Izindlovu - Izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane, kanti izinhlobo eziningana zezidalwa zithathwa njengezinyamalele, zonke zihlangene emndenini owodwa - Indlovu.
Izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zomhlaba ezihlala kule planethi zihlala emihlanjeni yase-Afrika nasehlathini elishisayo eliseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia. Akuningi kakhulu okusele emhlabeni.
Incazelo emfushane yendlovu
Indlovu isilwane esikhulu kakhulu, ubude bomzimba waso singamamitha ayi-5-8. Isisindo somzimba cishe ngamathani ayi-6,7. Ilungu elikhulu lomndeni yindlovu yaseSavannah.
Umbala womzimba wabamele lo mndeni wesilwane awunakubonwa. Umbala grey ovamile kakhulu, kepha isilwane singapendwe ngombala onsundu, noma onsundu.
Ngaphezu kobukhulu bayo, izindlovu zimile ngokubakhona kwezindlebe ezinkulu nesiqu eside. Owokugcina wabo udlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yesilwane. Ngosizo lwesiqu, izindlovu zingathola ukudla, ziphuze amanzi, zithathe amanzi noma udaka oluwuketshezi, ziphakamise izinto ezahlukahlukene (ezinesisindo esingama-250 kg).
Indlela yokuphila yendlovu, umsoco
Njengomthetho, izindlovu azihlali kude nemithombo yamanzi. Khetha izindawo ezinokudla okwanele kwezitshalo kanye nokuba khona komthunzi. Zibanjwe ngamaqembu amancane, zihola indlela yokuphila engajwayelekile, zinganqoba amakhilomitha angama-300-400 ngenyanga.
Izilwane zidla ngamaqabunga, izithelo, amagatsha, izimpande namagxolo ezihlahla nezihlahla. Izitshalo zaseGrassy ziyadliwa, zithanda imifino yemashi, ngoba ithambile.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngezindlovu
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izindlovu ziyizilwane ezihlakaniphe impela. Banenkumbulo ethuthukisiwe, futhi ngokobuhlakani bacishe balingane nezinkawu. Isibonelo, bangasebenzisa amathuluzi athile ukuze kube lula kuwe (ngokwesibonelo, amagatsha njenge-swatter fly). Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi lezi zilwane zisabela lapho kushona izihlobo zazo, zinesiko elithile elihambisana nokufa.
Kuyo yonke impilo, izindlovu zenza umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo. Ngaphandle nje kwalokho, ukwanelisa indlala yabo, badinga ukudla inani elikhulu lokudla kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi uma selivuniwe, balimaza imvelo. Isibonelo, lezi zilwane zingagawula izihlahla, nje ukufinyelela amaqabunga akhiwe phezulu. Baphinde babhubhise izihlahlana, bakha amagxolo ezihlahleni nasezinyatheleni izitshalo.
Isikhathi sokuphila sezindlovu siyiminyaka engama-60-70, futhi ekuthunjweni baphila iminyaka engama-80.
Imvubu
IHippos, noma iHippos yizilwane ezinkulu ezihlala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi.
Izindlulamithi
Izindlulamthi luhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezaziwa kabanzi ngezinsamo zazo ezinde.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Indlovu yase-Afrika
Indlovu yase-Afrika isilwane esinciphile. Ungummeleli we-oda we-proboscis nomndeni wendlovu, uhlobo lwezindlovu zase-Afrika. Izindlovu zase-Afrika nazo zihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: ihlathi kanye ne-savannah. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa okuningi, iminyaka yobudala yezilwane ezincelisayo sele isunguliwe. Cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezinhlanu. Izazi zesayensi yezemvelo zithi okhokho basendulo bendlovu yase-Afrika babephila impilo yasemanzini. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwaba izitshalo zasemanzini.
Idlozi lendlovu yase-Afrika ibizwa ngeMercury. Kungenzeka ukuthi lalikhona emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-55 edlule. Izidumbu zakhe zatholakala endaweni yaseGibhithe lesimanjemanje. Yayincane ngosayizi. Ihambelana nosayizi womzimba wesibaya sasendle sasendulo. UMercury wayenemhlathi emifushane kodwa eyakhiwe kahle nesiqu esincane. Lesi sikhuni sakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwempumulo nolwelwesi olungaphezulu ukuze sikwazi ukuhamba kalula emanzini. Ngaphandle, wayebukeka njengemvubu encane. IMercury ivelise uhlobo olusha - i-paleomastodont.
Ividiyo: Indlovu yase-Afrika
Isikhathi sakhe sehlela ku-Upper Eocene. Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwemivubukulo eGibhithe lanamuhla. Ubukhulu bayo babukhulu kakhulu kunobukhulu bomzimba weMercury, futhi isiqu sikude kakhulu. UPaleomastodont waba ukhokho weMastodon, naye, owayengumamamothi. Izilwane ezincelisayo zokugcina ezazikhona emhlabeni zazisesiqhingini saseWristangel futhi zaqothulwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.5 edlule.
Izazi zokuma komhlaba zithi zingaba ngu-160 izinhlobo ze-proboscis ezife emhlabeni. Kulezi zinhlobo, izilwane zobukhulu obumangalisayo bezikhona. Isisindo sabanye abamele izinhlobo ezithile bezedlula amathani angama-20. Namuhla, izindlovu zithathwa njengezilwane ezivamile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ezisele emhlabeni: ezase-Afrika nezaseNdiya.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Animal ndlovu
Indlovu yase-Afrika inkulu ngempela. Mkhulu kakhulu kunendlovu yaseNdiya. Ekuphakameni, isilwane sifinyelela kumamitha angama-4-5, futhi isisindo saso singamathani ayi-6,7. Bazwakalise ukudana ngocansi. Abantu besifazane baphansi kakhulu ngosayizi nesisindo somzimba. Ummeleli omkhulu walezi zinhlobo zezindlovu wafinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-7, kanti isisindo saso sasingamathani ayi-12.
Imidondoshiya yase-Afrika inezindlebe ezinde kakhulu, ezinkulu. Ubukhulu bawo buba cishe nesigamu noma kabili kuze kube kabili ubukhulu bezindlebe zendlovu yaseNdiya. Izindlovu zivama ukuphunyula ekushiseni ngokweqile ngosizo lokushanela kwezindlebe ezinkulu. I-dyne yabo ingafinyelela amamitha amabili. Ngakho-ke, zehlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo.
Izilwane ezinkulu zinesigaxa esikhulu, esikhulu kanye nomsila omncane kakhulu kunamamitha ubude. Izilwane zinekhanda elikhulu elikhulu nentamo emfushane. Izindlovu zinemilenze eminyene enamandla. Zinezici zesakhiwo sezisekelo zazo, ngenxa yazo ezihambisa kalula esihlabathini nasendaweni ephansi. Indawo yezinyawo lapho uhamba ingakhuphuka futhi inciphe. Amabunzi angaphambili aneminwe emine, iminwe emithathu yangemuva.
