogataya, kanye nasemfuleni iPoronay). USakhalin taimen uhlala oLwandle i-Okhotsk. Kutholakala eKhakassia eMfuleni i-Abakan. I-Taimen ithanda ukuhamba okusheshayo. Kuyatholakala nasemthonjeni woMfula iBiya (Teletskoye Lake, Altai Republic), kanye noMfula iKatun. Kusabalele emifuleni yaseSiberia iYenisei, i-Angara, iMalaya kanye neBolshaya Belaya, iChikoe, iBelaya, i-Onot, i-Urik, i-Oka, kodwa ngezinga elilinganiselwe. ETransbaikalia, igcinwa emifuleni i-Onon neVitim, kepha endaweni yaseMongolia kunezinhlanzi eziningi kulo mfula. ERiphabhulikhi laseBuryatia - eMfuleni i-Uda. Kukhona emfuleni iTurku, Maksimikha, Barguzin. E-Primorsky Territory, kusakazeke kakhulu ezinhlwini zoMfula i-Amur: Ussuri, Bikin, Bolshaya Ussurka, kanye naseLake Lake. Hanka.
Olunye ulwazi
Ehlobo, ihlala emifuleni yezintaba enamanzi abandayo; ebusika iphinda ifike emifuleni ephansi yesigodi sase-Amur.
Ehlobo, i-taimen ibanjwa ngokugqwayiza kuma-spinner ahlukahlukene, amakhanda ama-jig, amagundane okwenziwe ebusika, ebusika - ku- "makhalka" onama-spinner ebusika.
I-Taimen, njengenye inhlanzi ye-salmon, ayisiqinisi; inyama ithambile, inamafutha futhi ibenombala opinki.
Umlomo woshaka we-Amur.
Isimo sokuphepha
Incwadi ebomvu yaseRussia inani labantu liyancipha | |
Bheka Ulwazi Umsila ojwayelekile kuwebhusayithi ye-IPEE RAS |
Ifakwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia, iRed Book kaKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, incwadi ebomvu yesiFunda sase-Irkutsk nabanye.
Inhlanzi enjani
Uhlobo lokwakheka kwe-taxa yiSiberia, noma i-taimen ejwayelekile (iHucho taimen), eyaziwa nangokuthi amagama abizwa ngegama lesidlaliso "krasulya", "ubuvila", "talmen". Kubonakala ngobukhulu obukhulu phakathi kwawo wonke ama-salmon kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwendlela ye-hypoosmotic edingekayo ukuze umuntu aphephe olwandle. Ngaphezu kokujwayelekile, ochwepheshe bahlukanisa amafomu aseKorea (Ishikawae), eSichuan (Bleekeri) naseMityagin (Mityagin). Elinye ilungu elidumile lohlobo yi-Danube salmon (Hucho hucho).
Izinhlobo zezinto ezidla kakhulu amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele uyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-60. Ekubambeni okujwayelekile, kunqotshwa abantu abasha abaneminyaka engu-6-7 (cm 55-70 cm) abanesisindo esingu-3.5-5 kg. Izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zikhula ngokushesha, amashumi eminyaka amamitha anesisindo esingu-12 kg. Eminyakeni engama-20 ubudala, ubude bomphangi buyi-120-125 cm (25-30 kg). Kepha lezi zinkomba zikude kakhulu kunesilinganiso - isisisi esikhulu kunazo zonke esisindayo ngo-105 kg ngesilinganiso esingu-210 cm (1943, Umfula iKotuy, iKrasnoyarsk Territory).
Incazelo yokubukeka
Ukwakheka komzimba okuqhubekayo nokwedlulele kufana kakhulu nokwakheka kwe-trout futhi kunamapharamitha wokuqondisa we-flowline anomthelela ekuhambeni okusheshayo emanzini. Ezinye izici zokubonakala komsila zifaka:
- amaphiko adluliselwe emsileni,
- ikhanda elikhulu elithambile
- izikali ezincane (140-150 emugqeni we-lateral),
- umlomo omkhulu wokugcina onamazinyo abukhali agobile ngaphakathi (imigqa emibili),
- 11- gill stamens,
- impunga emnyama (dorsal), umlotha okhanyayo (i-ventral, i-pectoral) kanye namaphini abomvu (anal, caudal).
Umbala waphakade wedayi umelwa yi-ridge eluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu kanye nezinhlangothi zesiliva ezinamabala amnyama. Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, umzimba upendiwe ngamathoni ethusi, owolintshi noma obomvu. Tilwane letincane letingakafaneli tibonakaliswa kuba khona kwemidvwebo lesemnyama.
Itholakala kuphi inhlanzi yomsila
E-Russia, uhla oluphambili lumelwe imifula, izinkumbi zamachibi namachibi anamanzi abandayo ase-Middle, Western, Siberia eseMpumalanga kanye namachibi olwandle i-Laptev, Okhotsk, Japan neKara. UTaimen uhlala e-Lena, Yenisei, Hangar nase-Oka. Use-Urals (Kama, Pechora), Khakassia (Abakan), Altai Territory (Biya, Katun), Mpumalanga Ekude noTransbaikalia (Amur, Tunguska, Yana, Shilka, Vitim, Onon). IKrasul ayidluleli phambili uSakhalin (Langra, Bolshoi Chingai, Pogibi, Nyida), kukhona imifula endaweni yasePrimorsky Territory egeleza emanzini asecaleni oLwandlekazi iPacific (Margaritovka, Milogradovka, Avvakumovka).
Ukuvela komsila
Umzimba wale nhlanzi uphakeme, umfishane, umsipha, umbozwe izikali ezincane. Ikhanda elinobuso obubanzi lithambile kusukela phezulu futhi ukusuka ezinhlangothini. Umlomo omkhulu onamandla ufakwe amazinyo amakhulu, agobe ngaphakathi, abukhali. Ikhanda elisesimweni lifana nekhanda le-pike ("i-pike ebomvu" elinye igama lalezi zinhlobo e-Urals). Umbala wesikali uyisiliva elikhanyayo noma onsundu ezinhlangothini, uphenduka umbala omnyama-onsundu emuva, omhlophe ngokumpunga esiswini. Ikhanda, izinhlangothi, amaphiko amboza ukubekwa kwamabala amnyama. I-Caudal fin ebomvu noma i-crimson-orange, i-dorsal, i-ventral ne-pectoral - inombala ompunga omnyama. Ngesikhathi somshado umsila egqoke ingubo ebomvu yobhedu.
Isipinashi
Kungcono ukulahla amafomu wokukhanya okuphelele nokungabekezeleleki nopende omkhulu nopende oqinile - uma udlala, inyamazane ivame “ukubeka ikhandlela”, igxume iphume emanzini. Induku yokudoba engu-2.2-3.0 m ubude inenhlama ephezulu kusuka ku-50-60 g ilungile.Uma ukudoba komsila, i-Aiko SGP, iDaiwa Whisker, i-Hearty Rise SYLPHY izinduku zokusakaza zizibonakalise kahle. Lapho ukhetha i-reel, kungcono ukunikeza ukukhetha kumamodeli wangaphakathi noma we-multiplication traction onomthwalo wefrathe ongama-7 kg kg nomthamo we-spool we-4000 ngokuya nge-Shimano ngezigaba. Intambo ehlanganisiwe enengxenye yesiphambano engu-0,23-0.3 mm enomthwalo ophule ka-12-40 kg isetshenziswa njengomucu oyinhloko. Ukuze ugweme ukushesha kwe-vein ematsheni, ungasebenzisa umholi we-fluorocarbon shock. I-wiring esemqoka ihamba kancane.
Indlela yokuphila
Le yinhlanzi enamanzi acwebile ahlala emifuleni esheshayo enamanzi apholile, enomoya omuhle, ohlanzekile, kodwa futhi ayenzeka emachibini. Ehlobo, le nhlanzi ithanda imifula emincane nezinsizakalo zayo, bese ebusika izintanta emifuleni emikhulu nasemachibini.
