Kuze kube manje, akukho mqondo oqondile wokuthi wavela kanjani futhi kuphi, kanjani okhokho basendulo bomuntu. Iningi lososayensi linombono mayelana nokhokho abavamile kubantu nasezinkalweni. Kukholelwa ukuthi ndawo ndawo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-5-8 edlule, ukuvela kwezinkawu ze-anthropoid kwahamba ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukile. Abanye ingxenye yabo yasala ukuze baphile emhlabeni wezilwane, kwathi abanye, ngemuva kwezigidi zeminyaka, baphenduka abantu.

U-fig. 1 - Ukuvela komuntu

I-Driopithecus

Enye yamadlozi asendulo omuntu Driopithecus "inkawu yesihlahla" owayehlala e-Afrika naseYurophu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 edlule. Wayephila impilo yomhlambi wezinkomo, ngokufana nangokufana nesishimpi sesimanje. Ngenxa yokuthi wayehlala ezihlahleni njalo, ngaphambili kwakhe kungaphendukela kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi, obelubamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekwakhiweni komuntu okuqhubekayo.

• izitho zokwenziwa ezikhiqizwe ngenhla zenegalelo ekuvelweni kwekhono lokusebenzisa izinto,
• Ukuxhumana sekuthuthukile, kwakhiwa umbono wemibala. Kube nokushintshwa kusuka emhlambini kuya kwindlela yokuphila yezenhlalo, ngenxa yalokhu, imisindo yokukhuluma yaqala ukwakheka,
• usayizi wobuchopho ukhuphukile
• ungqimba oluncane lwe-koqweqwe lwawo emazinyweni e-dryopithecus libonisa ubukhulu bokudla okusekwe ezitshalweni ekudleni kwalo.

U-fig. 2 - Dryopithecus - ukhokho wokuqala womuntu

Abantu bakudala - bangobani?

Abantu bakudala kakhulu babehlala e-Afrika eminyakeni engaphezulu kwezigidi ezimbili edlule. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwemivubukulo eminingi. Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi okokuqala ngqa izidalwa ezinomuntu ezihamba ngokuzethemba emilenzeni yazo yangasemuva (okuwukuthi, lolu phawu lubaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni owesilisa wasendulo) uvele kakhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezine edlule. Isimo esinjengalesi sabantu basendulo njengesimo sokuma esiqondile saqala ukukhonjwa kwizidalwa ososayensi abazibiza ngegama elithi "Australopithecus."

Ngenxa yamakhulu eminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kwathathelwa indawo izinqola zeHomo ezithuthuke kakhulu, ezaziwa nangokuthi "indoda enekhono." Yathathelwa indawo yizidalwa ezinamanyoni, abameleli babo ababebizwa ngokuthi yiHomo erectus, elihunyushwe kusuka esiLatinini ngokuthi "indoda eqotho." Futhi kuphela emva kweminyaka ecishe ibe isigidi nesigamu lapho kwavela ukubukeka okuhle komuntu wasendulo, okufana kakhulu nokwazi kwabantu banamuhla abasemhlabeni be-Earth - Homo sapiens noma "Homo sapiens". Njengoba kungabonakala kulokhu okungenhla, abantu bakudala kancane kancane, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, bakhule kahle kakhulu, bethola amathuba amasha. Ake sihlolisise kabanzi ukuthi ayengobani wonke lawa madlozi omuntu, ukuthi ayenjani umsebenzi wawo nokuthi abukeka kanjani.

Ukungena

Ingqikithi yesifundo sethu yile: I-Artiodactyl ne-Equidrop Units. Inhloso yesifundo ukucabanga ngezici zesakhiwo nemisebenzi ebalulekile yabamele la maqembu amabili.

Womabili la ma-oda ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi ngabantu abangathandeki. Njengoba igama lisho, izilwane zinezinselo ezinyaweni zazo. Uthusi lwendabuko uzipho olushintshwe kakhulu.

U-fig. 1. Okwehlukanisa insimbi

I-Australopithecus: izici zangaphandle nendlela yokuphila

I-anthropology yomlando ibhekisa i-Australopithecus kuya kwezinkawu zokuqala ezihamba emilenzeni yazo yangemuva. Imvelaphi yalolu hlobo lwabantu bokuqala yaqala endaweni yase-East Africa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezine edlule. Iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezimbili, lezi zidalwa zasakazeka ezwenikazi lonke. Indoda endala kunayo yonke, enobude obujwayelekile obungamasentimitha angama-135, ayinasisindo esingaphezu kwama-55 kg. Ngokungafani nezinkawu, i-Australopithecus yayisiveze ngokwengeziwe i-dimorphism yezocansi, kepha ukwakheka kwezihlakala kwabesilisa nabesifazane cishe kwakufana. Ibhokisi le-skele lwalezi zinhlobo lalilincane futhi linomthamo ongadluli ku-600 cm 3. Umsebenzi oyinhloko weAustralopithecus empeleni awuzange uhlukane nalokho izinkawu zesimanje ezibandakanyeka kuzo, futhi ubilise ezansi kokukhishwa kokudla nokuvikelwa ezitheni zemvelo.

I-Artiodactyl squad

Iqembu le-artiodactyl linikezwa igama lokuba khona ezilwaneni zeminwe emibili ethuthukisiwe emlenzeni ngamunye, owesithathu nowesine. Izandla zeminwe zimbozwe ngengwegwe eqinile yophondo. Iminwe yesibili neyesihlanu isakhiwe ngaphansi, kwathi eyokuqala yanyamalala ngokuphelele. Uku-oda kufaka izingulube, izinqama, izimbuzi, izinyamazane, izimvubu, izindlulamithi nezinye izilwane (Fig. 2-4).

U-fig. 2 I-Warthog

Izilwane ze-Artiodactyl ikakhulukazi zikhulu noma ziphakathi. Bahlala emahlathini, ama-steppes ogwadule ezintabeni nase-tundra. Ama-artiodactyls anamuhla ayizilwane ezi-herbivorous or omnivorous, futhi phakathi kwamalungu aqotile womyalo kwakukhona nezilwane ezidla ezinye.