Phakathi kwezindlovu zase-Afrika, kufana phakathi kwabantu kunezinsalela nokukhanya. Lokhu kunqunywa yi-tusk esetshenziswa yindlovu kaningi. Isikhumba sesilwane sinombala ompunga omnyama futhi simbozwe izinwele ezi-sparse. Unomzimba futhi ulukhuni. Kodwa-ke, isikhumba sizwela kakhulu izinto zangaphandle. Basengozini enkulu yemisebe eqondile yelanga elihangayo. Ukuze zivikele elangeni, izindlovu zifihla amantshontsho ethunzini lomzimba wazo, futhi abantu abadala bazifafaza ngesihlabathi noma bathulule udaka.
Ngobudala, izinwele ebusweni besikhumba ziyasulwa. Ezindlovu ezindala, izinwele esikhunjeni azikho ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwebhulashi emsileni. Ubude besiqu sifinyelela kumamitha amabili, futhi isisindo singamakhilogremu ayi-130-140. Yenza imisebenzi eminingi. Ngayo, izindlovu zikwazi ukubhoboza utshani, zibambe izinto ezahlukahlukene, zizithele amanzi, futhi ziphefumule nesiqu.
Ngosizo lwesiqu, indlovu iyakwazi ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-260. Izindlovu zinemisipha enamandla, enzima. Isisindo sazo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-60-65 kanye nobude bamamitha ayi-2-2,5. Ziyanda njalo ngeminyaka. Lolu hlobo lwendlovu lunamazinyo abesilisa nabesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi indlovu yase-Afrika?
Isithombe: Indlovu enkulu yase-Afrika
Phambilini, izindlovu zase-Afrika beziziningi kakhulu. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, indawo ababehlala kuyo yayinkulu futhi ibanzi. Ngokukhula kwesibalo sabazingeli bezindluzelekazi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamazwe amasha ngabantu kanye nokuchithwa kwendawo yabo yokuhlala yemvelo, le ndawo inciphile kakhulu. Namuhla, iningi lezindlovu zase-Afrika zihlala emapaki ezwe nasezindalini.
Izindawo zezindlovu zase-Afrika:
Njengendawo yokuhlala, izindlovu zase-Afrika zikhetha indawo yamahlathi, ama-steppes amahlathi, unyawo lwezintaba, imifula eshisayo, ama-savannahs. Ezindlovu, kuyadingeka ukuthi endaweni yazo yokuhlala kube nesichibi, indawo enendawo eyihlathi njengendawo yokuphephela elangeni elishisayo lase-Afrika. Indawo enkulu yendlovu yase-Afrika indawo eseningizimu yehlane laseSahara.
Phambilini, abamele umndeni we-proboscis babehlala endaweni enkulu yezigidi ezingama-30 km2. Kuze kube manje, sehle ngamamitha skwele ayizigidi ezingama-5.5. Akujwayelekile ukuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zihlale endaweni efanayo impilo yazo yonke. Bangakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade beyofuna ukudla noma ukuzisindisa ekushiseni okukhulu.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani indlovu?
Izindlovu zingenye yezilwane ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ukukhula kufinyelela kumamitha amane, nesisindo somzimba - amathoni ayishumi nambili. Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala. Kungaba ngmpunga, kubheme, kube nomhlophe, upende omhlophe.
Isidumbu simbozwe ngesikhumba esinyene, esiqinile ngemisila ejulile. Isendlalelo sifinyelela amasentimitha amathathu. Kepha lokhu akusebenzi kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba. Esihlathini, ngemuva kwezindlebe, nxazonke zomlomo, isikhumba sinciphile, kufinyelela kumamilimitha amabili ubukhulu. Esiqwini nasemilenzeni, futhi unozinti futhi unomusa.
Qaphela! Isikhumba yisitho esikhulu sezinzwa esenza umsebenzi wokuzivikela. Iyingxenye yohlelo lwe-excretory, ilawula ukushisa komzimba.
Isitho esimangazayo emzimbeni yi-trunk, eyavela ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa nokwelula kwekhala ngomlomo ongaphezulu. Inemisipha eminingi emincane, inezicubu ezincane ze-adipose, akukho mathambo. Le ngxenye yomzimba iyindlela yokuzivikela. Ngosizo lokuphefumula kwesiqu senziwa, nayo yenza imisebenzi yomlomo nezandla. Ngokuyisebenzisa, lesi silwane sithatha izinto ezinkulu nezinto ezincane. Ekupheleni kwesiqu kukhona ukuphuma okubucayi, ngosizo lwaso isilwane sisebenzisa izinto ezincane, siyabona.
Qaphela! Isiqu esisempilweni yendlovu sidlala indima enkulu. Kuyadingeka ukuxhumana, ukudla, isivikelo.
Enye into eyimidondoshiya ngama-tusks. Lezi yizinto eziguquliwe maxillary ezikhula kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane. Basebenza njengophawu lweminyaka. Umcu omude futhi omude, indala indala. Kubantu abadala, ifinyelela ku-2,5 m ubude, inesisindo esingu-90 kg. Isetshenziselwa ukudla, isebenza njengesikhali, ivikela isiqu. Abasiki bayinto eyigugu okwenziwe ngayo izinto zokunethezeka.
Indlovu nayo inama-molars. Sekukonke kukhona kusuka kwamane kuya kwayisithupha, okutholakala emihlathini yomibili. Njengoba ziyaguga, amazinyo amadala athathelwa indawo amanye akhula ngaphakathi komhlathi futhi aqhubekela phambili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amazinyo aguquka kaningi kukho konke impilo. Ngosizo lwabo, izindlovu zigaya ukudla kwezitshalo ezinzima kakhulu.
Qaphela! Lapho amazinyo okugcina esusiwe, kufa isilwane esisodwa. Akukho okunye angakwenza ukuhlafuna nokugaya ukudla. Indlovu, ese mhlambi, isizwa yizihlobo.
Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukuphawula izindlebe. Yize imidondoshiya inendlebe ecashile, injongo eyinhloko yezindlebe ukupholisa umzimba. Imithambo yegazi eningi itholakala ohlangothini lwangaphakathi lwayo. Ngesikhathi semivimbo, igazi liyaphola. Yena-ke, uthwala ukupholisa emzimbeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, abantu abafi ngokushiswa ngokweqile.
Izindlovu zinemilenze emisipha futhi eqinile. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba, emaphethelweni onyawo, kukhona i-gelatinous, isisindo sentwasahlobo esandisa indawo yokusekelwa. Ngosizo lwayo, izilwane zihamba cishe buthule.
Umsila ucishe ubude obufana nemilenze. Izinwele eziqinile zizungeza ichopho, zisiza ukuxosha izinambuzane ezicasulayo.
Izilwane zibhukuda kahle. Zithanda ukugqobhoza emanzini, gxuma, i-frolic. Bangakwazi ukubamba isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuthinta phansi kwezinyawo.
Idlani indlovu yase-Afrika?