Izindawo eziyizintandokazi - ifinyelela, iziphepho, imigodi engekude nosinki lwe-rapids nezintambo. Abantu abasha bahlala emihlambini, emikhulu kanye nabantu abadala bathanda ukuzingela bodwa.
I-Taimen isebenza kakhulu entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhuma. Ngokuqala kokushisa, inhlanzi iba ngamavila, ngakho-ke kuyaqabukela ukubamba inhlanzi enkulu ngoJulayi nasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Ukuvuselelwa kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti, futhi ngoSepthemba kukhona i-zhor yasekwindla, ehlala kuze kube yilapho kukhiqizwa iqhwa.
Izinhlobo zeTaimen
Ama-Ichthyologists ahlukanisa izinhlobo ezi-4 ezizimele:
- IDanube salmon ihlala endaweni ephakeme nephakathi kweDanube, esifundeni somfula i-Prut, eLake Yalpug.
- Ama-taimen aseKorea atholakala eMfuleni i-Yalu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphezulu.
- I-Sichuan taimen itholakala engxenyeni encane yoMfula iYangtze. Ihlukile kuma-congeners ekwakhekeni kukakhakhayi. Ukubuka kusondele ekuqothulweni.
- Ama-taimen ajwayelekile noma aseSiberia ahlala emifuleni yeSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude (Amur, Tugur, Ud). Abantu abancane basinda emachibini aseBaikal, Zaysan (Kazakhstan) nase Norilsk. Kutholakala e-Altai - eSttskoye Lake kanye noMfula iChulyshman. E-Kama basin, itholakala ngamanani amancane emifuleni iChusovaya, Kolva, Vishera. Izinhlobonhlobo zikhulu ngosayizi.
Isikhundla esikhethekile sithathwa yi-Sakhalin taimen noma i-chevitsa. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezihlala emifuleni enamanzi amnandi, i-lentil ingeyenhlanzi efudukayo. Ingxenye yempilo yeSakhalin taimen ichitha emanzini olwandle. Le nhlanzi itholakala emifuleni yeSakhalin, eLake Tunaicha, eGulf of Peter the Great, cishe. IHokkaido nasemanzini oLwandle lwaseJapan.
Ukudoba komuthi
Ngamandla, ukushesha kokunyakaza nama-wits asheshayo, azikho izinhlanzi zasemfuleni eziqhathaniswa nomsila. Ngenxa yalokhu, umphikisi uthathwa njengomphikisi ofanelekele umdobi wezinhlanzi. Ukubamba le nhlanzi enkulu futhi ehlakaniphile, uzodinga ukusebenziseka kahle, amandla nekhono, kanye negiya elinamandla. Kakhulu ezinobudlova emvelweni ziyizinhlanzi ezingama-10-12 kg. Ukudoba ama-trophies amakhulu, yize kulula ngokwedlulele, kudinga umzamo omningi nokubekezela lapho kudotshwa izinhlungu zokuphefumula - izinhlamvu ezinesisindo esingama-30-40 kg ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuqondisa amahora amaningi.
Esikhathini esiningi, abadobi basebenzisa ukudoba Kunconywa ukusebenzisa induku enezandla ezimbili, iqinile futhi iqinile, okungenani amamitha ayi-2,7 ubude. Ukusetshenziswa kwekhoyili yangaphakathi kuvame ukuphela lapho i-torpedo ebukhoma idonswa ukulimala kwezandla, ngakho-ke, kunconyelwa ukusetha i-coil yangaphakathi noma ye-multiplement ngesikhathi sokuzingela i-taimen. Ukulunywa kuzwakala njengejerk enamandla, inhlanzi ngemuva kokusika ilwela ukuya phezulu ophahleni noma ukulala phansi. Imvamisa, umhlaseli obanjwe “yikhandlela” ugxumela emanzini lonke ubude bomzimba, enze isivinini esiya esikebheni. AmaJerks of taimen amakhulu "angakhipha" umdobi noma ajike isikebhe.
Kunezikhathi lapho umhlaseli omkhulu eyelula izindandatho futhi ephula tees ezinkulu, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ihithi enkulu, enezingwegwe ezethembekile, ezenziwe ngensimbi enhle kakhulu futhi ifakwe umugqa wokudoba oqinile (ongafika ku-0,8 mm). Amanye ama-spinner akhetha ukusebenzisa ama-spinner eyenziwe ekhaya. Abadobi be-Irkutsk, njengokuthi isheyini, basebenzise i-flywood enesisindo, ebizwa ngokuthi "udeveli omncane": umpheki oholayo oholayo kanye nebhola elibomvu afakwa endongeni yensimbi esikhundleni sethambo. Kungcono i-taimen yama-spinner, lapho isiheyo sithunyelwa ngejubane eliphakathi nendawo, eduze phansi.
Ezimweni zokudotshwa emifuleni esheshayo, ngaphandle kwama-spinner, amaqhude asetshenzisiwe ayasetshenziswa. Lapho ukhetha i-wobbler, kungcono ukuhlala ngokungaxutshiwe, umsindo. Lezi izithibo ezinde ezinde (ezingaphezu kuka-12 cm) ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Esimweni sezulu esinamafu, egqamile, enemibala ifaneleka kangcono, futhi ngezinsuku elangeni - imibala enokuqonda, yemvelo.
Ngokungezelela kuma-spinner kanye nemililo, imiphumela emihle ikhonjiswa ngokubamba i-taimen kugundane, okulingisa ngokuziphatha kwesilwane esiwele emfuleni, esintanta ogwini. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kusihlwa, yize umhlaseli onovalo noma olambile ekwazi ukuphendula igundane elenziwe emini. Ngokuzithandela iya emsundweni wegundane ngesikhathi sekwindla. Njengoba kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi zivame ukubamba "igundane" ngekhanda, kungakuhle ukuthi unikeze itheit nge tees ezimbili - ngaphambili nangemuva.
Simiso: "ubanjiwe - yekela uhambe!"
Inani lezinhlobo zonke zomsila liyehla ngokushesha. ISakhalin taimen, njengenhlobo yezinhlobo ezisengozini, ibhalwe ku-Red Book yezwe. I-taimen yaseSiberia, ngaphandle kwendawo enkulu yokusatshalaliswa, futhi iba ngummeleli onqabile we-ichthyofauna yasekhaya.
Lolu hlobo luseNcwadini ebomvu yezifunda eziningi zeRussian Federation (Isifunda i-Irkutsk, i-Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Ugra, i-Altai Territory, iRashkir Republic, njll.). Ukubamba imisila eSiberia akuvunyelwe ezifundeni eziningi.
Kepha lapho kuvunyelwe ukuyibamba ngaphansi kwelayisense, kusetshenziswa umgomo wezemidlalo wokudoba: "ubanjiwe - kwathatha isithombe - sakhululwa". Kuphela abantu abangasebenziseki kufanele babe khona ekubambeni. Ukudobela ukuzilibazisa eYakutia eTaimen kuvunyelwe kusuka ngoJuni 20 kuya kuSepthemba 20. Esigodini soMfula iKhudosey (i-Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) - kusukela ngoJuni 20 kuya kuSepthemba 1.
Izilonda Zesitha
Ngenxa yokuqapha kwemvelo yomhlaseli, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa iziqeshana zemibala engafaniyo, okuyisimo senhlanzi yendawo (isiliva, ithusi, ithusi, igolide), futhi inohlu lokudla olulinganayo olulinganayo. Ama-taimen amakhulu ahamba kahle ngamaMepps Lusox amancane noma u-Abu Garcia Toby, kepha awanaki ngokuphelele abalingani bawo abakhulu. Imiphumela emihle ikhonjiswa ngokuswila nokuntywila kwe-dijama (ama-suspenders) nama-Devons anama-spinning blade. Izithiyizi ezintantayo eziqinile ngesimo senhlanzi (ama-poppers) asetshenziswa kakhulu ngokungenxa yokusebenza kahle. I-Taimen ibanjwa kangcono igundane lokufakelwa elingama-10 cm ubude, elingisa ngokweqiniso ukugqwayiza kwentambo emanzini. Isipinashi esinjalo esinama teas amaningi sisebenza kahle lapho kudotshwa umhlaseli ngosuku olunamafu noma nobusuku.
