Ikati yasendle uManul ungummeleli wamakati amakati avela emndenini wakwaFeline. IManul isilwane esijabulisayo nesingajwayelekile. Imenyu yekati ihlakaniphile, iyacophelela futhi iyimfihlo. Imanulwane yezilwane ibizwa nangokuthi ikati le-pallas. Kulesi sihloko uzothola incazelo yemenyu nesithombe sayo, futhi ungafunda nezinto eziningi ezithokozisayo ngesilwane esimangalisayo enegama eliyinqaba le-manul.
Incazelo yePallas
Ukuchazwa kwemanul kungaqalwa ngokubonakala kwayo. IManul ibukeka njengekati elijwayelekile, likhulu kuphela futhi linamafreyimu. Ubukhulu be-manul buqala kusuka ku-50 kuye ku-65 cm ngensila ubude obufika kuma-30 cm. I-manul inesisindo kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-5 kg. Ikati yasendle iPallas ihlukile kwikati elijwayelekile emzimbeni omkhulu kakhulu, imilenze emifushane eqinile kanye nesithupha esikhulu. Ngendlela, ama-mana ayisithupha angafika ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-7. I-Cat manul inoboya obudonsa kakhulu nobukhulu phakathi kwamakati.
Lapho kuchazwa imanul, ukubukeka kwale kati ethukuthele kufanele kuphawulwe, okwenza kukhumbuleke kakhulu. IManul ibukeka ilukhuni ngenxa "yempempe" eyingqayizivele ezihlathini, ezakhiwa izixha zezinwele ezinde. Imanulwane yezilwane inekhanda elithambile ebanzi nezindlebe ezincane, ezinomugqa omude ozungezwe. Amehlo emanothi akhanya kakhulu futhi anombala ophuzi.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi, abafundi bamehlo ala makati, ngokungafani nezingane zekati ezifuywayo, azihlanganisi ukukhanya okukhanyayo, kodwa zihlala ziyindilinga. I-manul yasendle inomsila omude we-fluffy onompipi oyindilinga. Umbala we-manula uhlanganiswe futhi umelwe isikimu sombala we-grey light and tan.
IManul ibukeka ingajwayelekile. Njengoba iziphetho zoboya bejazi lakhe zidayiwe zaba mhlophe, kubukeka sengathi uboya bemboe bufihlwe yiqhwa noma kumbozwe yiqhwa. Ngemuva komzimba nomsila kunemisho emincane eguquguqukayo yombala omnyama. Imivimbo yombala omnyama inwebeka kusuka emakhoneni wamehlo kanye nasezinhlangothini zesisondele, futhi kutholakala amabala amnyama ebunzini. Umzimba ophansi wesilwane onsundu ngombala ngokuhlanganiswa okumhlophe. Isihloko somsila sipendiwe simnyama. Ikati leManul linamazinyo abukhali nezihlahlana.
I-manul yezilwane inokubukeka okucacile kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi ikati leli lihlobene namakati asePheresiya. Ikati yasendle uManul yatholakala ngusosayensi waseJalimane uPeter Pallas, okwathi ngekhulu le-18 enza ucwaningo ogwini loLwandle lweCaspian. Kwakuwukuhlonipha kwakhe ukuthi imanul yabizwa ngokuthi iPallas Cat.
Uhlala kuphi umquba?
UManul uhlala eCentral and Central Asia. Indawo yokuhlala yemanut ihlanganisa indawo ukusuka eSouth Transcaucasia nasentshonalanga ye-Iran kuye eTransbaikalia, iMongolia naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga China. Ngokuya ngokuhlangana komhlaba, ama-pallas anokuhluka okuncane ngombala nosayizi. Ensimini yaseRussia, amaPallas ahlala ezindaweni eziningana: empumalanga, eTransbaikal naseTuva-Altai. Kulezi zingosi, iPallas isatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezisezintabeni nasezihlathini.
Sekukonke, ama-subspecies ama-3 we-manul ahlukaniswa: okwejwayelekile, okuyiCentral Asia kanye naseTibetan. Ama-subspecies okuqala anombala ojwayelekile futhi ahlala kule manul eMongolia nasentshonalanga yeChina. Ukubhaliswa kwesibili kukaPallas kuhlala ePakistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Kyrgyzstan nase Afghanistan. Kubonakala ngombala obomvu, ngemivimbo ecacile yohlobo olubomvu. Ukubhaliswa kwesithathu kwePallas kuhlala eTibet, Nepal naseKashmir. Lokhu okubhaliwe kunezinwele ezimpunga ngemivimbo emenyezelwe ngombala omnyama. Ebusika, umbala we-manula waseTibetan uba yisiliva.
Iphila kanjani imanul futhi idlani?
IManul ihlala ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezinzima, enamazinga okushisa aphansi kanye noshintsho olubi besimo sezulu. Isilwane uPallas sithanda ikhava eliphansi leqhwa, ngoba imilenze emifushane ayimvumeli ukuba ahambe eqhweni elijulile. Ngakho-ke, ikati yasendle iPallas iningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezineqhwa elincane.
UManul uhlala emaqeleni nasezintabeni zamagquma, akhetha izindawo ezinamachweba ezihlahla, ukuba khona kwamatshe amatshe kanye nemifantu yamatshe. Ezintabeni, ikati lePallas lenyukela kumakhilomitha angama-3-4,5 ngaphezu kolwandle. Esiqeshini esiphansi nebhande lasehlathini, kuyaqabukela.
UManul uhlala ezinzile futhi eyedwa, imvamisa ekhombisa imisebenzi kusihlwa nasekuzeni kokusa. Emini, uyalala, acashe endaweni yokukhosela. Indawo yokukhosela yasolwandle isiphephelo ngaphansi kwamatshe, emiseleni yakudala yemarmot, izimpungushe namabhele, nasemihumeni emincane nasemifantwini yamatshe. Imanulwane yezilwane ingumzingeli wesifunda ogada ngentshiseko indawo yayo futhi engazithandi izivakashi, ngakho-ke iyaxosha noma yisiphi isivakashi esingafuneki.
Umbala we-manula usebenzela le kati yasendle njengohlobo lokuzifihla, olumsiza ekuzingeleni futhi lumvumela ukuthi angaqashelwa inyamazane. Kodwa-ke, imenyu yekati ingenye yabamele abakhaliphile futhi abephuze kakhulu bomndeni wekati. Kepha umbono omuhle kakhulu nokuzwa kumvumela ukuba abe umzingeli onekhono.
UManul udla izinduku ezahlukahlukene zegundane nemipikas. Ngezikhathi ezithile, uPallas udla ama-hares, izinyoni, ama-squirrel kanye nama-floorhogs. UManul ubamba inyamazane yakhe ngobuqili. Umlinda emgodini noma aqaphe isisulu simcashe ematsheni, ngemuva kwalokho sihlasele, simjikijele. Leikati yasendle iyaqaphela kakhulu lapho izingela. UManul akakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ukuphishekela inyamazane akulona ihhashi lakhe. Ehlobo, umquba udla izinambuzane ezinkulu ezahlukahlukene, uma kwenzeka uswele ama-rodices.
Naphezu kokubukeka okunzima, i-manul ayinalo ulaka. IManul cishe ayinazitha, yizimpisi kuphela nezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama eziyingozi kule ngozi yasendle. Isilwane iManul akuyona enye yalabo abaphuthuma ukwenza umbukiso futhi silwe nesitha. Lokhu ikati lizama ukubaleka ngendiza futhi balale endaweni yokukhosela. Kepha lapho imolokwati isimangazwa yabe ingekho indlela yokubalekela endaweni yokukhosela, khona-ke uqala ukudonsa ngamawala iveze amazinyo ayo abukhali.
Ama-Kittens
Ukuzala kabusha kumanyolo kwenzeka isikhathi esi-1 ngonyaka futhi amandla okwenza lokhu avela kubo eneminyaka eyi-10 izinyanga. Isikhathi sokukhula siba ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Uma kwenzeka ukuncintisana, ilungelo lowesifazane liya kwabanamandla kakhulu kwabesilisa. Ukukhulelwa I-Pallas ihlala cishe izinyanga ezi-2, phakathi nesikhathi lapho owesimame ahlela umhume.
Ama-kittens aseManul azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Imvamisa kusukela ema-kitini lamabili kuya kwayi-6 atalwa. Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhulisweni kwezingane. I-kitten manula inobude obungaba ngu-12 cm futhi inesisindo esingama-300 amagremu. AmaPallas amancane azalwa eyimpumputhe futhi engenakusizwa ngokuphelele.
Izinsana ziqala ukubona ngosuku lwe-12th, izinsikazi zondla amasi ngobisi futhi azinakekele. Cishe ezinyangeni ezi-3-4 bazoya ekuzingeleni okokuqala. Ama-pallas kittens akhula ngokushesha futhi afinyelele osayizi abadala ngezinyanga ezingama-6-8. UManul uhlala ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwengu-12.
UManul encwadini ebomvu
Namuhla, imanul isilwane esingajwayelekile futhi isibalo saso sehla ngokushesha. UManul ubhalwe encwadini ebomvu. Kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule, kwezinye izindawo, ikati yasendle iManul iqothulwe cishe futhi manje isiseduze kokuqothulwa.
Isibalo esiqondile sePallas sisalokhu singaziwa ngenxa yokuqhekeka okukhulu kwendawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila eyimfihlo yasePallas. Eminyakeni yokuqala yo-2000, ochwepheshe balinganisa inani lePallas, ngokwezibalo zabo, inani lalicishe libe yizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu.