Isithombe: Incwadi Yobomvu Yendlovu yase-Afrika
Izindlovu zase-Afrika zithathwa njenge-herbivores. Ekudleni kwabo, kungukudla kokusuka kuphela kwesitshalo kuphela. Umuntu oyedwa omdala udla cishe amathani amabili noma amathathu okudla ngosuku. Kulokhu, iningi losuku izindlovu zidla ukudla. Cishe amahora angama-15-18 abelwe lokhu. Abesilisa badinga ukudla okuningi kunokwesifazane. Izindlovu zichitha amahora ambalwa ngosuku zifuna imifino efanelekayo. Kunombono wokuthi izindlovu zase-Afrika zihlanya ngokuthanda amantongomane. Ekudingisweni, bazimisele kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa. Kodwa-ke, ku-vivo ungakhombisi intshisekelo kuye, futhi ungamfuni ngenhloso.
Isisekelo sokudla kwendlovu yase-Afrika amahlumela amancane kanye nokuluhlaza okuhlaza okucwathile, izimpande, amagatsha ezihlahlana nezinye izinhlobo zezimila. Esikhathini semvula, izilwane zidla ngezinhlobo zezitshalo eziluhlaza eziluhlaza. Kungaba ipapa, ikati. Abantu beminyaka esegugile bondla ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezitshalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuguga, amazinyo alahlekelwa ubukhali bawo futhi nezilwane azisakwazi ukudla ukudla okuqinile, okuhlanganisiwe.
Izithelo zithathwa njengempatho ekhethekile; zidliwa ngobuningi bezindlovu zamahlathi. Ekufuneni ukudla, bangangena emkhakheni wezolimo futhi babhubhise izithelo zezihlahla zezithelo. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu nesidingo semali enkulu yokudla, zibangela ukulimala okukhulu komhlaba wezolimo.
Izindlovu zezingane ziqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni emibili. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, bashintshela ngokuphelele ekudleni okudala. Izindlovu zase-Afrika nazo zidinga usawoti eziwutholayo ngokukhotha izibankwa futhi zizimba emhlabathini. Izindlovu zidinga uketshezi olukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu oyedwa omdala udla amalitha amanzi ayi-190-280 ngosuku. Ngesikhathi sesomiso, izindlovu zimba imbobo enkulu eduze kombhede womfula, lapho amanzi ehlangana khona. Lapho zifuna ukudla, izindlovu ziyahamba, zinqoba amabanga amade.
Ahlala kuphi izindlovu? Izinhlobo, umehluko phakathi kwazo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili: ama-Eshiya, angamaNdiya, kanye nama-Afrika. Izindlovu zase-Australia azikho. Indawo yase-Eshiya - cishe yonke insimu yaseNingizimu Asia:
- I-China,
- Thailand,
- eningizimu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya,
- I-Laos,
- I-Vietnam,
- I-Malaysia,
- isiqhingi se-sri lanka.
Izilwane zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, lapho kukhona izihlahlana eziminyene nezicaka zika bamboo. Ngenkathi ebandayo, baphoqeleka ukuba bafune ukudla emaqeleni.
Iziqhwaga zase-Afrika zithanda ama-savannah namahlathi aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo asenkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Afrika, ahlala e:
Iningi lazo baphoqeleka ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni ezigcina imvelo namapaki ezwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, bathanda ukugwema ugwadule, lapho kungekho khona izimila kanye nezidumbu zamanzi. Izindlovu eziphila ngokukhululeka zivame ukuba yisisulu sabazingeli.
Naphezu kokufana okukhulu, kukhona umehluko omncane:
- Izindlovu zase-Afrika zikhulu kakhulu futhi zinde kunezwe lase-Asia.
- Bonke abantu base-Afrika baneziqu; abesifazane base-Asia abanazo.
- Ezindlovu zaseNdiya, emuva kwe-torso kungaphezulu kwekhanda.
- Izindlebe zase-Afrika zikhulu kunalezo zase-Asia.
- Iziqu zase-Afrika zincanyana kunabalingani bazo baseNdiya.
- Cishe akunakwenzeka ukwenza isilwane sase-Afrika, futhi indlovu yaseNdiya ingaqeqeshwa kalula futhi ifakwe ekhaya.
Qaphela! Lapho weqa lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ngeke uphumelele ukuthola inzalo. Lokhu kukhombisa nokwehluka kwabo ezingeni lofuzo.
Inani lezindlovu ezihlala endle lehle ngokushesha. Badinga ukuvikelwa, kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
Zidlani izindlovu endaweni yazo yemvelo nasekuthunjweni kwazo?
Izindlovu zingamakhambi ezidla kuphela ekudleni kwezitshalo. Ukuze balondoloze isisindo somzimba, badinga ukudla imifino eningi (kufika kuma-300 kg ngosuku). Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, izilwane zimatasa zidonsa ukudla. Ukudla kuncike ngokuphelele endaweni nasesikhathini (eyana imvula noma eyomile).
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, izindlovu zidla amaqabunga namagxolo ezihlahla, ama-rhizomes, izithelo zezithelo zasendle, utshani. Bayalithanda usawoti abawumba emhlabeni. Musa ukudlula emasimini, lapho zikujabulela ukuziphatha ngokulima.
Ezindizeni nasezisekelweni, lezi ziphulu zondliwa kakhulu ngotshani, ezidliwayo yizilwane eziningi. Ukudla kufaka izithelo, imifino ezimpande, imifino, amagatsha ezihlahla. Bancamela imikhiqizo kafulawa, okusanhlamvu, usawoti.
Bonke abantu, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo nendawo, bathanda amanzi futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi bazama ukuba seduze kwemizimba yamanzi.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala yendlovu
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule, ngesikhathi sePleistocene, ama-mammoth kanye nama-mastodons ayesakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Njengamanje, kufundwe izinhlobo ezimbili zezindlovu: i-Afrika neNdiya.
Kukholelwa ukuthi lesi isilwanyana esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, kunephutha. Esikhulu kunazo zonke whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, endaweni yesibili yi-sperm whale futhi indawo yesithathu kuphela ethathwa yindlovu yase-Afrika.
Ngempela ungobedlula zonke izilwane zomhlaba. Isilwane sesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwendlovu siyimvubu.
Lapho ibuna, indlovu yase-Afrika ifinyelela kumamitha amane futhi inesisindo esingamathani angama-7.5 indlovu inesisindo okuncane okuncane - kuze kufike ku-5t, ukuphakama kwayo - 3m. IMammoth ingeyokuqothuka kwe-proboscis. Indlovu isilwane esingcwele eNdiya naseThailand.
Esithombeni, indlovu yaseNdiya
Ngokwenganekwane, umama kaBuddha waphupha Indlovu emhlophe nge-lotus eyabikezela ukuzalwa kwakhe kwengane engajwayelekile. Indlovu emhlophe iwuphawu lobuBuddha nokugqalwa kwengcebo engokomoya. Lapho kuzalwa indlovu ye-albino eThailand, lokhu kungumcimbi obalulekile, kanti neNkosi yombuso uqobo iyamphatha.
Lezi izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo ezihlala e-Afrika naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Bathanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ze-savannah kanye namahlathi emvula. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlangana nabo kuphela ogwadule.