Ukwakheka nezinzuzo zezinhlanzi zensangu
I-Krasulia inenyama emnandi, ebomvu futhi enethenda ngombala wepinki noma obomvu, oqukethe izinto eziningi ezibalulekile emzimbeni:
- Amaprotheni anokugaya kalula (18.9 g),
- Vitamin B3 (2.9 mg)
- zinc (0.7 mg), chlorine (165 mg), isibabule (175 mg),
- i-nickel (6 μg), chromium (55 μg), molybdenum (4 μg).
Ngabe kudlani imisila?
Photo: Taimen emanzini
Abantu abadala bavame ukutholakala endaweni yabo (izimbobo ezijulile ngaphansi kokudlwengulwa kanye nezimpophoma, ukuthathwa kwezimpahla ezincane, ngaphansi kwensika yebhuloho noma amadwala amakhulu, ukumbiwa okusogwini), abakwenqabayo kuphela ngesikhathi sokudla nasekwindla. Intsha ayinayo insimu ehlala njalo. Zitholakala emanzini ageleza ngokushesha, ukuzingela ukukhipha ama-invertebrates bese uguqula ngokuphelele ekudleni kwezinhlanzi eminyakeni eyi-1-3 emva kokuzalwa.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma, i-taimen cishe ayondli. Ngemuva kwalokhu kufika isikhathi se-zhor, ngaleso sikhathi inhlanzi idla kakhulu ngentshiseko, kepha isikhathi sobudlova asihlali isikhathi eside futhi sithathelwa indawo yisivivinyo, emva kokuqala kokushisa kwehlobo. Bese kuthi futhi, izinhlanzi zingena esikhathini se-zhor, ezihambisana nesidingo somsila wokugcina izithako ebusika. Ukuba khona kwamafutha omzimba kusiza izinhlanzi zikwazi ukusinda ekuswelekeni kokudla lapho kubanda. I-Adult taimen ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla izinhlanzi, yize zivame ukuzidlela izinyamazane zomhlaba, ezinjengamagundwane nezinyoni.
Ama-taimen aseSiberia - phezulu kwabazingeli ezinhlelweni eziningi, lapho zivela khona, zidla ngo:
- inhlanzi
- izinduku
- amanzi
- ngisho namalulwane.
Intsha idla ama-invertebrates kanye nezibungu ze-caddis. Ngokuya endaweni yokugcina, isisekelo sokudla siqukethe izinhlanzi ezincane zemindeni: i-whitefish, i-cyprinid, i-cyprinid, i-grayling, njll. Kancane kancane, izinhlanzi ezincane ziqala ukuzingela ifry yezinye izinhlanzi, futhi ekupheleni konyaka wesithathu ziguqukela ekudleni okuhle. Ama-taimen angadla kalula izihlobo ezisencane. Inhlanzi elambile ihlasela amasele, amachwane, ama-squirrels, amagundane.
Ihlala kuphi imisila?
Photo: Taimen eRussia
I-taeri yaseSiberia itholakala eYurophu nase-Asia, kufaka hlangana kwezinye izingxenye ze-Caspian ne-Arctic basin e-Eurasia (Volga, Ural, Pechora, Yenisei, Lena) nasezingxenyeni zesikebhe sePacific eMongolia, eRussia nase China. Umngcele osentshonalanga wobubanzi bawo bemvelo ufinyelela phezulu kwemifula yeVolga ne-Pechora. Lolu hlobo lutholakala ezinhlwini eziningi ze-Pechora, kufaka phakathi u-Ilych, Kosiu, uBolshaya Sinyuya no-Usa. Eminyakeni engama-20 eyedlule bekungakaze kube nemibhalo egciniwe yokuba khona kwale nhlanzi eRiphabhulikhi yaseKomi. Ukudotshwa kokugcina okuqoshwe phansi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisezinhlotsheni zaseKomi Republic kwakusemfuleni i-Ilych ngo-1978.
Iningi lezinto eziphakathi kweVolga ne-Urals (kufaka phakathi i-Small Ik River) zalahleka. Indawo okuyiyo yodwa eYurophu lapho le nhlobo isekhona khona umfula i-Kama (ikakhulukazi umfula iVishera), lapho ukudoba kusalinganiselwe. ITaimen nayo ikhona eMfuleni iYaiva, futhi kukhona amarekhodi emfuleni iKosva, Chusovaya naseBerezovaya. Inhlobo yaqashelwa ngonyaka ka-1987 eRiphabhlikhi yase-Udmurt, emfuleni iShiva kanye nasezindaweni eziphansi ze-Votkono reservoir. Yatholwa eThabeni laseKhabarovsk, kufaka phakathi umfula i-Amur nezindawo zawo, kanye nemifula iTugur ne-Uda ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk.
Lolu hlobo ngezinye izikhathi lwalubanjwa emfuleni iLangra enyakatho yeSakhalin Island. EMongolia, i-taimen itholakala emfuleni iShishhead, i-Eg, i-Uur, i-Delger Moron, i-Yder, i-Chuluud, i-Ero, i-Selenga, i-Orkhon ne-Tuul, kanye nasesigodini saseDarkhad (i-Arctic basin) ne-Onone, indawo engenhla yemifula yeHerlen neKhalkhin (Amur runoff). E-China, lokhu kwenzeka emfuleni i-Heilongjiang (Amur) kanye nezindawo ezingena kuwo, kanye nasendaweni efinyelela phezulu yoMfula i-Irtysh esifundeni sase-Altai esifundeni saseXinjiang.
Manje uyazi ukuthi itholakala kuphi i-taimen. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudliwa yini yile nhlanzi.
Ukuziphatha nemikhuba
I-Taimen yinhlanzi edla inyama ekhetha ukuzingela kusihlwa, futhi uma lina futhi lina. Ukukhula okuncane kudla ezinhlangeni ezahlukene, izibungu, ama-leeches, ama-crustaceans kanye nefry zezinye izinhlanzi.
Ukulahlwa kancane kancane kwe-zooplankton kanye nokushintshwa kokudla ngabameli be-ichthyofauna yedamu le-taimen kwenzeka eminyakeni yobudala engama-3-4, lapho le nhlanzi emangalisa kakhulu igxuma kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imihlathi, umsebenzi wokugwinya kanye nohlelo lokugaya ukudla.
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kuvela khona ukudla kwe-taimen:
- inhlanzi
- ama-amphibians
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane
- amanzi.
Umuntu akufanele amangazwe yimenyu enjalo, ngoba ama-taimen asemncane angakwazi ukuzingela inyamazane, ubukhulu bawo buyi-15-17% yobude bomzimba womhlaseli. Yebo, kubantu abadala, obude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ama-3, lesi sibalo sifinyelela ku-40-42%.
Ngentwasahlobo nehlobo, i-taimen, okuyinhlanzi eyedwa (kwesinye isikhathi eboshwe), ithanda ukuchitha isikhathi ezinkambeni ezibandayo zemifula emikhulu noma amachibi, lapho amanzi entwasahlobo noma ancibilikayo ahlala egeleza. Emini, lo mmeleli we-salmon ukhetha ukuzingela ezindaweni ezinomthunzi, ebusuku uyahamba ayovula ama-rapid, futhi uhlangana ekuseni ezintanjeni, lapho axosha izinhlanzi ezincane ngomsindo kakhulu (akadeleli ukukhula kwakhe okuncane).
Lapho amanzi efudumala, u-taimen uya ngokuya usebenza. Ochwepheshe bathi lokhu kunqubo ebuhlungu yokubuyisa amazinyo.Kodwa-ke, sekusondele ekwindla, le nhlanzi iqala ukudla i-zhor futhi, ngoba kubalulekile ukuthi isilwanyana esidla izinyawo sizitholele amanoni ukuze sisinde ebusika “abalambile” ngaphandle kobuhlungu. Ama-taimen akhetha ubusika emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi, lapho ebuya khona ekwindla.