Izindawo zokuhlala zomquba azithinteki kubantu. Le manul ivele eNcwadini ebomvu ngenxa yokumzingela okufuna ukuzingela uboya. Futhi, ubuningi bezinja, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezicupho nezicupho ezahlukahlukene zokubamba ama hares nezimpungushe kuthinta inani lePallas.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zizathu ezingenhla, imanul ise-Red Book maqondana nokwehla kokutholakala kokudla, ngoba inani lamagundane adla umquba lehlile kakhulu. Izinduku eziningi zibhubhisa izikhova nezimpisi, ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abasha bavame ukubulawa yizifo ezahlukahlukene. Izinombolo zeManul nazo zithinteka yisimo sezulu. Ubusika obuneqhwa, lezi zilwane zihlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla.
Ubelokhu eseBhuku eliBomvu leRussian Federation kusukela ngo-1995 futhi unesimo esithi "useduze nokusongelwa." Ukuzingela kweManul akuvunyelwe. Ekuthunjweni, iPallas ikhiqiza kabusha ngempumelelo, nokho, kunenkinga yesibalo esikhulu sokubulawa kwabantu abasezinhlotsheni zePallas kusuka ku-toxoplasmosis. I-Wild cat manul ayifundiswanga kahle ngokubheka indlela yokuzifihla nendawo yokuhlala enomusa, ngakho-ke ukuhlelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela lolu hlobo kudinga isikhathi.
Uma uthandile le ndatshana futhi uthanda ukufunda ngezilwane, bhalisela ukuvuselelwa kwesayithi ukuze ube ngowokuqala ukuthola kuphela izindatshana zakamuva nezithokozisayo ngezilwane ezihluke kakhulu emhlabeni wethu.
Ukubukeka
IManul iyisilwane esilingana nekati elifuywayo: umzimba wayo ungama-52-65 cm ubude, umsila wayo ungama-23-31 cm, futhi unesisindo esingu-2-5 kg. Ihluka ngekati elijwayelekile emgodini omdaka, umzimba omkhulu kakhulu onemilenze emfishane emincane nezinwele eziminyene kakhulu (kunezinwele ezingama-9,000 ngesenti yesikwele engafinyelela ubude obu-7 cm). Ikhanda le-manul lincane, libanzi futhi lithambile, linamadlebe amancane ayindilinga ahlukaniswe kabanzi. Amehlo aphuzi, abafundi okukhanya okukhanyayo, okungefani nokwanda kwamehlo lekati yasekhaya, abazitholeli ukwakheka okufana nokubhoboza, kepha bahlala beyindilinga. Esihlathini kunezixhaxaka zezinwele ezinde (amathangi). Umsila mude futhi awugqinsi, unophimbo oluyindilinga.
IManula fur iyona enoboya obukhulu futhi obukhulu phakathi kwamakati. Umbala woboya uhlangana nemibala e-grey elula ne-fawn-ocher, izinwele zinamathiphu amhlophe, kuholele ekutheni kube nomuzwa wokuthi u-mana uvalwe ngeqhwa. Ngasemuva komzimba nasemsileni kukhona imithende emincane emincane edlulayo emnyama, imivimbo emnyama ebheke phezulu isuka ekhoneni lamehlo iye ezinhlangothini zesifumbu. Isihloko somsila simnyama. Ngaphansi komzimba onsundu ngombala omhlophe.
Ukuhanjiswa kanye Nezinkampani Ezincane
IManul isatshalaliswa eCentral and Central Asia, isuka eSouth Caucasus nasentshonalanga ye-Iran iye eTransbaikalia, iMongolia naseNyakatho Ntshonalanga China.
Ukuhlukahluka komhlaba kanye nobukhulu bomzimba we-manula kuncane, yizimpawu ezintathu kuphela ezaziwa:
- I-Otocolobus manul manul - Kutholakala emabangeni amaningi, kepha kuvame kakhulu eMongolia nasentshonalanga yeChina. Inombala ojwayelekile.
- I-Otocolobus manul Ferruginea - Kusatshalaliswa e-Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan. Ifaka umbala obomvu-buffy, ngemivimbo ebomvu ecacile.
- Otocolobus manul nigripecta - uhlala eKashmir, Nepal naseTibet. Kubonakala ngombala wejazi elimpunga, okuthi ebusika lithole i-hue elibizwa ngokuthi i-brown-grey hue.
Ngaphakathi kweRussia, ibanga le-manula limelelwa yizigaba ezintathu: empumalanga, iTransbaikal neTuva-Altai. Esokuqala sisesifundeni iChita, phakathi kwemifula iShilka ne-Argun, entshonalanga - kuya e-Onon. Lapha, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-manul kukhawulelwe ku-steppe zone. Indawo yokugcwala iTransbaikal itholakala ikakhulu eBuryatia, esifundeni se-steph kanye ne-steppe: e-Dzhidinsky, e-Ivolginsky nase Selenginsky, kuya e-Ulan-Ude. Esehlakalweni sesithathu, eTuva nase-Altai, ubukhona be-manul buphawuleka eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda. Kuleminyaka eyi-10-15 eyedlule, imanol in steppes evulekile iqothulwe ngokoqobo, futhi ububanzi bayo buba uhlobo lwe-foci eyodwa.
Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo
Izindawo ezihlala kuzo iPallas zibonakala ngesimo sezulu esishisa kakhulu samazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika kanye nesembozo seqhwa esiphansi, siningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezineqhwa elincane. I-manul ihlala ezindaweni ezinama-steppe kanye ne-semi -hlane ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, amagquma amancane, izansi eziphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi ngezihlahla, izindawo ezingaphandle kanye nezindunduma, ubukhona bababeki bamatshe kanye namatshe amadwala. Ezintabeni lenyuka iye kuma-3000-4800 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Kuyivelakancane ngebhande lasehlathini nasezindaweni eziphansi. Isimo sobukhosi bohla lwaso, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-sporadic, kanye nobuncane obuphansi kuchazwa yi-stenotopicity yesihlobo (ebekelwe indilinga emincane yezindawo zokuhlala) yohlobo. Yonke indawo manul incane.
UManul uphila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Isebenza ikakhulu kusihlwa nasekuseni kakhulu, ntambama ilala endaweni yokukhosela. Ama-lair ahlala emifantwini yamadwala, emihumeni emincane, ngaphansi kwamatshe, emiseleni yakudala yemarmony, izimpungushe, amabheji. Umbala we-manula unezici ezinhle kakhulu zokufihla okusiza kuye ekuzingeleni. IManul uqobo lwayo ihamba kancane futhi ihamba kancane amakati asendle.
I-manul idla cishe kuphela ama-pikas namagundane anjengemouse, ngezikhathi ezithile abamba ama-gophers, ama-tolai hares, ama-marmot nezinyoni. Esikhathini sehlobo, phakathi neminyaka yokudangala, ubuningi bompiyela, uPallas udla inqwaba yamalulwane nezinye izinambuzane. Ubamba inyamazane ngokweba noma aqaphe amatshe nezimbobo.
UManul akaguquki ukuze agijime ngokushesha. Lapho esengcupheni, ubonakala ngokucasha, futhi uyaphunyuka ezitheni, akhwele ematsheni nasemadwaleni. I-manul ethukile ikhipha umsindo ovuthayo noma i-snout ebukhali.
Imvelaphi yezinhlobo nencazelo yemanyolo
Amakati okuqala angaba njengesihlava saseMadagascar sanamuhla njengefossa. Lezi zilwanyana ezincelisayo zihlala niche efanayo endle njengawo wonke amakati.
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-18 edlule, amakati wanamuhla (uFelidae) aqhamuka eSchizailurus. Abameli bokuqala besimanje bekati kwakuyizingulule zokuqala (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). Kukholakala ukuthi bavela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-7 edlule. Eminye imithombo ibika ukuthi ingulule yaseNyakatho Melika (i-Miracinonyx) yaqhamuka e-Acinonyx eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-4 kuphela ezedlule, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ososayensi lukhombisa ukuthi mhlawumbe uMiracinonyx wayengukhokho wazo zombili izingulule namacele (Puma).
Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12 eyedlule, uhlobo lohlobo oluthile uFelis lwavela okokuqala, kuwo amaningi amakati amancane anamuhla ekugcineni akhula. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zesimanje zikaFelis kwakuyikati uMartelli (Felis lunensis †) noManul (Felis manul). Izinhlobo ze-Felis ze-Felis yiFelis Attica, i-Felis bituminosa, i-Felis daggetti, i-Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), i-Felis lunensis ne Felis vorohuensis. Ngakho-ke, amaPallas angumugqa wakudala kakhulu kuze kube manje.
I-genera Acinonyx, Felis nePanthera imelelwa ngabantu abaphila namuhla. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye zalezi zinhlobo zesimanje kuvuselelwa njalo futhi kwakhiwa kabusha ngemichilo eminingi yabandulelayo. Banikeza izinkomba ezithembekile zokuthi uvela kubani, futhi ngasiphi isikhathi izindlela zezinhlobo eziningi ziphambukile.
Ngubani imanul
UManul ungummeleli omuhle womndeni wekati, i-hermit yasendle futhi engenakuzizwa ngokubukeka okungajwayelekile. Ngenxa yohlanga lwayo oluluhlaza olunombala ongajwayelekile nenkulumo yamehlo equkethe ukuhlakanipha kwendawo yonke, lesi silo siwine izinhliziyo zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni wethu. Umlando we-manula ubuyela ezikhathini zasendulo. Uvele emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-12 edlule futhi waba ngumkhiqizi wezinhlobo ezithile zamakati asekhaya.