Isilwane sendlovuedume ngezinsizwa zayo ezinkulu. Izilwane ziyazisebenzisa lapho ziqoqa ukudla, ukusula umgwaqo, ukuze zimake insimu. Imisebenzi ikhula njalo, kubantu abadala, isilinganiso sokukhula singafinyelela ku-18 cm ngonyaka, abantu asebekhulile banama-tusks amakhulu cishe wamamitha ayi-3.
Amazinyo agaya njalo, aqothuka futhi okusha akhula endaweni yawo (shintsha cishe amahlandla amahlanu empilweni). Intengo yophondo lwendlovu iphakeme kakhulu, yingakho izilwane zihlala zichithwa njalo.
Futhi yize izilwane zivikelwe futhi zisohlwini lwe-International Red Book, kusenabazingeli abazimisele ukubulala lesi silwane esihle ngenzuzo.
Kuyaqabukela ungazitholi izilwane ezinama-toks amakhulu, ngoba cishe zonke zaqothulwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emazweni amaningi ukubulawa kwendlovu kufaka isigwebo sentambo.
Kunenganekwane ngokuba khona kwamathuna ahlukanisiwe wezindlovu, lapho izilwane ezindala nezigulayo ziyafa, ngoba kuyivelakancane ukuthola izidalwa zezilwane ezifile. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakwazi ukuyiqeda le nganekwane, kwavela ukuthi ama-porcupines, athi ngale ndlela anelise ukulamba kwamaminerali, adla izidleke.
Indlovu - uhlobo lwesilwane, enesinye isitho esithandekayo - isiqu, esifinyelela kumamitha ayisikhombisa ubude. Kwakheka kusuka ezindebeni nasekhaleni elingenhla. Isiqu saso siqukethe izicubu ezingaba ngu-100,000. Lesi sitho sisetshenziselwa ukuphefumula, ukuphuza nokwenza imisindo. Indima ebalulekile idlalwa lapho kudliwa, njengohlobo lwesandla esiguquguqukayo.
Ukubamba izinto ezincane, indlovu yaseNdiya isebenzisa inqubo encane esiqwini, esifana nomunwe. Ummeli wase-Afrika unezimbili zazo. Isiqu sisebenza kokubili ukukha amabala otshani nokuphula izihlahla ezinkulu. Ngosizo lwesiqu, izilwane ziyakwazi ukuthatha ishawa emanzini angcolile.
Lokhu akugcini ngokujabulisa izilwane, kepha futhi kuvikela isikhumba ezinambuzaneni ezicasulayo (ukungcola kukoma bese kwakha ifilimu evikelayo). Indlovu iyiqembu lezilwane.enezindlebe ezinkulu kakhulu. Izindlovu zase-Afrika zinezindlovu ezingaphezu kwe-Asia. Izindlebe ezilwaneni azisona kuphela isitho sokuzwa.
Njengoba izindlovu zingenazo izindlala ze-sebaceous, azikaze zifunge. Ama-capillaries amaningi ahlaba izindlebe esimweni sezulu esishisayo andisa futhi anikeze ukushisa ngokweqile kumkhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mzimba ungafakwa njengefeni.
Indlovu - into kuphela ezincelisayoongaziyo ukuthi ungagxuma kanjani futhi ugijime. Zingavele zimane ukuhamba noma ukuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu, esifana nokugijima. Naphezu kwesisindo esindayo, isikhumba esikhulu (cishe i-3 cm) namathambo aminyene, indlovu ihamba buthule kakhulu.
Into ekhona ukuthi amabhulukwe asohlangothini lwesilwane entwasahlobo futhi anda njengoba umthwalo usanda, okwenza i-gait yesilwane icishe ithule. Amapads afanayo asiza izindlovu ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinamathuku. Uma ubheka kuqala, indlovu isilwane esihamba kancane, kepha singafinyelela ijubane elingafika ku-30 km ngehora.
Izindlovu zibona kahle, kepha zisebenzisa iphunga, ukuthinta nokuzwa okuningi. Ama-eyelashes amade enzelwe ukuvikela uthuli. Ukuba ngababhukudi abahle, izilwane zingabhukuda zifike kumakhilomitha angama-70 futhi zihlale emanzini ngaphandle kokuthinta ezansi amahora ayisithupha.
Umsindo owenziwe izindlovu ezisebenzisa i-larynx noma isiqu sizwakala kude le-10 km.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila yendlovu
Izindlovu zasendle uhlala emhlambini wezilwane ezifika ku-15, lapho bonke abantu bengabesifazane kanye nezihlobo. Into esemqoka emhlanjini ngu-matriarchikazi. UNdlovu akabekezeleli isizungu, kubalulekile kuye ukuthi axhumane nezihlobo zakhe, athembekile emhlambini aze afe.
Amalungu omhlambi ayasizana futhi ayanakekelana, akhulisa izingane ngonembeza futhi azivikele engozini futhi asize amalungu omndeni abuthaka. Izindlovu ezingamaduna kwesinye isikhathi ziyizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Zihlala eduze kweqembu labesifazane, ngokuvamisile zakha imihlambi yazo.
Izingane zihlala eqenjini kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-14. Ngemuva kwalokho bakhetha: noma hlala emhlambini noma uzenzele owakho. Endabeni yokufa kwesizwe esikanye naso, lesi silwane sibuhlungu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayaluhlonipha uthuli lwezihlobo, ngeke neze bangene kulo, bazame ukuluhambisa kude nendlela, futhi babone ngisho namathambo ezihlobo phakathi kwezinye izinsalela.
Izindlovu azichithi amahora angaphezu kwesine zilala usuku lonke. Izilwane izindlovu zase-african ukulala kumi. Bakhubeka kanyekanye bancike komunye nomunye. Izindlovu ezindala zibeka imichilo yazo emikhulu esihlahleni noma esihlahleni.
Izindlovu zaseNdiya zichitha ubuthongo bazo zilele phansi. Ingqondo yendlovu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ingeyesibili kuphela ekwimisungwini ekwakhekeni. Inesisindo esingama-5 kg. Embusweni wezilwane, indlovu - omunye wabamele abahlakaniphe kakhulu bezilwane emhlabeni.
Bangaziveza esibukweni, okungenye yezimpawu zokuzazi. Izinkawu namahlengethwa kuphela abangaqhosha ngaleli khwalithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-chimpanzee kuphela kanye nezindlovu ezisebenzisa amathuluzi.
Ukuqashelwa kukhombisile ukuthi indlovu yaseNdiya ingasebenzisa igatsha lesihlahla njenge-swatter fly. Izindlovu zinenkumbulo enhle kakhulu. Bakhumbula kalula izindawo ababevakashele kuzo nabantu ababekhuluma nabo.
Ukuzala izindlovu. Baphila iminyaka emingaki?
Emvelweni, abesifazane nabesilisa bahlala ngokwehlukana. Lapho indlovu isilungele ukudunwa, ifihla imfihlo futhi ihlokoma abesilisa abaningi. Izinhlobo kuya eminyakeni eyi-12, futhi kusuka ku-16 zilungele ukuzala. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umchamo oshibhile oqukethe amakhemikhali athile, uvumele izinsikazi zazi ngokulungela kwazo ukukhula. Abesilisa nabo benza imisindo yokungezwa bese befikelwa abesifazane ngenkani, bahlela ukulwa. Lapho zombili izindlovu zikulungele ukushada, zishiya umhlambi isikhashana.
