Phakathi kwesihlabathi sogwadule olushisayo kuhlala isilwane esihle ngokubabazekayo - ikamela. Akunakusizathu sokuthi ibizwa ngokuthi umkhumbi ogwadule. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu babonile ikhono lekamela lokuhamba kalula esihlabathini, libekezelele izivunguvungu, isomiso kanye nezinye izimo ezinzima zemvelo. Isilwane besimthanda kakhulu umuntu kangangokuthi sasigcinwa ekhaya futhi saqala ukusiza ekhaya.
Yini amakamela
Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane: ikamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili nekamela elinomuntu munye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunabantu abahlala endle futhi abahlala ezindlini. Igama lesayensi lale nkamela enezinhlaka ezimbili yiBactrian, idomedary eyodwa. Imvamisa kuba khona elinye igama lekamela elinomuntu munye - jammel, elihunyushwa ngokuthi “ikamela lama-Arabhu”. Ngezinhlobo, zingamalungu omndeni okhethekile anikezelwe kubo - Amakhamera.
Ukubukeka kwekamela elinamakhanda amabili nanyawo-munye
Akulungile ukucabanga ukuthi ikamela elinamahloni amabili lihluke kwelilodwa elinomhluzi owodwa kuphela ngesibalo sama-humps. Kunenqwaba yokuhluka kwangaphandle.
Okunye futhi ukuthi ikamela elinamakhanda amabili, ogama lakhe linguBactrian. Ijazi labo likhulu, futhi ukuphakama kwabo kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,7. Izilwane zinesisindo ngama-humps amabili kuze kufike kumakhilogremu angama-800. Umbala uhlukile - eBactrian uphuzi ngokuphuzi.
Noma kunjalo, amakamela anamahlombe amabili nanyawo ezimbili anezinto eziningi ezifanayo, sibonga ukuthi afakwe kuyunithi ekhethekile - iMole-footed. Iphuzu yisakhiwo esikhethekile sonyawo, olubavumela ukuba bahambe ngokukhululeka esihlabathini.
Ukwehlukanisa amakamela nentamo yawo, kuguqa phansi.
Ukuguqukelwa ezimweni ezinzima zasogwadule
Ukuze uzizwe umkhulu ezimweni zomahlane owomile, oshisayo, izilwane zinezici eziningi. Into esemqoka ogwadule ukusindisa uketshezi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka nokunqoba ukweqisa. Izinwele zamakamela amade zibizelwa ukulwa nokushisa ngokweqile. Ikamela elinomuntu munye linezinwele ezimbalwa. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane azenzeki endalweni. Enye into ikamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili. Ijazi lakhe lide (ubusika) noma ubude obuphakathi (ihlobo). Kepha kunoma yikuphi, buthuntu futhi bukhulu. Lokhu kudala isithiyo esimangalisayo sekamela, singavumeli umoya oshisayo noma obandayo.
Ogwadule, umehluko phakathi kokushisa kwasemini nobusuku kukhulu kakhulu - kulokhu, amakamela anempahla eyodwa eyingqayizivele: ububanzi bokushisa bomzimba. Isilwane sikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa ukusuka ku-35 kuya ku-40 degrees Celsius. Uma isilwanyana esivamile ekushiseni komzimba okuvunyelwe njalo sifaka izindlela zokushintshanisa ngokushintshashintsha okuncane, khona-ke ikamela lifaka lezi zinqubo (izithukuthuku) emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-40 degrees. Lokhu akugcini nje ukudala induduzo esilwaneni, kodwa futhi kuyasivumela ukugcina umswakama oyigugu.
Amakhala angaziwa wesilwane nawo asiza ukungachithi imithombo yamanzi futhi ayigcine.
Isisetshenziswa esikhethekile samakhala senza omunye umsebenzi obalulekile - zisiza ikamela ukuba liphefumule lapho kunesivunguvungu sesihlabathi. Futhi ama-eyelashes amakhulu avikela amehlo akho ezinsini zesihlabathi.
Izinso namathumbu kusiza ukugcina umswakama. Umkhiqizo wangaphambili ukhipha umchamo ogxile kakhulu, kanti owokugcina ukhiqiza umquba onamanzi.
Amakamela awuthola kanjani umswakama? Izilwane zingathola amanzi ngokushesha okukhulu: emizuzwini eyi-10 kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-150. Umswakama onikeza impilo uyakha esiswini. Ekushiseni, amakamela kungenzeka angadli kuze kufinyelele ezinsukwini ezi-5, futhi ikamela elinomuntu munye - lifinyelela ku-10 uma lingawenzi umsebenzi osindayo womzimba. Lesi sici esiyingqayizivele sihlinzekelwa ezilwaneni ngesakhiwo esikhethekile samaseli abomvu egazi - anesimo sokusaqanda, ngokulandelana, agcina umswakama isikhathi eside.
Ikhamera yeBactrian
AmaBactrian anekhanda eliphakeme ngentamo ende. Amehlo avela othulini avikela izinzipho ezinde. Ijazi elincanyana nelifudumele lifudumeza ikamela ebusika elinokhahlo. Kepha ngokuqala kwehlobo - usheshe akhombise. Abantu bangakwazi ukumelana nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa kufika kuma-degree angama-70: kusuka -30 kuya ku-+40 degrees. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina amanzi anqabile - ngakho-ke umuntu akudingeki ukuba ajuluke ukupholisa umzimba futhi ngaleyo ndlela alondoloze izinga lokushisa elihlala likhona. IBactrian ingalahlekelwa ngamalitha amanzi (cishe amaphesenti angama-30 esisindo sayo) esihogweni. Kepha ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo, iyakwazi ukuphuza uketshezi oluningi ngesikhathi esifushane ngaphandle kwengozi yokuthola enye yezindlela zokuphazamiseka komunyu wamanzi-usawoti.
Ikamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili nalo lihlukaniswa kwezinye izilwane ngekhono, ngokuphelelwa ngamandla komzimba, ukuze ligcine igazi lisesimweni sewuketshezi. Lokhu kuyamsindisa ekufeni ngenkathi eyomile. Ama-humps amabili awayona imithombo yokugcina amanzi - nansi indawo lapho kufakwa khona amafutha. Futhi yena, oxidizing, usevele ukhipha inani elikhulu le-H2O, elidlula inani lamafutha aqediwe. Ngasemuva kwekhanda lesilwane kukhona izindlala ezinephunga elimnandi. Ethinta kakhulu, ingemuva lekhanda lezitshalo nesihlabathi - umaka insimu. IBactrian ayinantambo yesinye.
Kungani ikamela linqamula?
Isici esivelelayo izingane noma ezingabona kalula ikamela sisefu laso. Kuyiphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi kunokulethwa kwamanzi kuwo. Cha. Izicubu ze-Adipose zigxiliwe ku-hump - iqukethe izakhi zomzimba izilwane ezichitha, uma kunesidingo, njengokudla noma isiphuzo. Yize kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi amanzi angumkhiqizo wokuqhekeka kwamafutha.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi inhlalakahle yesilwane yahlulelwa yi-humps yayo. Uma zinamathela, ikamela lisesimweni esihle. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-humps sag noma anyamalale ngokuphelele.
Habitat
Ama-bactrian ahlala ezindaweni ezomile kakhulu. Ebusika, zihlala eceleni kwemifula, kuthi ehlobo zingene ezintabeni nasezintabeni ezomile. Amakamela anezinhlavu ezimbili atholakala endaweni ephakathi kwe-Asia Minor neManchuria. Umngcele osenyakatho ufinyelela eLake Baikal nase-Omsk. Bonke abantu bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu. Iqembu lokuqala lajwayela ukuhlala ehlane likaTakla-Makan, elesibili eChina - ikakhulukazi iLob-Nor Lowland, neqembu lesithathu - eGert Desert engxenyeni yaseMongolia.
I-Habitat yamakamela angenamuntu amabili nanye ancibilikile
Phambilini, ikamela lasendle elinezinhlungu ezimbili lalihlala kulo lonke elase-Asia, okwamanje litholakala kuphela enkangala yakwaGobi. IDactic Bactrian isatholakala emazweni amaningi ase-Asia, njenge China, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, Kalmykia, neKazakhstan. Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, ikamela elinamahloni amabili belilokhu lisetshenziswa ngisho naseSiberia. Ejwayele izimo zezulu ezinzima, ilungele ukuthutha izimpahla.
IPhalamende lase-Arabia kanye naseNyakatho ne-Afrika - okuyindawo yokuhlala amakamela anamahloni amaningi. Endle, ama-dromedaries akavamile kakhulu. Azinayo ijazi loboya obunje njengamaBactrian, ngakho-ke akhetha isimo sezulu esifudumele. Zitholakala ePakistan noma eNdiya, amakamela anamuntu munye afinyelela eTurkmenistan. I-Australia ibuye yawathanda ama-dromedaries - alethwa lapho eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule.
Isimilo, indlela yokuphila kanye nokudla
Amakamela we-Bactrian akhuthele kakhulu phakathi nosuku, yize enikeza umbono wezilwane ezolile. Gcina ngamaqembu ezilwane eziyi-15. Ngokuyisisekelo lokhu kuwumndeni wonke - owesilisa, izinsikazi eziningana kanye nenzalo yabo. Abanye abantu bachitha impilo yabo yonke bebodwa. Ama-bactrian ama-herbivores futhi adla zonke izinhlobo zokudla kwezitshalo. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane, zingakwazi ukuphuza amanzi amile futhi anosawoti. Isisu esinamagumbi amaningi sisiza inqubo yokugaya futhi sisiza ukugcina uketshezi olutholwa ikamela ngesikhathi sokudla.