Izazi zefelinologists zithi amakati amaPheresiya nama-Angora ayinzalo eqondile yemanyolo.
Lesi silwane sasendle sibizwa ngamaTurks igama laso. Kusuka olimini lwaseTurkic elithi "manul" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "okusheshayo". Elinye igama le-Pallas ikati lePallas. Wakuthola ukuhlonipha usosayensi wezemvelo uPeter Simon Pallas, owathola futhi wethula umhlaba ngesilwane esidala. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XVIII, endaweni ebuswa yi-Empress uCatherine II, usosayensi ophumelelayo waya kuhambo oluya e-Caspian steppes, lapho athola khona i-manul engalindele. Lokho isayensi yemvelo engathandanga igama lesiTurkic lekati - umlando uthule, kepha wakubiza kanjalo - i-Otocolobus manul, elihunyushwe kusuka esiLatinini ngokuthi "izindlebe ezimbi". Isakhiwo sendlebe yangaphakathi yekati asijwayelekile ngesimo, kepha ungayibiza ngokuba mubi ngokululwa okukhulu.
Inani labantu
Ikati yasendle iphila impilo eseceleni kakhulu. Ungcweti wobumbano futhi, uma esezwile umuntu, angahlala ekuqamekeleni amahora amaningi, ahlangane impela nomhlaba. Lokhu kusebenze kabi imanul. Inani eliqondile lezilwane kunzima kakhulu ukunquma.
Ngokusho kwesazi sebhayoloji, inani lezilwane ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka laliqala kwizigidi ezintathu liya kwezingama-3.5.
E-Russia, inani labantu be-manul lilinganiselwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- I-Mountain Altai - ngabantu abangu-250-300,
- Buryatia - kuze kufike kubantu abangama-70,
- Isifunda seChita - size sifike ku-2500.
Ihlala kuphi ikati le-manul?
Ikati lehlathi laseManul litholakala eCentral Asia, oLwandle iCaspian, e-Iran, e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nasenyakatho neNdiya. Futhi, ikati yasendle ihlala enkabeni yeChina, eMongolia naseningizimu yeRussia. Inani labantu eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yebanga labo - esifundeni soLwandle iCaspian, Afghanistan nePakistan - lincishiswa kakhulu. Manula cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola kwiTibet Plateau. IMongolia neRussia njengamanje zakha iningi labo.
Indawo yemanula ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esiphakeme ngokweqile esinemvula encane, umswakama ophansi kanye nobubanzi bokushisa. Batholwe endaweni ephakeme efika ku-4800 wamakhaza, indawo yokuhlala eyomile phakathi kwamagquma nogwadule olunamadwala.
Lezi zidlakela ezincane zithanda izigodi nezindawo ezinamadwala lapho zinethuba lokuphephela, ngoba zigwema indawo evulekile ngokuphelele. Futhi, iPallas ayithandi izindawo ezineembozo esikhulu seqhwa (ngenhla kuka-10 cm). 15-20 cm umkhawulo walezi zinhlobo.
Indawo yokuhlala ibukeka inkulu kakhulu ngomsele omncane kangako. Isibonelo, eMongolia, ibanga elijwayelekile phakathi kwabesifazane liyi-7.4-125 km2 (23 km2 ngokwesilinganiso), kanti ububanzi phakathi kwabesilisa bungu-21-207 km2 (98 km2 ngokwesilinganiso). Kulokhu kungacatshangwa ukuthi kuwo wonke ama-100 km2 kukhona abantu abane kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili.
Isimo sokulondolozwa kwezilwane
Le manul ifakwe ku-Red Book of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, China naseMongolia, nase-IUCN Red List enesimo esithi "useduze nokusongelwa".
Izizathu zokunciphisa inani lezilwane:
- abazingeli
- Ukuba kuluhlu olufanayo lwezinja ngaphandle kokuvuza,
- ukusetshenziswa kwezicupho nezicupho zokuzingela izilwane zoboya,
- izimo zezulu ezinzima neqhwa,
- buthaka kokuphakelwa kokudla,
- izitha ezinkulu
- izimbangi zokudla:
- izimpungushe
- Ama-Wolverines
- ukholo
- izinkozi zegolide,
- ama-steppe ukhozi
- izikhova.
- izifo ezahlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo.
Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zenze uhlelo: "Ukutadisha, ukugcinwa kanye nokwenza kabusha imanul." Ngesikhathi sohlelo, eklanyelwe iminyaka eyi-10, izazi zezilwane zihlela ukukhulisa inani lekati ezimeni ezenziwe ngobuhlakani. IManul iwuphawu lwe-Zoo yaseMoscow.
Yini edla ikati lasendle?
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-manul kuhluke kakhulu. Ikati yasendle ihlasela ku:
- ama-voles asensimini
- imashi
- amaprotheni
- izinyoni ezahlukahlukene (kufaka phakathi amachilo, izindiza zezindiza kanye namaphethelo),
- izinambuzane
- ezihuquzelayo
- scavengers.
Ikati le-manul steppe lifihla phakathi kwemini emihumeni emincane elahliwe eyayingeyozimbungulu noma izimpungushe. Njengoba amaPallas ehamba kancane, kufanele abe ngaphansi komhlaba futhi asondele ezinyamweni zawo ngaphambi kokugxuma. Ukuze zingabi isisulu sokhozi, izimpisi, izimpungushe ezibomvu noma izinja uqobo, zihamba ngezinyathelo ezimfishane, bese zicasha ngesikhathi sokudla.
Umsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wokuthola imanul ngukuhlwa nokusa. Amakati asendle futhi angazingela phakathi nosuku. Ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, njengezimpungushe zeCorsac, izimpungushe ezibomvu namabheji aseYurophu, zincike kwimithombo efanayo yokudla njenge-manul. Ukuze ugweme ukukhishwa ngaphandle kokuncintisana, kunesisekelo sokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezincike kwizisetshenziswa ezifanayo ezingeke zahlala endaweni eyodwa. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, abakwaPallas bavumelana nokuziphatha kokusesha kokudla kwesizini.
Ebusika, lapho kungekho kudla okwanele, amaPallas afuna ngentshiseko izinambuzane zasebusika noma eziqandisiwe. Ubusika yisikhathi sokucwatshwa kwamabheji, ngakho-ke amakati asendle ukugwema ngempumelelo ukuncintisana inyamazane.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isimilo seManul siyinkimbinkimbi. Isilwane sigcina imfihlo ngokweqile futhi siqaphe. Njengabanye abamele amanye ama-fula manule - izifiso. Kuwo wonke amakati akhona endle, imanul ihamba kancane futhi ayikwazi ukunyakaza okusheshayo. UManul, njengabanye abahlaseli, uthanda isikhathi sobusuku. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lokhu okunyamayo kungazingela emini, bakhetha ukulala emini. Ngenxa yezimpawu zomuntu ngamunye, njengokuthi ukuhamba kancane nokuzilibazisa, imanul imvamisa kufanele ibuke isisulu sayo eduze kwendawo. Umbala woboya bekati yasendle usebenza njengokufihla.
IManul ifihla izitha emigodini, emadwaleni noma ezigodini. Leli katsi lenza lair yalo ethokomele kusuka kwizimbotshana ezindala noma ezimpungushe, noma ivumelane nezikebhe zamatshe nasemihumeni emincane. Yilokhu okusiza ukuthi imanul inganakwa uma ifihla. IManul ihamba kancane phakathi kwamakati asendle. Ngokucasuka noma ngolaka, amaPallas enza imisindo ephakeme ehambelana kakhulu nemisindo yesikhova.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Kukholelwa ukuthi iPallas yeduna iyazula nge-4 km2, kepha abukho ubufakazi besayensi obuthembekile kulokhu. Ososayensi babika ukuthi ucingo luka-manul olufana nolwemithi luzwakala njengengxube yokukhonkotha izinja ezincane nesikhova siklabalasa.
AmaPallas aba nesikhathi sonyaka sokuzala. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo zinesithembu, okusho ukuthi owesilisa angashada nabesifazane abaningi. Isikhathi sokuzala sithatha ngoDisemba kuya ekuqaleni kukaMashi, kanti isikhathi sokukhulelwa silingana nezinsuku ezingama-75. Kusuka kittens 2 kuya ku-6 zizalwa ngasikhathi. Amacuba azalwa ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi ahlala nonina izinyanga ezimbili zokuqala.
Ngemuva kokuba amathole ezelwe, owesilisa akabambi iqhaza ekukhulisweni. Lapho nje amakati eshiya i-nursery, azofunda ukuthi angakuthola kanjani ukudla nokuzingela eneminyaka eyi-4-5 ubudala. Cishe unyaka owodwa wokuphila, baba abavuthiwe futhi bangathola abalingani babo. Isilinganiso sokuphila komuntu esilinganiselwe esilinganiselwa kumuntu cishe izinyanga ezingama-27, noma ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-2, ngenxa yezimo zezemvelo ezeqile kanye nokuchayeka ngokweqile ukuze ube yimpango. Ekudingisweni, uPallas uphila iminyaka eyishumi nambili.
Izizathu zokwehliswa kwenombolo yePallas
Izinsongo eziphambili kubantu be-manul yilezi:
Ama-Pallas akhona emvelweni ngamanani amancane futhi angavumelaniswa kahle nokuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ukuthembela kwabo ezindlini ezithile kubenza basengcupheni enkulu. Uboya bekati leli lasendle buyaziswa ezimakethe eziningi. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1900s, kuze kube yilapho kubulawa amakati angama-50 000 ngonyaka ngesikhumba sawo.