Ngokuya ngohlobo, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili kuye kwezingamashumi amabili nambili. Ukuzalwa kwenzalo kuzungezwe yiqembu elivikela insikazi ezingozini ezingase zibe khona. Imvamisa kuzalwa iwundlu elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kubili. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, indlovu yengane isivele izinyawo zayo futhi incela ubisi lukanina. Iguquguquka ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana esifushane ivele ihambe ngokuthobeka neqembu lezindlovu, ibopha umsila kanina ukuze ithembeke.
Isilinganiso sokuphila kwezilwane sincike ezinhlotsheni:
- Izindlovu zezindlovu nezindlovu zamahlathi ziphila iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa,
- isikhathi esiphakeme kakhulu sezindlovu zaseNdiya yiminyaka engama-48.
Isici esithinta isikhathi sokuphila ukuba khona kwamazinyo. Lapho nje kususa ukucwaswa kokugcina, lesi silwane sibhekene nokufa ngenxa yokukhathala.
- amawundlu ayizinyamazane ezilula,
- amanzi anele nokudla,
- izilwane zingaba yizisulu zabazingeli.
Izindlovu ezihlala endle ziphila isikhathi eside kunezihlobo zazo ezifuywayo. Ngenxa yezimo ezingafanele, imidondoshiya iqala ukulimaza, okuvame ukuholela ekufeni.
Qaphela! Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kwesilwane esithunjiwe sifushane ngokuphindwe kathathu kunalezihlobo zaso ezihlala endaweni yemvelo.
Umsoco
Izindlovu zikuthanda kakhulu ukudla. Izindlovu zidla amahora angama-16 ngosuku. Badinga kuze kube ngu-450 kg wezitshalo ezahlukahlukene nsuku zonke. Indlovu ingaphuza kusuka kumalitha ayi-100 ukuya kwangama-300 amanzi ngosuku, kuya ngokuthi isimo sezulu sinjani.
Ufanekise izindlovu emgodini wokunisela
Izindlovu zingamakhambi, izimpande zazo zifaka izimpande namagxolo ezihlahla, utshani, izithelo. Izilwane zibuyisela ukungabikhona kukasawoti ngosizo lwamakhambi (usawoti osufikile emhlabeni). Ekuthunjweni, izindlovu zidla utshani kanye notshani.
Ngeke baphinde balahle ama-aphula, ubhanana, amakhukhi nesinkwa. Ukuthanda ngokweqile amaswidi kungadala izinkinga zempilo, kepha amaswidi ezinhlobonhlobo ahlukahlukene ayizidlakudla ezithandwa kakhulu.
Izitha emvelweni
Kwezilwane, izindlovu azinazitha, cishe azinakuhlaselwa. Ngisho namabhubesi ayaqaphela ukuhlasela umuntu ophilile. Izisulu ezingaba khona ezilwaneni zasendle ngamathole, okuvikelwa ngabantu abadala ngezikhathi zobungozi. Bakha indandatho yokuzivikela emizimbeni yabo, phakathi kukhona izingane. Izindlovu ezigulayo ezilwa nomhlambi nazo zingahlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye.
Isitha esikhulu yindoda enesibhamu. Kepha uma isilwane sizwa ingozi, singambulala. Ngawo wonke ama-cumbersomeness ayo, umdondoshiya unesivinini esifinyelela ku-40 km / h. Futhi uma unquma ukuhlasela, khona-ke ophikisana naye akanalo ithuba lokuphila.
Izindlovu izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphile. Banenkumbulo enhle. Abantu abakhethiwe banemvelo enhle futhi bayabekezela. Lezi zilwane zivame ukutholakala ezingalweni zezifundazwe. Kwamanye amazwe, kunikezwa isigwebo sentambo ngokubulawa kwabo. EThailand, lesi isilwane esingcwele, siphathwa ngenhlonipho.
Ukuzalwa nokuphila isikhathi eside kwendlovu
Esikhathini sesikhathi, inkathi yokuzalela yezindlovu ayikhonjiswanga ngokuqinile. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi semvula, izinga lokuzalwa kwezilwane liyanda. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, okuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili, insikazi, ngokukhala kwayo, ikhanga owesilisa ukuba azoshada. Ndawonye zihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi iyakwazi ukusuka emhlambini.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izindlovu zesilisa zingabungqingili. Ngemuva kwakho konke, abesifazane beshada kanye kuphela ngonyaka, futhi ukukhulelwa kwakhe kuhlala isikhathi eside impela. Abesilisa badinga kakhulu abalingani bezocansi kaningi, okuholela ekuqubukeni kobudlelwano bobulili obufanayo.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-22, kuvame ukuzalwa umntwana oyedwa. Ukuzalwa kwenzeka phambi kwawo wonke amalungu omhlambi alungele ukusiza uma kunesidingo. Ngemuva kokuphela kwabo, wonke umndeni uqala ukushaya, ukumemeza nokumemezela nokwengeza.
Izindlovu zezingane zinesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-70 kuya ku-113 kg, zingama-90 cm ubude futhi zinobuthi ngokuphelele. Lapho beneminyaka emibili kuphela banamaphisi amancane obisi, azoshintsha abe abomdabu abaneminyaka yobudala.
Indlovu yosana esanda kuzalwa idinga ngaphezu kwamalitha ayi-10 obisi lukamama ngosuku. Kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, kungukudla okuyinhloko kwengane, ngaphezu kwalokho, kancane kancane, ingane iqala ukudla izitshalo.
Zingadla futhi ezindlini zomama zokugaya kalula amagatsha namagxolo ezitshalo. Izindlovu zezingane zihlala eduze kukamama, ezivikela futhi zimfundise. Futhi kufanele ufunde okuningi: phuza amanzi, uhambisane kanye nomhlambi futhi ulawule isiqu.
I-Trunking kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu, ukuqeqeshwa njalo, ukukhulisa izinto, ukuthola ukudla namanzi, ukubingelela izihlobo nokunye. Umama wendlovu kanye namalungu omhlambi bavikela izingane ekuhlaselweni yi-hyena nebhubesi.
Izilwane ziba nokuzimela ngineminyaka eyisithupha. Ku-18, izinsikazi zingazala. Kwabesifazane, izinsana zivela kaningi ngeminyaka emine. Abesilisa bavuthwa ngemuva kweminyaka emibili. Endle, isikhathi sokuphila kwezilwane cishe siyiminyaka engama-70, ekuthunjweni - iminyaka engama-80. Indlovu endala, eyashona ngo-2003, yaphila iminyaka engama-86.
Indlovu - incazelo nezimpawu
Isilwane esimangalisayo cishe asinazitha futhi asihlaseli muntu, ngokuba yi-herbivore. Namuhla zingatholakala endle, emapaki ezwe nakwindawo ezigcinwe kuzo, kumasekethe nasezindaweni zokugcina izilwane, futhi kukhona nabantu abafudukayo. Kuningi okwaziwayo ngabo: iminyaka emingaki ihlala izindlovu, zidlani izindlovu, kukhulelwa indlovu isikhathi esingakanani. Noma kunjalo, izimfihlo zisekhona.