Isisu singaba nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi siqukethe izigaba ezi-4. Isizalo siyaphakama, ekhanda kuvame ukuba nezimpondo noma amafangile, okuthi isilwane sithole ukudla futhi sizivikele ezitheni.

U-fig. 5. Izimpondo ze-Deer

U-fig. 6. Isakhiwo sesisu se-artiodactyls

Ukusatshalaliswa kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia, nokho, izinkolelo ezethulwa lapho ngabantu manje zihlala e-Australia. Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo ze-artiodactyl ezaziwayo licishe libe ngama-200. I-oda lihlukaniswe ngemikhawulo emi-2: I-non-ruminant ne-Ruminant.

Indoda enekhono: izici ze-anatomy nendlela yokuphila

IHomo habilis (ehunyushwa isuka esiLatini ngokuthi "indoda enamakhono") njengohlobo lwe-anthropoids ezimele ehlukile yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili ezedlule ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Le ndoda endala kakhulu, okuthi ukukhula kwayo kuvame ukufinyelela ku-160 cm, ibinengqondo ekhule kakhulu kunase-Australia, futhi ubuchopho bayo babungama-700 cm 3. Amazinyo neminwe yemikhawulo engenhla yeHomo habilis yayicishe ifane neyabantu, noma kunjalo, imidwebo emikhulu ephakeme nemihlathi yamenza wabukeka njengezinkawu. Ngaphezu kokubuthana, indoda enamakhono yayenza ukuzingela kusetshenziswa amabhlokhi amatshe, futhi wayekwazi ukusebenzisa iphepha elicutshungulwe ukusika izidumbu zezilwane. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi iHomo habilis yisidalwa sokuqala humanoid ukuba namakhono okusebenza.

Isizinda esingasasebenzi

Isizinda esingelokhanyayo sifaka phakathi imindeni emi-3 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-10. Kubandakanya izingulube, imvubu nababhaki (Fig. 7, 8). Okungahambi kahle kunomzimba omkhulu kanye nemilenze emifushane emine. Ama-fangs avame ukwelulwa ngaphezu komlomo, ngosizo lwawo izilwane zingazitholela ukudla kwazo futhi zizivikele kwizilwane ezidla ezinye.

U-fig. 7. Ingulube enentshebe

U-fig. 8. I-Babirussa

Emaphethelweni we-muzzle kukhona isichibi se-cartilaginous. Abamele lokhu kuthunywa kumangalisa. Isisu sakhiwe ngendlela elula. Azikho izimpondo, kukhona ungqimba olubalulekile lwama-subcutaneous fat.

U-fig. 9. Ingulube yaseJavanese

Kunezinhlobo eziyi-9 zanamuhla emndenini wezingulube. Ake sithathe njengesibonelo ingulube yasendle noma izingulube zasendle. Isatshalaliswa eYurophu, e-Asia naseMelika. Ihlala emahlathini, ezindaweni eziphansi, ogwini lwamachibi nasezihlahleni. Izingulube ezihlala eYurophu zivame ukuba nobude obungu-130 kuya ku-175 cm.

U-fig. 10. Izingulube zasendle

Ingxenye yomzimba wayo iphakeme kakhudlwana futhi ifinyelela ukuphakama okungamasentimitha ayi-100. Isisindo esijwayelekile sisuka ku-60 siye ku-150 kg, kwesinye isikhathi size sifinyelele kuma-300 kg. Isikhumba esinsundu simbozwe ngemabhulashi aminyene futhi aqinile ansundu. Imisipha yomhlathi ophansi wabesilisa igobile kuze kufike ku-10 cm ubude.

U-fig. 11. Amaphetha omhlathi ophansi

Izinkukhu zasendle zidla otshanini, izithelo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nama-rhizomes wezitshalo eziwile emhlabathini. Imfucuza isuswa emhlabeni, isilwane siyaphula ngemisundu. Imvamisa ehlathini ungabona imigodi ye-boar, kwesinye isikhathi amabhuzu alimaza ukutshala, njengamazambane.

Izinkukhu zasendle zihlala emhlanjini omncane, zizalela entwasahlobo. Izinsikazi zizala ama-4-5, kwesinye isikhathi zifike ku-12 ezingulube. Abancane babonwa futhi bayahamba kusuka osukwini olu-1 lokuphila. Umama udlisa izingulube ngobisi izinyanga ezintathu. Abesifazane bafika esikhathini sokuthomba ngezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili nesi-10, abesilisa ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.

U-fig. 12. Amapigogo

Izinkukhu zasendle ziyinto ebalulekile yokuzingela. Ukusuka ezinhlafunweni zasendle izinhlobo eziningi zezingulube ezifuywayo ziyafuywa. Ngokungafani nokhokho, ngokushesha bakhulisa isisindo somzimba futhi ngokuvamile bakhulu kakhulu. Izingulube ezifuywayo zinendlalelo enkulu yamafutha angaphansi - fat. Isembozo sawo esinobukhulu obukhulu cishe asikho. Ama-piglets asekhaya azalwa ngaphandle kwemivimbo emide emzimbeni.

U-fig. 13. Izingulube ezifuywayo

U-fig. 14. Ingulube yasekhaya enama-piglets

I-Homo erectus: ukubukeka

Isimo se-anatomical sabantu bakudala, esaziwa ngokuthi yi-Homo erectus, siyisilinganiso esikhulayo somthamo wogebhezi, esivumele ososayensi ukuthi bathi ubuchopho babo buqhathaniswa ngosayizi nobuchopho babantu besimanje. Imicibisholo ephakeme nemihlathi yomuntu onekhono ihlale inkudlwana, kepha ayizange ikhonjwe njengabaphambi kwabo. Umzimba wawucishe ufane nowomuntu wesimanje. Ukwahlulela ngokutholwa ngumvubukuli, uHomo ehleleus wayephila impilo yokuhlala futhi wayekwazi nokwenza umlilo. Abamele le nhlobo babehlala emaqenjini amakhulu anele emihumeni. Umsebenzi ophambili womuntu onekhono wayebuthana (ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabesifazane nezingane), ukuzingela nokudoba, nokwenza izingubo. IHomo eisengus ibingomunye wabokuqala ukubona isidingo sokugcinelwa ukudla.