Ukuwohloka kweHabitat kuyaqina futhi kuthinta ubukhona be-manul. Izinja ezifuywayo kanye ne-factor factor yabantu zibangela ama-56% abantu abashona ePallas enkabeni eyodwa eMongolia. Amakati kwesinye isikhathi abulawa ngephutha ngabazingeli, abasebenzise kabi.
Inani labantu baseMongolia lisongelwa ukuzingela ngokweqile nokuzingela. AmaPallas azingelwa "ngezinjongo zasekhaya", kukhona nethuba lokuthola imvume kwiziphathimandla zasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kunobuthakathaka futhi akukho okulawulwayo. Mhlawumbe usongo olukhulu kuleli kati elincane yimikhankaso enikezwe ubuthi yokuthola ubuthi yokulawula inani lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezenziwa ngezinga elikhulu eRussia nase China.
Isimo sabantu kanye nokulondolozwa kwemanyolo
Ikati lePallasov eminyakeni yamuva, inyamalala ezindaweni eziningi ezizungeze uLwandle lweCaspian, kanye nasengxenyeni esempumalanga yendawo yayo yasekuqaleni. AmaManulas abhalwe ukuthi “asengozini” kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Isivumelwano saseWashington sokuVikela Izilwane sinikeza umhlahlandlela kulolu hlobo lweSithasiselo II.
Ngo-2000, uDkt Bariusha Munkatso weMongolia Academy of Sciences kanye ne-Irbis Center yaseMongolia, ehlangana noMeredith Brown, waqala isifundo somkhakha wokuqala wezinyamazane zasendle. UDkt Munkatso uqhubekile nokufunda ngomsebenzi obalulekile walamakati enkabeni yeMongolia futhi ungomunye wabaphenyi abambalwa abona ukuzalaniswa kwezinsikazi. I-Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) kuwumsebenzi omusha wokulondolozwa owasungulwa yiNorth Ark Zoo, iRoyal Zoological Society yaseScotland kanye ne-Snow Leopard Trust. IFondation Segre ibuye yawusekela lo mkhankaso kusukela ngoMashi 2016.
Injongo ye-PICA ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa komhlaba wonke ngePallas, ukuthola umlando wabo wemvelo futhi babike ngosongo lokuqothulwa kwalezi zikati. Ukwanda kwenani labantu abathunjiwe kusiza ukwenza ngcono ukuthembeka kofuzo kwezinhlobo. Ithemba elihle kakhulu lePallas ngabalondolozi bezokulondolozeka, okuthi, yize kubhujiswa nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, bafuna ukusiza inani lekati yasendle. Izindlela zokulondolozwa kwemvelo kufanele zifake phakathi ukwenziwa ngcono komthetho kanye nokwenza ngcono uhlelo lweemvume zokuzingela.
Habitat
Izilwane zasendle ezifuywayo - imanathi yasendle ikakhulukazi ihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamatshe, emithambekeni engenathemba nasezintabeni ezisuka e-Iran naseNingizimu Transcaucasia kuya eTransbaikalia, eNyakatho Ntshonalanga China naseMongolia, eCentral nase-Asia Ephakathi. Izinombolo eziphakeme kakhulu zibhekwa ezindaweni ezineqhwa elincane.
E-Russia, ikati lasePallas lihlala endaweni yama-Chita esifundeni saseChita, esifundeni saseBuryatia, eTyva nase-Altai.
Umsoco
Ekuzingeleni kwekati lasendle, umbala wokufihlakala uyasiza, ngenxa yokuthi uhlangana nomhlaba. Ukudla kwayo okuyinhloko ngamagundane, kepha futhi kungabamba i-gopher, i-hare noma inyoni. Endlala, ayideleli i-orthoptera nezinye izinambuzane.
Njengomthetho, inyamazane izingelwa inyamazane noma ngaphansi kwamatshe. I-manul yasendle ayikwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, uma kwenzeka iba yingozi ifihla izitha emadwaleni naphakathi kwamatshe.
Ukuzala
Ukuthomba kufinyelelwa ezinyangeni eziyi-10-11. Umjaho uqala ngoFebhuwari kuya kuMashi kanye ngonyaka.
Imvamisa abantu besilisa abaningana bazenza njengabesifazane. Onqobayo kule mpi uthola ilungelo lokushada. Ngemuva kokuzala, owesilisa uyahamba, bese owesifazana ngokuzimela enza umsebenzi wokutshala inzalo. Ikati lithwala inzalo cishe ngezinsuku ezingama-60 futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ikati liletha kumathile amabili kuya kwayisithupha. Amathole aphuphuthekile anesisindo esingama-300 g. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10, amehlo awo avuleka, futhi emva kwezinyanga ezintathu amathole aqala ukuya ekuzingeleni. Isikhathi sokuphila kwekati lePallas siseminyakeni eyi-10-12.
Ekudingisweni, uPallas uzalela kahle, kepha ama-kittens avame ukubulawa yizifo ezahlukahlukene. Imbangela enkulu yokufa okuphezulu i-toxoplasmosis. E-Russia, ama-zoo amathathu kuphela athole impumelelo ethile ngokuzalanisa lolu hlobo.
Izizathu zokunyamalala kwePallas
UManul, ikati elivela kwiBhuku elibomvu liyisilwane esingandile, esisengozini. Kwezinye izindawo zokuhlala, isibalo sazo siyaqhubeka sincipha, kanti isilwane sesisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni.
Izimbangela eziphambili zokuqothulwa kwalolu hlobo yilezi:
- ukuzingela
- ukuhlaselwa kwezitha nezinja,
- iqhwa elide nobusika obuneqhwa, okubangela ukuntuleka kokudla,
- ukunciphisa inani lamagundane (ukuntuleka kwezinsiza kusebenza).
- izifo.
Ngenxa yendlela yokuziqhenya yekati likaPallas, kunzima ukuthola inani eliqondile okwamanje. Ubungako obuphakathi kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo kwezinye izindawo zasendaweni yalo zithathwa njengezilwane ezindala ezi-2-3 kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10.
Ikati likaPallasov lifakwe ku-Red Book of Tyva, Khakassia kanye neRussia, ohlwini lwe-IUCN, kwathi ngo-1995 ku-CITES Isithasiselo 2 seNgqungquthela. Njengoba uManul eyikati evela kwiBhuku eliBomvu, ukuzingela kuye kwenqatshelwe yonke indawo.
Ithebula: ukuhlukaniswa kwekati yasendle iPallas
Buka | Manul |
Isihloko | Ikati lePallasov (i-Otocolobus manul) |
Umusa | Amakati amancane |
Ukuhlonza | Isimilo |
Umndeni | I-Feline |
Isigaba | Omama |
Thayipha | Chordates, vertebrates |
Habitat | Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi, eMongolia, eTibet, eChina, eTransbaikalia |
Umsoco | Izidlamlilo |
Indlela yokuphila | iningi kusihlwa nobusuku |
Isimilo nemikhuba yePallas
Izici zomlingiswa ohlukile:
- yokuphila kokuhlala phansi
- ukuqaphela kanye nokugcina imfihlo,
- ukuhlwa nobukhona bobusuku
- ukubambezela nokuhamba kancane,
- ubukhona be-sporadic (bebodwa),
- i-portbor.
Isimo sePallas siyimfihlo kangangokuba ososayensi abheka impilo yekati ngezindlebe ezingeyona evamile bayibiza nge-phantom. Isizungu yisisekelo sokuphila kwekati lasendle. Ochwepheshe bathi ikati lePallas lingenye yezilwane eziqaphile kakhulu ezingasoze zavela eqhweni elisanda kwehla, kakhulu nje okushiya umhlabathi onobuhle. Ukuze ukugcwala kwesilo kungabalwa ekuphaphameni, uyolinda izinsuku kuze kube yilapho ezinye izakhamizi zaloluhlu olufanayo zimaka iqhwa lentombi phambi kwakhe. Imvamisa, imanul ihamba ezinyathelweni zeBexx kanye ne-antelopes yasenyakatho, egijima emhlambini futhi ishiye imikhondo ecacile.
UManul uyingcweti yokuzifihla futhi uyisilwane esiqaphile kakhulu esinokuphila okuhlukile.
Ngifuna ukwazi konke
Qala uchungechunge lokuthunyelwe mayelana ne-WILD CATS. Kwavela ukutholakala kimi ukuthi ziningi zazo. Ngithathe isinqumo sokuthi ngeke "ngigaye" kokuthunyelwe okukodwa, kepha ukukukhombisa ngokuningiliziwe.