Indlela yokuphila yekamela
Indawo okuhlala kuyo ikamela elinezinyoni ezimbili (kanye nekamela elinomuntu munye) kuyinkangala noma indawo eyihlane enezimila eziphansi. Baqala indlela yokuphila yokuhlala isikhathi eside, yize bengazulazula ebangeni elihlaba umxhwele, ngoba insiza yezindawo zabo inkulu kakhulu. “Ukuzulazula okuningi” - yindlela “ikamela” elihunyushwa ngayo lisuselwa olimini lwesi-Old Slavonic.
Ntambama, ekushiseni okushisayo, izilwane ziyaphumula, zilale phansi. Kusihlwa nasekuseni bakhetha ukudla. Ijubane elijwayelekile lekamela liyi-10 km / h. Uma isilwane sesaba, singafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-30 km / h. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ikamela liyakwazi ukubona ingozi ebangeni lekhilomitha.
Bahlala emindenini. Isibalo sifinyelela kubantu abayi-10. Ekhanda lomndeni kungowesilisa, izinsikazi eziningana namawundlu amlalela. Kukhona abesilisa abahola indlela yokuphila enesizungu. Amakamela ayizilwane ezolile nezolile. Abachithi amandla emidlalweni nasezingxabanweni.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi amakamela angokubhukuda okumangalisayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane siyiminyaka engama-40-50. Isikhathi sokukhwelwa siwela ekwindla-ebusika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi baziphatha kabi: bangahlasela amakamela asekhaya, bahole noma babulale izinsikazi. Ingane izalwa ngokwesilinganiso ngemuva konyaka inengcosana. Cishe ngokushesha, ikamela likhuphuka ezinyaweni zalo.
Amakamela amadala awanazo neze izitha, kepha amakamela ahlaselwa yizimpisi.
Izilwane ziyaziwa ngokukhafulela uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi ikamela elinamakhanda amabili likhala kakhulu komunye umuntu. Abantu kuyaqabukela bakuthola. Kuphela uma, ngokusho kwesilwane, ingozi ivela kuye. Lapho ikamela lizivikela, liyakhahlela, liyaluma, likwazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo zalo zangaphambili.
Ukudla kwekamela
Ikamela elingatheni, elinzima, eliphansi lidliwa yinkamela enomhluzi munye nencibilikisiwe. Igama lesi sihlahla liyazikhulumela: "ameva likamela." Izilwane azithobeki nakancane ekukhetheni ukudla. Izindebe ezishukumisayo ezihambahamba zivumela ikamela ukuba lihlafuna kancane ngangokunokwenzeka, ngakho-ke, izitshalo ezinamahloni akusona isithiyo kuye.
Amakamela awadluli kunoma iyiphi indawo yokugcina: aphuza kakhulu futhi ngentokozo enkulu.
28.10.2017
Ikamela le-Bactrian (lat. Camelus bactrianus) isilwane esikhulu esifuywayo esingama-Camelids omndeni (Camelidae). Ngokucatshangwa ukuthi, yaqashwa eminyakeni engama-2500 edlule enyakatho ye-Iran noma eningizimu mpumalanga yeTurkmenistan, kungakhathalekile ukuthi amanye amakamela ayedonsa ngamakhala (ama-dromedaries).
Lesi silwane besisakazeke kakhulu eBactria, ebisendaweni yakudala maphakathi nomfula i-Amu Darya endaweni manje eyi-Afghanistan, Uzbekistan neTajikistan. Kusetshenziselwa ukuthutha izimpahla futhi yaziwa ngokuthi iBactrian.
Amakamela asendle nawasekhaya
Ngeshwa, endle, amakamela atholakala kancane futhi elincane. Izilwane ezinomuntu munye azitholakali emvelweni nhlobo, futhi isibalo sezilwane ezinamahlwili amabili singabantu abayi-1000 kuphela abahlala ezindaweni ezikhethekile. Sikhulume negama lekamela elinamancanyana amabili elifakwe ku-Red Book - yiBactrian.
Njengoba ingenazitha phakathi kwabakhileyo ogwadule, ikamela lisengozini ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane zibanjwa ukuze zibambe futhi zibambe izinkomo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo zazo zokuhlala ziyabhujiswa.
Amakamela asemakhaya ayindlela yokuhamba, izilwane eziqhoshayo ngokuzithemba. Ababekezeleli unya nokunganakwa. Ikamela alisoze laphakama ngokwesicelo somnikazi, ngaphandle kokuthi lizinqumele ukuthi liphumule kahle. Ikamela ngeke livumele ukunengwa ubisi ngumuntu wangaphandle. Umuntu othize kufanele akwenze lokhu futhi kuphela lapho kunekamela. Naphezu kokuxhumana okunzima nabantu, amakamela ayizilwane ezinikele kakhulu, anamathele kumnikazi omuhle, okwazi ukufunda nokuqeqeshwa.
Ukubhebhetheka
Njengamanje, inani lemfuyo leBactrian ezifuywayo lilinganiselwa kwizigidi ezi-2 zabantu. Zisatshalaliswa kabanzi emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi, iMongolia, China kanye nasezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia.
Ngaphezu kwamakamela asezindlini amabili, ama-bactrian asendle (Camelus ferus) nawo agcinwe ngamanani amancane.
Ezindaweni zemvelo, zaqala ukutholwa futhi zachazwa ngumhambi kanye nososayensi wezemvelo uNikolai Przhevalsky ngonyaka we-1878.
ICamelus ferus ihlala emaqenjini amancane abantu abayisithupha kuya kwayi-20 ogwadule lwamaGobi (Mongolia) naseTakla-Makan entshonalanga neChina. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke inani labantu baseMongolia, elinabantu abangaphezu kwe-600.
Esifundazweni saseChina iGansu, iLop Nur Wild Camel National Park yadalwa ngonyaka ka-2000 ukugcina lezi zilwane ezingandile. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezithathiwe, ngesilinganiso samanje sokufa nokuzala, inani lezinhlobo eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo lingancishiswa ngenye i-15-17%.
I-Bactrian
Amakamela we-Bactrian, aziwa ngegama lama-Bactrian, angenye yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-biological genus "camels efanele". Ngaphezu kobukhulu obukhulu kanye nokuba khona kwe-hump yesibili, ama-Bactrian, ngokuqhathaniswa nezihlobo zabo ezinomuntu munye, nabo banejazi elikhudlwana.
IBactrian ivela esifundeni saseMongolia nase-Asia Ephakathi, ngakho-ke yazivumelanisa kahle nokuphila ezimeni zasehlobo ezishisa kakhulu nezimvula ezibandayo kakhulu (kubandakanya neqhwa). Izici ze-anatomy kanye ne-physiology zivumela iBactrian enamahloni amabili ukuthi ichithe isikhathi eside kakhulu ngaphandle kwamanzi ngesikhathi esishisayo, kuyilapho yaneliswa ngokudla okunempilo okungenampilo. Yebo, uvolo obukhulu ukuvumela ukuba ubekezelele ubusika obunzima ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngasikhathi sinye, iBactrian ayikwazi ukubekezelela ukungaboli nakancane, ngakho-ke itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezomile.
Ukuhanjiswa kwamakamela anamaqhubu amabili kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine edlule, futhi kusukela lapho kubhekwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo ezibalulekile kulezo zifunda ze-Asia Ephakathi lapho indawo yama-steppe ne-semi-ugwadule itholakala khona. Inani lomhlaba wanamuhla lalezi zilwane okungenani liyizigidi ezi-2. Ukubaluleka okungafani namakamela esikhathini sangaphambi kwezimboni kuholele ekuqubukeni kwezinhlobo eziningi ezizimele ze-bactrian. Epulazini babesetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengezilwane zokupaka nezilungiswa, ukukhuthazela kungaphezulu kakhulu kunehhashi. Ngokusho kweWikipedia, iBactrian kwesinye isikhathi yayisetshenziswa ngisho nakwezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa makamela abahlinzeka ngobisi, inyama noboya. Namuhla, iBactrian isetshenziswa kakhulu ngezinjongo zokuzijabulisa - kumasekhethi nasezindaweni zokugcina izilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amakamela anamahloni amabili nanamuhla amelwa abantu basendle abaningana, yize imihlambi yabo incane kakhulu. Labantu abancane bahlala ezindaweni eziningi ezingenakufinyeleleka eChina naseMongolia.
Ngokuqondene negama elithi "Bactrian", elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ngamakamela we-bactrian, livela egameni lesifunda sasendulo saseBactria noma iBactrian, esisendaweni eziseduze ne-Afghanistan yanamuhla (ingxenye eyinhloko), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China nePakistan. Yize amakamela ngaleso sikhathi ayengahlali kulesi sifunda kuphela, kepha ikakhulukazi kulo lonke elase-Asia Ephakathi, igama lalinikezwa amaBactrian ngamaRoma asendulo, okwakukhona konke kuwo empumalanga yePheresiya. Amakamela akhethekile angenamuntu amabili avele aqanjwa ngegama lendawo engatheni lapho ayehlala khona.
Izinzuzo kubantu
Indoda yaqala ukungenisa amakamela kudala, cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu edlule. Ngaphezu kosizo lomzimba ekuthuthweni kwezinto, izilwane - lolu lubisi olubalulekile, isikhumba sekhwalithi ephezulu, uboya obufudumele. Ngisho nethambo lekamela lisetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe beBedouin nezinto zasendlini. Ngesizathu esihle izilwane zihlonishwa kakhulu yilabo abazizalisayo.
Abahlali abaningi bamazwe abavakashi basebenzisa amakamela ukujabulisa izivakashi.
Ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwalezi zilwane eziqinile, ukuhweba ngezinto zakudala bekungeke kwenzeke, futhi ngomphumela, izimpucuko ezinamandla zingeke zikhule. Abantu bebengeke bazijwayeze nezinongo zasemandulo noma usilika waseChina. Amakamela ayesetshenziswa nasezimpini. By the way, kusekhona iqembu lamakamela eNdiya.