Ukuhambisa okungaphansi

Isizinda esingaphansi kweRuminant sifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-180 ezivela emindenini eyi-6. Emindenini, edume kakhulu kukhona iDeer, iGiraff kanye neBarnificent. Isigcawu sathola igama laso sokugaya okuthile kwabamele baso: lezi zilwane zihlala zihlafuna ushungamu. Itshungama yinqwaba yokudla okuhleliwe kwesitshalo okudinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kumlomo womlomo. Ukuhlafuna izinsimbi kusuka phambi kwesisu esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Isisu siqukethe izigaba ezi-4. Ngaphansi kwethonya lamagciwane, tshala ukudla esigabeni soku-1, i-rumen, kuyabiliswa bese kufakwa engxenyeni yesi-2, inethi, ivele isuka enethini iye emlonyeni, lapho ifakwa khona umswakama ngamathe bese igcotshwa futhi, lokhu kudla okugaywe ngokwengxenye kuhlafuna ushungamu.

I-semi-liquid mass bese iwela esigabeni sesi-3, incwadi, lapho idonswa khona amanzi, bese ingena engxenyeni yokugcina yesisu, i-abomasum, yokucubungula kokugcina ngejusi lesisu.

U-fig. 15. Iminyango yezimbambo zesisu

Kungani ukudla kwezitshalo kuqala kuvuselelwa ngamagciwane? Iqiniso ngukuthi ama-ruminants, njengazo zonke ezinye izilwane, awunawo ama-enzymes awo okuqhekeka kwe-cellulose, okuyingxenye yezitshalo, kanti amathumbu omzimba kanye nama-microorganisms ayabasiza kulolu daba.

Ama-Ruminants anomzimba omncane, izitho zawo ezinde zikuvumela ukuthi ugijime ngokushesha, amawundlu ayakwazi ukuhamba futhi abaleke ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila. Izinwele ezinde zezindawo ezahlukahlukene kanye nemibala zikhula esikhunjeni. Ungqimba lwama-subcutaneous ungqimba awakheki, ama-fangs awekho, kepha ekhanda kuvame ukuba nezimpondo (Fig. 16, 17).

Abanye abameleli, njenge-reindeer, ngosizo lwezimpondo bayakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla kwabo. Ama-artiodactyls amaningi ayizilwane ezivikelwe futhi zibhalwe ezincwadini ezibomvu. Ikakhulu, inyathi yaseYurophu, ezinye izinhlobo zezinyamazane nezinqama, ama-musk deer, ama-dzeren nama-goral ahlelwe ku-Red Book of Russia (Fig. 18 - 20).

I-Neanderthal: incazelo yokubukeka nendlela yokuphila

AmaNeanderthals avele ngemuva kwesikhathi kakhulu kunabangaphambi kwabo - cishe eminyakeni engama-250 eyedlule. Kwakuyini le ndoda yasendulo? Ukukhula kwayo kwafinyelela ku-170 cm, kanti ivolumu legebhezi lalingu-1200 cm 3. Ngaphandle kwe-Afrika nase-Asiya, laba okhokho abangabantu bahlala eYurophu. Inani eliphezulu lamaNeanderthals eqenjini elilodwa lafinyelela kubantu abayi-100. Ngokungafani nabandulelayo babo, babenezindlela zokukhuluma eziyinqaba, ezazivumela abantu bezizwe ezithile ukushintshana ngolwazi futhi basebenzisane ngokuvumelanayo. Umsebenzi ophambili waleli khokho lomuntu kwakuwukuzingela. Ukuphumelela ekutholeni ukudla kwanikelwa ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene: imikhonto, izingcezwana ezinde zamatshe ezazisetshenziswa njengezinduku, nezicupho ezembiwe emhlabathini ngosizo lwezikhonkwane. Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe (okhalweni, izikhumba) zazisetshenziswa ngabakwaNeanderthals ekwenzeni izingubo nezicathulo.

ICro-Magnons: isigaba sokugcina ekudalekeni komuntu wasendulo

UCro-Magnons noma uHomo Sapiens uyindoda yokugcina yasendulo eyaziwa isayensi, yona ukukhula kwayo sekufinyelele kuma-170-190 cm. Ukufana kwangaphandle kwalolu hlobo lwabantu bakudala abanezinkawu kucishe kwangenakuthinteka, njengoba imigoqo ephakeme inciphile, kanti nomhlathi ophansi awuzange uphumele phambili . Amathuluzi uCro-Magnons awenzanga ngamatshe kuphela, kodwa futhi ngokhuni nangethambo. Ngaphezu kokuzingela, laba okhokho abangabantu babenza ezolimo kanye nezindlela zokuqala zokufuya izilwane (izilwane zasendle ezazithambile).

Izinga lokucabanga phakathi kweCro-Magnons laliphakeme kakhulu kunangaphambili. Lokhu bekubavumele ukuthi bakhe amaqembu ahlanganayo omphakathi. Umgomo wokuba khona kwezinkomo kwathathelwa indawo uhlelo lwemindeni nokwakhiwa kweziqalo zemithetho yezomnotho nezenhlalo.

I-Australopithecus

Izinsalela zeAustralopithecus zatholakala e-Afrika. Bahlala cishe izigidi ezi-3-5,5 zeminyaka edlule. Wahamba ngezinyawo, kepha izandla zakhe zazinde kakhulu kunekomuntu wanamuhla. Isimo sezulu sase-Afrika sasiguquka kancane kancane, siba oma, okwaholela ekunciphiseni kwamahlathi. Ingxenye enkulu ye-humanoid ivumelane nezimo ezintsha zokuphila obala. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, okhokho basendulo bomuntu, ikakhulukazi baqala ukuhamba ngezinyawo zabo, ezazibasindisa ekushiseni ngokweqile kwelanga (indawo engemuva inkulu kakhulu kune umqhele wekhanda). Ngenxa yalokhu, lokhu kuholele ekunciphiseni kwamakhaza, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuphuza kwamanzi.

• Wayekwazi ukusebenzisa izinto zakudala zomsebenzi: izinti, amatshe nokunye,
• ubuchopho babuncane amahlandla ama-3 ubuchopho bomuntu wanamuhla, kepha bukhulu kakhulu kunobuchopho bezinkawu ezinkulu zesikhathi sethu,
• kuboniswa ngokukhula okuphansi: 110-150 cm, nesisindo somzimba singasukela ku-20 kuye ku-50 kg,
• ukudla imifino nenyama,
• uthole indlela yakhe yokuphila esebenzisa amathuluzi enziwe uqobo lokhu,
• isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka engama-18-20.