Indlovu inesisindo esingakanani?
Lesi silwane asikwazi ukudideka nanoma yisiphi esinye, ngoba cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yiziphi izilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni zingaqhosha ngosayizi onjalo. Ukuphakama kwalesi sikhulu kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5, nesisindo - kuze kufike kumathani ayi-7. Esikhulu kunazo zonke yisidina sase-savannah sase-Afrika. Abalingani baseNdiya balula kancane: isisindo esingama-5, ama-5 amathani kwabesilisa no-4, 5 - kwabesifazane. Ezikhanya kunazo zonke izindlovu zasehlathini - kuze kufike kumathani amathathu. Emvelweni, kunezinhlobo zemvelo ezingafinyeleli ngisho ku-1 ton.
Ithambo lezindlovu
Amathambo endlovu ahlala isikhathi eside futhi angamelana nesisindo esijabulisayo. Umzimba mkhulu futhi unemisipha.
Ikhanda lesilwane likhulu, linendawo engaphambili. Umhlobiso uyizindlebe zakhe zeselula, enza umsebenzi wesilawuli sokushisa kanye nendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu bezinye izizwe. Lapho lihlasela umhlambi, izilwane ziqala ukushukumisa izindlebe zazo ngenkuthalo, zisabisa izitha zazo.
Imilenze ihlukile. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo yokuthi izilwane zinomsindo futhi zihamba kancane, lezi ziphulu zihamba cishe buthule. Ezinyaweni kunamaphara aminyene wamafutha athambisa isinyathelo. Isici esihlukile yikhono lokugoba amadolo, isilwane sine-patella ezimbili.
Izilwane zinomsila omncane ophela ngebhulashi elinga-fluffy. Imvamisa ithole libambelela kuye ukuze lingalali ngemuva konina.
Isiqu sendlovu
Isici esahlukile isiqu sendlovu, isisindo sayo endlovu singafinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-200. Lesi sitho siyikhala elihlanganisiwe nomlomo ongenhla. Kuqukethe izicubu ezinamandla ezingaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu nemisipha, isiqu sendlovu inamandla okuguquguquka namandla. Bahlwitha uhlaza bese beluthumela emlonyeni. Futhi, isiqu sendlovu iyisikhali esivikela kuso futhi silwe nomphikisi.
Ngokudlula kwesiqu, imidondoshiya nayo ikha amanzi, bese iwathumela emilonyeni yawo noma iwathulule. Izindlovu kuze kube unyaka zinamakhosi azo amabi. Isibonelo, abakwazi ukuphuza nayo, kodwa baguqe bese baphuze ngemilomo yabo. Kepha emsileni kanina babambelela esiqwini ngokuqinile kusuka emahoreni okuqala ezimpilo zabo.
Umbono nokuzwa kwendlovu
Ngokuphathelene nosayizi wesilwane, amehlo mancane, futhi lezi ziphulu azifani ngamehlo abukhali. Kepha banezindlebe ezinhle kakhulu, futhi bayakwazi ukubona imisindo, noma imisindo emincane kakhulu.
Umzimba wesilwane esikhulu simbozwe ngesikhumba esimpunga noma esinsundu, senziwe ngemibimbi eminingi. Ama-bristles angaqinile kuwo abonwa kuphela ezinhlafunweni. Kubantu abadala, alikho neze.
Umbala wesilwane ngqo ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ngoba izindlovu kaningi, zivikela ezinambuzaneni, zifafaze ngomhlaba nangobumba. Ngakho-ke, abanye abamele babonakala nsundu futhi bapinki.
Phakathi kweziqhwaga, kuyaqabukela, kepha ama-albino asatholakala. Izilwane ezinje zibhekwa njengekholo eSiam. Izindlovu ezimhlophe zathathwa ngqo imindeni yasebukhosini.
Imihlathi
Ukuhlobisa kwesidlakudla yimichilo yaso: emdala isilwane, yinde kangakanani. Kepha akubona bonke abanobukhulu obufanayo. Isibonelo sendlovu yowesifazane wase-Asia, ayinabo ubucwebe obunjalo nhlobo emvelweni, njengabesilisa abangavamile. Imisebenzi ingena emhlathini futhi ithathwa njengezifaka incisors.
Iminyaka emingaki yendlovu iphila, ingaqashelwa ngamazinyo ayo, agaya ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kepha ngasikhathi sinye okusha kuvela ukuthi akhula emva kokudala. Kuyaziwa ukuthi indlovu inamazinyo amangaki emlonyeni wayo. Imvamisa ama-4 abomdabu.
Indlovu yaseNdiya kanye nendlovu yase-Afrika inomehluko ongaphandle; sizokhuluma ngabo ngokulandelayo.
Izinhlobo zezindlovu
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela ze-proboscis: indlovu yase-Afrika nendlovu yaseNdiya (ngenye indlela ibizwa ngokuthi yindlovu yase-Asia). Abase-Afrika bona bahlukaniswe ama-savannas ahlala e-ikhweyitha (abameleli abakhulu kunabo bonke abafinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5 ubude kanye namathani angama-7 enesisindo) nehlathi (okuyi-subspecies yalo mncane futhi yixhaphozi), elikhetha ukuhlala emahlathini ashisayo.
Naphezu kokufana okungenakuqhathaniswa kwalezi zilwane, kusenokwehluka okuningana.
- Kulula kakhulu ukuphendula umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi indlovu enkulu futhi inkulu: Indian noma i-Afrika. Eyodwa ehlala e-Afrika: abantu ngabanye banesisindo esingu-1.5-2 amathani ngaphezulu, futhi baphakeme kakhulu. Indlovu yensikazi yase-Asia ayinazimpawu, kuthi e-Afrika kubo bonke abantu. Izinhlobo zihluka kancane ekwakhekeni komzimba: e-Asians, ingemuva liphakeme ngokuhlobene nenqanaba lekhanda. Izilwane zase-Afrika zinezindlebe ezinkulu. Iziqu zemidondoshiya enkulu yase-Afrika ngandlela thile. Ngokwemvelo yayo, indlovu yaseNdiya ithambekele kakhulu ekubanjisweni kwasekhaya, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi ithambise umlingani wayo wase-Afrika.
Lapho weqa i-African kanye ne-Indian proboscis, inzalo ayisebenzi, ekhombisa umehluko ezingeni lofuzo.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwendlovu sincike ezimweni zokuphila, ukutholakala kwenani elanele lokudla namanzi. Kukholakala ukuthi indlovu yase-Afrika iphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula umfo wayo.
Abahluphi bezipho zesimanje
Izihlobo zakudala ze-proboscis zavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-65 edlule, ngesikhathi sePaleocene. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-dinosaurs asahamba emhlabeni.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi abameli bokuqala babehlala endaweni yeGibhithe yanamuhla futhi babukeka njenge-tapir. Kunenye inkolelo-mbono ngokusho ukuthi imidondoshiya yamanje yaqhamuka esilwaneni esithile ehlala e-Afrika cishe nayo yonke i-Eurasia.