ICamel nayo yadlala indima yayo ekuthuthukisweni kweNyakatho Melika. Kwakungosizo lwalezi zilwane lapho izimpahla zazihanjiswa.Ngokusungulwa kukajantshi, amakamela, njengoba engenasidingo, axoshwa emvelweni yemvelo yamahlane, lapho acekelwa phansi ngabalimi bendawo. Ngakho-ke, eMelika azikho izilwane ezisele.
IDramedari
Ikamela elinomunyu owodwa, owaziwa nangaphansi kwamagama iDrumed (iDrumedade) ne-Arabian, ungummeleli wesibili wohlobo lwamakamela ngokufanele. Ama-Dromedars aqhamuka ezifundeni eziwugwadule nezasogwadule zaseNyakatho Afrika naseMiddle East, lapho imihlambi eminingi yalezi zilwane yayihlala khona phambilini. Kodwa-ke, namuhla akekho noyedwa umuntu wasendle osindile.
Umfowethu waseBactrian one-humped omncane ngosayizi, une-hump eyodwa kuphela nejazi elincane. Njengezihlobo zabo zaseCentral Asia, amakamela anamuntu munye avunzwa kahle ukuze abe khona endaweni eyomile nesishisayo. Zibuye zikwazi ukuphatha kalula ngaphandle kwamanzi amasonto amaningi, zidla imifino ekhethiwe. Kepha ama-Dromedars awubungani nakancane namakhaza. Ijazi elibuthakathaka aliwavumeli ukuthi lihlale efrijini eligcwele isikhathi eside.
Ngokusobala, ama-dromedars ayehlatshwa phansi ePeninsula yase-Arabia cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane ngaphambili kuneBactrian eCentral Asia. Ngokomlando, amakamela anamaqhugwane owodwa ayevunzwa ngokuyinhloko ezifundeni zezindawo ayehlala kuzo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinzuzo zalezi zilwane zaphinde zaziswa ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane kuze kufike eNdiya empumalanga naseTurkestan enyakatho. Njengama-Bactrian, ama-Dromedars abengagcini nje ngokuthola inyama nobisi kuphela, kodwa futhi ayeyizilwane ezazibaluleke kakhulu ezazipakisha nezingakasebenzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, amakamela anamuntu munye ayesetshenziswa ezindabeni zamasosha ngenkuthalo kakhudlwana kunezihlobo zawo ezinomhluzi ezimbili. Ngenxa yalokhu, babaziwa kakhulu, kubandakanya nabaseYurophu, ababevame ukulwa nama-Arabhu.
AmaGrikhi asendulo aqamba amakamela amuntu munye igama elithi Dromedari. Kuhunyushwe, kusho "ukugijima," ngoba amaGrikhi ayevame ukusebenzelana nokuhamba ngamakamela kwamaPheresiya nama-Arabhu. Ngendlela, namuhla ama-dromemedars asetshenziswa kakhulu emjahweni wamahhashi, okubuye futhi kuchaze igama lawo lesiGrikhi ngokungaqondile.
IDomedron neBactrian - uyini umehluko
Ngakho-ke, sithole ukuthi iBactrian neDrumom, okuwukuthi, amakamela elilodwa nelinye-ancelile, ngokulandelana, kuyizinhlobo ezimbili zemvelo ezihlukile. Ake sibhekisise ukuthi bahluke kanjani komunye nomunye.
Sekushiwo ngenhla ukuthi amaBactrian akhulu kakhulu: ukukhula kwawo kungamamitha amabili lapho kubuna (kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela ku-2.3 m), futhi ukuphakama kwama-humps kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,7 ngesisindo somzimba wesilisa esingaba ngu-600 kg. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-dromedaries akhula ngesilinganiso esingu-20 cm esingaphansi ngesisindo esingama-500 kg. Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza idatha eqondile, ngoba kuzo zombili izinhlobo kunezinhlobo zama-intraspecific, ezihluke kakhulu ngosayizi.
Ngaphezu kwenani lama-humps kanye nobukhulu bezinwele, amakamela alezi zinhlobo ezimbili awanawo umehluko obalulekile. Futhi lowo mehluko umehluko phakathi kweDomedron neBactrian. I-physiology ne-anatomy yangaphakathi yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili icishe ifane, okubuye kufakazele ubuhlobo babo. Ngokomcabango owemukelwa kabanzi, umsunguli wamaBactrian wanamuhla neDrumedars kwakuyinkamela, eyavela endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika. Amashumi ambalwa ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, endleleni yezwe eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi, yafika e-Eurasia, lapho yahlukana khona kancane kancane laba yizinhlobo ezimbili ezaziwa namuhla. Kodwa-ke, abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlukana kwenzeka eMelika.
Kulokhu, uhlobo lokuqala, ngokusobala, lwalunamakhanda amabili impela, ngoba imibungu yamadrama yesimanje kuqala inama-humps amabili, futhi kuphela lapho ukukhula kwesibeletho kunyamalala okwesibili. Leli qiniso, ngendlela, livumela abanye ochwepheshe ukubeka phambili umbono wokuthi iBactrian yesimanje yeza e-Eurasia ivela eMelika, futhi i-Dromedari "yahluma" ukusuka lapho isendaweni.
Noma ngabe kunjani, ubudlelwane obusondelene balezi zinhlobo ezimbili bufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo ehlanganyelwe futhi eyishumi impela. Ama-nzalo amelelwa ngama-subtypes ambalwa:
- Nar Isizukulwane sokuqala inzalo evela kuBactrian besifazane kanye neDomeshi leduna. Ngobukhulu nokukhuthazela, nzalo yeNar Bactrian ne Dromedari ziphakeme.
- I-Iner. I-Hybrid yesizukulwane sokuqala kusuka ku-dromedikazi wesifazane kanye ne-Bactrian yesilisa. Ngo-nzalo, ifa eliphakathi nendawo lezici zabazali liyabonakala.
- Jarbay. I-hybrid yesizukulwane sesibili, etholwe ngokuzalwa kwesizukulwane sokuqala "uqobo." Ngenxa yokuvela kwenani elikhulu lokwehluleka kofuzo kule nzalo enjalo, bacishe bangakutholi ukusatshalaliswa.
- UCospack Ama-hybrids atholakala ngokuwela ama-buns abesifazane nge-Bactrian yeduna engasasebenzi. Bahlukaniswa ngosayizi wabo omkhulu nokukhiqizwa okukhuphukile kobisi.
- Kez-Nar. Ama-nzalo atholakala ngokuwela insikazi yeCospack enama-dromedaries.
- Kurt. Ama-hybrids atholakala ngokuwela inser yangaphakathi nabesilisa abesilisa be-Dromed
- I-Kurt-Nar. Ama-nzalo atholakala ngokuwela i-Kurt yesifazane ngeBactrian yowesilisa.
I-hybrid yesizukulwane sokuqala seBactrian ne-Dromedari ifana ngokufana ne-Dromedars: zinomphimbo owodwa ophansi emhlane wazo, okungathi uma uzihlolisisa ungachazwa njengezimbumbulu ezimbili ezihlanganiswe ndawonye. Ngokuvamile, lezi yizilwane eziqinile futhi eziqinile, ezihlanganisa izinzuzo zezinhlobo zabazali.
Umnotho
Igama lesiRussia - ikamela elinamakhanda amabili
Igama lesiLatin - Camelus bactrianus
Igama lesiNgisi - Ikamela lasekhaya le-bactrian
I-Order - artiodactyls (Artiodactyla)
Isizinda - ama-Callopods (Tylopoda)
Umndeni - Amakhamela (Camelidae)
Uhlobo - Amakamela (Camelus)
Kukhona ikamela elisendle futhi elihlala ekhaya elinamakhamu amabili. Ikamela lasendle eMongolia, ezweni lakubo, libizwa ngokuthi i-haptagai, ngokungafani nelasekhaya, iBactrian (igama livela egameni lesifunda sasendulo eCentral Asia, eBactria).
Isimo sokulondolozwa kwezinhlobo
Ikamela elifuywayo elinamabili amabili liyisilwane esivamile ezifundazweni zaseCentral Asia, iMongolia neChina. E-Russia, inani elikhulu kakhulu lamakamela litholakala eBuryatia naseKalmykia. Imfuyo yomhlaba isedlula amakhanda ayi-2 million.
Ikamela lasendle elinamabili amabili liyisilwane esiyivelakancane, elibhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, esigabeni se-CR - uhlobo olusengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa. Inani lalezi zilwane liqukethe abantu abangamakhulu ambalwa kuphela. Ngokweminye imibiko, ikamela lasendle ngokwesabisa lisendaweni yesishiyagalombili phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Buka futhi ndoda
Ikamela elifuywayo elinamabili amabili (iBactrian) sekuyisikhathi eside liyisifuya esibalulekile ezindaweni eziningi zase-Asia. Okokuqala, kuyimoto ethembekile ogwadule. Abantu basebenzisa ubisi, inyama, nesikhumba, nezinwele zekamela, lapho benza khona izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhiqizo enezintambo nezisusiwe. Ngisho nomquba walesi silwane ubaluleke kakhulu: usebenza njengophethiloli omuhle kakhulu.
