Ngokwezibalo, ezweni lethu, ezindaweni ezinabantu abahlala ogwadule nasogwadule - kuhlala abantu abangaphansi kwesigidi. Umuntu oyedwa kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-4-5 omhlaba owugwadule, sinjalo isibalo sabantu cishe kulezi zindawo. Ungahamba amahora, izinsuku, amasonto futhi ungahlangani nomphefumlo owodwa ophilayo. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini zanamuhla, bakhangwa yimithombo yabo yemvelo nomcebo, obekufihlwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka eziningi. Vele, ukunakwa okunjalo akunakwenza ngaphandle kwemiphumela yemvelo.
Kungukutholakala kwezinto ezingokwemvelo zokusetshenziswa ezingadonsela ukunakwa okukhethekile, emva kwalokho, njengoba kwaziwa ngezibonelo eziningi nokuhlangenwe nakho okubabayo, kusala ububi bodwa, obuntu nobuntu. Axhumekile, okokuqala, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha, ucwaningo lwesayensi, kanye nomthelela ezikhathini zasendulo zokulingana okwakhiwe kwezinhlelo zemvelo. I-Ecology ikhunjulwa endaweni yokugcina, uma ngabe ikhona.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe hhayi imithombo engapheli yemithombo yezemvelo kuholele abantu ukuthi bafinyelele ezindaweni ezingagwadule. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisile ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi eziwugwadule nasogwadule kunemithombo ebekiwe yemithombo yemvelo, njengamafutha, igesi, izinsimbi eziyigugu. Isidingo sabo sanda njalo. Ngakho-ke, sihlome ngamathuluzi asindayo, amathuluzi wezezimboni, sizobhubhisa imvelo, izindawo ezazingakaze zithintwe ngokuyisimangaliso.
Ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukukhishwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwamafutha nezinye izinto zemvelo, konke lokhu kudala izinkinga zemvelo ogwadule nasolwandle ogwadule. Amafutha ayingozi ikakhulukazi emvelweni.
Ukungcoliswa kwegolide elimnyama kwenzeka kokubili esigabeni sezimayini nasezigabeni zokuhamba, ukucubungula kanye nokuzigcina. Ukukhishwa kwemvelo nakho kwenzeka ngokwemvelo, kepha lokhu kungenzeka ngokungafani nomthetho. Ukungena kwemvelo kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu futhi hhayi ngamanani abhubhisayo wemvelo nakho konke okuphilayo. Ukungcola kuwukuvela kwesimo semvelo sezakhi ezingekho kuso, ngamanani angajwayelekile. Izingozi eziningi zaziwa emapayipini kawoyela, ezindaweni zokugcina impahla nasezokuhamba, okuholele ekutheni kulimale imvelo.
Enye yezinkinga ukuzingela nokunciphisa ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ngokudabukisayo, inani elithile lezinhlobo zezilwane, izinyoni, izinambuzane nezitshalo lihlala ogwadule, eziningi zazo ezingavamile futhi zibhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu. Ukuvikela izitshalo nezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni eziwugwadule, kudalwa izindawo zokugcina imvelo, njenge-Aral-Paygambar, iTigrovaya Balka, i-Ustyurt reservation.
Ugwadule uqobo lwalo, nokho, luyinkinga enkulu yemvelo, noma kunalokho kube yihlane. Ukuqothuka kwezulu kuyindlela yokuguguleka ngokweqile. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngokwemvelo, kepha emvelweni yenzeka kakhulu kakhulu (ngaphandle kwezindawo emngceleni wezindawo ezikhona zamahlane) futhi kancane kancane. Ukusakazeka kwenqubo ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ze-anthropogenic kungenye into enkulu.
Ukuchithwa kwe-Anthropogenic kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu eziningi: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuguguleka kwamasimu, ukulima komhlaba ongafanele wezolimo, izindawo ezinotshani kanye nokudliswa kwamadlelo isikhathi eside, izindlela zokunisela nokunisela, ukwakha isikhathi eside kanye nokumbiwa kwamaminerali, ukubulawa kolwandle ngokuphelele, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukwakheka kogwadule. indawo, isibonelo ukomiswa koLwandle i-Aral. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-500 omhlaba otshabalala.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukusakazeka komhlaba kungahlukaniswa njengezinkinga zomhlaba zemvelo. Abaholi bomhlaba osezingeni lokusabalala kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi yi-United States, India, China. Ngeshwa, iRussia nayo iphakathi kwabo. Cishe i-30% yenhlabathi yalawa mazwe iqala ukuguguleka, futhi ukutholakala kwamakhaza ngesimo sezulu kuphela akuvumeli isigaba sokugcina senkangala.