U-fig. I-3 - i-Australopithecus

Umuntu "onekhono"

Umuntu "onekhono" kwakhiwa cishe eminyakeni ezi-2-2,5 zeminyaka eyedlule. Ukuma kwesibalo sakhe kwakusondele kakhulu kubantu. Uqhubekele phambili, kulokhu walithola igama lakhe lesibili - "phambili phambili." IHabitat Africa, kanye nezindawo ezithile e-Asia naseYurophu. E-Olduvai Gorge (eMpumalanga Afrika), izinto ezivela ngamatshe amatshe asetshenziswe kancane zatholakala eduze kwezinsalela zomuntu “onekhono”. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi okhokho basendulo bomuntu bangaleso sikhathi babevele bazi ukuthi bangazakha kanjani izinto ezilula zomsebenzi nokuzingela, futhi bakhethe izinto zokwakha abazenzela zona. Cishe uyinzalo eqondile ye-Australopithecus.

Izici zomuntu "onekhono":

• usayizi wobuchopho - 600 cm²,
• Ingxenye yangaphambili yesigebhethu yaba yincane, yanika ingxenye yobuchopho,
• amazinyo awakhuli kakhulu, njenge-Australopithecus,
• kwakumangalisa
• unyawo luthole i-vault, obe nomthelela ekuhambeni okungcono emilenzeni emibili,
• isandla sithuthuke kakhulu, ngalokho amandla ayo okubamba andise, namandla abambekayo ande,
• yize i-larynx ibingakakwazi ukukhiqiza inkulumo, ingxenye yobuchopho ebhekene nalokhu ekugcineni yenziwa.

U-fig. 4 - Indoda "enamakhono"

Homo erectus

Elinye igama Elementus . Akungabazeki ukuthi wacabanga njengommeleli wohlanga lwesintu. Kwakunesigidi esingu-1 - eminyakeni engama-300 edlule. It got igama layo kusuka inguquko yokugcina kuya ukuqondisa kokuhamba.

Izici zendoda eqondile:

• wayenekhono lokukhuluma nokucabanga okungaqondakali,
• Wayekwazi ukudala izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomsebenzi wabasebenzi, ukuphatha umlilo. Kukhona umcabango wokuthi umuntu oshibhile angazenzela umlilo ngokwakhe,
• ukubukeka kufana nezici zabantu banamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko obalulekile: izindonga zesigebhezi zimanzi impela, ithambo langaphambili liphansi futhi linokuphakama okukhulu kwe-supraorbital. Umhlathi ophansi osindayo mkhulu, futhi ukuphuma kwe-chin kucishe kungabonakali,
• abesilisa babebaningi kakhulu kunabesifazane,
• ukukhula okungaba ngu-150-180 cm, usayizi wobuchopho unyuke waba ngu-1100 cm³.

Indlela yokuphila yokhokho bomuntu oqondile yayihlanganisa ukuzingela nokuqoqa izitshalo ezidliwayo, amajikijolo, amakhowe. Kuhlaselwe amaqembu omphakathi, obe nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwenkulumo. Kungenzeka ukuthi yafakwa esikhundleni yiNeanderthal iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 edlule, kepha le nguqulo ayinaziphikiso eziqinile.

Izilwane ezisekuqaleni nezizukulwane zazo zesimanje

"Unaye baba, mkhulu kanjani?" - kusho umfana omncane ocasula ontanga yakhe. Iningi lezilwane ezincane eziphila namuhla zingasho okufanayo.Okhokho babo bakude babeyizilo ezinkulu, amakhosi angempela asoso kanye namahlathi angaleso sikhathi. Isibonelo, ama-moas amakhulu, afinyelela ku-3,6 m futhi enesisindo esingama-250 kg, ayengokhokho bezinyoni ezincane zekhiy kiwi ezingenangozi.

Nazi ezinye izilo ezinhlanu zesikhathi esidlule nezihlobo zazo namuhla.

U-Andrewsarchus (Andrewsarchus mongoliensis) yisilwane esinyamayo esidlangalaleni esasihlala eCentral Asia ngesikhathi seNkathi Yomusa - Late Eocene eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-45 kuye kwadlula. U-Andrewsarch - isilwanyana esidla izinyamazane esikhulu kunazo zonke esaziwa yisayensi, sasinemihlathi emikhulu eqinile. Isigaxa sakhe sikhumbuza ngobuhlakani ugebhe lwengwenya, imidwebo ebanzi ye-zygomatic inganikeza ukuluma okusheshayo nokuqinile. Ubude bomzimba bungafinyelela kumamitha ama-4 (ngaphandle komsila wamamitha ayi-1.5), ukuphakama emahlombe - kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,6, isisindo - ngaphezu kwethani. U-Andrewsarch wayeshesha kakhulu futhi enobuchopho obukhulisiwe. Cishe wayelokhu esondele lapho kuhlala khona izilwane zezinkomo, ukudla i-carrion nezilwane ezincane, kepha bekulindelekile ukuthi ahlasele abantu abadala. Wayekwazi ukushayela izinyamazane ezincane eziqwini (ngokwesibonelo, i-mesonichid, efinyelela usayizi webhere elikhulu).

Kwenzekeni:
Konke okusele kwesilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke esidla izinyamazane yizimvu nezimbuzi.

I-Entelodontidae (i-Entelodontidae) isilwane esingapheli somyalo we-Artiodactyl suborder pig-like. Yayikhona e-Oligocene (eminyakeni engama-33.9-23.03 yezigidi zeminyaka edlule). Izikhathi zezilwane ezinkulu zazala ama-scavenger amakhulu, i-entelodont yayisilwane esinjalo. Okukhulu kunakho konke kwakunjengobukhulu benkunzi (ubude cishe ngamamitha ayi-3,5, ukuphakama lapho kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,8, isisindo esilingana nethoni, ubude besigaxa cishe ngamasentimitha angama-75): ngamazinyo abukhali, othanda ukudla isidumbu esidala, i-entelodont kwakungemnandi kakhulu Ukuba yisikhathi sakhe. Amathambo agqitshiwe eningi lama-entelodonts ashiye iminxeba yamanxeba amabi ayengalimaza nje izihlobo zezihlobo zawo. Ngokuvamile kutholakala izingqimba ze-zygomatic ezihlukanisile, amamaki okulimala, kanye nokulimala kukakhanda obukhulu - izilwane kumele ngabe zathola konke lokhu kulimala ezimpini ezinolaka nezihlobo ngenxa yokudla noma insikazi.