Ukususwa kwamakamela kugxile ezikhathini zasendulo. Imininingwane yokuqala yasendulo mayelana nokutshalwa kwamaBactrian iqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edluleyo. Imithombo eminingana ikhombisa ukuthi amakamela asekhaya avela eminyakeni engaba ngu-4 500 edlule. Ukutholwa komkhumbi onomquba wekamela elinamanzi amabili nezinsalela zoboya bekamela, okwenziwe ngesikhathi sokumba kwezindawo zasendulo empumalanga ye-Iran, kuqale emuva ngo-2500. Enye yezithombe ezindala zekamela lendlu eholwa ngabantu ngaphansi kwezinsuku zomgwaqo wasemuva emuva ngekhulu lesi-9. futhi manje useBritish Museum. Kwatholakala esinye isithombe emanxiweni ehholo le-Apadan lesigodlo samakhosi asePheresiya ePersepolis, elingelakwa-V
Ikamela elinamanzana amabili lagcinwa endle futhi laqala lachazwa njengohlobo ngo-1878 ngumcwaningi odumile waseRussia eMongolia. Njengamanje, inani labantu abashubile “liyaqhubeka nokuhla ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzingela kanye nokuncintisana nemfuyo.
Ikamela lasesekhaya lihlukile ngakolunye nokwasendle, okunikeza ithuba kososayensi abathile ukuba balihlukanise njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, noma okungenani izingcosana. Umbuzo wemvelaphi eqondile ye-Bactrian evela kwinkamela yanamuhla yasendle nawo uhlala uvulekile.
Ukubukeka kanye ne-morphology
Ukuvela kwaleli kamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili kuyinto eyingqayizivele futhi kuyisimo kangangokuba akuvumeli ukuba liphanjaniswe nanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane. Ama-bactrian ayizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu - ukuphakama lapho kubuna kuvame ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 futhi kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-2,3, ukuphakama komzimba ngama-humps kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,7. Umuntu omdala unesisindo esingama-500 kg ngokwesilinganiso, kepha kaningi kakhulu - aze afike ku-800 ngisho naku-1000 kg. . Abesifazane bancane: ama-320-450 kg, ezimweni ezingafinyeleleki aze afike ku-800 kg.
Umzimba obunjiwe emgqonyeni emilenzeni emide eyindilinga, unemilenze yangemuva sengathi ubekwe eceleni kwesisekelo somzimba, intamo ende egobile, ikhanda elikhudlwana elinamehlo akhanyayo, imigqa eyindilinga eyehla kabili, futhi, i-humps - leli ikamela. Ikamela elondliwe kahle, ama-humps ayabukeka, ukwakheka kwawo kukodwa ngesilwane ngasinye, kunekamela elincane, ama-humps awela uhlangothi olulodwa noma ingxenye, kepha avuke lapho isilwane sidla. Igama lesisho esingaphansi komhlaba - i-callosus - kungenxa yesakhiwo somlenze ophela onyaweni olwakhiwe, siphumula phezu komcamelo wommbila, iBactrian ebanzi kakhulu, okuvumela isilwane ukuba sihambe emhlabathini ogwazayo. Ngaphambili konyawo kufana nengubo, noma inselo encane. Umsila umfushane kunalokho, ngophawu lwezinwele ezinde ekugcineni. Izindebe zamakamela azijwayelekile - zisebenza kakhulu, kanti zinomzimba, zilukhuni, zivumelaniswa nokukhipha uhlaza oluhle kakhulu nolunono. Isindebe esingaphezulu sawo wonke amakamela asifushane. Izindlebe ziyindilinga futhi zincane kakhulu, cishe azikwazi ukubonakala kude. Ngemuva kwekhanda kunezindlala eziboshwe ngamehlo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhuliswa kowesilisa, omfihlo yakhe emnyama, ebonakalayo nephunga isetshenziselwa ukumaka insimu.
Umbala wekamela usemizileni ehlukahlukene, kusukela cishe kumhlophe kuya. Ijazi likhulu kakhulu futhi lide (cishe ngu-7 cm emzimbeni, futhi lifinyelela ku-30 cm noma ngaphezulu ezansi kwentamo naseziqongweni ze-humps). Ukwakheka koboya beBactrian kuyafana nokwakhileyo kubantu baseNyakatho - ibhere kanye nomhlanga: izinwele ezisele, njengamashubhu, azinalutho ngaphakathi. Ngokubambisana ne-undercoat eminyene, lokhu kufaka isandla ekwehlelweni lokushisa eliphansi kwejazi lekamela. Ukuncibilika kwamakamela nakho kuyingqayizivele - kuqala ngokuqala kwezinsuku ezifudumele futhi kuqhubeke ngokushesha okukhulu. Uboya obudala buyaphuma, bushiya umzimba ngama-shreds amakhulu, noma ngisho izingqimba, futhi entsha ayinaso isikhathi sokukhula ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho-ke, ekupheleni kukaMeyi - Juni, ikamela elise-zoo licishe libe “lize”. Kodwa-ke, kudlula amasonto angama-2-3, kanti lesi sandla esinezintambo zombili simbozwe ngejazi eliminyene le-velvety, elizoba isikhathi eside ikakhulukazi ebusika.
Amakamela anezici eziningana zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha eziwavumela ukuba aphile ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu. Ikamela linenkinga yokuphela komzimba ebulalayo kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane. Lesi silwane singaphila ngokulahlekelwa amanzi afinyelela kuma-40% (ezinye izilwane ziyafa lapho ama-20% amanzi elahlekile). Izinso zekamela zingadonsa ingxenye ebalulekile yamanzi evela kumchamo bese ziyibuyisela emzimbeni, ngakho-ke, umchamo othululiwe ugxile kakhulu. Amangqamuzana abomvu egazi (amangqamuzana abomvu egazi) anamakamera anesimo se-oval (azungeze kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo), ngakho-ke, igazi ligcina ukugeleza okujwayelekile ngisho nangomxhumo oqinile, ngoba amangqamuzana egazi abomvu okweqanda adlula ngokukhululekile kuma-capillaries. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-erythrocyte yamakamela inamandla okuqongelela uketshezi, ngenkathi ikhula ngevolumu kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-2,5. Umquba we-Bactrian ugxile kakhulu kunomquba wezinkomo - uqukethe amanzi izikhathi eziphindwe ka-6-7 futhi uqukethe inhlanganisela yama-coarse, izicucu ezomile ezomile (umquba we-bactrian wakheke kahle ngesimo se-oblong spools 4 × 2 × 2 cm ngosayizi). Ngokuphelelwa ngamandla komzimba, ikamela lincipha ngokubonakalayo, kodwa, lapho lithola ukungena emanzini, libuyisela ukubukeka kwalo okuvamile ngaphambi kwamehlo ethu.
Izici eziningi zesakhiwo sangaphandle nazo zikuvumela ukuba wandise ukugcinwa kwamanzi emzimbeni. Ukuhwamuka kwamanzi kuncishisiwe, ngoba ikamela ligcina amakhaleni avaliwe kakhulu, uwavula kuphela ngesikhathi. Amandla ekhamela we-thermoregrate ayaziwa futhi. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ikamela liqala ukujuluka kuphela uma izinga lokushisa lomzimba lifinyelela ku-+41 ° C, futhi okunye ukwanda kwalo sekuba yingozi empilweni. Ebusuku, izinga lokushisa lomzimba wekamela linokwehla laya ku-+ 34 ° C.
Amafutha aqukethwe ama-humps awagobhozi emanzini, njengoba bekukholelwa isikhathi eside, kepha udlala indima yokuhlinzekwa kokudla komzimba. Iphinde isebenze ukufudumeza umzimba wekamela, iqoqana ikakhulu ngemuva, okuvezwa kakhulu ukukhanya kwelanga. Uma ngabe amafutha asatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umzimba, bekuzophazamisa ukukhipha ukushisa okuphuma emzimbeni. Womabili lawo ma humps angaba namafutha afinyelela ku-150 kg.
Vicuna
Amakamela angokwaluphi uhlobo lwezilwane ezincelisayo zamakamela omndeni (i-Camelidae) yesifunda esingaphansi kwe-callopods (i-Camelidae) ye-oda lama-artiodactyls (Artiodactyla). Lezi zilwane ezinkulu zivumelaniswa ngokuphelele nokuphila ogwadule, ogwadule kanye nama-steppes. Izakhamizi zezifunda zomhlaba omile ziwazisa kakhulu amakamela futhi zibabiza ngokuthi “imikhumbi yasogwadule”.
Indlela Yokuphila Nenhlangano Yezenhlalo
Ikamela le-Bactrian isilwane esisebenza emini. Ebusuku, uyalala noma akasebenzi futhi umatasatasa uhlafuna insini. Ngesikhathi sesiphepho, amakamela angalala izinsuku eziningana. Esimweni sezulu esingesihle, bazama ukuthola indawo yokukhosela emahlahleni noma ezigodini, baya ngokuzithandela ekushiseni okukhulu, bethambisa imisila yabo, bume nomoya ngomlomo ovulekile, behlisa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo.
Mayelana nenhlangano yezenhlalo, ukulondolozwa kwamakamela asekhaya anezinhlavu ezimbili kuphethwe ngumuntu onquma ngokuphelele impilo yakhe. Uma amakamela egijima endle, abuyisa isimo senhlalo yokhokho bawo basendle. Amakamela asendle anezinhlanga ezimbili agcina emihlanjini emincane enamakhanda angama-520 (kwesinye isikhathi aze afike ku-30), ikakhulukazi enezinsikazi nezilwane ezincane, umholi ungowesilisa ovelele. Abesilisa abadala bavame ukutholakala bodwa. Umhlambi wamakamela ungafaka nabesilisa abancane abavuthiwe ngokocansi, kepha kuphela ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzala.
Incazelo
Ukuphakama kwekamela elinezintambo ezimbili kudlula kumamitha ayi-2, kanye nama-humps lifinyelela ku-2.7 m.Isixhaxha phakathi kwama-humps sitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.7, yingakho kunzima ukukhuphuka ikamela elimile ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi iguqe noma ilale phansi. Ibanga phakathi kwama-humps lifinyelela ku-30 cm. Isisindo sowesilisa osekhulile sifinyelela ku-500 kg nangaphezulu. Abesifazane banesisindo esingaphansi, ukusuka ku-320 kuya ku-450 kg. Ikamela elincanyana likhula lifike eminyakeni engu-7.