I-Taimen yinhlanzi, incazelo ngqo yemikhuba ososayensi abahlulekile ukuyenza kuze kube manje. Kodwa-ke, izazi zesayensi yamuva nje zikwazile ukuthola ukuthi abantu abakhulu kakhulu bashiya izindawo ezivamile lapho kuvela izilwane ezincane lapho, ezikwazi ukunqoba le ndima.
Ubukhulu obukhulu nobude besikhathi sempilo
Isilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi esilinganiselwe somsila, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kufanele sibe iminyaka engama-20 okungenani. Kulesi minyaka, ubude bezinhlanzi zabantu abadala bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5-2 ngesisindo samakhilogremu angama-60-80. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezinhle, ama-taimen angahlala okungenani iminyaka engama-55 futhi akhule afike kumamitha amathathu ubude anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-100. Kwakuyinhlanzi enjalo eyabanjwa isuka eYenisei, egeleza eduze kweKrasnoyarsk.
Lezi zinsuku, izimo ezinjalo azisatholakali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo namuhla sinjalo ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze taimen - iyoba inhlanzi, etholakala kuphela esithombeni.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani u-taimen
Kuwo wonke uhla lwawo, imihubhe inenkinga yokulahleka kwendawo, ikhwalithi yamanzi engeyinhle, ukugcoba ngokweqile, ukuxubha nokuzingela. Ngoba lezi zinhlanzi zikhula kancane - kuthatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa ukufika esikhathini sokuthomba - abantu abakwazi ukuhlehla masinyane, ngakho-ke i-taimen ibhalwe "engozini" kwi-Red Book, egcinwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Natural. Ngokucwaninga kwabo, inani lomsila liyehla ngo-50-95%, kuya ngendawo, nokulahleka okubi kakhulu eChina kanye neningi labantu elizinzile emigodini yaseRussia Arctic.
IMongolia ibe inqubekelaphambili phambili emizamweni yayo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukwethula imithetho yokubamba nokukhulula yonke imifula kanye nokusebenzisana nabantu bendawo ukuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kokuba nomsipha wezomnotho obaluleke kangakanani emnothweni wasekhaya. Noma kunjalo, iningi lezinhlobo zomlando walezinhlobo zitholakala kwiRussia Federation (83,8% yenani eliphelele). Uhlobo lomlando, lwemvelo lwezinhlobo lufinyelela eChina (6.4% yenani), Kazakhstan (6.1% yenani) neMongolia (3.7% yenani).
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ukulahleka kwenani labantu ezifundeni ngazinye kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-3,2% ngaphakathi kweRussia (eVolga, e-Urals nasePechora), ngo-6.9% eChina (esigodini sase-Amur River) naku-19.1% eMongolia.
Ukulahleka kwebanga lokusatshalaliswa kungenzeka kuphakeme kakhulu, ngoba abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu yokuhanjiswa kwabo, bahlukaniswe kakhulu ngenxa yemithelela yendawo evela ekushintsheni kokusetshenziswa komhlaba nengcindezi yokudoba. Kodwa-ke, namuhla akukho datha eyanele yokuthola isilinganiso esithembekile salolu hlobo ezinhlotsheni zalo eziningi zemvelo.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
I-Taimen, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-taimen yaseSiberia, kanye ne-trout enkulu yaseSiberia, iyinhlobo eyingqayizivele yezinhlanzi emndenini we-salmon. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-fish genotype, le yinhlanzi endala kakhulu yama-salmon, eneminyaka yayo ilinganiselwa eminyakeni engama-40 ezigidi. Muva nje, imininingwane ivele ikhombisa ubudlelwane obusondelene phakathi kwe-taimen ne-salmon Oncorhynchus yasePacific, kanye ne-salmon enhle yasePacific eyingxenye yohlobo lweParasalmo.
Ividiyo: Taimen
Ama-salmonids amanje anemigqa emithathu, ethathwa njengemindeni engezansi:
- i-whitefish (i-Coregoninae),
- Greyling (Thymallinae), kufaka phakathi i-char,
- i-moose ne-trout (i-Salmoninae).
Yonke le migqa emithathu ithathwa ukugqamisa iqoqo lezimpawu zokutholakala ezivelele eqenjini lesikhumbuzo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ama-salmon avela kumafosili ku-Eocene Ephakathi. Kwatholakala izidumbu ze-Eosalmo driftwoodensis eDriftwood Bay. Lolu hlobo olungapheli lunezici ezivamile ezitholakala emigqeni yesalmon, i-whitefish ne-grayling. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, i-E. driftwoodensis ingummeleli we-archaic salmon, ekhombisa isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekudalekeni kwama-salmonids.
Ezinye zezinhlobo ngokusobala zingezika-Oncorhynchus, uhlobo lwamanje lwe-salmon yasePacific nezinhlobo ezithile ze-trout. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo emhlabeni kwasungula ukuthi i-Oncorhynchus yayingatholakali ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwePacific ngaphambi kwePliocene, kepha le migqa nayo yasakazekela nakwezinye izindawo zamanzi. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwe-Oncorhynchus neMasofia (i-Atlantic salmon) kwenzeka kudala ngaphambi kwePliocene. Kungenzeka kakhulu kwiMiocene yasekuqaleni.
Izimfihlo zokudoba
Indida yesimo somsila ukuthi lapho le nhlanzi iba incane, iba yigugu elingakanani njengendondo yezemidlalo.
Mhlawumbe, ngakho-ke, ezinye izifunda zaseRussia azange zilingele ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukudoba komuthi, okhona njengamanje kuphela kunguqulo yezemidlalo kanye nemikhawulo ebalulekile njengo:
- ukwenqatshelwa okuphelele kokudoba ngesikhathi sokuhlanza,
- ukudoba okukodwa kanye nokubheja okufakwayo,
- Kunconywa ukuthi ubambe izinhlanzi ubuyisele echibini uma kungekho monakalo.
Ochwepheshe babheka isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokusabalalisa i-taimen ukuthi kube yi-post-spawning zhor (Meyi-Juni) kanye nokondla ekwindla (Agasti-Novemba). Ukuluma okuningi kuyabonakala kusihlwa nakusihlwa, lapho amanzi "esongelwa" inkungu.
Izindawo ezithandekayo zokupaka i-taimen yizindawo ezinokugeleza okusheshayo emngceleni we-rapids kanye nemigqomo yamatshe, imfucumfucu ebukhali yamanzi, emilonyeni yemifudlana emincane nemikhawulo, kanye naseziqhingini ezincane ezisekufikeni. Kulokhu, inhlanzi izama ukuhlala phansi engxenyeni engezansi yamanzi futhi akuvami ukuthi iphendule lapho ibheji elingaphezulu noma “emanzini ayisigamu”.
Abadobi bezemidlalo bathanda ukubamba imisila yokuphotha usebenzisa ama-spinet anemibala yemvelo ahlukahlukene kanye namakhanda e-jig ahlukahlukene, noma ukusebenzisa ukudoba impukane. I-Bait kanye ne-spinner echibini ngalinye kufanele kukhethwe ngakunye. "Igundane elenziwe ngemithi" lizoba usizo lapho uzingela i-trout ewina umklomelo.
Uma unikezwe ilayisense, umdobi unelungelo lokuzama ukubamba umusi, ubude bawo bungamasentimitha angama-75. Ukudoba, njengomthetho, ezindaweni eziklanyelwe le nhloso ngokukhethekile. Ngenhlanzi ebanjiwe, ungathatha isithombe, khona-ke kufanele ukhulule umsila uyise echibini, uma umuntu engatholanga monakalo omkhulu.
Zokupheka zomsila
Abadobi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokulungiselela i-taimen inxusa labo elilinganiselayo. Ngenyama enjalo, okungenani ukudla okulula, amasaladi okungenani, okungenani udle ngakwesokudla. Into esemqoka ukungaphangi. Musa usawoti kanye ne-undersalt. Kepha konke kuza, njengoba besho, benokuhlangenwe nakho.