Kwenzekeni:
Izingulube ezenziwa ekhaya. Ngokuzayo, ukuphendula ingulube yengulube, cabanga ngogogo omkhulu wengulube okwenziwe kuwo.

I-Megateria (Megatherium, evela kwezinye "isilo esikhulu" sesiGrikhi) uhlobo olungapheli lwama sloths amakhulu ayekhona ePliocene nase Pleistocene kusuka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili kuya kweziyi-8000 ezedlule endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika nengxenye. IMegaterium kwakuyi-herbivore enkulu eyayidlula usayizi wendlovu yase-Afrika - ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-6 ubude. Lesi sikhulu sasihlala sikhuphuka emilenzeni yaso yangemuva futhi ngenxa yalokho sanda kabili. Wayengasebenzisa umsila wakhe onamandla njengokwesekelwa okwengeziwe. Wayeneziphathimandla ezinkulu ezisesandleni sakhe (kuze kufike ku-17 cm), ngazo lesi silo esikhulu sasingesabisa noma ngubani. Ukwakheka kwamehlo e-megateria kwakufana nokwezilwane ezincelisayo futhi kwaqinisekisa ijubane lomthelela. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangwa ukuthi wasebenzisa ama-paws akhe angaphambili empini.

4. I-Marsupial saber-toothed tiger

I-marsupial saber-toothed tiger, noma i-tilakosmil (Thylacosmilus), isilwane esidla ubhedu esasihlala eMiocene eSouth America. Ama-Saber-toothed tiger aseyindaba enkulu eyethusayo ezincwadini zezingane namafilimu mayelana nezikhathi ze-prehistoric. Impela, kunzima ukuthi ungesabi ama-fangs amasentimitha angama-18 ubude, ongowomhlaseli onamandla wamakhilogremu anamakhulu amane. UTilacosmil wafinyelela usayizi wejaguar, wayenomzimba omude, imilenze enamandla nentamo enamandla ende. Ama-canines angenhla akhula njalo, enezimpande ezinkulu ezinwebeka esifundeni esingaphambili. Naphezu kwakho konke ukufana kwangaphandle, i-tilakosmil ayisona isihlobo samahlosi esihlangene nomndeni kusuka kumndeni wekati.

Kwenzekeni.
Ngokudabukisayo, kwavela hhayi amahlosi, futhi hhayi namakati. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu sokuhlanza i-saber yisona sefu.

5. Giant Hyenodon

I-Hyenodon (Neohyaenodon horridus - i-hyenodon entsha esesabekayo) yayihlala eNyakatho Melika (uhlobo olusondelene nayo yayihlala e-Asia) eLate Eocene nase-Oligocene (kusuka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-40 kuye kwezingama-20 edlule). Ama-hyenodons amakhulu ayelingana nehhashi, ayenemihlathi emikhulu futhi enesisindo esingaba yithoni. Lezi zidalwa zazingumshini wokubulala ophelele, zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, zinomqondo owakhiwe kahle, futhi zazihlaselwa emihlambini emikhulu.

Kwenzekeni:
Ama-raccoon amancane amnandi.

I-Pithecanthropus

I-Pithecanthropus - Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ungomunye wabokhokho basendulo bomuntu. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo zomuntu oqondile. Indawo yokuhlala yaseHalo: ISoutheast Asia, baphila eminyakeni engaba ngu-500-700 edlule. Izidumbu ze "monkey man" zatholakala okokuqala esiqhingini saseJava. Kucatshangwa ukuthi akayena ukhokho oqondile wesintu sanamuhla, kungenzeka ukuthi uthathwa ngokuthi "ngumzala" wethu.

Indoda yangaphansi

Ummeleli wesintu, phambilini bekuthathwa njengengxenye yendoda "enengqondo". Indawo ehlala kuyo yiYurophu naseNyakatho ne-Afrika eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu edlule. Impilo yamaNeanderthals yehla nje eqhweni leqhwa, ngokulandelana, ezimweni ezinzima zesimo sezulu ezazidinga ukunakekela ukwenza izingubo nokwakha izindlu. Ukudla okuyinhloko inyama. Akukona ubudlelwano obuqondile bendoda enengqondo, kepha ingaphila kahle kakhulu eduze kwaseCro-Magnons, okunomthelela ekwazisaneni kwabo ngokuzwana. Ezinye izifundiswa zikholelwa ukuthi umzabalazo ohlale ulwelwa phakathi kweNeanderthals neCro-Magnons, okwaholela ekuqothulweni kweNeanderthals. Kucatshangwa ukuthi zombili lezi zinhlobo zazizingela. INeanderthals yayinomzimba omkhulu, omkhulu, uma uqhathaniswa noCro-Magnons.

• usayizi wobuchopho - 1200-1600 cm³,
• ukuphakama - cishe 150 cm
• ngenxa yobuchopho obukhulu, ugebhezi lwalunomumo ongemuva owedlule. Kuyiqiniso, ithambo langaphambili laliphansi, izihlakala zamakhanda zazibanzi, kanti nomhlathi ngokwawo wawumkhulu. I-chin yayiphinyiswa kancanyana, kanti i-rolling superciliary yahlukaniswa yisibonakaliso esimangazayo.

U-fig. 6 - Neanderthal

AbakwaNeanderthals babehola impilo yamasiko: ngesikhathi kokumba, kwatholakala izinsimbi zomculo. Inkolo nayo ibikhona, njengoba kukhonjiswa ngemicikilisho ekhethekile emngcwabeni wabantu bezinye izizwe. Kunobufakazi bokuthi laba okhokho basendulo abangabantu babenolwazi lwezokwelapha. Isibonelo, babekwazi ukuphulukisa ukuqhekeka.