Ngokwezemvelo nezomnotho, imiphumela yokuchithwa kwethafa iyabonakala impela futhi imibi. Okokuqala, lokhu ngukubhujiswa kwemvelo yemvelo, imvelo yayo eyakhiwe, esevele yenza ukuthi kube nzima ukusebenzisa iziphiwo ezijwayelekile zemvelo. Okwesibili, lokhu kungukulimala kwezolimo, ukwehla komkhiqizo. Okwesithathu, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo zilahlekelwa indawo yazo yokuhlala, nayo ethinta abantu. Izikhathi ezinjalo eziyisisekelo ziyaqondwa yizingane zesikole ngisho nezingane zeminyaka yasenkulisa, kodwa abantu abadala abafuni ukuqonda.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuwohloka kubhekwa zombili ogwadule nasogwadule uqobo. Isixazululo sabo sinikezwa inani elincane kakhulu lesikhathi, izinsiza, ingxenye yezinto ezibonakalayo. Mhlawumbe ngokuzayo, konke kuzoshintsha futhi kubhekwe okuningi ekulweni nokuqothuka, ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo. Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kuzokwenzeka lapho indawo yomhlaba olungele izidingo zezolimo inganele ukuze usondle. Okwamanje, sibheka kuphela ukwanda kwezindawo eziphuzi kumephu yomhlaba.
Lokhu okuqukethwe kungaba wusizo kubafundi bebanga lesine ngesihloko sezwe elibazungezile lapho bebhala imibiko, izinkulumo noma izethulo ngesihloko sokuthi yiziphi izinkinga zemvelo ezijwayelekile ezindaweni eziwugwadule nezingasenandawo yokuzixazulula. Cabanga, kusebangeni lesine lapho abafundi bajwayelana nezinkinga ezinkulu kangaka ezidinga ukuxazululwa ukuze bangaholeli emiphumeleni emibi, izibonelo zazo, ngeshwa, ziningi impela.
Ukunwebisa imingcele yezindawo
Njengomphumela womsebenzi womuntu, kuphakama imigwaqo yokungcoliswa komhlaba inemingcele yezindawo eziwugwadule, kancane kancane ibuyele ezingwadule. Emvelweni, ukunwetshwa kwemingcele yogwadule kwenzeka kancane, kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ze-anthropogenic, izinga lokukhula landa kaningana. Lokhu kuholela ku-:
- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emingceleni yezindawo zemvelo,
- ukulima,
- udoti lwamachibi aseduze namachibi,
- ushintsho lomfula.
Ukwanda kwamahlane ogwadule kuholela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokwehla kwesilinganiso semvula emingceleni yezindawo zemvelo kuholela ekuhambeni kwezitshalo nezilwane kwamanye amabanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuya ekufeni kwezinhlobo zonke zezilwane. Izinqubo zeqhwa eziwugwadule zase-Arctic ziyanda, lapho inani lezimila liyancipha.
Ukuzitika Ngezokuzingela Nokuphilayo
Ugwadule, naphezu kokuhlukahluka okuncane kwezinto eziphilayo, nabo bahlushwa ukuzingela. Ukubhujiswa kwabamele abezinhlobo ezingandile zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane kuholela ekuqothulweni hhayi nje kwezinhlobo kuphela, kepha futhi nasekubhujisweni komhlaba wonke wokuphazamiseka kwemvelo, ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sendalo esimisiwe. Ukususwa kwezilwane kwephula inqubo yokuziphilisa ngokwabo. Izitshalo eziningi zasogwadule nezilwane kubhalwe kuNcwadi Ebomvu.