Ungathanda ukuthatha uhambo olwedlule ubone ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezazinjengezigidi zeminyaka edlule? Endabeni yamakati, lokhu akudingi ukwenziwa, ngoba kukhona iManul - cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-12 edlule, yayingenye yezinhlobo zokuqala zalawo makati avela lapho amakati wanamuhla evela. Ngokusho kososayensi, amaPallas awakashintshi kangako kusukela lapho. Kwakukhona enye inhlobo - ikati likaMartelli, kodwa yanyamalala ngokuphelele. UManul - isilwane esiyingqayizivele esivula iwindi esikhathini esedlule samakati wanamuhla
IManul ukuphela kwekati yasendle elifanayo ngosayizi wamakati. Kungabonakala kukhulu kancane ngenxa nje yoboya bayo obukhulu kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubukeka emuhle kancane, unomusa omkhulu, uyaguga futhi uyashesha. Unazo zonke izici ezitholakala emndenini wekati, usinda kahle ezimweni zemvelo futhi angazinakekela ekulweni nezinye izinyathi
Isizathu esikhulu sokusinda kwemanet yezigidi zeminyaka kwaba ukwahlukaniswa kwayo. Ihlala endle ye-Asia steppes, ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ezifika kumakhilomitha amane. UManul uhlala eNdiya, ePakistan, entshonalanga neChina naseMongolia, kanye nase-Afghanistan naseTurkmenistan. Muva nje, ikati leli liphinde latholakala emahlathini ase-Sayan Siberia. Kulezi zindawo uthanda izindawo ezinamadwala. ama-semi-desert kanye nezintaba eziyinyumba. Ngamanye amagama, lezi yizindawo lapho kunethuba elincane lokuhlangana nesitha sakho. Ngicabanga ukuthi kulula kuwe ukuqagela ukuthi kulesi sigaba isitha sakhe esikhulu yindoda
Njengamanje, ama-subspecies amathathu amaPallas ayaziwa: ngamagama, noma amaSiberia, ahlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga futhi ngokuvamile abonakala ngombala o-grey wohlobo, i-Central Asia, ebonakala ngoboya obomvu (ejwayelekile eTurkmenistan, Afghanistan kanye nesilonda saseNyakatho), iTibetan, ebonakala ngombala omnyama woboya ngokuba khona kwemivimbo emnyama emzimbeni kanye nomsila kanye namabala akhanya ekhanda (kuhlala eNyakatho Pakistan, eNyakatho India, eTibet, eKazakhstan, eKyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan).
IManul, iyonke, ikati elincane elinesisindo esisuka ku-2 kuya ku-5 kg ubude nobude bawo bufika kuma-65 cm - acishe afane nomsila wasendlini, oshubile onobude obungama-23-30 cm kuphela. Ngokuvamile, ubukeka njengekati elijwayelekile, kepha unomzimba omnyama emilenzeni emfishane emnyama noboya obukhulu kakhulu obumpunga. IManul iyona evundile kunazo zonke kubo bonke abameleli bohlobo lwe-feline - kuze kufike ezinweleni ezingama-9000 zitholakala nge-1 cm.sq. Unwele ngalunye lunethiphu elimhlophe, okwenza uboya bubonakale sengathi bukhudlwa yiqhwa. Ubude bezinwele zemoda yoboya bufinyelela ku-7cm. Imibala ibuye ishintshane namathoni abomvu grey nama-fawn-red, imivimbo emnyama emnyama isemsileni, emuva komzimba nasezinyeni. Ebunzini le-manula - iziqeshana zombala omnyama, kanye nesihloko somsila wendoda ebukekayo sipendiwe simnyama.
UManula unamehlo amakhulu aphuzi - ayashesha, ashukumisayo, amnandi. Ngokungafani namakati asekhaya, abafundi bayindilinga kunokuba bathi mpo, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, abafundi behlosi. I-manul inamehlo amahle nokuzwa, kepha umuzwa wayo wokuhogela awuthuthukiswa.
IManul uqobo lwayo ihamba kancane futhi ihamba kancane kunawo wonke amakati asendle, akazi ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngokushesha. UManul uphila impilo yokuhlala yedwa. Isilwane ngasinye sihlala endaweni ehlukile, echazwe ngokuqinile, lapho ixosha khona umakhelwane wayo ngephutha lapho. Iya ekuzingeleni ekuseni kakhulu nasebusuku, phakathi nosuku ecasha futhi ilala emiseleni noma emifantwini. Ukudla kwalo okuyinhloko ngamagundane, kepha kungabamba i-hare noma i-gopher encane, inyoni.Ehlobo kubamba izinambuzane. Ukuvikelwa kwePallas kuletha kanye ngonyaka, kulokho kudoti kukhona ama-cubes amabili ukusuka kwayisithupha. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siwela, njengoba kufanele ikati, ngoFebhuwari - Mashi. "Amakati kaMashi" ahlela ukulwa kwamakati, kepha obaba abahlanganyeli ekukhuliseni amakati. Umama uManul unakekela izingane ngokucophelela, izikhotha, ezishisayo futhi ezondla ngobisi. Kepha uma umama ethukuthele, uluma amantshontsho. Eminyakeni engu-3 ubudala, imanulata iya ekuzingeleni kokuqala. UManul uhlala endle iminyaka eyi-10-12.
Yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezivikelwe, imanul iyivelakancane noma iyivelakancane, kwezinye izindawo iseduze kokuqothulwa. Inani eliqondile lalesi silwane kunzima ukusisungula ngenxa yokuziphatha okucashile kwePallas kanye ne-mosaic yokusatshalaliswa kwayo. I-Pallas izala ngempumelelo ekudingisweni, noma ama-zoo abhekene nenkinga yokufa okuphezulu phakathi kwemenyu encane evela ku-toxoplasmosis. I-Toxoplasmosis manus endle ayiguli, itheleleka kumakati afuywayo ekudingisweni.
Izinsongo ezinkulu ePallas ngukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi amadlelo ezinkomo kanye nezimayini, ukuzingela, abelusi nezinja zasendle. Ngaphandle kokuvinjwa, ukuhweba okungafanelekile kuma-mittens ngisho namajazi oboya obuvela kuboya balesi silo esingandile kuyaqhubeka.
Le manul ifakwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation, ku-IUCN Red ohlwini nakuSithasiselo II seCITES Convention (1995). Kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN (kuthathelwa indawo i-IUCN Red Book), isimo sePallasa siqokwe ngokuthi "eduze nokusongelwa
Ngo-2010, engqungqutheleni ye-Euro-Asia Regional Association of Zoos and Aquariums (EARAZA), uhlelo lokudidiyela kanye nokukhiqiza oluhlanganisiwe lwamazwe jikelele "Study, Preservation and Reproduction of Pallas" lwabhekwa futhi savunywa.
Uhlelo lwenzelwe iminyaka eyi-10. Ngesikhathi sohlelo, abacwaningi bahlela ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokugcina nokwalusa umanyela ezimeni ezidalwe ngokungemthetho, ukwakha inqwaba yezilwane zasolwandle ezinabantu abaningi abasebenza ngezakhi zofuzo ezimweni ezenziwe ngobuciko, ukuthola imininingwane ephelele ngokuphelele mayelana ne-biology yale nhlobo ekuthunjweni nasezimweni zemvelo, ukusiza ukugcina manula emvelweni.
Ngaphezu kwalabo abaphethe lolu hlelo - i-Zoo yaseMoscow nenqwaba yama-zoo anama-manula emaqoqweni abo futhi afisa ukujoyina lolu hlelo - abaxhasi bohlelo yi-Siberian Ecological Center MBOO (Uhlelo Lokuhlola Nokulondolozwa kweManul), iProtozoal infusions Laboratorion ye-Research Institute of Epidemiology neMicrobiology eqanjwe ngemuva kwalokhu N.F. I-Gamalei RAMS ne-GPBZ "Daursky Reserve" (iTrans-Baikal Territory).
IManul, njengamanye amakati, ithanda isizungu. Owesifazane nowesilisa bahlangana kafushane ngesikhathi sokuzala. Yinsikazi kuphela ebandakanyeka ekukhuliseni amazinyane azelwe. Ubungako besayithi ngalinye alicaciswanga, imininingwane kulokhu ingaqondile futhi iyingxenye nje. Isibonelo, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzingela, abakwaPallas bangashiya indawo yabo ematsheni eyi-0-1-1 km, bavakashele izingxenye eziseduze ze-steppe, kanye namasimu, amadiphozithi namatshe. Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa abaningana balandela lowesifazane ngokushisa, phakathi kwabo izimpi ezinolaka ezingajwayelekile.
I-manul idla ikakhulukazi izinambuzane namagundane: ama-gerbils, ama-voles, ama-squirrel omhlaba, ama-hamsters, kanye namadolobha aphansi nawokuxoshwa. Kwesinye isikhathi ibamba imigodi emincane, ukuhanjiswa kwezinyoni, kanye nezinyoni ezincane ezidlekayo noma ukuzondla phansi. Ubamba inyamazane yakhe ngokuntshontsha noma ayigade ematsheni nasemiseleni. Ukusuka kwizimbobo ezingashoni kungathola izinduku. Isabelo esibalulekile ekudleni kwemana izinambuzane.
Ezindaweni zomhlaba wonke, iPallas ayizakhamuzi ezingandile. Naphezu kokulula kokulungiswa kwazo, ayikho i-zoo eyodwa ekwazile ukufezekisa ukuzalanisa okuzinzile nokujwayelekile.
Ngokokuqala ngqa eMoses Zoo, ePallas kwavela ngo-1957, futhi kusukela ngonyaka ka-1987 isithombe sePallas sesibe isifanekiselo sakhe, kepha kunzima kakhulu ukumbona lapho evezwa: leli kati eliyimfihlo lihamba ngezinyawo kuphela kusihlwa lapho izivakashi zishiya i-zoo. I-aviary encane ye-manula itholakala phakathi kwezindiza ze-lynx nengwe eyiFar East. Okwamanje, imanul ayibonisiwe - izindiza zakhiwa kabusha. Abanikazi boboya obufudumele obungejwayelekile ngokungajwayelekile, izilwane zizizwa zizinhle, zihlala unyaka wonke ezindaweni ezifakwa emigwaqweni. Kufakwa iziqu zemithi emakhejini, kanye nemamenyu, emvelweni ehamba emhlabathini kuphela, ngokuzithandela ukukhwela kuwo aze akhuphuke amakheji aye ophahleni lwenkomo, njengezinkawu. Njengomgodi wabo babeka izindlu zamapulangwe, lapho kubekwa khona udoti ofudumele wobusika. Ezilwaneni zasekhaya, ama-pallas nawo adla inyama, kepha ukudla okungcono kakhulu kuzo izidumbu zamagundane nezigwaca, ezifulelwe leyo njongo. AmaPallas anesici esijabulisayo: ekwindla, ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, isifiso sawo sokudla siyakhula. Izilwane zidla izikhathi eziphindwe kabili nohafu kunokwejwayelekile futhi zisheshe zithole isisindo - isisindo sabesilisa abadala ngalesi sikhathi singafinyelela ku-10 kg. Kepha ngoDisemba - uJanuwari, isifiso sokudla siyanda, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ama-pallas adla zonke ezinye izinsuku.