Kukhona isidlo sabadobi baseSiberia esibizwa nge- "Crystal". Lokhu kungumhluzi lapho kuthathwa amakhanda nezinsephe kuphela. Ngokuvamile kuphekelwa ukushisa okuphezulu kuze kuphekwe imizuzu engaba ngu-15. Bese upholile, hlunga, engeza amaprotheni enkukhu eluhlaza, kancane ye-caviar. Ngemuva kwalokho, umhluzi uba sobala, njengekristalu. Ngemuva kwalokho faka ama-pods ambalwa we-pepper eshisayo no dill. Umhluzi onjalo awudliwa, kepha kunalokho udakwe ngama-breadcrumbs. Uma ufisa, ungapheka nendlebe “yasebukhosini” emhlanjeni onjalo ngokubeka izingcezu zomsila, isalimoni, isigaxa noma enye inhlanzi enhle kuyo.
Phakathi kwezicubu zomsila kukhona izingqimba ezinamafutha, ngakho-ke inyama yayo imnene. Ngamafutha, acebile nge-PUFA, enza i-taimen ibe ngumkhiqizo onempilo wezempilo.
ESiberia, amakhanda omsila ayadliwa, futhi ngokuphelele. Imvamisa siphonsa izinhlanzi ngaphandle, futhi lapho zidla khona. Kepha bona, namakhanda, bangadliwa kuphela uma inhlanzi isha kakhulu futhi kungekho kungabaza ngayo. Lapho umsila ugundile, inhliziyo, isibindi, isisu esihlanzwa kanye nesinye kuhlanzwe kahle. Futhi-ke konke lokhu kuthosiwe epanini ngokufakwa kwenani elanele lamafutha, kanye nezalelo nosawoti kuze kube ukhilimu.
I-Taimen ingathengwa ngo-ayisikhilimu. Kungcono ukupheka ngokungeza izaqathe, u-anyanisi, i-parsley, uphizi omnyama ne-allspice. Sika izinhlanzi zibe yizicucu ezinkulu bese ufaka amanzi kasawoti, engeza zonke ezinye izithako bese upheka imizuzu engama-20. Ngokuvamile udla okushisayo, namazambane noma isaladi. Kepha uma umuntu ethanda inhlanzi ebandayo, ngiyakucela ke, ngamakhowe ama-porcini nama-porcini othosiwe, i-taimen ebandayo ihamba kahle.
I-taisen eyosiwe ilungile. Ekukhafuleni, i-taimen ibuye ithosiwe ngezingcezu ezinkulu, ngosawoti kanye nenhlabathi yonke, kuhle ukuyithela ngebhotela elicibilikile. Ungakhonza ngeleek yasendle, u-anyanisi oluhlaza futhi ngokujwayelekile nanoma yimiphi imifino emisha!
I-taisen emnandi futhi ebhakwe kuhhavini. Kubhakwa ngembewu yesinaphi. I-fillet yezinhlanzi inqunywa ku-steaks ecishe ibe ngu-3 cm ubukhulu futhi inesisindo esingaphansi kuka-100 g. Qinisela izingcezu ngembewu yesinaphi bese unqenqema nge-parsley eqoshiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho faka isikhunta, usakaze phezulu ngebhotela bese ufakwa kuhhavini, ukufuthelwe kumadigri ayi-180. Ukubhaka kunconywa cishe imizuzu eyi-10.
Futhi, i-taimen ingabhema. Umsila obhemayo ubhekwa njengesibiliboco esimnandi.
Lezi zikhulu zitholakala emifuleni yethu emikhulu nasezindlini zokugcina amanzi, zikhetha imigodi nezijingi ezijulile zezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Futhi ezinye izimo zikufanele ukubizwa ngokuthi izilo zangempela. I-Catfish izinhlanzi ezingenakuzithoba. Bangazidlela i-carrion, noma kunjalo ngokwemvelo yabo yangempela bangabazingeli bangempela, banamandla amakhulu futhi bathukuthele. (Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-catfish, funda i-athikili yethu "Catfish, lapho kuhlala khona izilo")
Ukudla okuyinhloko kweCatfish nikeza izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincane, izinyoni eziwela ngokunganaki emanzini ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ikati. ICatfish ngeke yenqabe kusuka kuma-mollusks asemfuleni - ama-toothless, ayingozi kanye nezinye izimbangi. I-catfish enkulu ingahlasela isilwane. Futhi akekho noyedwa ovela esizweni sezinhlanzi onesibindi esingaphezulu kwe-catfish.
Umbhali nososayensi u-Arsentiev achaze amacala lapho i-gi catfish enkulu ihlasela amabhere ngokudoba imijondolo, ibabambe ngemilenze futhi izama ukuyidonsela echibini. Kwakunezincazelo ezimbi, ezinjenge-catfish, njengokukhotha izingane ezincane emafuleni, ngenkathi omama begeza futhi behlanza izingubo. Lezi zidlakela ezinkulu zahlasela nabantu abadala. Futhi kungani ungamangala uma, ngokusho kukaSabaneev, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ikatfish lalifinyelela isisindo ezingaphezu kwama-400 kg. Isilo esinjalo singamhlasela umuntu kalula futhi siphumelele.
Icala elithile Kwenzeka omunye umlimi omncane ewela umfula kanti ikati libanjwe ngumlenze. Umlimi wasindiswa isikela kuphela, ngaleso sikhathi elalisezandleni zakhe. Ziningi nezinye izigameko zokuhlaselwa kwe-catfish kubantu ezichazwe ezincwadini nasemaphephandabeni.
Esikhathini sethu, cishe azikho iziqhwaga ezinjalo.
ICatfish inesisindo esivame ukwedlula inyamazane cishe ama-30 kg. Kuliqiniso, abadla izimbotshana ze-bale enesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili namanje bafika endaweni eyiVolga delta, kodwa kunepharadesi langempela labadobi nabadobi.
Okokugcina, mhlawumbe, kwamacala aqoshiwe wokukhishwa kwe-catfish enkulu kungabizwa icala esitokisini saseKhoperylapho umhlaseli edonsela udengezi emanzini, kanye nosizi esifundeni saseVoronezh ngeminyaka yama-90s, lapho ikati-cannibal lahudula izakhamuzi zedolobhana laseKulakovo ligeza kusihlwa. Kwakungowesifazane nomfana.
IsiShayina paddlefish
I-paddlefish yaseChinese noma i-psefur - inhlanzi enamanzi amnandi ahlala eMfuleni iYangtze, kwesinye isikhathi ibhukuda emanzini amachibi amakhulu kanye nolwandle i-Yellow Sea. Ubude bomzimba wabo bungadlula amamitha ama-3, isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-300. Kunemininingwane yokuthi ngawo-1950s, abadobi babamba i-paddlefish amamitha ayi-7 ubude futhi enesisindo esingama-500 kg, yize ukuthembeka kule ndaba kungaqinisekisiwe. Idla ezinhlanzini nakuma crustaceans. Inyama yayo ne-caviar ibukwa kakhulu eChina.
Umbala wenyama
Inyama yomsila ibomvu okhanyayo noma opinki. Kubhekwa kakhulu phakathi kwama-gourmets ngokunambitheka kwawo okubucayi. Ukwakheka kucebile ngama-acid amaningi we-polyunsaturated futhi amaprotheni ephelele enza izinhlanzi zibe ngumkhiqizo onempilo futhi owanelisayo. Futhi ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamakhemikhali abalulekile namavithamini womzimba womuntu kulungile empilweni.
KUBALULEKILE: Ama-acid e-Omega-3 anama-value athile. Le antioxidant enamandla ivikela ama-membrane amaseli emonakalweni futhi inciphise inqubo yokuguga. Kuvimbela futhi ukunqwabelana kwe-cholesterol eyingozi egazini, okuholela ku-atherossteosis.