Ikamela elinezinsimbi ezimbili linomzimba omnyama, umzimba omise nxazonke, imilenze emide enezinyawo ezitshelwe ukuthi iphumule phezu komcamelo wommbila. Hooves ulahlekile. Intamo yinde, igobekile ngokuqinile, ekuqaleni iyagoba bese kuthi-ke okwakheke u-U. Umsila mncane, kufinyelela ku-0,5 m ubude, ngebhulashi esicongweni. Ijazi likhulu futhi liminyene; phansi kwentamo kwakha ukumiswa isikhathi eside. Futhi, izinwele ezinde zikhula ngaphezulu kwama-humps, ekhanda nape. Ikamela elinamamu amabili lipendiwe ngombala onsundu-wesihlabathi ngemithunzi ehlukene. Phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywayo, amakamela ansundu, ampunga, amnyama, amhlophe, kanye no-ukhilimu ajwayelekile. Ama-eyelashes amade futhi aminyene, izindebe ezinenyama zinesici sekamela elinyakaziswe kabili. Izindlebe ziyindilinga, zincane. Ekhameleni elinempilo, izihlakala zona, zimile ziqonde. Ngemuva kwekhanda kukhona izindlala eziboshwe ngamatshe ezivalela imfihlo emnyama ebonakalayo neyiphunga ukumaka insimu.
Izwi lekamela elinamahloni amabili lincane njengokubhonga kwembongolo. Ikamela elithwele amaphakethe libhonga lapho likhuphuka emhlabathini noma liwela kuwo.
Izici Zokudla Kwamakamela
Ikamela elinezinyoni ezimbili liyisilwane esikhiqiza ukhula kuphela, lidla nokudla okuncane futhi okunempilo. Ungadla izitshalo ezinameva.
Ukudla kwamakamela asendle kuqukethe ama-shrubby nama-semi-shrubby hodgepodge, u-anyanisi, isigaxa, i-saxifrage, i-ephedra, i-saxaul, i-poplar kanye namaqabunga omhlanga. Uma kungekho ukudla okunjalo, amakamela adla amathambo ezilwane nezikhumba.Ngokuvamile, libekezelela ukuzila ukudla.
Indima yesigcino sokudla okunempilo yomzimba wekamela idlalwa ngamafutha aqukethwe kumathavu awo. Ayihlukani emanzini, kepha isetshenziselwa ukufakelwa okushisayo. Ama-humps amabili aqukethe aze afike ku-150 kg wamafutha.
Amakamela eza emithonjeni yamanzi kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Zilawula ngokuthula ngaphandle kwamanzi amasonto ama-2-3, ikakhulukazi ehlobo, lapho emva kokuqhuma kwemvula kuqongelela izitshalo. Ikamela lisinda ngisho noma elahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-40 amanzi omzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikamela elinezinyoni ezimbili lingaphuza amanzi anosawoti echibini eliwugwadule. Ngasikhathi sinye, ikamela liyakwazi ukuphuza amanzi amaningi ngesikhathi. Ngokuphelelwa ngamandla emzimbeni - amalitha angaphezu kwe-100.
Ukudla okunempilo nokudla okuphakelayo
Ikamela le-Bactrian liyisilwane esidla imifino, futhi ngasikhathi sinye singadla ekudleni okubumbayo nokuncane okunempilo. Uyakwazi ukudla izitshalo ezinameva ezingakwazi ukudla noma yisiphi esinye isilwane. Ukudla kwekamela kwehlukahlukene kakhulu. Kuyiqiniso, bathanda okusanhlamvu, badla amakamela ameva ngentokozo, kepha futhi badla kalula ama-shrubby kanye nama-semi-shrubby hodgepodge, u-anyanisi, amajikijolo, amaqabunga amaqabunga anamaqabunga awo amakhulu, adla i-ephedra kanye namahlumela amasha e-saxaul, nasekwindla ngama-oases - amaqabunga e-poplar kanye nomhlanga. Lapho amakamela elamba, angadla amathambo ezilwane nezikhumba, ngisho nezinto ezenziwe kuzo. Ikamela le-Bactrian liyakwazi ukubekezelela indlala ende kakhulu. Ivumelaniswe nokudla okuncane kangangokuba impilo yenkamela efuywayo, ukuthambisa okungaphelele kungahle kube ngcono kunokudla okunempilo.
Amakamela akhombisa ukukhuthazela okufanayo okuphezulu maqondana namanzi. Isibonelo, amakamela asendle akezi emithonjeni kungabi kanye kanye ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Uma ziphazamisekile lapho, khona-ke amasonto amabili noma amathathu angenza ngaphandle kwamanzi - ikakhulukazi ehlobo, lapho kuba khona umswakama omningi ezitshalweni emva kwezimvula. Ikamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili liyaphawuleka ngoba liyakwazi ukuphuza amanzi ayisiyingi ezindawo zokugcina ugwadule ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo. Lokhu, nokho, kukhuluma kuphela ngamakamela asendle - ezifuywayo zigwema ukuphuza amanzi kasawoti. Ngokuvamile, isidingo sikasawoti ezilwaneni siphakeme kakhulu - ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amakamela asekhaya kudingeka aqinisekise ukuba khona njalo kwemigoqo kasawoti. Amakamela ngokujwayelekile, namaqhubu ikakhulukazi, ayaziwa ngokwazi kwawo ukuphuza inani elikhulu lamanzi ngesikhathi. Ngokuphelelwa ngamandla emzimbeni, iBactrian iyakwazi ukuphuza amalitha ayikhulu ngasikhathi.
Uma kunokudla okuhle, ngamakamela asendle nawasekhaya ayakhubeka ngokuwa. Kepha amakamela anamandla kunokuba, ngokwesibonelo, amahhashi, ebusika, ahlushwa iqhwa elijulile futhi ikakhulukazi i-icing, ngoba awakwazi, njengamahhashi, awantuli izinselo zeqhwa - akimba iqhwa futhi ondle ezimila ngaphansi kwawo.
Izinhlobo Zamakamela Ajwayelekile
Abamele abadala bomndeni wamakamela, ngokusho kososayensi, babehlala eNyakatho Melika, lapho abanye babo bathuthela eNingizimu Melika, lapho yagcinwa khona njengama-llamas, kwathi owesibili ngaseBering Isthmus baya e-Asia.
Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamakamela:
- I-Camelus bactrianus: Ikamela le-Bactrian noma iBactrian,
- I-Camelus dromedarius: ikamela elinomuntu munye, i-dromedari, i-dromedary noma i-arabian.
Ngokusho kokutholwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwahlukaniswa kwamakamela anamahloni amabili nolunye kwenzeka kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-25 edlule. Kulokhu, kuqala kwavela amakamela anezinhlwathi ezimbili, ngoba embunzini yamakamela avela kumuntu munt amabili okokuqala kwenziwa, elinye lanyamalala lapho likhula.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamakamela ancibilikisiwe nanye ancibilikisiwe bubonakala ngoba lapho bewela, banikeza isiphambano, esibizwa ngokuthi yiNar. Ngaphandle, ibheshu lifana nekamela elinomuntu munye; lihlukaniswa yi-hump eyodwa ebanzi, ubukhulu bayo bulingana nama-humps amabili we-bactrian. Izindleke ziyizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu futhi eziqinile, zivame ukuzalaniswa e-Uzbekistan, eTurkmenistan, eKyrgyzstan, e-Afghanistan, e-Iran naseTurkey.
Vocalization
Amakamela akuzona izidalwa ezikhuluma kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa babonakala ngokubhonga okukhulu, okuzwakala kaningi. Izilwane ezijabulile zenza umsindo ofana nokuthukuthelisa nokushaya ikhwela. Izinkomo ezibiza omama bhaqa ngamaphimbo aphezulu, omama baphendula ngemisindo efanayo, kepha ngemvamisa ephansi.
Ukuzala nokukhulisa inzalo
Izinsikazi zamakamela ziba ngabantu abadala ezineminyaka engama-2-3, abesilisa ziba ngandlela thile kamuva, kwesinye isikhathi zibe neminyaka engama-5-6. Ukweluka kwamakamela we-bactrian kwenzeka ekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa baziphatha kabi kakhulu. Bahlasela abanye abesilisa futhi bazama nokushada nabo, bahlala bebhonga kakhulu, begijima futhi begijimela, kuphuma amagwebu emilonyeni yabo. Izilwane zenza umsindo ofana nokuthulisa, kanye nekhwela elibukhali. Abesilisa abahamba phambili ngesikhathi sokubeletha baqhuba izinsikazi babe ngamaqembu futhi bangabavumeli ukuba bahlakazeke. Kulesi simo, ikamela leduna lingaba yingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni. Amakamela endlu yabesilisa ngokuvamile aboshwe phansi noma ahlukaniswe yedwa ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha. EMongolia, kuboshwe amabhandeshi abomvu axwayayo entanyeni yamakamela axoshwe abanjwe emadlelweni amahhala.
Abesilisa abagijimayo bavame ukwenza izimpi ezinamandla nomunye, phakathi kwabo bachoboza isitha ngentamo yabo, bezama ukugoba phansi bese bewela ngaphezulu. Imvamisa ezolile futhi ezithobayo ngesikhathi sokuvuseleleka ngokobulili iba yingozi, inonya, ingahlasela usebenzisa ama-fangs, ishaywe ngemilenze yangaphambili nangemuva. Uma kusetshenziswe amazinyo (imvamisa ophikisayo ubamba ikhanda ngamazinyo) noma ngemilenze, khona-ke ukulimala okungathi sína kungenzeka kuze kube sekufeni komunye wabalwi. Emhlambini wamakamela asekhaya, kwesinye isikhathi kuphela ukungenelela kwabelusi okusindisa ikamela elibuthakathaka ekulimaleni okubi kakhulu. Kwenzeka ukuthi amakamela asendle ahlasele imihlambi yezilwane ezifuywayo, abulale abesilisa futhi athathe abesifazane - ngakho-ke, abelusi baseMongolia eZaaltai Gobi bantshontsha imihlambi yamakamela asekhaya kude nogwadule, baye ezintabeni, ukuze bavikeleke ekuhlaselweni kwe-haptagai.