Isikhathi sokumatanisa abathunjiwe abathunjiwe kwenzeka, njengakwindalo, ngoFebhuwari - Mashi. Amakhowe eseneminyaka eyodwa enyangeni aqala ukushiya isidleke, zama ukudla ukudla kwabantu abadala. Ngezinyanga eziyisithupha zifinyelela usayizi wezilwane ezindala, lapho zinonyaka owodwa ubudala, izinsikazi sezingavele zizale.
Ama-Pallas ayizilwane ezi-stenotopic, i.e. uhlala ezindaweni ezinendawo ethile nesimo sezulu kuphela. Ukuthi bakhishwa endaweni abahlala kuyo kwenza buthaka ukungatheleleki kwabo, kanti nezifo ezithinta mana nazo aziqondakali kahle. Akulula ukukhulisa imanulithi encane e-zoo, noma ngabe umama ayinakekela kahle. AmaKittens agula kakhulu futhi afe. Ukuzivikela, kusuka emavikini ayisithupha ubudala kuya ezinyangeni ezintathu njalo emavikini amabili zigonyelwa izifo ezithathelanayo ze-feline, bese zigonyelwa minyaka yonke impilo yazo yonke. Abesifazane bangomama abanovalo kakhulu futhi abangenakho ukuthula, uma becabanga ukuthi amawundlu asengozini, azama ukunyakaza afihle amakati. Ukucinga indawo yokukhosela engcono, bangagijima isikhathi eside neqatha emazinyweni abo futhi ngokunganakile kungambhubhisa.
Ama-Adobe man futhi azilula iziguli zezilwane. Zigula kakhulu ngasese, ngaphandle kokukhombisa izimpawu zalesi sifo kuze kuthi lapho sekwephuze kakhulu. Imvamisa, impilo yesilwane kufanele yahlulelwe ngokukhombisa kwamehlo kanye nama-nuances acashile okuziphatha. Akulula ukwelapha i-manuli noma; kumicimbi yezilwane kufanele ibanjwe ngenethi ekhethekile futhi iqondiswe ngokuqinile. Lawa makati amancane avikelwa ngogazi yizinsikazi zawo namazinyo amade abukhali angadala amanxeba amakhulu. Kepha kukhona umehluko phakathi kwePallas, Sasihlala e-Sultan ye-zoo Pallas eyayisaziwa ngokuthi i-Sultan. Wabanjwa esemncane esemncane futhi ehlala e-zoo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kakade lapho esemdala, walimala intamo yakhe, futhi isilonda asipholisanga isikhathi eside. Lapho befika kuye bezothola ukwelashwa, waziphakamisa emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva, encike onqenqemeni lwendlu ngezihlakala zakhe zangaphambili wabeka intamo yakhe ukwelapha isilonda.
Kunzima kakhulu ukukhula i-manuli, ngasizathu simbe esingenamama. Ngolunye usuku, enye yezinsikazi iPallas egcinwe endaweni yethu yezilwane kwadingeka ukuba ibe nengxenye yecesarean. Ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, owesimame akakwazanga ukunakekela izingane uqobo, futhi sathola izandla zethu zamakheli ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ezandleni. Ngokuphuthuma ngabo bonke abantu abajwayele nabajwayele baqala ukufuna ikati lasekhaya elisanda kuzulazula. Ikati latholakala, futhi abanikazi balo, yize babekhathazeke kakhulu, bavuma ukusiboleka isilwane sabo namakati kit ayisithupha isikhashana. Ikati lamaSiamese lavela laba ngumama omuhle kakhulu futhi lakhulisa imanololi ndawonye namakati, ngaphandle kokwenza mehluko phakathi kwabo. Kepha ama-manuli, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ayevame ukuthathwa futhi asindwe nsuku zonke, ahlala elukhuni. Ngenkathi abafowabo nodadewabo begijimela kule ndoda futhi bedlala ngokuzithandela, le ndoda yafuna ukucasha, yafihla ikhava. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokufundisa imanungit inyama, into yokuqala eyenziwa yi-savage encane, iphunga inyama, yanamathisela amazinyo akhe amancane emunwe lapho kukhona izingcezu ze-mincemeat futhi yamluma igazi.
Ama-Pallas awadanjiswa futhi, ngisho nangemva kokuhlala iminyaka eminingi e-zoo, ungaxhumana nabantu. Kepha ngesinye isikhathi, intokazi esencane uPallas yalethwa e-zoo yethu, eyabanjwa incane kakhulu yakhulela efulethini laseMoscow. Abaniniwo bekungafanele bajabulele ukuba nekati ebabazekayo isikhathi eside, kwasheshe kwaba ngokungalawuleki, bahlasela amalungu omndeni, futhi kwadingeka bayinike i-zoo. Umhlaseli omncane, eqhubeka eyisidleke, wehluleka ukwesaba abantu. Wabona noma yikuphi ukubonakala kukangqongqoshe ekhejini njengokuzama endaweni yakhe futhi wahlasela, elwela ukuthola ubuso bomuntu ongene, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ukuthi ahlanganyele leli kati elingamakhilogremu amane. Oyedwa wadonsa umhlaseli ekhoneni walinamathisela lapho ngokuthile, owesibili wahlanza masinyane ikheji wafaka ukudla. Futhi yize ukuziphatha okunjalo okunolaka kungavamile kumaPallas, la makati amahle ngokungajwayelekile awakulungele ukuba yizilwane ezifuywayo.
Muva nje, isasazo kumanyuwali kuma-zoos selukhuphukile, sekuvele izindlela ezintsha zokucwaninga nokubuka. Kunakwa kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezifo zabo. Mhlawumbe kungekudala sizofunda okuningi ngempilo yalezi zilwane eziyimfihlo, futhi ukuzigcina nokuzifuya kuma-zoo ngeke kusaba yinkinga. Ulwazi olusha luzosiza ukuvikela i-manuls ezindaweni abahlala kuzo, futhi ukudalwa kwabantu abazinza ngokuqinile ekudingisweni kuzonciphisa ukuhoxa kwabo emvelweni.
Umlando wokutholakala kwezinhlobo zikaManul
Ikati lasendle laseManul lifanele ukutholwa kwakhe usosayensi wezemvelo waseJalimane uPeter Pallas, futhi wamthola ngegama lakhe lesayensi ngegama lakhe. Usosayensi uthole futhi wachaza izinhlobo zezilwane ngo-1776 ngesikhathi kufundwa ama-Caspian steppes.
Lesi sidlakela somndeni wekati singesinye sezilwane ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, ezingaguquki.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ikati lePallas libukeka ngendlela efanayo nalezigidi zeminyaka eyedlule. Isilwane esincane sasinenhlanhla enkulu ukwedlula, ngokwesibonelo, amahlosi ashubile.
Igama elithi "Manul" liyiTurkic futhi nencazelo yalo ngqo, ososayensi abazi. Ngokunokwenzeka, kusho "ikati". Yize abantu bomdabu besifunda saseCaspian Sea kanye nezizwe ezingomakhelwane baseMongol bengasiphathanga ngenhlonipho lesi silwane kuphela, kodwa nangehlonipho ephezulu kakhulu, basenza ngcwele leso silo.
Emhlabeni wesayensi, kudala iManula yaqanjwa ngamakati asendle asendle, kepha ngenxa yokucwaninga ngokuningiliziwe kwezimpawu zalezi zinhlobo, ososayensi bahlukanisa lesi silwane esigabeni esihlukile esinegama elithi Otocolobus manul noma Felis manul.
UMnu Cat uyancoma: izici, ububanzi
Igama elithi "Otocolobus" elivela esiGrekini sasendulo lisho "izindlebe ezimfushane". Isilwane sinezindlebe ezincane impela; ngokumelene nesizinda sezinwele eziwugqinsi, zimane zilahleke.
Lesi isilwane esincane, esidlula kakhulu usayizi wekati elivamile. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-50 kuye ku-65 cm, umsila mude, cishe amasentimitha angama-20 ukuya ku-35. Isisindo salowo owandayo ngamakhilogremu amabili kuya kwamahlanu kuphela. Yilapho ukufana kwesilwane kuphela khona. Umzimba kaManul unemizimba emincane, eqinile, enemisipha, imbozwe kakhulu izinwele ezinde (kufika ku-7 cm). Kufika ezinweleni eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye ngesentimitha esikwele ngasinye.
Ikhanda uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba oyindilinga libukeka lincane, futhi amehlo aphuzi aqhakazile anomntwana ongajwayelekile - uhlala uhlala uyindilinga, ungacabangi ukwakheka okuthe mpo, njenganoma imuphi omunye umugqa. Esihlathini sesilwane ngisho nezinwele ezinde - "amadevu" aminyene.