I-Taimen caviar ingummangaliso wangempela. Futhi amathoni akhanyayo, amakhulu, ngokunambitheka okucebile. Kusetshenziswa ngendlela enosawoti. Esithombeni - ukuthi ubukeka kanjani:
Inani lokudoba
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi i-taimen ejwayelekile yabizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi yenkosi, igcizelela hhayi ubukhosi bayo bodwa, kepha futhi nokunambitheka okungahambisani ne-pulp yesisa kanye nokubonakala kwangempela kwe-caviar. Akumangazi ukuthi, naphezu kokuvinjwa cishe komhlaba wonke kokukhishwa komuthi kwezimboni, ukudoba kwawo okungabhalisiwe kokuhweba nokuzijabulisa kuyaqhubeka eRussia nakwamanye amazwe (Kazakhstan, China neMongolia).
Ukunakwa Ngaphansi kwelayisense noma ezindaweni ezikhethekile, ungabamba umsila okungenani 70-75 cm ubude.
Ngokusho kwemithetho, umdobi osebambe umsila uphoqelekile ukuthi amyeke, kepha angathatha isithombe ngendebe yakhe. Kuvunyelwe ukuyithatha nawe ngaphansi kwesimo kuphela - inhlanzi ilimala kabi ngenkathi kubanjwa.
Emuva kokuqukethwe
Ukupheka Taimen
I-Taimen fillet inamafutha ngokulinganayo futhi ijusi ngenxa yezingqimba zamafutha phakathi kwemicu yemisipha. Njengomkhiqizo obalulekile onokuphakama okuphezulu, uyathandwa emhlabeni wonke. Kulula ukucubungula, njengoba kungekho amathambo, ama-vertebrates kuphela. Kusetshenziswa ekudleni kwezizwe ezahlukahlukene.
Kuhle ukukhahlazeka. Le ndlela yokupheka igcizelela futhi ithuthukise ukunambitheka kwenyama. Usawoti taimen uhlangana ngokuvumelanayo neminye imikhiqizo. Kusetshenziswa njenge-snack ezimele noma kumasaladi. I-salting ayidingi ukwelashwa okushisa, ngakho-ke wonke amavithamini, ama-micros abalulekile kanye nezinto ezinkulu ze-macro ayagcinwa, ikakhulukazi nge-salting ephakathi.
I-Taimen ilungiselelwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: enziwe ngomkhovu, othosiwe, oyisitshulu, ebhakwa, ebilisiwe, eyenziwe nge-aspic futhi ekheniwe. E-grill noma ku-barbecue, inhlanzi nayo ivela kahle. Njengesitsha esisehlangothini, ilayisi, i-pasta, amazambane ayilungele kahle, imifino emisha ngeke iphume endaweni. Ngokuya ngezinongo, kufanelekile ukukhetha izithako zendabuko "ezinhlanzi" noma ukunambitha.
OKUBALULEKILE: Izinhlanzi ezimnandi kakhulu zalesi zinhlobo zibanjwa ngoSepthemba-Okthoba. Usevele wakwazi ukuqongelela indawo yokugcina amafutha ebusika, ngakho-ke uzoba isithako esiphundu, esinoshukela kunoma yiliphi ithebula.
Lolu uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezibizayo, njengoba lunqabile, futhi ukudoba kunqunyelwe. Emashalofini ezitolo kuvame ukuvela ngohlobo lwentuthu ebunjiwe noma obishi, okuvame kakhulu - isidumbu esineqhwa.
I-stingray enkulu yamanzi amnandi
IGiantwater stingray (Himantura polylepis) eluhlobo lwamanzi ahlanzekile ahlala emanzini ashisayo emifula emikhulu eminingi i-Indochina neKalimantan. Uyakwazi ukukhula aze afike ku-1.9 m ububanzi nesisindo esingu-600 kg. Zidla ikakhulukazi ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks, mhlawumbe ama-earthworms. Umthambeka wamanzi amnandi awunalo ulaka, noma kufanele aphathwe ngokunakekelwa, ngoba i-spike yabo ende enobuthi ingabhoboza kalula ithambo lomuntu. Lolu hlobo lusengozini.
I-sturgeon emhlophe
Indawo yesihlanu ohlwini lwezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi acwebile kule planethi ihlalwa yi-White Sturgeon - uhlobo lwezinhlanzi zomndeni wakwa-sturgeon, inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke enamanzi amhlophe eNyakatho Melika. Ihlala ezansi kwemifula ehamba kancane namagiya agudla ugu olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. I-sturgeon emhlophe iyakwazi ukukhula ifinyelele ku-6.1 m ubude futhi inesisindo esingu-816 kg. Idla ikakhulu inhlanzi, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks.
Ukwakheka nezinzuzo zenyama yomsila
Inyama yeTaimen isho ukudla okuphansi kwekhalori, ngoba kuqukethe kuphela 119 amakhilomitha ngamunye 100 gramu Ngenxa yalokhu, kunconyelwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngabantu abakudla okuqinile, izakhamizi eziphezulu nabantu abanempilo engeyinhle, ngoba imunca kahle umzimba. Phakathi kwezakhiwo eziwusizo zenyama yomsila, ngithanda ukuqaphela:
- ukuba khona kwamafutha acid evimba ukwakheka kwe-atherosulinosis kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme,
- amaprotheni enyama alinganiswe kahle ekwakhekeni kwe-amino acid, okukuvumela ukuthi kungeniswe ekudleni komama abakhulelwe nababolekayo nezingane ezincane,
- inyama yomsila isiza emsebenzini wobuchopho futhi ithuthukise uhlelo lwezinzwa,
- sibonga i-zinc equkethwe enyameni, impilo yesikhumba, izinzipho no-hairline kuyathuthuka, futhi i-fluorine isiza ukuqinisa amazinyo nezicubu zamathambo.
Izizathu zokuphiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane
I-taimen ejwayelekile yendlela yokuhamba kancane kancane iyanyamalala kusuka ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ezizinhlobo zezinhlobo. Umcimbi ubangelwa uhlu olusha lwezinkinga:
- Shintsha ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali amanzi ngenxa yokushisa kwesimo sezulu. Ngokugxuma kwe-atypical ku-avareji okushisa okuphakathi konyaka, ngisho nangama-degree amaningi, ukwehla kwesibalo sabahlaseli abanjalo empeleni kuyabhekwa.
- Imililo - ayiholeli ekushiseni kwamanzi kuphela, kepha futhi iguqula i-pH lapho umlotha nezinkuni ezishisiwe zingena kuwo. Amanzi kancane kancane iba yi-alkaline. Isimo esifanayo asiphazamisi kahle inani labantu hhayi kuphela bomsila, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlanzi, ezihlukaniswa njengama-salmonids.
- Imisebenzi yabantu - ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, izitshalo zamandla kagesi, ukusetshenziswa komanyolo kwezolimo kuholela ekubhujisweni kwento e-organic emanzini omfula. Hhayi nje kuphela izinto ezincane kakhulu ezihlupheka, kodwa futhi nezitshalo ezigcwala amanzi anomoya-mpilo. Konke lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi i-taimen iba nzima ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezisanda kwakhiwa.
- Izimayini - ukudoba okunjalo kubangela ukugcwala kwamanzi, ushintsho kwizinkomba zakhe zamakhemikhali nezomzimba. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi luphinde luholele ekubhujisweni kokudangala komfula, lapho kuhlala khona ama-taimen. Imvamisa, ezindaweni zasemifuleni esetshenziselwa ukumbiwa phansi, kukhona ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwesalimon.
- Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kusuka kumfucuza wezimboni - ukungena kwezinto ezingcolisiwe emfuleni kuholela ekuqothulweni kwe-biocenoses ethile. Imvamisa lokhu kubangela ukuthi isimilo sokuduka komsila sinyamalale. Indawo yokuhlala yalesi silwanyana esihlaselayo ihlalwa kancane kancane yi-pike, engasindi ekukhetheni kokudla futhi ingazala ngentshiseko ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ukudoba Amateur
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, imisila ejwayelekile ibanjwa kuphela ngokuya ngelayisense. Umzingeli womhlaseli onjalo kungenzeka ukuba aphenduke. Ukuluma okulungile kubonwa ekuseni kakhulu, lapho abamele izinhlobo bezisebenza kakhulu ekutholeni inyamazane.