Ukungcoliswa kawoyela
Ezindaweni eziwugwadule nasezinsukwini eziyisithupha ogwadule kuvame ukuba nokufakwa kwezimbiwa phansi - igesi, uwoyela. Lapho zikhishwa, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningi, izingozi ngokukhishwa kwamafutha zenzeka. Ezindaweni eziwugwadule zepolar ungathola imishayo yamafutha avuthayo, okuvusa ukushiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu, ukufa kwezilwane kanye nokubhujiswa kwezimila.
Ukungcola kungenzeka kuzo zonke izigaba - ukukhiqiza, ukuthutha, ukucubungula, ukugcinwa.
Ukugcwala komhlaba nokungcola kwendle
Ukutholwa kanye nokukhishwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezemvelo ezingwadule kuhambisana nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezimboni. Umsebenzi womuntu uhambisana njalo nokubonakala kokungcola. Ukususwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezinto ezihlanzekile kudinga izinsizakusebenza, futhi kwenziwa izinqenqemeni zomgwaqo ukuze kongiwe imali ezindaweni zomsebenzi wabantu abasebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza imvamisa igcinwa ngamabomu ogwadule. Ngakho-ke, ogwadule lwaseMojave kunendawo yokulahla izimoto eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14. Babhekana nokugqwala kanye nokubhujiswa, ngenxa yalokho izinto eziyingozi zingena ku-ecosystem.
Ukwakhiwa kwezimboni
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zezimboni kuhlala kuhambisana kakhulu nemfucuza yokukhiqiza, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga omsindo, nomsebenzi onamandla womuntu. Ngenxa yokuvela kwezinto ezinjalo, inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba kungcoliswa imikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe. Ngazo ngokwazo, izinto ziba imbangela yokukhathazeka nokuhamba kwezilwane ziye kwezinye izindawo, okuphula ukwakheka kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo zezindawo.
Yini engenziwa
Izindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga zemvelo zogwadule nezindawo eziwugwadule azifanele hhayi esifundeni nakumbuso kuphela, kepha futhi nasemazingeni omhlaba. Lezi zixazululo ezilandelayo ezingenza ukuvikela izindawo zemvelo zingahlukaniswa:
- ukuncishiswa komthwalo we-anthropogenic,
- ukulahlwa kwenhlabathi,
- inhlangano yamahlathi avikela emingceleni yezindawo eziwugwadule,
- Ukufuna izindlela ezintsha, ezinemvelo zokukhiqiza uwoyela waphesheya kwezilwandle,
- ukuqinisa ukulawula ukukhishwa kwezipho zemvelo,
- Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezigcinwe ezitolo,
- ukubuyiselwa okwenziwe ngobunono kwabantu izitshalo nezilwane ezingavamile.
(Azikho izilinganiso okwamanje)
Izinkinga zemvelo zasehlane
Inkinga enkulu yezindawo eziwugwadule kanye nogwadule wukusakazeka kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Le nqubo ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu e-USA, China, India naseRussia. Ingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba kulamazwe ingaguguleka. Ukuhumusha kwesikhashana kwesimo sezulu kuphela okungavumeli isigaba sokugcina sokuchithwa kwesiqalo ukuba siqale.
Imiphumela emibi yokusakazeka kwezomnotho nakwezemvelo iyabonakala kakhulu:
- imvelo yemvelo enendawo yayo eyakhiwe iyachithwa, futhi lokhu kunciphisa abantu ithuba lokusebenzisa izipho zemvelo,
- ukulimala kwezolimo,
- izilwane eziningi ezinezitshalo zincishwa ithuba lokusebenzisa indawo yazo ejwayelekile, futhi lokhu kuthinta abantu.
Izimbangela zezinkinga zasehlane
Ukuchithwa kwehlathi kuyisigaba esishalazelwe sokuguguleka komhlaba kanye nenkinga enkulu yemvelo. Lezi zinqubo zingenzeka ngokwemvelo, yize lokhu kuyivelakancane ngokwendalo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisemngceleni wogwadule osuvele lwakhiwe, futhi lezi zinqubo zikhula kancane.
Enye into ukusakazeka kokuguguleka komhlaba ngenxa yezimpawu ze-anthropogenic. Ukuchithwa kwehlathi okunjalo kubangelwa izizathu eziningi:
- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nezihlahla,
- ukulima izindawo ezingafanele ezolimo,
- hayfields
- amadlelo aqhubekayo
- salinization nokukhethwa okuyiphutha kwezindlela zokunisela ogwadule,
- iminyaka eminingi yokwakha kanye nezokumbiwa phansi,
- ukucishwa kwezilwandle nokwakhiwa kwezingwadule (isibonelo, ukucekelwa phansi koLwandle lwase-Aral).