I-Cro-Magnon

Isizukulwane esiqondile somuntu "onengqondo". Kwakuneminyaka engaba ngu-40 edlule.

Izici zeCro-Magnons:

• waba nokubukeka komuntu okuthuthuke ngokwengeziwe. Izici ezihlukanisayo: ibunzi eliphakeme impela eliqondile, ukungabikho kwe-eyebrow roller, ukuvela kwe-chin kwesimo esikhanyayo,
• ukuphakama - 180 cm, kepha isisindo somzimba sincane kakhulu kunaleso seNanderthals,
• usayizi wobuchopho obungu-1400-1900 cm³,
• wayenenkulumo ecacile
• ubheke umsunguli weseli lokuqala lomuntu,
• bengihlala ngamaqembu abantu abayikhulu, imiphakathi yezizwe, ukwakha amadolobhana okuqala,
• Ubesenza umsebenzi wokwakha izindlu zangaphansi, izikebhe, esebenzisa zona izikhumba zezilwane ezifile. Izingubo ezidaliwe, izinto zasendlini namathuluzi wokuzingela,
• wayekwazi ukulima
• wahamba wazingela neqembu labanye abantu bezizwe, bejaha futhi beshayela lesi silwane ogibeni esilungiselelwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngifunde ukufuya izilwane,
• yayinamasiko ayo athuthuke kakhulu, osekhona kuze kube namuhla ngesimo sokudwetshwa kwamatshe nezibazi ezenziwe ngobumba,
• enze amasiko ngesikhathi kungcwatshwa izihlobo. Kulandela ukuthi abakwaCro-Magnons, njengamaNeanderthals, babekholelwa empilweni ehlukile ngemuva kokufa,

Isayensi ikholelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi yindoda yaseCro-Magnon eyinzalo eqondile yabantu banamuhla.

Ngemininingwane eminingi, amadlozi amadala omuntu azocatshangelwa kulezi zinkulumo ezilandelayo.

Isikhundla se-Phylogenetic

Uhlobo lwentuthuko, ukwakheka kwezinsengezo ze-caudal, ukuncibilika lapho umuntu esemdala, nezinye izibonakaliso eziningi zemayflies kukhombisa ukusondela kwawo emabeleni. Ngokubheka ubunyoninco bendawo okwatholakala kuyo amaphiko nokungakwazi kwamaphiko ukugoqa, okuyisici sabanye abamele izinambuzane ezinamaphiko, leli qembu lingabhekwa njengeliseduze kakhulu nendlela yokhokho yezinambuzane.

Izici Zabantu Abadala

Izici zesimo se-mayflies zintathu (kuyaqabukela ezimbili) izintambo zomsila omude omncane ekugcineni kwesisu. Kunamabili amaphiko anezindawo ezicebile, futhi isibili elingemuva lihlala limfishane kunelokuqala, noma sincishisiwe ngokuphelele. Imidiyane yabantu abadala ihlala kusuka emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini eziningana futhi ayondli (amathumbu abantu abavuthiwe ayaphazamiseka emngceleni ophakathi nendawo namathumbu wangemuva futhi agcwele umoya, imishini yokuhlanza imihlandla iyancishiswa).

I-Allosaurus

Umklamo opholile. Ikhumbuza inguquko eyimpimpi kusuka kuhlelo "Lapho Dinosaurs Roamed America".

AmaMongolonics

Ukuqala kokuphela kwe-Eocene yase-Eshiya. UMongolonyx robustus wabulala uGiracodont Forstercooperia (Forstercooperia).

Igagasi lokugcina lokukhula kwe-mesonychidae (Mesonychidae) lakhiqiza izilo ezinkulu emhlabeni, esinye sazo kwakunguMongolonyxes ababehlala ngase-Eocene yase-Asia. Namuhla, izinhlobo ezimbili ziyaziwa: i-Mongolonix enkulu (i-Mongolonyx robustus) futhi kamuva ne-Mongolonix maxillary (Mongolonyx dolichognathus). Ababhekeli phambili beMongolonics yiMiddle Eocene mesonics (Mesonyx), angamaphaphu asayizi aphakathi kwabazingeli abasheshayo. Ngosuku, ekusakazeni kwamahlathi akhanyayo, ama-savannah kanye nama-steppes, inzalo yama-mezzanin ayandisiwe, kanye nama-carnivores, aqhathaniswa ngosayizi namabhubesi amakhulu, aphumela obala.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesigaxa nekhanda likaMongolonyx dolichognathus.

Igama elijwayelekile lithi Mongolonyx lihumusha ngokuthi "uzipho lwaseMongolia."

Uhlobo lukholakala ngokusobala futhi lunezinhlamvu eziningi zezimpawu zokuziphatha. Ngakho-ke, kusuka kuMesonyx ihlukaniswa ngosayizi obaluleke ngokwengeziwe, i-P4 / 4 encibilikisiwe, kanye nokufiphala okuningana nokwenkulu. Amazinyo akhe futhi makhulu futhi anamakhulu kunalawo kaDissacus, Harpagolestes namanye amalungu amaningi omndeni. Ngokungafani noDissacus noPachyaena, iMongolonyx ayinayo i-scingulum emazinyweni aphezulu futhi ayikhombisi mkhondo we-metaconid kuma-trigonids angaphansi kwe-molar. Lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa kwiSyoplotherium, iMongolestes neHarpagolestes ngomhlathi ophansi oqondile oqondile onomhino omude futhi ocishe ube mncane.

Amabili amaMongolonyx robustus abamba i-brothoteriid of Protitan. Ebangeni, ama-pantodonts e-Eudinoceras asakazeka ngokwesaba.

Umehluko obalulekile ovela kuma-mesonichids amaningi (mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwePachyaena) ukuthi ama-canines angaphansi eMongolonyx asondelene kakhulu. Ngokungafani neHarpagolestes, imiqhele yangaphambi kokuvinjwa ayigobeki kangako emuva, futhi umugqa wawo we-koqweqwe lwawo awufakwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-p4, izinto ezinkulu ezi-paraconid ziyafana ne-protoconid, kuyilapho eHarpagolestes nasePachyaena, ipharaconid yakha i-angle ne-protoconid. Indawo etholakala i-anteroposteriori paraconid m3 nayo ihlukanisa kahle iMongolonyx neHarpagolestes. Abamele lolu hlobo luhluke kuMongolestes ngokubakhona kwe-m3 kanye nokwehliswa kwe-p1.