Ngesikhathi sokuqalwa, abesilisa basebenzisa izindlala ze-occipital ukumaka insimu, bagoba izintamo futhi bathinte amakhanda abo ngomhlaba nangamatshe. Ziphinde zinisele imilenze yazo yasemuva ngomchamo wazo futhi zisakaze umchamo ngemuva komzimba womsila ngomsila. Owesifazane naye wenza okufanayo. Ukweluka ikamela kwenzeka elele phansi. Ngesikhathi sokutshatana, iBactrian yeduna ikhulula amagwebu emlonyeni wayo, igaye amazinyo ayo ngokuzwakalayo, iphonsa ikhanda emuva. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-13 zokukhulelwa, insikazi inekamela elilodwa. Inesisindo esisuka ku-35 kuye ku-45 kg, okulinganiselwa ku-5-7% wesisindo sikamama. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ikamela elinamakhanda amabili lapho lizalwa linesisindo esingaphansi (ngokuphelele futhi nesihlobo kukamama) kunekamela elinomuntu munye, elinesisindo esingama-100 kg.
Ikamela elisanda kuzalwa cishe ngokushesha (ngemuva kwamahora amabili) liyakwazi ukulandela unina. Unezishunqisi ezincane zama-humps ngaphandle kwamafutha angaphakathi, kodwa lapho esekhulile izinyanga izinyanga ama-humps athathe isikhundla esiqondile futhi azungezwe phansi. Ingane idla kuphela ubisi isikhathi esifinyelela ezinyangeni ezingama-3-4, ngaleso sikhathi eqala ukuzama ukudla kwezitshalo, kepha ingena isikhathi eside. Ukuqunjelwa kowesifazane kuthatha iminyaka engu-1.5, futhi kuba nezimo lapho amathole akhule encela omama bawo ngasikhathi sinye nabafowabo abancane abasanda kuzalwa. Ikhula ngamakamela ngokushesha, ngemuva kokufinyelela ekuvuthweni, ukukhula kuyancipha, kepha kuyema kuphela eneminyaka eyi-7.
Eminyakeni engu-3-4 yobudala, abesilisa bashiya umhlambi wezalukazi, bakha amaqembu ezinceku, bese kamuva bethola umphathi wazo. Ikamela liletha izizukulwane ezizayo, njengomthetho, kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-2.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Amakamela aphila isikhathi eside impela, aze afike eminyakeni engama-40-50.
Amakamela akuyona eyodwa yezilwane ezivame kakhulu kuma-zoo, kodwa futhi ezinye zezithandwa kakhulu. Ingane izoyishiya kanjani i-zoo ngaphandle kokubona ikamela! Kubukeka sengathi akubanga nasikhathi emlandweni we-Zoo yaseMoscow lapho sasihlala khona ngaphandle kwamakamela, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwagcinwa amakamela anamaqhubu amabili nanye ancibilikisiwe. Ngamunye wayenesimilo sakhe, imikhuba yakhe. Ikamela elinomunyu owodwa, uPan, laliyisidudu, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi lalilwela ukubamba indoda edlula ngasekhanda. Futhi isigebenga esikhulu esinemisipha emibili, eza kithi ne-VDNH, kwakunguye umuntu omuhle owesabekayo.
Lapho i-zoo yayisakhiwa kabusha, izilwane zazidluliswa zisuka kwenye insimu ziye kwenye. Ikamela likaManka, umngani kaSenina, belingadalulwanga futhi bavele babiza umngani wakhe owayephethe iqatha lesinkwa ngesandla. Futhi kwenzeka into ehlekisayo kuSenya. Abasebenzi bebengazi ukuthi ubejwayele ibhuloho phambilini futhi bekulindele ukuthi ikamela lisuswe kulesi sengezo. USenya, ngentokozo, kepha kodwa ngequbuliso, wahambisa ibunzi lakhe elikhulu kumuntu owayenamabhuloho, okwadala ukwesaba okukhulu. Kwavela ukuthi ubesethokozela nje ngento abeyazi kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi, esejabulele ukubeka ibhuloho, weqa umgwaqo omgwaqo uLolshaya Gruzinskaya.
Manje ikamela lingabonakala ku-New Territory ye-zoo, i-aviary yayo itholakala eceleni komnyango we-Exotarium. Lokhu kungowesifazane, waqhamuka esifundeni sase-Astrakhan eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 eyedlule futhi manje uhlala namahhashi asePrzhealsky, futhi le nkampani ifanela wonke umuntu kahle. Izilwane azikhombisi ubutha obuncane kakhulu komunye nomunye, noma kunjalo, uma ihhashi licindezela izindlebe zakhe (futhi lokhu kuwuphawu lokungoneliseki), ikamela lihamba. Ikamela livame ukufika ezivakashini ezihlakazela ngamazwi athi: “O, manje uzokhafulela!” Asikho isidingo sokwesaba, lesi silo esithanda ukuthula sikhafulela kakhulu, kubadokotela bezilwane kuphela lapho begonywa. Awudingi ukuthi umondle, zonke izilwane ezise-zoo zithola ukudla ezikudingayo nezinempilo. Ikamela linikezwa i-hay, amagatsha (alikhethayo hay), inhlanganisela yemifino ne-oats ebunjiwe. Qiniseka ukuthi une-solonetz neqoqo elikhethekile losawoti emkhombeni. Isilo siyeza ukuxoxa nawe. Amamatheke!
Ukuziphatha kwekamela
Amakamela ahlala emihlambi yabantu abayi-5-20, equkethe umholi wesilisa ovelele, izinsikazi nezilwane ezincane. Abesilisa abadala bahlala bodwa ngasikhathi sinye.
Ezimweni zemvelo, amakamela asendle asuka endaweni ethile aye kwenye, akhetha amatshe, ugwadule lwamathafa, amathafa nezindawo ezigcwele phansi ngempilo, hhayi kude neziphethu noma amadamu okugcina. Bangakwazi ukukhwela izintaba. Emini, amakamela amboza amakhilomitha angama-80-90. Ebusika, hambisa amakhilomitha angama-300-600 uye eningizimu.
Amakamela ayasebenza phakathi nesikhathi semini. Imvamisa balala ebusuku. Esimweni sezulu esibi, bacasha emahlahleni, ezigodini.
Amakamela asendle anolaka ngokungafani nezinhlobo zasekhaya ezolile. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye bahlakaniphile futhi banamahloni ngokweqile, babaleke uma kungenzeka kube nengozi, bathuthukise ijubane lokufika ku-65 km / h.
Ukuzalela ikamela
Abesilisa nabesilisa bekamela bafika eminyakeni engu-3-5. Umjaho uqala ekwindla. Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi banolaka olukhulu. Bahlaselana, babhonga kakhulu, bagijime. Kulesi simo, owesilisa uyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni.
Kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, ikamela lowesifazane liletha ikamela elilodwa. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-13. Amakamela azalwa entwasahlobo, ngoMashi-Ephreli, enesisindo somzimba esingama-36 kg nokuphakama okungaba ngu-90 cm. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, angalandela umama wawo. Ukondla kuthatha izinyanga ezi-6 kuya kwengu-1.5.
Amakamela we-Bactrian anaka kakhulu inzalo yawo. Ikamela lihlala nonina kuze kube isikhathi sokufikisa, emva kwalokho izinsikazi ziqale ukuhlala ngokwehlukana, bese izinsikazi zihlala emhlambini womama.
Ezimweni zemvelo, amakamela aphila kusuka eminyakeni engama-40 kuye kwengama-50.
Ukususwa Kwekamela
Ukukhishwa kwekamela elinezinyoni ezimbili kwenzeka ngaphambi kuka-1000 BC. e. Ngakho-ke, ikamela eliholwa ngumuntu ngaphansi kwamatomu liboniswa kwiBlack Obelisk yeNkosi yase-Asiriya uSalimanasar III (ngekhulu le-IX BC). EYurophu, ikamela elinamancanyana amabili lisahlala isikhathi eside liyisilwane esingaziwa futhi saziwa kancane.
Ikamela lase-bactrian lasekhaya livamile eCentral Asia. Kuyisilwane esikhulu saseMongolia nase China (cishe abantu abayizigidi ezi-2), futhi abasatshalaliswa eKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan nase-Asia Ephakathi. Phezu kwamazwe anokuzalela kwendabuko, amakamela asekhaya anamaqhubu amabili atholakala eNew Zealand, e-USA, e-Iran nasePakistan. Ezindaweni zokuzalela zekamela elinamaphimbo amabili, kubaluleke kakhulu ngokomnotho njengesilwane esilipaki nesalungiswa, futhi njengomthombo wobisi, inyama nesikhumba.
AmaNomads agcina amakamela edlaleni, ephila impilo yokuhlala - ngaphandle kokuphaphama emihlanjini noma ngaphansi komphango. Isitebele kufanele some, imibhede yotshani, ukhula nezinhlanga zishintsha njalo. Kumakhaza amakhulu, amakamela embozwe ngezingubo zokulala.
Ikamela elisebenza ngamalambu amabili lisebenza kanzima futhi libhekene nezimo ezibucayi: amazinga aphakeme kakhulu naphansi, ukuntuleka kokudla namanzi. Ngosuku, uyakwazi ukumboza amakhilomitha angama-30 kuya kwama-40 ngosuku ngamaphakethe angama-250-300 kg. Ngaphezu kwe-100 km ngosuku kudlula ngaphansi komgibeli ngejubane eliyi-10-12 km / h.