Engxenyeni yesi-2 yekhulu lama-20 Amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-500 omhlaba ayincithakalo. Ukunakwa kudonswa ukutholakala kwezinto zemvelo ezingavuthiwe. Ngokucabangayo, lokhu kubangela izinkinga ezithile kumuntu nakwimvelo. Zivela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindawo ezintsha, ucwaningo lwesayensi, umthelela ekulinganeni okwakhiwe kwezinhlelo zemvelo. I-ecology yinto yokugcina abacabanga ngayo.
Ukuthuthuka kwenqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokugcinwa okulinganiselwe kwemithombo yemvelo kuholele abantu ekuthini bathathe ugwadule. Iningi lazo, ngokokucwaninga kwesayensi, zicebile ngamafutha, igesi, izinsimbi eziyigugu. Ngasikhathi sinye, isidingo semithombo yemvelo sikhula njalo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu uthatha imishini esindayo, amathuluzi wezezimboni futhi uqala ukubhubhisa i-ecology yendawo engazange isetshenzwe phambilini.
Izinkinga zemvelo eziwugwadule nasezinhlangwini ezishubile zidonswa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, ukubekwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukukhishwa kwezinto zokuhamba nezinto zokuhamba zemvelo ezibandakanya uwoyela. Kuyingozi kakhulu emvelweni.
Ukungcoliswa kawoyela kuqala kakade esiteji sokukhiqiza futhi kuyaqhubeka ngesikhathi sokuhamba, ukucubungula, ukugcinwa. Igolide elimnyama lingangena emvelweni ngendlela yemvelo. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akwenzeki kaningi futhi kunalokho okuhlukile okuqinisekisa umthetho. Futhi sikhuluma ngamanani amancane. Abaguquki ezintweni eziphilayo.
Ngokuvamile, ukungcoliswa kwamukelwa njengokungena ohlelweni lokuphiliswa kwezinto ezenziwa ekuqaleni ezingekho uphawu lwalo, nangobuningi obukhulu. Kunezibonelo eziningi zezingozi emapayipini kawoyela, ezindaweni zokugcina impahla, ngesikhathi sokuhamba, okudale ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo yezindawo eziwugwadule kanye nogwadule.
Ukushisa kweplanethi
Lokhu kungenye yezizathu ezidala ukuvela kwezinkinga zemvelo ogwadule. Izinguzunga zeqhwa zaseningizimu nasenyakatho ziyancibilika ngenxa yokushisa okungajwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindawo zogwadule zase-Arctic ziyancipha, futhi nezinga lamanzi olwandle liyakhuphuka. Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, imvelo ayiguquki nje. Izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo nezilwane ziya kwezinye izindawo. Abanye babo bafa ngaphandle.
Njengomphumela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, izimila zincishiswa kakhulu, futhi i-permafrost iya ngokwanda. I-Ice nezinye izinqubo zemvelo ziyanda. Ziyingozi ngokwazo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingozi zemiphumela emibi ziyakhula.
Ukuzingela okungalawulwa
Phakathi kokunye, ugwadule luhlushwa ukuzingela, okunciphisa ukwehluka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Kukhona izinyoni eziningi, izilwane, izinambuzane, izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamakhophi angavamile phakathi kwawo aqoshwa kwi-Red Book. Ukuze uvikele izitshalo nezilwane eziwugwadule naseziwugwadule zihlela izindawo zemvelo. Phakathi kwabo - uTigrovaya Balka, Ustyurt, Aral-Paygambar nabanye.
Inkinga yasemanzini aphansi
Izinkinga zemvelo zidalwa ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yamasosha. Ungazihlanganisi ne-nuclear. Amasosha asebenzisa ugwadule esikhundleni sokuchithwa komhlaba. Ukuxazulula inkinga, kubalulekile ukubheka ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa imfucuza yamasosha esikhundleni sokulahla.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuhlobene kakhulu nale nkinga. Kubangelwa ukungcwatshwa kwamasosha nokwenyukliya. Inkinga ingaxazululwa kuphela ngokulahla ukuchitheka komhlaba ogwadule.