Izici ezihlukanisayo zikaManula zingokulandelayo:
- umzimba oqinile, ongqongqoze ngokuqinile,
- imilenze emifushane eqinile
- umsila omude obukhulu onompipi oyindilinga,
- Amehlo amancane egolide embumbulu omfushane oyindilinga,
- ingubo ende eminyene
- kushunqiwe, isizinda esiyimpunga singwevu esimhlophe,
- imivimbo enemibala yamalahle emzimbeni nasemsileni,
- imigqa emibili emnyama esihlathini.
- izindawo ezenziwe mhlophe izinwele emathiphuni wezindlebe,
- izindlebe ngokwazo zincane kakhulu, ziphansi futhi zibanzi ngokwahlukana ezinhlangothini zekhanda,
- ikhanda lincane ngamathangi aminyene ezinhlangothini.
Ijazi lobuManula ngokungangabazeki liyimbala ebanzi futhi enoboya phakathi kwawo wonke amakati, okusikisela ukuthi, ngejazi elifanayo, amaPheresiya ahlobene kakhulu nalesi silwane esingajwayelekile futhi esijabulisayo. Izilwane nazo ziyafana ekwakhekeni kwemizimba yazo nangesakhiwo esingajwayelekile sikakhanda.
Umbala wekati lePallas ulawulwa ngamathoni we-ocher-fawn kanye ne-grayish, kepha ngenxa yokuphawula, ijazi lonke libonakala ligcwele uthuli lweqhwa. Esifubeni, isisu kanye nengaphakathi le-paws, imibala yoboya bumdaka kunothuli lweqhwa olufanayo.
Lezi zilwane zithanda ukuhlala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo sezwekazi.
Ijazi eliwugqinsi eline-undercoat enamandla lenza kube lula ukubekezelela ushintsho olukhulu lokushisa. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ama-paws amafushane enza kube nzima ukuhambisa ikhava elijulile leqhwa.
Ithanda izindawo ezinama-steppe kanye nama-semi -hlane ezintaba, amagquma amancane, izisekelo eziphakathi nendawo ezinamabhushi, obeka amatshe nezifaca emadwaleni. Ingaba khona ezintabeni, ikhuphuke ibe ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-4 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Akuvamile kakhulu emahlathini nasezindaweni eziphansi. Kaningi, ikati lasePallasov lingatholakala eCentral nase-Asia Ephakathi, lapho lihlala khona izifunda ezinamadolobha aqhelelene neqhwa elincane, kanye nasezintabeni nasezintabeni zeTibet naseNepal. Amapulangwe amancane eManula ayatholakala naseMongolia, China, Transbaikalia, Kashmir nasezindaweni eziphansi zeCaspian.
Izinhlobo zeManula
Ikati lePallas linama-subtypes amathathu:
- I-Otocolobus manul manul noma iSiberia Manul - itholakala yonke indawo ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo, kepha ijwayelekile eMongolia, China, eSiberia yaseRussia. Isilwane sinombala onsundu, kunalokho umbala okhanyayo.
- I-Otocolobus manul Ferrocinea yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Central Asia Manul. Lesi silwane sinombala obomvu onsundu ngokubomvu onamamaki ansundu ngendlela yemivimbo emzimbeni, umsila kanye nesihlahla. Ihlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemajukujukwini nasezindaweni ezise-Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan nasePakistan.
- I-Otocolobus manul nigripecta noma iTibetan Manul ibonakala ngombala omnyama kakhulu, lapho i-ocher namathoni ansundu agqamile khona. Ebusika, uboya buba ne-silvery sheen. Izindawo eziphambili zemvelo yiKashmir, Nepal neTibet.
Ezweni lethu, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwekati lePallasov ikhawulelwe ezindaweni ezintathu - empumalanga, iTransbaikal neTuva-Altai.
Empumalanga, uManul uhlala emaqeleni esifundeni saseChita, eTrans-Baikal Territory, futhi utholakala esifundeni saseBuryat se-steppe ne-steppe. E-Altai naseRiphabhulikhi yaseTuva, lesi silo sicishe siqothulwe, imiphakathi encane ibonwa kuphela ezindaweni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Manje iManul ifakwa eAzerbaijan eZangezur National Park.
Izici zokuziphatha kukaManula
Ikati lePallas lihola indlela yokuphila yodwa futhi alithambekele ekuhambeni amabanga amade. Ama-Shelter Manul ahlela izindawo zokukhosela emadwaleni, emihumeni, emqubeni emincane, futhi futhi aqukethe izinkimbinkimbi ezishiywe ezinye izilwane - amashini, imashi, izimpungushe. Empilweni yansuku zonke, lo muntu ohlukumezayo uziphatha kancane, kubukeka kunobunzima futhi kuyabuthaka.
Emini, uvame ukulala emgodini, kuhlwe ayozingela. Umbala usiza isilwane ukuhlangana nemvelo futhi singabonakali. Kokubili ekuzingeleni nasekuzivikeleni, uManul uncamela ukulala phansi alinde, akakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi akathandi ukunyakaza okusheshayo.
Kungaba ukukhuphuka emadwaleni ngokungenasici futhi kukhuphuke emseleni omncane, lapho umhlaseli omkhulu engeke afike. Kepha uManul empeleni akazi ukuthi angazigibela kanjani izihlahla.
Uma ikati lishaqekile, likhipha isigaxa sesimo noma ukuqhuma kwesibeletho.
Izinga eliphakeme kangaka lokuqapha kwekati le-Pallas lichazwa inani elikhulu lezitha zemvelo - izimpisi, izinja zasendle nezinamafutha, izinkozi, izikhova, amabhere.
UManul angabukela inyamazane yakhe yesikhathi esizayo esuka kumqamekeli amahora amaningi, ayilandelela kaninginingi, kepha ukuphonsa isisulu kungashesha futhi kungangabazeki.
UManul ubonakala edangele futhi engenabungane. Ngempela, lesi silo asizithandi ngempela izihlobo zaso.
Ikati le-Pallas livumelaniswa ngokuphelele nokuphila ezimeni ze-steppe. Umoya omile, onesithwathwa awusibi ngesilwane. Umzimba uvikelwe izinwele ezinde ezine-undercoat enamandla, futhi amehlo anezimpawu ezikhethekile okuthi, ngenxa yokufiphaza njalo, avikele i-cornea ekuwohlokeni komzimba.
Naphezu kokuvilapha kwakhe, uManul uyakwazi ukunqoba ibanga elifishane ngokushesha, kepha ke udinga ukulala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu obuncane besikhwama senhliziyo, ngenxa yalokhu, uhlelo lwe-vascular alubekezeleli imithwalo emide.
Isilo sinokuzwa okuhle, ukubona nokuhogela okuhle, ngakho-ke i-steppe yikhaya lakhe. Ekude uyakwazi ukuhogela ubungozi futhi alale phansi, angene emseleni omncane kakhulu, futhi uma kunesidingo angakwazi ukuzivikela, avele ngokuxhaxha futhi akhombise ububende obukhali.
Isabelo sokudla
Ebusuku, inyamazane iya ukuzingela, ihamba kancane idlula otshanini obude noma esihlahleni esingajwayelekile. Imisindo yekati iyivelakancane kakhulu.
UManul ukhetha ukungahambeli kude ne-lair yakhe, ngakho-ke cishe akunangqondo ukumbona eduze kwabantu. Akusoze kwavela ikati ngaphandle kokuxhwila kukaPallas, ubuciko bayo bokuzingela busezingeni eliphakeme.
Izisulu eziyizidlakudla zomhlaseli ngamagundane amancane. Ngokwengeziwe kumagundane, ama-squirrels, i-pika, ngeke yenqabe ukubamba i-hare, i-landhog noma inyoni encane. Kodwa-ke, endlala, isilwane asideleli ngisho nezinambuzane.
Ukudla okulinganiswayo kweTransbaikal Manul ezimweni zemvelo ezingaphezu kwesigamu kunamapayipi aseDaurian, 1/5 wevolumu yansuku zonke adla izimbungulu, futhi cishe u-10% wokukhiqizwa kungamajuba, ama-swwing, partparges, bluetail, izigwaca. Izinsalela ziwela kuma-gophers, amajezi, ama-hamsters, ama-voles, amajikijolo nezitshalo.
Ukuthomba nokuzala
Naphezu kwesimilo sayo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esingenabungani, ngesikhathi semit umshado, iManul iyaguqulwa. Ukuqashelwa kwenqwaba yezilwane kwembula ukuthi ikati linomusa omkhulu nentombi yalo.
Okokuqala, ikati kufanele linqotshwe empini nezimbangi zalo, ngoba insikazi igeleza kuphela ezinsukwini ezi-2 kwezingu-365 futhi udinga ukushesha.
Isikhathi sokuzala senzeka kanye ngonyaka futhi isikhathi esiningi siba ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Owesifazane uthwala inzalo cishe izinyanga ezimbili, ngokwesilinganiso izinsuku ezingama-60.
Maphakathi nentwasahlobo, izimpumputhe ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha, ezinkulu kakhulu (kufika ku-200 amagremu enesisindo esingu-12 cm) kittens zivela emgodini. Ijazi lezingane limnyama kakhulu kunele labazali babo futhi abalusizo lwalutho ngokuphelele.
Amakhulu akhula ngokushesha, lapho enyanga eqala ukukhasa ephuma emgodini futhi azame ukudla okuqinile, futhi ngamane noma ayisihlanu asevele azi ngokuzingela yedwa. Umama wabo kuphela obakhulisa, abesilisa ngemuva kokuzala bashiye insikazi evundisiwe.