Ukuphatha ikamela kunzima kakhulu kunehhashi, ngoba inenkani kakhulu. Ekugcineni isilwane kubuye kube okumnandi ngokwedlulele.
Inyama yamakamela amabili ancibilikile iyadliwa, inambitha emakameleni amancane. Inambitha njengenyama yenyama, kepha nge-tepe elimnandi. Ikhamera isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekudleni emazweni lapho amakamela afuya ngokwesiko. Izitsha zenyama zikazwelonke zilungiselelwe kusuka kulo (ngokwesibonelo, beshbarmak).
Umkhiqizo wokudla obalulekile futhi ungamafutha we-camp hump. Kudliwa kungavuthiwe futhi kufudumele ngemuva kokubulawa, okuthathwa njengokudla okumnandi, bese kusetshenziselwa amafutha ancibilikile ukuncibilika.
Abantu base-Asia nobisi lwamakamela bayaziswa kakhulu. Inamafutha kunenkomo, inambitha okumnandi, kepha isivuno sobisi sincane. Isiphuzo esaziwa ngokususelwa ebisini likamela elimuncu - i-shubat, i-analogue ye-kounto.
Uboya bekamela yinto ebalulekile eluhlaza, ngoba imikhiqizo evela kuyo ifudumele kakhulu. Kusetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo zabasebenza ngokufunda izinkanyezi, abahloli bamakhaza, nabahlukahlukene.
Isikhumba samakamela amnyama nasolwandle sisetshenziselwa ubuciko obuhlukahlukene (izicathulo eziphakeme, iziswebhu, amabhande).
Umquba wamakamela asekhaya usetshenziswa njengophethiloli we-foci, awudingi ukomiswa isikhathi eside futhi unikeza ilangabi elincane, ngisho, elishisayo nelingabhemi.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo:
- Igama lesiRussia elithi "ikamela" livela ku-Pre-Slavic, egameni lato elejwayelekile elithi Gothic elithi "ulbandus", elihumusha ngokuthi "indlovu". Amakamela okukhulunywa ngawo kuTale of Bygone Year.
- EMongolia naseChina, kudalwe izindawo zokugcina imvelo ukuze kulondolozwe inani lamakamela asendle.
- Ikamela elinamuntu amabili libonakaliswa kumaswidi amaKara-Kum aseRussia, yize eqabile ogwadule lwaseKarakum, amakamela anamuntu munye afakwa lapho.
- Umgadli we-Multiple sambo u-Olzhas Kairat-uly (Kazakhstan) uthathe ikamela elinomhlandla amabili walithwala ngamamitha ayi-16.
Amakamela - Ama Giants anama Humps amabili
Umdondoshiya ophelele omabili womndeni wonke wamakamela unekhono elihlukile lokusinda ezimweni ezilimaza ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Ukwethembeka nezinzuzo zomuntu ezenziwe ikamela kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umlingani oqhubekayo wezakhamizi zase-Asia, iMongolia, iBuryatia, China kanye nezinye izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esomile.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala yekamela elinamakhanda amabili
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphambili Amakamela we-Bactrian. Amagama amakamela amancane asendle endabuko yaseMongolia - iHaptagai, kanye nezijwayelekile ezifuywayo - iBactrian.
Abamele izilwane zasendle babhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu ngenxa yokusongelwa kokuqothulwa kwamakhulu okugcina abantu. Umcwaningi odumile uN.M. uqale wabhala ngabo. I-Przewalski.
Amakamela afihliwe aboniswa emanxiweni asendulo ezinceku zobukhosi zangekhulu le-IV. BC. Inani lamagciwane lingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili.
Kuze kube namuhla ikamela - ezokuthutha ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu ogwadule, kade wasebenzisa inyama yakhe, uvolo, ubisi, ngisho nomquba njengophethiloli omuhle kakhulu.
Ukuzalaniswa kweBactrian kuvame kubahlali bezindawo ezinamadwala, izindawo eziwugwadule ezinemithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe, izindawo zama-piedmont ezinomhlaza ongatheni. Lapho ungathola kaningi khona ikamela elinamanyoni athile.
Ukuchitheka kwemvula encane noma osebeni lomfula kudonsela amakamela asendle emgodini wokunisela ukuze kubuyiswe nezindawo ezigcina amanzi. Ebusika, zidlula iqhwa.
IHaptagai inqoba amabanga amade ukuya ku-90 km ngosuku ifuna ukudla futhi ikakhulukazi imithombo yamanzi.
Ubukhulu bezimidondoshiya besilisa abacibilikile bobabili buhlaba umxhwele: kufinyelela ku-2,7 m ukuphakama nesisindo somzimba kuze kufike ku-1000 kg. Abesifazane banciphile kancane: isisindo esifinyelela ku-500-800 kg. Umsila ungamamitha ayi-0,5 ubude ngophakathi.
Izinduna eziqondile zibonisa ukugcwala kwesilwane. Isesimweni sokulamba, zona zinezithende ezithile.
Imilenze ivumelaniswa ukuze ihambe endaweni evulekile noma emadwaleni amatshe, inezinyawo ezifihliwe emgodini obanzi wommbila.
Phambili ukwakheka okufana nobala noma ukufana kwenselo. ICorpus callosum ihlanganisa amadolo nesifuba sesilwane. Kubantu basendle, abekho, futhi isimo somzimba wakhe sincane.
Inhloko enkulu iyashukumiseka entanyeni egobile. Amehlo akhangayo ambozwe imigqa ephindwe kabili yama-eyelashes. Esivunguvungwini sesihlabathi, avale amehlo hhayi kuphela, kepha namakhala.
Isindebe esinzima sibonisa ukuthi abamele bamakamela bifurifated, modified for rough food. Izindlebe zincanyana, cishe zingabonakali kusuka kude.
Izwi lifana nokukhalela imbongolo, hhayi umuntu omnandi kakhulu. Isilwane sihlala sibhonga lapho sikhuphuka noma siwa ngomthwalo olayishiwe.
Umbala woboya obukhulu bemibala ehlukene: kusuka komhlophe kuya nsundu. Ijazi loboya lifana nelamabhere noma ama-reindeer.
Izinwele ezingaphakathi ezingenalutho kanye ne-undercoat epholile zisiza ukuvikela emazingeni okushisa aphakeme naphansi.
Ukuncipha kwenzeka entwasahlobo, futhi amakamela "Ibhaluni" kusuka ekulahlekelweni okusheshayo koboya. Ngemuva kwamaviki amathathu, ijazi elisha likhula, elikhula isikhathi eside ebusika, lisuka ku-7 liye ku-30 cm.
Ukuqongelelwa kwamafutha kumabala afinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-150 akugcini nje ngokuhlinzekwa kokudla, kodwa futhi kuvikela nokuqothuka ngokweqile, njengoba imisebe yelanga ithinta kakhulu emuva kwesilwane.
Ama-bactrian ahambisana nezimo zasehlobo ezishisa kakhulu nobusika obunzima. Isidingo esikhulu sokuphila kwabo isimo sezulu esomile, umswakama abakubekezelela kabi kakhulu.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila yekamela elinamakhanda amabili
Ngokwesimo sasendle amakamela zivame ukuhlala, kepha zihlala zihamba ezindaweni eziwugwadule, amathafa amatshe nezindawo ezihamba ngaphansi kwezintaba ezindaweni ezinkulu ezinelebuli.
IHaptagai isuka emthonjeni wamanzi ongaziwa uye kwelinye ukubuyisa imali ebalulekile.
Imvamisa abantu aba-5-20 bagcinwa ndawonye. Umholi womhlambi wezinkomo ngowesilisa omkhulu. Umsebenzi ubonakaliswa phakathi nosuku, futhi ebumnyameni, ikamela lilele noma liziphathe kabi futhi ngokungakhathali.
Esikhathini sesiphepho, kulele izinsuku, ekushiseni kukhuphukela phezulu ukuthola i-thermoregulation noma ukucasha ezigodini nasezihlahleni.
Abantu basendle banamahloni futhi banolaka, ngokungafani nobugwala, kodwa amaBactrian azolile. Ama-Haptagai anamehlo abukhali, abaleka nengozi, athuthukisa ijubane lokufika ku-60 km / h.
Bangagijima izinsuku ezingama-2-3 kuze kuphele ukukhathala. Amakamela we-Domain Bactrian kubonwa njengezitha nokwesaba kanye nezimpisi, amahlosi. Intuthu yomlilo ibasabisa.
Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi ubukhulu namandla emvelo awasindisi imidondoshiya ngenxa yomqondo wabo omncane.
Lapho impisi ihlasela, azicabangi nokuzivikela, zimane zikhale futhi zikhafule. Ngisho namaqhude angakwazi ukudonsa izilonda zesilwane nemisipha ethwalayo, ikamela kukhombisa ukungavikeleki kwakhe.
Esimweni sokucasulwa, ukufafaza akukhona ukukhipha amathe, njengoba abaningi bekholelwa, kodwa okuqukethwe kuqongelelwe esiswini.
Impilo yezilwane ezifuywayo ingaphansi komuntu. Endabeni yesendle, bahola isithombe sokhokho babo. Abesilisa abadala abavuthiwe ngokobulili bangahlala bodwa.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika amakamela Kunzima kunezinye izilwane ukuhamba eqhweni Abenakukwazi ukugaya ukudla ngaphansi kweqhwa ngenxa yokushoda kwamahosha eqiniso.
Kunomkhuba wokulusa ubusika ebusika, okokuqala kwamahhashi asebeke eqhweni, bese amakamelasithathe okuphakelayo okusele.