Ngesikhathi se-zhor, inyamazane ayikhethi kakhulu ekukhetheni kokudla. Cishe noma isiphi isicupho siyakwazi ukuthumba imisila ezikhathini ezinjalo. Isikhathi sonke, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zinobuqili. Baphendula ngokuyinhloko kuma-spinners we-hue enemibala.
Abahlaseli abanokuhlangenwe nakho bakholelwa ukuthi i-taimen inhle kakhulu ngokuluma ukubheja okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, intshiseko yokusebenzisa ama-spinner amakhulu kuphela ezimeni eziningi ayikuvumeli ukubala empumelelweni yokudoba.
ITaimen inemihlathi eqinile, eqinile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukunakwa okukhethekile kulungiselelo lwegiya kunikezwa ekwakheni tees eziqinile nokukhetha umugqa obanzi wokudoba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umhlaseli angakhumula bese edonsa isithiyo sokudla.
Ukubamba i-taimen, ama-spinningists amaningi asebenzisa amadivaysi alingisa amagundane njengama-spinner. Izinhlanzi ezidla izambane likapondo zivame ukudla izinduku ezincane eziwela imizimba yamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwethithi enjalo kuyabonakala kunesizathu. Iqaphela isiheho ngesimo segundane, imisila izama ukuyicwilisa ngomsila wayo, ngemuva kwalokho igwinye ngejezi elisheshayo.
Incazelo yezinhlanzi
Inhlanzi enkulu enkulu yemifula yethu yaseSiberia, enomsila obomvu okhanyayo, umsila ojwayelekile. Kuyisitha esikhulu. Yize ingeyama-salmon, ifana nohlobo lokubuka okuguqukayo phakathi kwe-salmon ne-whitefish.
Isisindo saso esikhulu sifinyelela amakhilogremu angamashumi ayisithupha, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Njengoba inosayizi abakhulu kangako, inhlanzi endala ayinazitha zangaphandle ngaphandle kwabantu. Ngempela, lapho isineminyaka eyi-10, izinhlanzi zomsila zibukeka njengesidalwa sangempela, uma siqhathanisa nabalingani baso basemfuleni. Kuyajabulisa ukubona ukuthi isisenen enkulu kangakanani emhlabeni efinyelela emhlabeni. Yize kungekho osho ngokuqinisekile, eminye imininingwane isatholakala:
- kusuka ezincwadini zesayensi kuyaziwa ukuthi ebusika bango-1945 eMfuleni i-Amur, kwaqubuka indebe enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-80 lapho kubanjwa iqhwa.
- ngo-1952, isazi esithile sesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba uTolchevnikov wabona indlela ababamba ngayo enetheni ikhudlwana - i-86 kg!
Kulezi zinsuku, ukubanjwa kwemidondoshiya enjalo kuyavela. Mhlawumbe ubuningi balezi zinhlobo zehle kakhulu ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwemifula eminingi.
Umzimba womhlaseli uyisiliva, unamabala amnyama asabalale ngokungazelelwe nomsila obomvu okhanyayo. Noma kunjalo, umbala womzimba ungashintsha izithunzi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
Eminyakeni yamuva, i-taimen ingeyenhlanzi encane futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia, ukubanjwa kwayo akuvunyelwe. Ukudoba ezokuvakasha emfuleni waseSiberia kunikeza umthetho ophathelene nomsila, obanjiwe - uyeke.
ngenxa yenyama emnandi, ukudotshwa kwale nhlanzi kwenziwa kakhulu, okwaholela ekuqothulweni kwayo ngobuningi. Manje i-taimen isiyivelakancane emizimbeni yamanzi futhi uma izinyathelo zingathathwanga ukuyibuyisela, ingavele, ngokuvamile, iyeke ukuba khona.
ULeonid Pavlovich Sabaneev ubhale ngamaphayiphu anesisindo esifinyelela ku-60 kglalihlala emifuleni yeSiberia. Kumaphephandaba ethu asemva kwempi wabhala ngenhlanzi enesisindo esingu-30 kgeyaqhamuka echibini elilodwa lehlathi laseVolga. Izinhlanzi ezifuywayo manje aziyona eyisiqalo. Ezindongeni zamaVolga, izinyamazane ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-20 zitholakala njalo. Futhi lokhu kungenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zomfula nezichibi eRussia. I-Pike imvamisa iyinto efiseleka kakhulu yokudoba imidlalo kanye neyokuzenzela amateur. (incazelo ye-pike)
Buka zonke izithombe kugalari
I-Carp yigama elivamile lezinhlanzi zamanzi amnandi omndeni wakwa-cyprinid. Zisakazwa kabanzi ezindaweni zokugcina ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Bakhetha amanzi athule, agxilile noma ahamba kancane anebumba elinzima naphansi elicolekile kancane. Uyakwazi ukukhula aze afinyelele kumamitha ayi-1,2 ubude futhi enesisindo esingaphezu kuka-100 kg. Zidla kuma-mollusks, crustaceans, worms kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane. I-carp enkulu kunazo zonke eyabanjwa umdobi waseBrithani ngonyaka we-2013 ibanga amasentimitha angama-45,59.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani u-taimen
I-Taimen inezindawo ezimnyama ezakhiwe njengombala ekhanda nasezinhlangothini zomzimba. Umhlathi ongaphezulu udlulela emuva ngaphesheya kweleyitha yamehlo. Isikali si-oval, sincane ngaphandle kwama-radial grooves namasongo acace bha. Amafutha aqothulwe kahle.
Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka kwezinye izinhlobo ze-salmonid enkabeni nasempumalanga yeYurophu ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlamvu ezilandelayo:
- amathayi amele umucu oqhubekayo esimweni sehhashi,
- amabala amnyama ayindilinga amnyama ekhanda namabala amnyama ama-X noma amnyama emzimbeni,
- ikhanda lide futhi licwebezele dorsally,
- imihlathi emide kakhulu
- kubantu abadala, umhlathi ongenhla ufinyelela emaphethelweni ongaphandle wamehlo,
- umzimba ongashisi cylindrical,
- isifunda se-caudal caudal, siqokomisa okukhulu futhi sine-tint ebomvu kubantu abadala,
- kukhona ama-slits angama-9-18 gill, ngokuvamile ama-11-13.
Umbala uyahlukahluka ngokwezindawo, kepha uvame ukuba nombala oluhlaza okomnqumo ekhanda, uphenduke ube nsundu obomvu emsileni. Amanoni omhluzi, ama-anal ne-caudal avame ukuba bomvu obumnyama. Isisu sisusela cishe kokumhlophe kuya kokumpunga okumnyama. ITaimen ibukeka njengosalimoni omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, inzima ngokwesilinganiso futhi iphakeme ngosayizi kune-salmon enkulu kunazo zonke yaseNyakatho Melika. Inhlanzi eziningi ezindala ezibanjiwe zinesisindo esiphakathi kuka-15 no-30 kg. Ubude obujwayelekile buvela ku-70 kuya ku-120 cm.
Ubukhulu obukhulu abuqinisekisiwe, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlanzi ezabanjwa eMfuleni iKotui eRussia ngonyaka we-1943 zazinobude obungama-210 cm nesisindo esingu-105 kg, okuyisilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke ezirekhodiwe. Ubude obukhulu babantu ngamunye buvela ku-150 kuya ku-180 cm. I-World Fish Association inerekhodi lomhlaba elingamakhilogremu angama-41,95 ubude obu-156. cm Ukufika kuleli size, izinhlanzi zidinga ukukhula okungenani iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Photo: Taimen izinhlanzi
Ama-taien aseSiberia ahlala kuphela emanzini amasha, ikakhulukazi emifuleni esheshayo nasemifudlaneni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-1500 nasemifuleni yasogwini eduze nolwandle. I-Taimen yisibindi eside. Luhlobo olukhula kancane futhi luvuthwe sekwephuzile. Inhlanzi ikhula ibe ngaphezu kwama-2 m futhi ingaphila iminyaka engama-30.