AmaMongolonics ayengama-carnivores amakhulu. Ubude besigaxa sabo budebeke ngamasentimitha angama-50, okuqhathaniswa impela nogebhezi lwe-Alaskan grizzly. Ngokuya ngobungako beMesonyx, eyaziwayo kusuka kumathambo amaningi noma angaphansi ngokuphelele, kungacatshangwa ukuthi la ma-mesonychids afinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,2 ubude (akufaki nomsila) nangaphezu kwe-1 m lapho ibuna. Kodwa-ke, eminye imibuzo eminingi ayibuzwa ngokubukeka kwangaphandle, kepha yindlela yokuphila yamaMongolonics.

I-Mongolonyx robustus, uhlobo lwangaphambili, yayinogebhezi olungama-52 cm ubude be-condylobasal (ukusuka kuma-occipital condiment kuya emaphethelweni angaphandle wethambo le-intermaxillary). Ingxenye ephezulu yogebhezi oluya emigwaqweni ayigcinwanga, kepha nge-occiput ne-incisors ebuyisiwe, ubude bayo obugcwele bungaba ngamasentimitha angama-60. Uma i-Mongolonix ibinokulingana okulingana ne-mesonix yokhokho bayo, ukuphakama kwayo lapho kubuna kungaba ngamamitha ayi-1,3 - 1.4. . Futhi isisindo somdlwenguli osemdala singafinyelela kuma-300 - 400 kg. Ngokuvamile, sasiyisidlakela esikhulu esinemihlathi enamandla. Ekuthuthukisweni kwensiza ye-dentoalveolar, amaMongolonics, yize ephansi kochwepheshe abane-Harpagolestes namaMongolestes impela, kepha amandla emihlathini yawo ayanele ukudla inyamazane ngokuphelele, ephahlaza ngisho namathambo amakhulu. Isidalwa sokuqala kwesokufika kwe-Eocene, eyayingomunye we-Mongolonyx robustus, sasihlala abakwa-brototeria (isb., Protitan), ama-gyracodonts (isb., I-Forstercooperia), ama-tapiroid omndeni wakwa-Lofialette, owangaphambilini wezingulube ne-pantodonts Eudinoceras. Lezi makhambi zazisebenza njengokudla kwamaMongolonics. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, iningi lama-carnivores angaphansi (noma ngisho nangaphezulu) ahlala e-Asia nabo - amaxhaphozi aphethwe yi-Andrewsarchus, Honanodon macrodontus neParratriisodon, ama-sarkastodons agxilile emahlathini (S). Ama-megazverinets anobuhlakani obunjalo, mhlawumbe, awuzange aqoqwe noma kuphi ezweni elilodwa ayezofika ePleistocene North America.

Ekupheleni kwe-Eocene sekwephuzile, amaMongolonics aqothuka ngokusobala - iMongolonyx dolichognathus yayivele ingaphansi ngo-15 - 20% ngosayizi owandulelayo. Ukutholwa okuphelele kunazo zonke - umhlathi ophansi ufinyelela cishe ku-35 cm, kanti ubude bomhlathi ongezansi kaM. Robustus wawungama-49 cm.

Ukwahlulela ngento etholakalayo, imiqhele yamazinyo aso anamandla awubhekanga ekugqokeni okubalulekile, izimpande zangaphambi zangaphansi zigobekile kancane emuva, umugqa we-enamel-dentin awubunjiwe amazinyo). Ngokuqala kokuqala, uhlelo olunjalo lwamazinyo alubonakali luhambisana kahle namathambo nokuqhekeka. Lokhu akulindelekile impela kuma-mesonichid aphuzile, ingxenye enkulu ekhombisa ubuchwepheshe obunjiwe bokunamathambo. Akunakusho ukuthi, iMongolonyx iphakeme kakhulu kulokhu maqondana namalungu okuqala eqembu afana neMesonyx, kodwa-ke umyalo wokuphakama ophansi kakhulu ko “chwepheshe ”abanjengoHarpagolestes noMongolestes.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amazinyo esihlakala esihlwabusayo amaMongolonixes wona makhulu impela (ikakhulukazi kuM. Dolichognathus). Kwasungulwa ukuthi izimpande zabo zihlanganiswa engxenyeni yabo engenhla, zakha ipulatifomu ye-dentin ngaphansi komqhele, engasiza ukwelula ukusebenza kwezinyo ngemuva kokusula umqhele. Kungenzeka ukuthi isakhiwo esinjalo samazinyo sasihloselwe ukumelana nokugqokwa futhi singakhombisa ukudla okuqinile, ikakhulukazi ukuchobozwa kwamathambo izidumbu. Amanye ama-mesonichids adla ukudla okuthambile awabanga nalutho - izimpande zawo azihlangananga, kepha ahlukaniswa ngqo ngaphansi komqhele wezinyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-canine asezingeni eliphansi lamaMongolonixes afakazela ukuvumelana nezimo ezinamandla eziluma, ezibuye ziqapheleke kwamanye ama-creodonts (Sarkastodon, Megistotherium). Ukuqina okunjalo okusondele kakhulu kwandise ukuqina kokuluma, kumgomo wokuqongelela ingcindezi endaweni encane. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi lezi zidla zodwa zibeka wonke amandla azo ngokuluma okukodwa, zigaxa isisulu ngokuqinile, futhi azizange zisenze amanxeba amaningi kuso.

Isici esilandelayo esimangazayo se-morphology yamaMongolonics yinhloko eyindilinga yenqubo yabo yokucaca. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlulela ngamasampula asindile, amagatsha ama-mandibular angakwesokunxele ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele esifundeni se-symphysis. Ngenxa yalokhu, umhlathi ophansi wakwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka usuka ngapha nangapha, ngenkathi ugwema ukusatshalaliswa ekuvumelwaneni (kuyajabulisa ukuthi ikhono elifanayo nalo lakhiwa kwezinye izidakwamazwi ezidliwayo zenyama - ama-creodonts of the genus Hyaenodon). Okuthinta ngokulinganayo ubukhona besibhakabhaka esiphakeme kakhulu samashubhu ekhethekile amathambo akhonza ukuvikela imisele yokuphefumula. Baye bavumele izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuba zingakhubeki lapho, lapho bezingela noma benesikhathi sokudla, babamba izingcezu ezinkulu zenyama emilonyeni yabo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, ukwakheka okufanayo kwavela ngokuzimela kwinani labanye abazingeli (isibonelo, wonke ama-hyenodons afanayo).