I-Offshore igesi namafutha
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eziwugwadule zase-Arctic kuhambisana nezinkinga zemvelo ezibangelwa ukukhonjwa kwezimbiwa ezinkulu zamaminerali lapho. Izingozi zokuchitheka kawoyela zenzeka lapho izinto ezinobuthi zingena emkhathini. Umphumela walokhu ukungcoliswa komhlaba nezinto eziphilayo.
Kwesinye isikhathi endaweni yezindawo eziwugwadule ezingavuthiwe ungabona ukubhukuda kawoyela okuvuthayo. Bacaphukisa ukushiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezimbozwe izimila. Vele, lapho kubekwa amapayipi kawoyela, izindlwana zezilwane zenziwa, kepha azikwazi ukuzithola njalo futhi zizisebenzise. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ziyafa.
Ngakho-ke, izinkinga zemvelo zibhekwa kokubili ezingxenyeni eziwugwadule nasemahlane. Zibangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, kepha sincane kakhulu isikhathi, izinsiza nemali zibekelwe ukuzixazulula. Siyethemba ukuthi lesi simo sizothuthuka ngokuzayo.
Mhlawumbe umuntu uzoqala ukuzabalaza ngempela ngokuchithwa kwezindawo futhi axazulule izinkinga zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, abantu bazofika kulokhu lapho indawo yomhlaba ofanele ezolimo inganele. Ngemuva kwalokho umbuzo uzoba ukuthi ungondla kanjani wonke umphakathi. Njengamanje, kunokwanda okungapheli kwenani lezindawo eziphuzi kumephu yomhlaba.
Phendula noma isixazululo 1
Izinkinga zemvelo zogwadule kanye ne-semi-desert:
- Ukuchithwa kwethafa inqubo eholela ekuguguleni okungenani. Inqubo enjalo nayo yenzeka ngokwemvelo, kepha kancane kakhulu.Enye into ukuthi i-anthropogenic deservationication, imisebenzi yabantu iholela kulokhu: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, i-salinization noma ukunisela, njll.
- Ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo, imigwaqo emikhulu, nemigwaqo emikhulu, ukukhishwa kwamafutha nezinye izinto ezingavuthiwe kuholela ekungcolisweni kohlelo lwezinto zemvelo ogwadule nolwe-semi.
- Ukuzingela kanye nokuncishiswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo zemvelo nakho kuthinta kabi imvelo yasogwadule.
Izwe Lezindawo Zokuma Kwendawo
Iningi lamazwe omile omhlaba asendaweni eshisayo, athola imvula ukusuka ku-0 kuye kwangama-250 mm ngonyaka. Ukuhwamuka kwemvamisa kuvame ukuba ngamashumi eziphindwe izikhathi ezikhudlwana kunenani lemvula. Imvamisa, amaconsi awafiki ngaphezulu komhlaba, aphuma emoyeni. Ogwadule olunamatshe iGobi naseCentral Asia ebusika, izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka-0 ° C. Ukuphakama okubalulekile kuyisici esibonisa isimo sezulu sogwadule. Ngosuku kungaba ngu-25-30 ° С, eSahara ifinyelela ku-40-45 ° С. Ezinye izixakaxaka zezindawo zomhlaba eziwugwadule woMhlaba:
- umoya ongamanzisi inhlabathi,
- izivunguvungu zothuli nezivunguvungu ngaphandle kwemvula
- amachibi anosawoti amaningi avaliwe,
- imithombo elahlekile esihlabathini, engavumeli ukusakazwa,
- imifula engenamifula, iziteshi ezingenamanzi nokuqongelela okwomile ezindaweni zokudlela,
- amachibi azulazulayo anogu oluguqukayo,
- izihlahla, izihlahlana notshani ngaphandle kwamaqabunga, kepha ngameva.