Isikhathi sokwanda kulinganiselwa okungenani iminyaka eyi-17 kubantu abathola kuphela ukufa kwemvelo (isb., Ngaphandle kokudoba). Lokhu kungabukelwa phansi, ngoba imiphumela yabesifazane noma usayizi weqanda owandisiwe ayibhekwa lapho insikazi ikhula. Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ingaba banzi, ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-93.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ehlobo, i-taimen ibanjwa ixubha iminyuzi, amagundane okufakelwa kuwo, ikhanda lejig-ebusika; ebusika, “mahalka” onamabhele wasebusika uyathandwa. I-Taimen, njengawo wonke ama-salmon, inenyama ethambile engenalo ithambo, inamafutha impela, inepende elibushelelezi eliphaphathekile.
Ama-taimen achitha izimpilo zawo emifuleni esheshayo enamazinga aphezulu komoya-mpilo, futhi ajwayele ukukhuthala ngentshiseko nangaphezulu. Ukunwebeka kuvame ukwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi noma uJuni, kuya ngokushisa kwamanzi. Izinhlanzi zihamba ziye phezulu emfuleni emincane, lapho zizalela khona amaqanda, bese zibuyela emifuleni emikhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Big Taimen
AmaTaenen afinyelela ebusheni cishe ngeminyaka engama-5-7 ubudala ngosayizi wama-60-70 cm nesisindo esingu-2-3 kg. Izinsikazi zikhiqiza amaqanda angama-4,000-30,000, ngokuya ngosayizi wenhlanzi. Emfuleni weYenisei, ukunqwabelana kuvame ukwenzeka ngoMeyi noJuni. E-Aiguur River Basin enyakatho neMongolia, ukuqhakaza kwenzeka ngoMeyi. Izinhlobo zohlobo lwezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezingashoni ngokugeleza okusheshayo phansi kobhavu, ngqo ezansi kwezigodi ezinkulu ezijulile zemifula, imvamisa ezindaweni ezinamanzi amancane omfula. Imvamisa fudukela phezulu ukuze usakaze ezindaweni ezikhokhwayo ezingaphezulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize eminye imithombo ikholelwa ukuthi le nhlobo inesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka engama-30, eminye ithi ama-taimen angaphila isigamu senkulungwane noma ngaphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi zihlala kuphi kanye nenani elincane lezinhlanzi kule ndawo, le nhlobo ayifundiswanga kahle, echaza umehluko othile kuma "qiniso wempilo ". Izinhlanzi zabantu abadala zivame ukuba nesizungu, okwandisa ubunzima bokubukwa.
Ama-taimen anganqoba izithiyo eziphakeme kahle lapho efudukela ezindaweni ezinqamula. Amaqanda angama-5-6 mm ububanzi, aqanduselwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-28- 38. Amaqanda ahlala ku-gravel kuze kube yilapho i-yolk sac imunca ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10- 10, abantu abasha baqale bahlale eduze kwendawo enamaphaphu, bese beya ezansi naphansi. Abantu abakhulu abangakafiki kweminyaka yobudala emi-2 kuya kwengama-4 bahlala ezindaweni ezifanayo nabantu abadala, kodwa ngokwahlukana emigodini emincane.
Izitha zemvelo zomsila
Isithombe: Sakhalin Taimen
I-Taimen ingaphezulu kwekhonkolo lokudla, ngakho-ke ayinazo izitha ezidla imvelo, ikakhulukazi lapho isikhulile. Ezinye izinhlanzi ezidlayo, kanye nezinye izihlobo zazo, ziphanga kubantu abasha. Lapho umsila udlubuka futhi uhambe amabanga amakhulukazi, ungawela ezithweni zebhere. Izakhamizi ze-tafo ze-Clubfoot cishe ziyizitha zemvelo eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, isitha esikhulu se-taimen ngumuntu obangela ukulimala okungenakulungiseka kubantu bezinhlanzi.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: I-Taimen ibhekene nezinsongo ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya ukungcola, ukudilizwa nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, izimayini, ukwakhiwa kwamadamu, ukwakhiwa komgwaqo, ukudoba ngokungemthetho, ukudoba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
INational Geographic Society isisungule umqulu okhethekile ohlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili zamaqembu asengozini evela ezinhlanzini zamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni jikelele. UTaimen uyilungu laleli qembu. Le projekthi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezikhethekile ezakha iqembu ezaziwa ngokuthi i-megafish. Lezi yizinhlobo ezikhula ngaphezu kwama-180 cm noma ama-100 kg ngesisindo. Amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa alezi zinhlobo asezisondele nje ngenxa yokungcoliswa komhlaba, ukuphathwa kabi kwezinsiza kusebenza nokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala.
I-Taimen ukuphela kwezinhlanzi eziseqenjini, ezingokwaluphi uhlobo lwe-trout noma i-salmon, eziba zikhulu ngokwanele ukuba ilungu elihlonishwayo laleli qembu elite. E-China, i-taimen isivele ibanjiwe ekuqothulweni. E-Russia, izinhlobo nazo zibhekwa njengezisengozini "enkulu kakhulu". Ngokuqala kokudotshwa kwezokuvakasha eholidini, okuthi ikakhulukazi kuthuthukiswe ngabahambi baseNtshonalanga kanye nama-adventureers, izinga lokuzingela eTaimen liyakhula.
Unogada weTaenen
Isithombe: I-Taimen evela kwiBhuku eliBomvu
ITaimen iseNcwadini Ebomvu YaseRussia, futhi nasezincwadini eziningi Eziyibomvu zezwe, okuyiNcwadi Ebomvu yeKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug yase-Ugra, i-Irkutsk Oblast, njll. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Taimen Conservation Fund zisebenzela ukusindisa abantu abasele. Izinhlobo zezinto zibhalwe ku-International Red Book njengasengozini. I-Taimen ivame ukumbalelwa ngokungemthetho ngezinhloso zokuhweba, futhi intengo yayo ephansi nokukhula kancane kuyenza ibaluleke kakhulu njengenhlanzi ethengisayo.
I-IUCN itusa izinyathelo ezilandelayo zokuvikela ukulahleka okuqhubekayo futhi iqinisekise ukulondolozwa nokuvuselelwa kwezinhlobo:
- Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zamanzi ahlanzekile agciniwe ekugcizeleleni ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinsongo,
- ezifundeni ezisongelwa ukudoba, sincoma imithetho eqinile nezinyathelo ezanele zokunciphisa ubungozi,
- ukumbiwa phansi kanye nokukhishwa kwesihlabathi kanye nobucwebe emibhedeni yemifudlana kuthinta abantu, ngakho-ke, kunconyelwa ukunciphisa intuthuko enjalo. Kudingeka imithetho ekhethekile ukunciphisa umthelela walezi zindlela zokusebenzisa umhlaba endaweni yaseSiberia,
- ucwaningo ngomlando wempilo, umthelela wokuhlukaniswa, amazinga wokuzinza esimeme nokukhonjwa kwezindawo ezibucayi kudingeka ukuthi ziqiniswe.
Yize kwenziwa eminye imizamo yokuqala yokuzalanisa lezi zinhlobo ezithunjiwe, lo msebenzi kufanele wenziwe ngokunakekela okukhulu nangokuhlangana nokuhlola okugcwele kobungozi nezinzuzo.
Taimen - idinga ukufundwa futhi ihlolwe kahle ezinombolweni. Ngenkathi kuphothulwa lokhu kuhlola, kwabonakala isidingo sokubambisana kwamazwe onke ukulondolozwa komsila waseSiberia. Ukwehla kwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane, kuhlanganiswa nentshisekelo ekhulayo yezikhungo zocwaningo kanye nezikhungo zikahulumeni, kukhombisa isidingo sezinyathelo ezintsha zokulondolozela i-taimen. Isinyathelo esisodwa esiya phambili kungaba ukufakwa komsila kwi-Convention on Migratory Species. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa iphrofayili futhi kunikeze ukwesekwa okukhulu komhlaba jikelele ngokulondolozwa.