Ukudla ngamakamela eBactrian
Ukudla okungekuhle nokungondlekile kusenhliziyweni yokudla kwalezi ziphulu ezinamahlwili amabili. Amakamela we-Herbivorous adla izitshalo ezinjalo ngameva, okuyinto zonke ezinye izilwane ezizokwenqaba.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zasogwadule zifakwa kwisisekelo sokuphakelwa: amahlumela omhlanga, amaqabunga kanye namagatsha amaqabunga, u-anyanisi, utshani obuluhlaza.
Bangazidlela izinsalela zamathambo ezilwane nezikhumba, ngisho nezinto ezenziwe kubo, ngaphandle kokunye ukudla.
Uma izitshalo zinoshukela ekudleni, isilwane singakwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi isikhathi esingamaviki amathathu. Lapho umthombo utholakala, baphuza ngokwesilinganiso kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-3-4.
Abantu basendle baphuza ngisho namanzi asebusweni ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yabo. Abasebenza ekhaya bayakugwema, kepha badinga usawoti.
Ngemuva kokuphelelwa ngamandla emzimbeni ngesikhathi ikamela elinamakhanda amabili ingaphuza kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-100 koketshezi.
Imvelo inikezwe amakamela amandla okubekezelela indlala ende. Ubumpofu bokudla alimazi isimo somzimba.
Ukondleka ngokweqile kuholela ekukhuluphiseni kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwezitho zomzimba. Ekuphakelweni kwasendlini, amakamela awakhethi, ayondla ngo-hay, ama-breadcrumbs, okusanhlamvu.
Ukuzalela nokuhlala isikhathi eside kwekamela elinamahloni amabili
Ukuvuthwa amakamela kwenzeka cishe ngeminyaka eyi-3-4. Abesifazane baphambi kwabesilisa entuthukweni. Ekwindla, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala.
Ukudinwa kubonakaliswa ukubhonga, ukuphonsa, amagwebu, nokuhlasela njalo kuwo wonke umuntu.
Ukugwema ingozi, amakamela besilisa ezifuywayo aboshwe futhi uphawu uphawu dressings noma ahlukaniswe abanye.
Abesilisa benza ukulwa, bashaye umphikisi balume. Emncintiswaneni, bayalimala futhi bangafa empini enjalo uma abelusi bengangeneleli futhi bavikele ababuthakathaka.
Amakamela we-Wild Bactrian ngesikhathi sokukhwelana baba nesibindi futhi bafuna ukuthatha abesifazane, futhi kwenzeka, abesilisa babulawe.
Ukukhulelwa kwezinsikazi kuhlala izinyanga ezingaba ngu-13, entwasahlobo kuzalwe ingane enesisindo esingama-45 kg, amawele awanqabile.
Ngemuva kwamahora amabili, ingane ihamba ngokuzimela kunina. Ukuzondla ngobisi kuthatha iminyaka eyi-1.5.
Ukunakekela inzalo kuboniswa ngokucacile futhi kuhlala kuze kube ukuvuthwa. Ngemuva kwalokho abesilisa bahamba bayokwakha izindlu zabo, izinsikazi zihlale emhlambini kamama.
Ukuze uqinise izimfanelo nobukhulu, kwenziwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzala nzalo yamakamela angenayo enye humped kanye namabili -BIRTUGAN (owesilisa) no-MAY (owesimame). Ngenxa yalokho, imvelo ishiye i-hump eyodwa, kepha ibheke phambili kuyo yonke imhlane yesilwane.
Isikhathi sokuphila amakamela anamahloni amabili ngokwemvelo cishe kuneminyaka engama-40 ubudala. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, abasebenza ekhaya bandisa isikhathi sabo sokuphila ngeminyaka engu-5-7.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kweBactrian neDrumedary
Ngokwensalela yamakamela atholakele, kwaphethwa ngokuthi okhokho bawo ekuqaleni babehlala eNyakatho Melika. Abanye babo bathuthela eSouth America, kanti abanye badlula eBering Isthmus baya e-Asia. Ukuhlukaniswa kwaba ama-dromedaries kanye neBactrian kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni engama-25 ezigidi edlule. Izilwane ezinomuntu munye zavela ngesikhathi sokuvela kwemvelo kamuva kunezihlobo zazo ezinamahloni amabili.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zangena futhi zikhiqiza inzalo ende, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-bunks noma ama-iners (ngokwesiko laseYurophu, iTurkoman).
Ama-nzalo afana nama-dromedars, abonakala ngamandla andisayo, izimfanelo zomzimba ezingcono futhi anesisindo esingu-1000-1100 kg. Ama-Nars asetshenziswa kabanzi ukuthutha izimpahla e-Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran naseTurkey. Amaduna akwa-Hybrid ajwayele ukuthungwa, bese izinsikazi zishiyelwa umsebenzi wokuzalela.
Izifo ze-Bactrian
Amakamela we-Bactrian athambekele ezifweni eziningi. Isifo esithathelanayo esivame kakhulu isifo sofuba, esivame ukugula ngaso lapho singena esimweni sezulu esishisayo. Isifo sabo sesibili esijwayelekile i-tetanus, esithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa, esidala ukubangwa nokuqhekeka okukhulu kwemisipha. Kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuthola amanxeba ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Isikhumba sivame ukuthinteka yi-pathogenic microflora, sibangele i-mycoses kanye ne-dermatophytosis.
Ipheshana lokuphefumula litheleleka ngamathumbu amancane ezinhlobo zeDictyocaulus cameli lapho liphuza amanzi ezihlahleni ezigobekayo. Lesi sifo sibhekwa ikakhulu entwasahlobo nasehlobo phakathi kwezilwane ezingaphezulu kweminyaka emi-3. Baqala ukukhwehlela, ukuphuma kompunga kusuka emakhaleni, kanye nesisindo esibalulekile, konke okuholela ekufeni. IDipetalonema evanse nematode ithinta inhliziyo, amaphaphu, amasistimu wokujikeleza nokuzala. Angena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa ukulunywa ngumiyane futhi angahlala kuwo iminyaka engafika kwengu-7.
Izikhanyisi ze-Autumn (Stomoxys calcitrans) zibeka amaqanda ebusweni bomzimba, lapho kuvela khona izibungu. Babhubhisa ulwelwesi lwama-mucous, lukhula kancane kancane kulo kuze kube sentwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo. I-coccidiosis yenzeka ngesikhathi i-Bactrian ihamba ngesimo sezulu esinethayo noma emakamelweni ashubisayo, okubangelwa yi-protozoa yekilasi le-Coccidia. Ama-artiodactyls anezifo abonisa ubuthi, uhudo, i-anemia nesikhumba esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ubudlelwano nabantu
AmaBactrian adlala indima enkulu empilweni yansuku zonke yabantu bendawo. Zisetshenziselwa ukugibela amahhashi, njengamandla okusalungiswa futhi njengomthombo wenyama, ubisi nesikhumba. Ezizweni ezihlangene noma ezinamagama athathelwayo kubhekwa njengesipho esibalulekile futhi yinto evame ukwenziwa umakoti kamakoti.
Ikamela elinezinhlungu ezimbili liyakwazi ukuthutha imithwalo enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-260- 20000 ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-40 ngosuku, lihamba ngejubane elingaba ngu-5 km / h futhi likhombisa ukukhuthazela okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namahhashi nezimbongolo. Uboshwe ngenqola, udonsa umthwalo ilula isisindo sakhe.
Inyama yamakamela iyadliwa, iyahluka ngesisa esikhethekile phakathi kwamakamela. Ukunambitha, kufana nomdlalo noma iwundlu futhi kwaziswa kakhulu ngama-gourmet. Inyama yamakamela amadala isondele kakhulu enkomeni futhi iqinile impela, ngakho-ke ikakhulukazi abantu abasha abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-2,5 bayabulawa. Kudliwa okusha futhi kusawoti. Ezindaweni eziningi, fat yamakamela ibonwa njengeyisibiliboco esijabulisayo futhi idliwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokubulawa kwesilwane kusashisa.
Uboya bekamela bunezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokufakelwa futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo, ikakhulukazi kubahloli bamakhaza, ababhula ngezinkanyezi nabalandeli be-diving. Ekhwalithi, iqhathaniswa noboya be-merino. Ngokukhumula izinwele esisodwa, ungathola u-6-10 kg woboya. Abadala bavunwa kabili ngonyaka, futhi kube kanye. Ukusuka ku-1 kg yoboya kutholakala amamitha skwele angama-3.5-4 indwangu ehlanganisiwe. Lokhu kwanele ukubopha ama-sweatshi amabili.
Okuqukethwe kwamafutha obisi lwamakamela kufinyelela ku-5-6%. Ikamela ngokwesilinganiso nsuku zonke linikeza amalitha ama-5 obisi, ubuningi bamalitha ayi-15-20. Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ungakhiqiza kusuka kumalitha ayi-5000 kuya kwangama-7500 womkhiqizo obalulekile.
Ubisi olungavuthiwe lunephunga elithile, ngakho-ke livame ukuphathwa ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kokushisa. Inezakhiwo zokwelapha, iqukethe ama-protein amaningi, ama-lipids, i-iron, i-calcium ne-vitamin C. eKazakhstan naseTurkmenistan, iyabiliswa, ithole isiphuzo sobisi olubilisiwe shubat (chal). Kusetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-asthma, isifo sofuba, isifo sikashukela, i-psoriasis kanye nezifo zesibindi.
Isikhumba siya ekukhiqizeni izicathulo namabhande. Ukugcotshwa okusha kumile kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokomiswa okuqala, sekuvele kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa ngendlela yamafutha. Lapho zishiswa, zinikeza ukushisa okuningi nentuthu encane. Unyaka ngamunye, i-bactrian eyodwa ikhiqiza kuze kufike kumathani owodwa womquba.