Ugwadule olukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni
Izindawo ezincishiswe izimila zabelwa izifunda ezingenamhlaba zale planethi. Lapha, izihlahla, izihlahlana notshani ngaphandle kwamaqabunga amaqabunga noma izitshalo azikho ngokuphelele, okubonisa igama elithi "ugwadule" uqobo. Izithombe ezifakwe esihlokweni zinikeza umbono wezimo ezinzima zindawo ezomile. Imephu ikhombisa ukuthi ugwadule lutholakala eNyakatho nase Ningizimu Hemisphe endaweni eshisayo. KuseCentral Asia kuphela lapho le ndawo yemvelo etholakala khona endaweni efudumele, ifinyelela ku-50 ° C. w. Ugwadule olukhulu lomhlaba:
- ISahara, iLibyan, iKalahari neNamib e-Afrika,
- IMonte, iPatagonian ne-Atacama eMelika eseNingizimu,
- IGreater Sandy neVictoria e-Australia,
- I-Arabian, Gobi, Syria, Rub al-Khali, Karakum, Kyzylkum e-Eurasia.
Izindawo ezinjenge-semi-desert nehlane, kumephu yomhlaba, zithatha ingqikithi yamaphesenti ayi-17 kuya kwangama-25 omhlaba, nase-Afrika nase-Australia - ama-40% ale ndawo.
Isomiso Solwandle
Indawo engajwayelekile ibhekene ne-Atakama neNamib. Lezi zindawo ezomile ezingenamanzi zisolwandle! I-Atacama Desert isentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, izungezwe iziqongo zamatshe zohlelo lwe-Andes, ifinyelela ukuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-6500. Entshonalanga, le ndawo ihlanzwa uLwandlekazi iPacific ngesimo sayo samanje esibandayo sePeru.
I-Atacama iyihlane elingaphili kakhulu, elinemvula ephansi engu-0 mm. Izimvula ezikhanyayo zenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni eminingana, kepha ebusika inkungu zasebusika zivame ukuvela ogwini lolwandle. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezi-1 bahlala kule ndawo eyomile. Isibalo sabantu sithengisa izilwane: lonke ugwadule lwentaba oluzungezile luzungezwe amadlelo namadlelo. Isithombe esikulesi sihloko sinikeza umbono wezindawo ezinobunzima be-Atacama.
Izinhlobo zehlane (ukwahlukaniswa kwemvelo)
- I-Arid - uhlobo lwe-zonal, isici sezindawo ezishisayo nezishubile. Isimo sezulu kule ndawo somile futhi siyashisa.
- I-Anthropogenic - ivela njengomphumela wethonya lomuntu ngqo noma engaqondile emvelweni. Kunombono ochaza ukuthi leli yihlane elinezinkinga zemvelo ezihambisana nokwanda kwalo. Futhi konke lokhu kubangelwa umsebenzi wesibalo.
- Kuhlala - indawo lapho kuhlala khona izakhamizi zaphakade. Kukhona imifula yokuhamba, okokugcoba, eyakhiwa ezindaweni lapho kuvela khona amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
- Izimboni - izindawo ezinezembozo zemvelo ezingenampilo kakhulu nezilwane zasendle, ngenxa yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza nokuphazamiseka kwendawo yemvelo.
- I-Arctic - iqhwa neqhwa ezindaweni eziphezulu.
Izinkinga zemvelo zogwadule nezindawo ezilinganayo ezisogwadule enyakatho nakwezindawo ezishisayo zifana kakhulu: ngokwesibonelo, kunokuna kwemvula okunganele, okuyisici esinqunyelwe impilo yezitshalo. Kodwa ama-expanses abandayo e-Arctic abonakala ngokushisa okuphansi kakhulu.
Ukudilizwa komhlaba - ukulahleka kwezimila eziqhubekayo
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule, ososayensi baphawula ukwanda endaweni yeSahara. Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kanye nezifundo ze-paleontological kukhombisile ukuthi kwakungekhona kuphela ugwadule kuphela kule ndawo. Izinkinga zemvelo ngaleso sikhathi zazihlanganisa nokubizwa ngokuthi "ukomisa" kweSahara. Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-XI, ezolimo eNyakatho Afrika zazingabanjwa kuze kufike ku-21 ° latitude. Kwaphela amakhulu ayisikhombisa eminyaka, umngcele osenyakatho wezolimo uthuthele eningizimu kuya ku-17, futhi ngekhulu lama-21 waphinde waguqukela phambili. Kungani kwenzeka ukuba kube nokuqothuka? Abanye abacwaningi bachaza le nqubo e-Afrika ngokuthi "yokomisa" isimo sezulu, kanti abanye bacaphuna ukunyakaza kwesihlabathi okugcwala phansi. Umuzwa kwakungumsebenzi weStebwing "Desert, owakhiwa umuntu", owabona ukukhanya ngonyaka we-1938. Umbhali ukhombe imininingwane ngentuthuko yeSahara eningizimu futhi wachaza lo mkhuba ngokufuya okungafanele, ikakhulukazi ukunyathela imifino yezinkomo ngezinkomo, ngamasistimu wokulima angenangqondo.