Ucwaningo oluveza ukuthi iminyaka emingaki yendlovu ihlale emhlabeni wethu lukhombisa ubukhona bokhokho bayo.
- I-Deinotherium. Bavele cishe ngezigidi ezingama-58 ezedlule futhi banyamalala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule. Ngaphandle, ayefana nezilwane zamanje, kepha ayehlonishwa ngosayizi wawo omncane nesiqu esifushane. Ama-Homphoterias. Bavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-37 edlule futhi banyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 eyedlule. Ngesihlakala sazo kufana nezidondoshiya ezinde ezinamaphimbo amade, kepha zazinamakhanda amancanyana amane asontekile phezulu naphansi ngababili, nomhlathi obucayi. Kwesinye isikhathi ekwakhiweni kwemisila yalezi zilwane baba mikhulu kakhulu. AmaMamutids (mastodons). Bavele eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10-12 edlule. Zazinoboya obukhulu, izinzipho ezinde kanye nesiqu emizimbeni yazo. Ukuqothula eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-18 edlule, ngokufika kwabantu bakudala. AmaMammoth. Abameli bokuqala bezindlovu. Kuvela kumamododons cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1,6 eyedlule. Bafa cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 edlule. Zazizinde kakhulu kunezilwane zamanje, imizimba yazo imbozwe ngezinwele ezinde neziminyene, futhi zinamazinyo amakhulu phansi.
Indlovu yase-Afrika kanye nendlovu yaseNdiya yibona kuphela abamele i-oda le-proboscis eMhlabeni.
Ineminyaka emingaki indlovu?
Isikhathi sokuphila kwendlovu endle sincane kakhulu kunaleso esisebenza nabo ezifuywayo noma labo abahlala ezindlini zokugcina izilwane zasekhaya noma ezokugcinwa kwezwe. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo ezinzima zalezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona indlovu, nezifo kanye nokuxoshwa ngesihluku kweziqhwaga.
Ososayensi basaxabana ukuthi indlovu yasendle ihlala isikhathi esingakanani nokuthi impilo yayo iyisekudingisweni.
Ngokungangabazeki, iminyaka emingaki yendlovu ihlala, inquma izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo. Ama-savannah ase-Afrika aphila isikhathi eside kunabo bonke: phakathi kwabo kukhona abantu abaneminyaka yobudala efinyelela eminyakeni engama-80. I-Forest African proboscis ngandlela-thile - iminyaka engama-65-70. Indlovu yase-Asia ekhaya noma ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane zasendle kanye nasemapaki ezwe ingaphila iminyaka engama-55-60, endaweni yemvelo izilwane ezifike eminyakeni engama-50 zithathwa njengezikhulu zeminyaka.
Ukuthi zingaki izindlovu ezihlala khona kuncike ekunakekelweni kwesilwane. Isilwane esilimele nesigulayo ngeke siphile isikhathi eside. Kwesinye isikhathi noma ukulimala okuncane esiqwini noma onyaweni kubangela ukufa. Ngaphansi kokuqondiswa ngumuntu, izifo eziningi zemidondoshiya ziphathwa kalula, ezingakhulisa kakhulu impilo.
Emvelweni yemvelo, izilwane azinazo neze izitha. Izilwane ezihlaselayo zihlasela kuphela amazinyane adukayo kanye nabantu abagulayo.
Zidlani izindlovu?
Njengama-herbivores, ama-proboscis asebenzisa amahora angaphezu kwangu-15 ngosuku efuna ukudla. Ukugcina isisindo esikhulu somzimba, kufanele zidle kusuka ku-40 kuya ku-400 kg wezimila ngosuku.
Okudliwa yizindlovu ngqo kuya endaweni yazo: zingaba utshani, amaqabunga, amahlumela amasha. Isiqu sendlovu siyayihluthula bese siyithumela emlonyeni, lapho ukudla kungumhlabathi ngokucophelela.
Ekuthunjweni, indlovu idla utshani (kufika ku-20 kg ngosuku), imifino, ikakhulukazi ikhethe izaqathe neklabishi, izithelo ezahlukahlukene nosanhlamvu.
Ngezinye izikhathi izilwane zasendle zizulazula ziye emasimini abahlali bendawo futhi zikujabulele ukudla amabele, umhlanga nezilimo zokusanhlamvu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Indlovu eshisayo yase-Afrika
Izindlovu ziyizilwane zomhlambi. Bahlala emaqenjini abantu abadala abayi-15-20. Ezinsukwini zakudala, lapho izilwane zazingasongeliswa ukuqothulwa, ubungako beqembu bungafinyelela amakhulu abantu. Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amaqembu amancane abuthana emihlambini emikhulu.
Ekhanda lomhlambi kuhlala kungowesifazane. Ngobuholi nobuholi, abesifazane bavame ukulwa bodwa lapho amaqembu amakhulu ehlukaniswe amancanyana. Ngemuva kokufa, indawo yowesifazane omkhulu ithathwa ngowesifazane osemdala kunabo bonke.
Imiyalo yowesifazane osemdala njalo ilandelwa ngokusobala emndenini. Kanye nabesifazane abahamba phambili, abesifazane abancane abavuthiwe ngokobulili, kanye nabantu abangagugile banobuphi ubulili, bahlala eqenjini. Ekufikeni kweminyaka eyi-10-11, abesilisa bayaxoshwa emhlambini. Ekuqaleni, bavame ukulandela umkhaya. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlukana ngokuphelele futhi bahole indlela ehlukile yokuphila, noma bakha amaqembu abesilisa.
Iqembu lihlala linomoya omuhle ofudumele nobungane. Izindlovu zinobungane kakhulu, zikhombisa ukubekezela okukhulu ngezindlovu ezincane. Baphawuleka ngosizo mutual nosizo. Bahlala besekela amalungu omndeni abuthakathaka nabagulayo, emi ngezinyawo zombili ukuze isilwane singawi. Iqiniso elimangalisayo, kepha izindlovu zivame ukuzwa imizwa ethile. Bangadabukisa, bacasuke, banesithukuthezi.
Izindlovu zinomqondo obucayi kakhulu wokuhogela nokuzwa, kepha ukungaboni kahle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abamele umndeni we-proboscis 'bezwa ngezinyawo zabo'. Emaphethelweni aphansi kunezindawo ezikhethekile ezenza umsebenzi wokuthwebula ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene, kanye nesiqondisi esivela kulo.
- Izindlovu zibhukuda ngokuphelele futhi zimane zincoma izinqubo zamanzi nokubhukuda.
- Umhlambi ngamunye uhlala endaweni yawo ethile.
- Kujwayelekile ukuthi izilwane zikwazi ukuxhumana nomunye ngomsindo wamacilongo.