Intsha ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngezinyanga eziyi-10-11 bese iqala ukuziphilisa ngokuzimela, kepha ingabhekwa njengabantu abadala ngokuphelele kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-15-18.
Ezimweni zasendle, amakati asendle ahlala iminyaka eyi-12-13, ekudingisweni isikhathi eside - aze afike ku-20-23.
Ukubukeka okungafani nosayizi omncane, okuhambisana nokukhula nobude bezilwane ezifuywayo, kuvame ukudukisa abantu. Ukwenza isilwane somndeni siphume eManula cishe akunakwenzeka, noma ngabe uyakwazi ukuthola ikati elincanyana.
Kuzo zonke izingqinamba zobunzima bezenhlalo, kunezelwa izinkinga zempilo. Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, ekuthunjweni, aze afike ku-90% weManul atheleleke nge-toxoplasmosis. Funda ngalesi sifo emakati nakubantu. E-steppe enelanga elikhanyayo nomoya obandayo, amakati awaguli, futhi ngokuchezuka okuncane okuvela ezimweni zemvelo, ama-microorganisms ayaqala ukusebenza, futhi ukutheleleka kuthinta isilwane.
Ngisho nase-zoo, lapho odokotela bezilwane abahle kakhulu ababukela khona iManulas, kanye nezimo zokuhlala ziseduze nemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka, akuzona zonke izilwane ezikwazi ukuphuma. Lokhu kungenye indlela yokuthi alahle ukugcinwa kweManula endlini yangasese noma efulethini.
Kukhona ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani ungazami ukuguqula ikati lePallas libe isilwane.
Lesi silwane sinesimo sokuphila sasendle, esingaphili. Ngisho namakati amancane, aqala kuthathwa kunina, abe ongalawuleki ngesikhathi sokuthomba.
Ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ezine, konke ukwakhiwa komzingeli kuvuka eManuls encane, khona-ke hhayi ifenisha nezindonga kuphela, kodwa futhi nomuntu angahlushwa imichilo ebukhali namazinyo. Yize isilwanyana esidala sidingida ukuthula kubantu, asibonisi zimpawu zokuzwelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikati liyohlala lilwela ukufihla nokugwema noma ikuphi ukuxhumana nomnikazi kanye nendlu.
Ijazi elide, elinzima lizobangela nezinkinga eziningi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezelwa okungapheli, lesi silwane sizoncibilika unyaka wonke, sishiya imichilo yezinwele yonke indawo.
Isimo sezinhlobo nokuvikelwa
Yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezivikelwe, imanul iyivelakancane noma iyivelakancane futhi isibalo saso siyaqhubeka ukwehla. Kwezinye izindawo usezandleni zokuqothulwa. Ubungako obuqondile bezilwane abaziwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okucashile kwe-manul kanye ne-mosaic yokusatshalaliswa kwayo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, inani le-manul lalinganiselwa ku-1989 nango-1991: endaweni yase-Altai Territory, abantu abangama-200 ukuya kwangama-300, eBuryatia, abantu abangama-50-70, esiFundeni saseChita, ngabantu abangama-2000 ukuya kwangama-2400. Ubungako obukhulu bezilwane ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo kwakuyabantu abadala abangu-2,5 kuya kwabangu-10 km². Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-2000s, isibalo semanul eRussia silinganiswa ngochwepheshe kubantu abangama-3-3,350.
Izindawo ezinobuntu bePallas (amatshe asezindongeni, amadwala) azithinteki kangako ekuvezweni kwabantu, ukuzingela ngenxa yoboya, izindlu ezikhululekile zezinja, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwama-loops nezicupho zokubamba ama hares nezimpungushe kunomthelela omkhulu ezinombolweni zawo. Kanye nomthelela we-anthropogenic factor, ukuwohloka ekuhlinzekweni kokudla kuyabonakala ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lezimpawu zemarmony nezinye izinduku. Izilwane eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezincane, zibhujiswa izimpisi nezikhova; lapho zisencane kakhulu, ukubulawa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo kuphezulu. Ubusika obuneqhwa nezimo zeqhwa ezinde nakho kuyinto ebalulekile yokunciphisa.
Le manul ifakwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation, ku-IUCN Red List enesimo esithi "close to ezisongela" nakuSithasiselo II seCITES (1995). Ukuzingela umquba kuvinjelwe yonke indawo.
Ngo-2013, i-Russian Geographical Society yalusekela uhlelo oluthi “Ukulondolozwa kweManula eTransbaikalia”, selubeke imali yesibonelelo sale projekthi eDaursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Inhloso yephrojekthi ukuthola ulwazi olusha mayelana nezindawo zokuhlala, ukunyakaza kwemanul, ukuhlola izinga lokusinda kwezinja namakati abantu abadala.
I-Pallas izala ngempumelelo ekudingisweni, noma ama-zoo abhekene nenkinga yokufa okuphezulu phakathi kwemenyu encane evela ku-toxoplasmosis. Ukusuka ngoJanuwari 1, 1988, amamaki angama-35 agcinwa emaqoqweni ayi-13 ama-zoos omhlaba. Akuyona into eyolayo. Ngenxa yolwazi olungeyona lwezemvelo lwePallas, izindlela zokuvikela lolu hlobo zakhiwa kuphela.
Ukutholwa kwenyathi
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthenga ngokusemthethweni kitten Manula. Lesi silwane manje sesisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni, sibhalwe ku-International Red Book futhi sivikelwe yizifunda zamazwe amaningi.
Noma kunjalo, ngezikhathi ezithile zinikela ngokuthengisa isilwane esingajwayelekile esisabonakala enetheni ngentengo yamadola ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukutholwa kweManul okushushumbisiwe akukho emthethweni futhi kuyajeziswa kanzima. Futhi yini iphuzu lokuthola ikati elingasoze labuna, noma ngabe badlala kangakanani futhi bondle ngalo.
Ngisho noma ingane ikhula eduze kwamakheteni ajwayelekile ekati lasekhaya, kungekudala izilwane zasendle zizokonakala. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi izindawo ezihlala efulethini zingalimala, futhi impilo yabantu isongelwe.
Ikati lePallasov manje seliyivelakancane ezindaweni zemvelo zokusatshalaliswa. Ngokuya kwezibalo ezingezinhle zososayensi, azidluli amakati amabili noma amathathu endawo ahlala kumakhilomitha-skwele ayishumi ezindaweni ahlala kuzo.
Kukholelwa ukuthi inani eliphelele lamaManuls ahlala endaweni yaseRussia Federation ayidluli abantu abangama-3500-3700. Kuze kube manje, lesi silwane sifunwa ukuzingela ngenhloso yokuthola isikhumba soboya nokubamba amazinyane.
Amanani abantu ayancipha futhi ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo - ukutholakala kokudla kuncishiswa minyaka yonke ngenxa yokuchitheka kwamagundane, izingane eziningi ziyafa ngenxa yezilwane ezinkulu ezidla nezifo ezithathelanayo, ubusika obuningi beqhwa neqhwa kunomthelela omubi kunani lamakati.
Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2013, ezweni lethu, uhlelo belwukhona ukuze kulondolozwe inani leManula esifundeni saseTrans-Baikal. Bazama ukufuya izilwane eziqiwini zemvelo zaseDaursky.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, izilwane zagcinwa ezindaweni zo-15 kuphela emhlabeni, futhi isibalo sazo sonke sezimo zokufakelwa asidluli amayunithi angama-40. Manje lesi sibalo siphakeme kancane; ekuthunjweni, izinyamazane zizala kahle, kepha ukufa okuphezulu phakathi kwenzalo ngenxa ye-toxoplasmosis kuyaqhubeka.
Manul esikweni
Uchungechunge lwezitembu zokuposa eziyi-12 zeTajikistan, ezakhishwa ngonyaka we-1996 ngaphansi kwesibonakaliso seWorld Wide Fund for Nature, kanye nezitembu eziningana zeposi laseTajik zinikezelwe eManulas. Ezinye izifundazwe, esifundeni lapho le menyu ihlala khona - iAzerbaijan, iMongolia, neKyrgyzstan, nayo ikhiphe izitembu ngamanothi.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngeManul
IManul ingesinye sezilwane ezihlukile kakhulu eMhlabeni, esikwazile ukuhlala zingashintshiwe izigidi zeminyaka.
Leli ngenye yamakati athandwa kakhulu ahlala ezindaweni eziningi ezigcina umhlaba kanye nama-zoo.
Ngenxa yesimo esindayo, esingaphili, iManula ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-steppe lone iqhawe.
Naphezu kwendlela yokuphila yasebusuku, entwasahlobo nasehlobo iPallasov ikati ithanda ukucwila elangeni futhi iphume emgodini phakathi nosuku.
Manul akazi kanjani meow kanye purr. Ngisho namakati amancane asencane kuphela futhi aqhuma, futhi axhumane ngosizo lwe-gruff, imisindo emangazayo, efana ne-wow kunokuba i-meow.
KwakunguManul okwathi, lapho evota ku-Intanethi ukuthola isihloko sokuba yilungu le-Zoo laseMoscow, wanqoba amavoti amaningi waba yi-talisman.
Ukubukeka okuthandekayo kwalesi silwane kwenze isithombe saso sathandwa kakhulu - izitembu eziningi zokuposa zeTajikistan, iAzerbaijan, iMongolia, iKyrgyzstan ngisho ne-UN kanye neBenin zakhululwa.
Izinhlamvu zemali zesiliva ezinesithombe salesi silo esikhethekile zinikezwa emazweni amaningi.