Isizathu sokuchithwa kwamahlathi
Ngenxa yocwaningo lokuhamba kwesihlabathi eSahara, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe yokuQala, indawo yomhlaba wezolimo nenani lezinkomo lehle. Izimila ezinamahlumela ezinkuni zaphinde zatholakala, okuwukuthi, ugwadule lwaphela kabusha! Izinkinga zemvelo njengamanje zihlanganiswa ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwamacala anjalo lapho amasimu esuswa ekujikelezweni kwezolimo ukuze kubuyiselwe emvelweni kwawo. Izindlela zokuvuselela kabusha kanye nokwenza kabusha kabusha zenziwa endaweni encane.
Ukuchithwa kwehlathi kuyinto evame ukubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu, isizathu sokuthi “ome” akusona isimo sezulu, kepha i-anthropogenic, ehlotshaniswa nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwamadlelo, ukuthuthukiswa ngokwedlulele kokwakhiwa komgwaqo, kanye nokulima okungenangqondo. Ukuchithwa kwethonya ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zemvelo kungenzeka emngceleni wamathafa akhona omile, kepha akuvamisile ukuba ngaphansi komthelela womuntu. Izimbangela eziphambili zokuchithwa kwe-anthropogenic:
- izimayini ze-opencast (ngamatshe),
- amadlelo ngaphandle kokubuyisela umkhiqizo wedlelo,
- ukugawulwa kwehlathi kusindisa inhlabathi,
- izinhlelo zokunisela okungafanele (ukunisela),
- ukukhuphuka kwamanzi nokuguguleka komoya:
- ukuchitheka kwezidumbu zamanzi, njengoba kunjalo ngokunyamalala koLwandle i-Aral eCentral Asia.
Izinhlobo zogwadule kanye nama-semi-desertert
Ngokusho kwesigaba sokuphilisana kwendalo, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zogwadule kanye nogwadule olukhona:
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- eyomile - ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi, kunesimo sezulu esishisayo nesomile,
- i-anthropogenic - ivela njengomphumela wemisebenzi eyingozi yabantu,
- egcwele abantu - inemifula namafutha asephenduke izindawo zokuhlala zabantu,
- yezimboni - imvelo iyaphazamiseka yimisebenzi yokukhiqiza yabantu,
- I-Arctic - inembozo zeqhwa neqhwa, lapho izilwane zingatholakali khona.
Kwatholakala ukuthi izingwadule eziningi zinezindawo ezibalulekile zokugcina uwoyela negesi, kanye nezinsimbi eziyigugu, ezenze ukuthuthuka kwabantu kulezi zindawo. Ukukhiqizwa kawoyela kukhuphula izinga lobungozi. Uma kwenzeka kuchitheka u-oyela, yonke imvelo yokusebenza iyachithwa.
Olunye udaba lwezemvelo ukuzingela, okucekela phansi izinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama, kunenkinga yokuntuleka kwamanzi. Enye inkinga ngezivunguvungu zothuli nesihlabathi. Sekukonke, lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izinkinga ezikhona zogwadule kanye nogwadule.
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Uma sikhuluma kabanzi ngezinkinga zemvelo zama-desert desert, ke inkinga enkulu ukwanda kwawo. Imigwaqo eminingi kangaka iyindawo yezemvelo eguqukayo enama-steppes ogwadule, kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezithile bayayandisa le ndawo futhi baphenduke ugwadule. Iningi lale nqubo ligqugquzelwa umsebenzi we-anthropogenic - ukugawula izihlahla, ukubhubhisa izilwane, ukwakha izikhungo zezimboni, nokudambisa inhlabathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-semi-desert ayinawo umswakama owanele, izitshalo ziyafa, njengezilwane ezithile, kanti ezinye ziyathutha. Ngakho-ke i-semi-desert ngokushesha iphenduka ihlane eliyinkangala (noma icishe ingaphili).
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Izinkinga zemvelo zogwadule lwase-arctic
Ugwadule lwase-Arctic lubekwe ngasenyakatho naseningizimu, lapho izinga lokushisa lisusa khona cishe sonke isikhathi, liyacwila futhi inani elikhulu lamaqhwa aqamba amanga. Ugwadule lwase-Arctic nolwe-Antarctic lwakhiwa ngaphandle kwethonya lomuntu. Amazinga okushisa ebusika ajwayelekile aqala ku-30:30 kuya ku-60 degrees Celsius, futhi ehlobo angakhuphuka aze afike ku-+3 degrees. Imvula ejwayelekile yonyaka ingama-400 mm. Njengoba indawo engugwadule imbozwe yiqhwa, cishe azikho izitshalo, ngaphandle kwama-lichens kanye nama-mosses. Izilwane zijwayele isimo sezulu esibuhlungu.
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Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ugwadule lwase-Arctic lwaphinde lwabhekana nethonya elibi lomuntu. Lapho abantu behlasela, isimo se-Arctic ne-Antarctic saqala ukuguquka. Ngakho-ke ukudoba ezimbonini kuholele ekunciphiseni kwabantu babo. Njalo ngonyaka, inani lezimpawu zasolwandle kanye nama-walrus, amabhere omhlaba kanye nezimpungushe ze-Arctic kuncishiswa lapha. Ezinye izinhlobo sezisondele ekuqothulweni kwabantu.
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Ezindaweni eziwugwadule zase-Arctic, ososayensi bahlonze izindawo ezigcina amaminerali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwaqala, futhi lokhu akuphumeleli njalo. Izingozi kwesinye isikhathi zenzeka, futhi uwoyela uchithelela ezintweni zemvelo, izinto ezilimazayo zingena emkhathini, futhi imvelo yomhlaba ingcolile.
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Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungathinti esihlokweni sokushisa komhlaba. Ukushisa okungahambi kahle kufaka isandla ekuncibilikeni kwamaqhwa e-hemispheres aseningizimu nasenyakatho. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindawo eziwugwadule zase-Arctic ziyancipha, futhi nezinga lamanzi oLwandle Lomhlaba likhuphuka. Lokhu akunagalelo kuphela kwizinguquko emvelweni, kepha futhi nasekuhambeni kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane nezilwane zisiya kwezinye izindawo nasekuqothulweni kwazo ngokwengxenye.
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Ngakho-ke, inkinga yezingwadule nezindawo eziwugwadule ziba sezomhlaba jikelele. Inani labo lenyuka kuphela ngenxa yephutha lomuntu, ngakho-ke awudingi nje ukuthi ucabange ukuthi ungayimisa kanjani le nqubo, kodwa futhi uthathe nezinyathelo ezikhulu zokugcina imvelo.
Impilo yasogwadule. Izitshalo nezilwane
Izimo ezibucayi, imithombo yamanzi elinganiselwe nezindawo eziyinkangala zamahlane ziyashintsha ngemuva kokuba izimvula zidlulile. Ama-presulents amaningi, anjenge-cacti ne-Crassulaceae, ayakwazi ukudonsa futhi agcine amanzi aboshwe ngeziqu kanye namaqabunga. Ezinye izitshalo ze-xeromorphic, ezinjenge-saxaul kanye nomhlonyane, zikhula ngezimpande ezinde ezifinyelela ku-aquifer. Izilwane zishintshwa ukuze zithole umswakama eziwudingayo ekudleni. Abameli abaningi bezilwane baphendukela ebusuku ukuze bagweme ukweqisa.
Umhlaba jikelele nxazonke, ugwadule ikakhulukazi, uthinteka kabi yimisebenzi yabantu. Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kwemvelo kwenzeka, ngenxa yalokho, umuntu uqobo ngeke akwazi ukusebenzisa izipho zemvelo. Lapho izilwane nezitshalo zilahlekelwa indawo yazo yokuhlala, lokhu futhi kuthinta kabi impilo yabantu.