Izindlovu zamukelwa njengezilwane ezilala okuncane. Izilwane ezinkulu kangaka azilali amahora amathathu ngosuku. Balala bemi isiyingi. Ngesikhathi sokulala, ikhanda liphendukela enkabeni yombuthano.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-African elephant cub
Abesifazane nabesilisa bafika ebusheni ngeminyaka ehlukene. Kuya ngezimo izilwane ezihlala kuzo. Abesilisa bayakwazi ukufikisa lapho beneminyaka engu-14 kuya kwengu-16 ubudala, abesifazane bakhona ekuqaleni. Imvamisa emzabalazweni welungelo lokungena emshadweni, amadoda alwa, angaba nobungozi obukhulu komunye nomunye. Izindlovu zivame ukunakekelana kahle kakhulu. Indlovu kanye nendlovu eye yakha i-pair isuswa ndawonye kude nomhlambi. Bajwayela ukwanga omunye nomunye ngesigaxa, bezwakalisa ukuzwelana nobumnene babo.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana ezilwaneni asikho. Zingazala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka. Ngesikhathi somshado, bangaba nolaka ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme le-testosterone. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingama-22. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ezinye izindlovu zomhlambi zivikela futhi zisize umama okhulelwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, bazobamba iqhaza ekukhathazekeni ngendlovu yendlovu ngokwabo.
Lapho kuzalwa kusondela, indlovu ishiya umhlambi iphinde iphuthuke iyodwa endaweni ethule. Uhambisana nenye indlovu, ebizwa ngokuthi "ababelethisi." Indlovu izala kungabi ngaphezu kwengalo eyodwa. Isisindo sengane esanda kuzalwa cishe singamasentimitha, angaba yimitha elilodwa ubude. Izingane azinawo ama-isikhu kanye nesiqu sosayizi omncane kakhulu. Ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-20-25, iwundlu limi ngezinyawo zalo.
Izindlovu zezingane zikanina okokuqala ngeminyaka engu-4-5 yokuphila. Ubisi lukamama, njengomthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunempilo, selusetshenzisiwe eminyakeni emibili yokuqala.
Kamuva, izingane ziqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo. Indlovu ngayinye izala izingane njalo eminyakeni engama-3-9. Amandla okuzala izingane ahlala afinyelela eminyakeni engama-55-60 ubudala. Isilinganiso sokuphila esiphakathi kwezindlovu zase-Afrika ezimweni zemvelo yiminyaka engama-65-80.
Izitha Zemvelo Zezindlovu zase-Afrika
Isithombe: Indlovu Ebomvu Yase-Afrika
Lapho zihlala ezimweni zemvelo, izindlovu azinazo neze izitha phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane. Amandla, amandla, nosayizi wawo omkhulu awashiyi thuba ngisho nezisulu eziqinile nezisheshayo zokuzingela. Izilwane ezidla inyama zingabanjwa kuphela ngabantu ababuthaka noma izindlovu ezincane. Abantu abanjalo bangaba isisulu sezikhumba zamabhube, amabhubesi, izingwe.
Namuhla, umuntu uhlala eyisitha esiyingozi futhi esiyingozi kakhulu. Izindlovu bezilokhu ziheha abazingeli abazibulale ngenxa yamakhonkco. Izindlovu zezindlovu zibalulekile. Baye banakwa kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izikhumbuzo eziyigugu, ubucwebe, izinto zokuhlobisa, njll zenziwa kubo.
Ukuncishiswa okukhulu kwendawo yokuhlala kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha. Inani labantu base-Afrika likhula njalo. Ngokukhula kwayo, kudingeka umhlaba owengeziwe wezindlu nezolimo. Kulokhu, indawo yezindawo zabo zemvelo iyabhujiswa futhi inciphe ngokushesha.
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Isithombe: Indlovu yase-Afrika
Okwamanje, izindlovu zase-Afrika azisongelwanga ukuqothulwa ngokuphelele, kepha zibhekwa njengezinhlobo zezilwane ezingandile futhi ezisengozini yokuphela. Ukuqothulwa kwezilwane kakhulu ngabazingeli kwaphawulwa maphakathi ne-19, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngalesi sikhathi, abazingeli bezinkantolo basabalalisa izindlovu eziyinkulungwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyimisundu yezindlovu.
Izikhiye zepiyano zase-Ivory zazaziswa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lenyama elivunyelwe isikhathi eside ukuba lidle inani elikhulu labantu. Inyama yezindlovu yayivila kakhulu. Imihlobiso nezinto zasendlini zazenziwa ngezinwele zomsila kanye nomsila. Izingalo zazisebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza izikebhe.
Izindlovu zase-Afrika zisondele ekuqothulweni. Kulokhu, izilwane zabhalwa ku-International Red Book. Banikezwa isimo "sezilwane ezisengozini". Ngo-1988, ukuzingela izindlovu zase-Afrika kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele.
Ukwephulwa kwalo mthetho bekujeziswa ngumthetho. Abantu baqala ngenkuthalo ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulondoloza abantu, nokwanda kubo. Kwaqala ukwakhiwa izindawo zokugcina iziza namapaki ezwe, endaweni lapho izindlovu zigadwe ngokucophelela. Badala izimo ezinhle zokuzalela ekudingisweni.
Ngo-2004, kwi-International Red Book, indlovu yase-Afrika yakwazi ukuguqula isimo sayo kusuka “ezinhlanzini ezisengozini” zaba “ezinhlanzini ezisengozini”. Namuhla, abantu abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba beza emapaki ezwe lonke lase-Afrika ukuzobona lezi zilwane ezinkulu, ezinkulu. I-Ecotourism ehilela izindlovu ijwayelekile ukuheha inani elikhulu lezivakashi nezivakashi.
Ukulondolozwa kwendlovu yase-Afrika
Photo: Animal African Elephant
Ukuze kugcinwe izindlovu zase-Afrika njengezinhlobo, ukuzingela izilwane kuvinjelwe ngokusemthethweni ezingeni lomthetho. Umthetho wokuzingela nokwephula umthetho kumele kujeziswe ngumthetho. Emkhakheni wezwekazi lase-Afrika kugcinwe amapaki ezwe, lapho kukhona zonke izimo zokwenziwa kabusha nokuba khona kwabameleli bomndeni wama-proboscis.
Izazi ze-zoologists zithi kuthatha cishe amashumi amathathu eminyaka ukubuyisela umhlambi wabantu abangu-15-20. Ngo-1980, inani lezilwane lalizizigidi eziyi-1.5. Ngemuva kokuthi sebeqale ukuqothulwa ngabasebenza ngokuzingela, inani labo lehle kakhulu. Ngo-2014, inani labo alidlange izinkulungwane ezingama-350.
Ukuze kulondolozwe izilwane, zabhalwa ku-Red Red International. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaphathi baseChina banqume ukuyeka ukukhiqizwa kwesikhumbuzo nezithonjana, neminye imikhiqizo evela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba wesilwane. E-United States, ezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-15, benqabile ukuhweba ngemikhiqizo yezindlovu.
Indlovu yase-Afrika - Lesi silwane siyamangalisa ngosayizi waso futhi ngasikhathi sinye sizolile futhi sinobungane. Kuze kube manje, lesi silwane asisongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, kepha ku-vivo manje sezingatholakali ngokuqabukela kakhulu.