Uma kunikezwe okungenhla futhi kucatshangelwa ukuhamba, kungenzeka kwezilwane ezinkulu kangaka, kungabhekwa ukuthi amaMongolonics ayengabazingeli bezinyamazane ezinkulu. Ngokusobala, izisulu zabo zazivame kakhulu ama-herbivores ama-herbivores, isibonelo ama-brontoterias (ikakhulukazi amancane), ayevamile ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokusobala, amaMongolonics awakwazanga nje ukubhekana nesisulu esikhulu, kodwa futhi asisebenzisa ngokugcwele.Ngasikhathi sinye, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi amaMongolonics ngesinye isikhathi adle izidumbu ezitholakele noma athathe inyamazane ezidla ezinye ezingenamandla (noma aphikiswe ngamandla alinganayo - cishe ngasikhathi sinye kwakukhona ama-hyenodons amakhulu ase-Asia).

Ukuzala

Ukuphuma kwe-mayflies kuvame ukuba yinto enkulu, kanti umuntu angabona isixuku sezinambuzane, lapho umhlangano wobulili uvela khona. Indiza yeMayfly inezinhlanganisela eziphindwayo ezifanayo zokunyakaza. Masinyane amaphiko awo ashesha ngokushesha, andiza phezulu, abese qhwa, futhi ngenxa yomphezulu omkhulu wamaphiko nemicu emide yomsila, lapho ehlela, ehla. "Umdanso" onjalo wenziwa imayene ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Owesilisa, endiza aze afike kowesifazane, ngokushesha emoyeni kusuka ngezansi kunamathisela ama-spermatophores ekuvulekeni kwawo kwezocansi, okukhona kuwo amabili emameflies - kwesokunxele nakwesobunxele. Ngemuva kokuphola, abesilisa bafa, bese izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda azo ngqo emanzini, kungaba ukuhlala phansi, noma (Baetis Rhodani nabanye) behlela ngaphansi kwamanzi ngezitshalo, emva kwalokho nazo ziyafa. Kwesinye isikhathi ukukhiqizwa kweqanda (Cloon dipterum) .

Umbala nokubukeka kwamaqanda e-mayonkey kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ubumbano bawo nawo awukwazi ukubonakala ngesici esithile sici (kwezinye izinhlobo, amaqanda abekwa ngezinqwaba, kwezinye ahlakazekile). Amaqanda angathwala izakhiwo zokubopha zokwenza izinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi - imicu enamaqhubu emikhawulweni.

Isimo sikaLervae

Zonke izibungu zamayenge zikhula emanzini. Lezi yizakhamizi ezijwayelekile zemifudlana esheshayo nemifula. Zitholakala emizimbeni yamanzi emile. Ngokungafani nesinambuzane esidala, izibungu zinemishini yokuhlakulela yomlomo eyenziwe kahle. I-larva idla ngentshiseko (ikakhulukazi imfucumfucu yesitshalo). I-morphology yama-larva ihluke kakhulu, kepha ngenxa yezici ezimbalwa ivele kahle ngokumelene nesizinda sezinye izinambuzane zasemanzini. Izibungu zeMayfly zinemisila emide ekugcineni kwesisu, njengesinambuzane esidala. Kungaba ezimbili zazo (uma intambo ephakathi incishisiwe, futhi kukhiqizwa i-cerci kuphela). Kepha esikhathini esiningi kunezintambo ezintathu zomsila. Izingxenye zokuqala eziyi-7 zesisu zithwala imithambo ye-tracheal (amapuleti alula noma e-cirrus, imvamisa ngefreyimu, noma ngesimo senqwaba yezinqubo ezisuka ezinhlangothini zezingxenye lapho i-trachea ingena khona). Kuzibungu ezisanda kuqandelwa emaqanda, gill gillal akekho. Isigaba se-larval sithatha iminyaka engama-2-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, izibungu zincibilike kaningi (23 molts for Cloon dipterum ).

Isigaba sokugcina se-nymphal, sokuchitha, sinikeza isigaba sokuqala sokucabanga (i-subimago). Umuntu ovela esikhunjeni sokugcina se-larval,, ngokungafani nabantu abadala, umzimba namaphiko ama-pubescent anezinwele ezincane futhi awakakwazi ukuzala kabusha ngokocansi. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile (kusuka emahoreni ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini eziningana), i-subimago iyaphinda futhi. Ku-molt wokugcina, kuqhamuka umuntu ovuthiwe ngokobulili (umuntu omdala) esikhunjeni se-subimago. Alikho elinye i-insect, ngaphandle kwezimayuni, akukho ukuncibilika osemusha abantu ngabanye.

Isimo sokuphepha

Izinhlobo ezi-3 zibhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN Ebomvu Yezilwane Ezisongelwe, 1 njengongenamkhawulo (EN) no-2 njengokuqothuka (i-EX):

Acanthametropus pecatonica - uhlobo lweMayflies oluqhamuka emndenini we-Acanthametropodidae, owaziwa kuphela ngama-larvae, esivamile empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika ezindaweni eziphezulu zesifunda iMississippi River, engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesifunda iGreat Lakes. Mhlawumbe izinhlobo zezilwane azikapheli. I-Pentagenia robusta - inhlobo yezinyoni ezingapheli ezivela emndenini wePalingeniidae, ebiyindlulamithi eya e-Ohio River Basin (empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika). Mhlawumbe kuyafana nezinhlobo ezande kabanzi phakathi nenkaba eseNyakatho Melika. Pentagenia vittigera . Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei - uhlobo olusengcupheni lwezimfene oluvela emndenini i-Oniscigastridae, isiziba samachibi aseKar Lake eKosciuszko eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia.