Ezindaweni ezomile zomhlaba wethu, ungahlangana nezidalwa ezimangalisayo zenqwaba yama-arachnids. Isayensi ye-Zoological ibabiza ngama-saltpugs. Manje ezilwaneni zasendle kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zezihlobo eziseduzane zezicabucabu, ezihlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Hhayi e-Antarctica nase-Australia kuphela. Sizokwazi kangcono lezi zidalwa futhi siveze nezithombe ezinhle zezinhlobo ezingejwayelekile zama-salpugs.
Ngaphansi kwamagama ahlukile
Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiLatini, igama le-oda uSolifugae lisho "ukubalekela elangeni." Amanye amagama amabili avamile emhlabeni - i-phalanx ne-bihorch.
Ezindaweni ezomile zaseNingizimu Afrika, zibizwa ngokuthi "abalungisi bezinwele" noma "abaxuthi." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izizwe zasendaweni zinombono wokuthi ama-arthropods asika izinwele zabantu nezinwele zezilwane ukuze ahlomise isidleke sazo.
E-Asia, babizwa ngokuthi izicabucabu zamakamela, kepha eYurophu ungezwa amagama athi "unhlansi lomoya", noma "spider solar." Izakhamizi zase-Uzbekistan naseTurkmenistan zibabiza nge-alli hussola, okusho ikhanda lenkunzi.
Ukwakheka komzimba
Ama-Phalanges angama-arthropods amakhulu. Isibonelo, abantu abadala be-Central Asia saltpug bakhula babe ngu-7 cm ubude. Izinhlobo ezisele, ngokwesilinganiso, ukusuka ku-4 kuye ku-5 cm.
Umzimba wabo wonke umbozwe izinwele ezincane, futhi umbala uncike endaweni. Ngokuyisisekelo, ngiyi-sandy ephuzi, nsundu futhi imhlophe ngombala. Umzimba uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu. Ikhanda likhulu, li-convex. Isifuba sehlukaniswe, ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu ezilinganayo. Kepha isisu esisemakhondweni sinezigaba 9-10. Wonke umuntu unokubukeka okuhle okumangalisayo.
Phambili kukhona izinyawo ezifana nezinyawo. Ekupheleni izigqoko ezinamandla ezimbozwe ngesihlangu esinamandla. Phakathi kwama-arachnids, ama-salpugs anama-cheliceurs anamandla kakhulu, okwazi ukuluma isisulu ngesigamu. Amalunga amathathu womlenze unamathiselwe engxenyeni yekhanda, kanti amanye asele ezingxenyeni ze-thoracic. Izitho zomzimba wesalugug zinde kakhulu kunazo zonke ezinye.
Ungaphuthelwa esizeni sethu iningi-be).ru ngezinto ezihehayo mayelana ne-TOP 20 izicabucabu ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni.
Imikhuba nendlela yokuphila
Ngokungafani namanye ama-arachnids, lezi izidalwa ze-motile. Izinyamazane ezisheshayo, ezinesivinini esingafika ku-2 km ngehora, zizingela ebusuku. Kepha kukhona abazingeli bosuku. Izisulu zabo yizintuthwane, izidalwa, izinhlobo zebhungane, ama-arthropods ahlobene. Amatende anamandla akuvumela ukuthi ubhekane nezibanga.
Bangakwazi ukulandelela phansi inyamazane yabo, bayijahe, bese bahlasela ngokuzumayo bevela ngemuva. Kufundwe ukuzingela kusuka ekuqamekelweni. Izinyosi zenyosi, izindunduma ze-termite zigaya kalula. Isisulu silandelwa yizitho zokuthinta, sisebenzisa amehlo, futhi sizwe nokudlidliza kwenhlabathi.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha kwama-phalanges kuhlanganisa izici zezidalwa zakudala kanye nezimpawu zenhlangano ephezulu. Zizwa ingozi, ziphonsa umhlane womzimba phezu kwekhanda, bese ziqala ukushuba kakhulu. Lo msindo owesabisayo udalwa ngokuhlikihla i-chelicera komunye nomunye. Ngaso leso sikhathi gxuma futhi ujikeleze endaweni yakho. Ukucasha ezitheni, ama-salpugs abhula izimbobo ezijulile, futhi amasango ambozwe ngamahlamvu.
Ukuluma
Ukuvela kwe-salpug kuyabeka ngempela. Kunenganekwane yokuthi zinobuthi futhi zingadala ukufa komuntu. Kepha lokhu akunjalo. Ukulunywa kubuhlungu ngempela, kepha akubeki ingozi kubantu. Azinazo izindlala ezinobuthi noma ubuthi obubulalayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ziluma ngesikhumba somuntu kalula.
Ukuphela kwento edinga ukwenziwa ngemuva kokulunywa ukuphatha isilonda ukuze kungabikho ukutheleleka. Ku-chelicera, kubola imfucumfucu yokudla engadala ukuvuvukala. Futhi-ke, lesi yisidalwa esingenangozi ngokuphelele.
By way, esizeni sethu most-be).ru ungathola uhlu izicabucabu ezinobuthi kunazo zonke emhlabeni wethu.
Incazelo Nezici
Lezi zidalwa ezincane zazikwazi ukubonakala kakhulu kubantu kangangokuba zazithola amagama amaningi nezidlaliso. Ngendlela, hhayi konke okuhambelana nezimpawu zabo. Ake siqale isicabucabu se-salpuga, yize izazi zebhayoloji zingezesigaba sama-arachnids, akuyona neze eyoku-oda kwezicabucabu, kodwa nge-oda lazo le "saltpugs".
Okusho ukuthi, akusona isicabucabu njengoba kunjalo, kodwa yisihlobo saso esiseduze kuphela, esifana ncamashi nesakhiwo somzimba. Ama-solpug futhi anama-shaggy ayisishiyagalombili, futhi ambozwe ngezinwele eziphawuleka kakhulu, ama-paws. Yize ekuqaleni ubukeka sengathi kukhona abayishumi kubo. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukwandulelwa kwalezi zidalwa akuyona imilenze impela. Lezi ngamatende abizwa ngokuthi ama-pedipalps.
Badlala indima hhayi ekunyakazeni kuphela, kepha iningi lakho likhona ngokuthinta. Yonke imilenze eyisishiyagalombili inezinhlaka eziyishumi, futhi ibuye inikezwe nezinkomishi zokumunca ezitholakala phakathi kwabo, okuvumela abanikazi bayo ukuthi bakhuphuke kalula phezulu hhayi kuphela ebukini, kepha nasezindaweni ezibushelelezi.
Njengezicabucabu, izidalwa zethu zinesiqu esakhiwe ngezingxenye ezimbili eziphambili, ezimbozwe ngamabhulashi nezinwele. Owokuqala wayo yi-cephalothorax engahlakazekile, evikelwe ngokuphelele igobolondo i-chitinous. Ekhanda le-salpug, ama-humps amabili ahlukaniswa ngokucacile. Mhlawumbe yibona abadale elinye igama lalesi sidalwa sezinto eziphilayo: isicabucabu samakamela.
Phambi kwezilwane ezinjalo, ukubukeka kwazo kungacatshangelwa kahle isithombe esine-salpugiizitho eziningi ezibalulekile zitholakala. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kuzo ziyizinhliziyo eziqinile, ezinamandla, ezibomvu ngokubomvu, ezinemihlana ephindwe kabili, njengawo wonke ama-arachnids, ahlukaniswa yi-chelicera.
Izindatshana ezimise okwezimbali, izifunda ezingenhla nezingaphansi zazo zombili imihlathi zigaxwe ngamalunga futhi zinikezwe amazinyo. Lawa ngamadivayisi abalulekile ekuzivikeleni nasekuhlaseleni. Kukhona futhi amehlo amane ku-cephalothorax ngaphambili nangezinhlangothi zombili.
Zihlelwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, njengofezela, esinye isihlobo esiseduze se-salpug. Izitho ezinjalo zombono azikwazi ukubona ukukhanya kuphela, kepha futhi ziphendule ngesivinini sombani ekunyakazeni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene, okunikeza izidalwa ezinjalo izinzuzo ezinkulu ekuzingeleni nasekuvikelweni ezitheni.
Ngemuva komzimba kukhona isisu esikhulu, esifana nesiqobelo esixhunywe ngaphambili ngohlobo “lwesinqe” oluncane. Kwakhiwe ngezigaba eziyishumi ezihlukaniswe ngama-grooves ahlukile wokudlula, afana nemigqa ye-phalanx.
Futhi lokhu kwaqamba elinye igama lalezi zidalwa. Igama elithi “Phalanges” igama elisetshenziswa kaningi, noma lithathwa njengelilungile impela. Kwenza nje ukuthi sidideke abesilisa bethu abahle ngokunye futhi okuvela kwesinye isigaba se-arachnid, phalanx noma, ngamanye amazwi, hayfields.
Siphawula futhi ukuthi uma uqhathanisa nezinye izidalwa ezisondelene nazo, ama-salpugs awokuqala ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuhlelwa kwemilenze nemizimba yawo. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, zithuthukiswa kakhulu, njengoba zinesistimu yama-tracheas ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu enezimbambo, nemiklamo ephuma. Lezi zitho zokuphefumula zisekelwa yisakhiwo semithambo yegazi esivikelekile, esisongela wonke umzimba wama-arachnids ethu.
Umbala wezidalwa ezinjalo ungaba nsundu, uphuzi, ube mhlophe, futhi uma kunjalo ungaxutshwe nalutho. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinkangala zidwetshwe emathoni esihlabathi, futhi abahlali bezindawo ezishisayo ezinezimila ezicebile bayabonakala.
"Ukucasha elangeni" - ngale ndlela igama eliyinhloko lalesi sidalwa elihunyushwa ngayo lisuka kwisiLatin. Futhi kusukela kuleli phuzu, igama elithi "isalpuga"Futhi akubonisi ngokuphelele ubuqiniso, okungukuthi, imikhuba yezidalwa ezinje. Vele, zinele izinhlobo zazo, ezakheka ubusuku nemini futhi zizama ukubalekela elangeni.
Kepha kunezinhlobo ze-thermophilic usuku lazo okuyiso isikhathi sokuqala somsebenzi. Futhi ukuqinisekiswa kwaleli qiniso kungenye yamagama esiNgisi ezinto ezichaziwe, ezihumusha ngokuthi "isigcawu selanga."
Le yunithi ibanzi kakhulu. Umndeni owodwa kuphela, ufaka izingcezu eziyi-13. Ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwe-140 genera, equkethe izinhlobo eziyinkulungwane. Isikhathi sokujwayelana nabanye abamele i-bihorca (leli elinye igama, noma lingajwayelekile ukusetshenziswa).
1. I-salpuga ejwayelekile isatshalaliswa kakhulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia, i-Ukraine, Kazakhstan, kanye ne-Middle East. Lezi yizidalwa zasebusuku, phakathi nosuku zithola isiphephelo emithanjeni yomhlaba yemvelo nangaphansi kwamatshe, kanye nasemiseleni eyebiwe ngokusebenza kwabo noma ishiywe ngamagundane.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-arachnid anemilenze acishe abe ngu-5 cm. Isizinda esiyinhloko sombala waso sinesihlabathi, engxenyeni ephezulu mnyama mnyama kunangaphansi. Izinzipho zabo ze-chelice zinamandla impela.
Futhi yize ubamba luqinile kangangokuba luyakwazi ukumelana nesisindo sazo salezi zilwane, lokho kufakwa komlomo akunakuluma ngesikhumba somuntu. Futhi ukulunywa kwemihlathi enjalo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindlala ezinobuthi kubanikazi empeleni akunangozi. Kuyingozi, kepha kungenza ezinye izicabucabu kanye nogebhezi kanye nezinye izilwane eziphakathi nendawo.
2. ITranscaspian bihorca yenzeka eCentral Asia. Mkhulu ngandlela thile kunabameli bezinhlobonhlobo zangaphambili futhi unobude obungu-cm 7. Ingxenye yangaphambili yezidalwa ezinjalo ibomvu, emuva ingempunga. Ingaphezulu limakwe ngemisho emifushane futhi ebanzi emnyama, kwesinye isikhathi iba nesimo somugqa wobude obuqhubekayo odlula phakathi komhlane.
3. I-Smoky Bihorch - ummeleli omkhulu wokudotshwa, otholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo kude kakhulu nathi, ikakhulukazi eTurkmenistan. Ingxenye yangaphambili yezidalwa ezinjalo iphuzi elicebile, ingxenye engemuva iyabhema, imakwe umugqa obanzi onsundu-grey phakathi. Amasayizi wezinhlobonhlobo ayahlukahluka kakhulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezincane zokulinganisa, kepha abantu abakhulu abangaba amasentimitha angama-20 abhalwe phansi. Asikwazi ukutadisha zonke izinhlobo ze-arachnids ezivela kulokhu kukhishwa ngokuningiliziwe. Ngakho-ke, yilawo kuphela atholakala kakhulu emazweni aseYurophu acatshangelwa.
Kepha kuyadingeka ukusho ukuthi kuphela kusuka ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zase-Afrika ososayensi abathole bathola nokuchaza ukulandelana kwezinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa. Izilwane ezinjalo zivame futhi emazweni ezwekazi lase-Asia naseMelika. EYurophu USpuga uhlala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni eziseningizimu: eGrisi, ePortugal, eSpain, eCentral Asia, eningizimu yeRussia.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Lezi yizilwane ezinesibindi, ezinyantisayo futhi ezigugile, ezinamandla okuhlasela ngesibindi nokuzivikela ngekhono. Izikhali zabo eziphambili yizicucu ze-chelicera. Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa, ama-salpugs azobopha ngomlomo, okuphumela emsindweni ofana nowokugwaza. Ubukhali balesi simo sokwemvelo siyamangaza.
Abahlali baseNingizimu Afrika batshela izinganekwane ukuthi izidalwa ezinjengalezi kuthiwa zingakwazi ukusika izinwele zabantu nezinwele zezilwane nge-chelicera yazo. Futhi izigaxa ezifanayo ziyagqitshwa kanye nabakhileyo ngaphansi komhlaba. Kusukela kulokho, abangane bethu bathola isibongo sabaluki bezinwele noma abagqobisi. Kepha ukuthembeka kwalezi zindaba kunzima ukukuqinisekisa.
Nokho i-giant salpugaUkuhlala kulezo zindawo ezishisayo kungazilimaza hhayi isikhumba somuntu kuphela kanye neziluma zezikhonkwane, kepha kungalimaza namathambo enyoni abuthaka. Yize kuyingozi ebulalayo kubantu, izidalwa ezinjalo kunoma yisiphi isimo asikwazi.
Kepha ama-bichors ayakwazi ukugxumela kumitha ephezulu. Futhi zigijima ngejubane elikhulu ngosayizi wazo, ngokuqhathaniswa nokuhamba komuntu ohamba ngamabhayisekili noma ijubane lomoya. Ngenxa yaleli thalente, bamtholela isihloko esisodwa - "umoya scorpions". Izindawo zokuhlala kwazo zivame ukuba yizindawo eziyinkangala, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo. Futhi yizidalwa ezimbalwa kuphela eziwela emahlathini.
Iningi lama-salpugs ayizilwane zasebusuku ezifihla ezindaweni zokufihla ikhanda ngaphansi kosuku phakathi nosuku. Imibhede yokufakelwa nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa ezinje, njengokuvikela, zithanda ukushintsha izindawo zazo zokukhosela kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kodwa-ke, cishe abesabi abantu. Futhi-ke, umuntu endaweni lapho ama-arachnids afanayo angenise izimpande, ukuhlangana nawo kulula kakhulu. Imvamisa bavakashela izindlu zabantu uqobo. Futhi uma othile ezizwa esaba ngasikhathi sinye, khona-ke izakhamuzi zakhona, nezivakashi ezingamenyiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zizizwa zingabanikazi.
Kodwa noma ngabe ama-salpugs engakuboni kunesidingo ukuthi avele ngaphandle kwesizathu, kwanele ukukhanyisa umlilo endaweni evulekile ebumnyameni ebusuku, futhi umbhangqwana wezidalwa ezinjengalezi ngokuqinisekile uzokujaha ukukhanya.
Ukuzala
Isikhathi sokuvuthwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-phalanges sincike endaweni yokuhlala. Ukuhlangana kuvame ukwenzeka ebusuku. Insikazi iheha abesilisa ngephunga elikhethekile.
Iziduna zifaka ama-spermatophores, futhi ngosizo lwe-chelicera zidlulisele ekuvulekeni kocansi kwabantu besifazane. Yonke inqubo ithatha imizuzu emi-2 iye kweli-4.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, owesilisa usheshe abaleke ukuze insikazi ingagculisi indlala yakhe. Emzimbeni wesifazane, ukuthuthukiswa nokwakhiwa kwezinselo ezihlanganisiwe kwenzeka. Ngalesi sikhathi, udla kakhulu, bese kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana afake amaqanda ekucindezelekeni okulungiselelwe ngaphambili enhlabathini.
Futhi manje ngemininingwane eminingi sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo zama-salpugs ahlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba.
I-Common / Galeode araneoides
Lolu hlobo, oluvamile eRussia kanye namazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi, lubizwa nangokuthi iSportspug yaseNingizimu Melika. Ngaphezu eningizimu yeRussia, atholakala emaqeleni e-Ukraine, eKazakhstan. Ububanzi bokuhlala busuka eGibhithe buya e-Afghanistan.
Amadoda amadala afinyelela ku-6 cm. Izinsikazi zincane - hhayi ngaphezu kwama-4,5 cm. Le nhlobo inombala womzimba ophuzi, kanti ngemuva ungabona amabala amnyama amnyama.
Ama-zoologists akholelwa ukuthi indawo ejwayelekile itholakala esifundeni sanamuhla seVolgograd. Lolu hlobo lwachazwa okokuqala ngudokotela wezilwane waseRussia uPeter Pallas. Ngo-1772, wazisa izakhamizi zase-steppes zaseningizimu, ugwadule nezindawo ezinwugwadule ngezigaba zesayensi.
I-Arab Salpuga / Galeode arabicus
Indawo yokuhlala kabusha kwe-phalanx, enamandla ngokubukeka, inomkhawulo emazweni aseNyakatho Afrika kanye neNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Isidlwengu "sase-Arabia" sidla izinambuzane ezincane namanye ama-arthropods.
Ikhula ibe ngu-5 cm. Umzimba wonke kanye nezitho zimbozwe izinwele ezinde. Baqala indlela yokuphila yobusuku, futhi phakathi nosuku bacasha elangeni nezitha ngaphansi kwamatshe, emiseleni, emifantwini.
Hhayi ubuthi, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuvame ukugcina ku-terrariums yasekhaya. Ekhaya, banokukhanya impela, kepha kungcono ukuthi ungadakwa ngokweqile.
I-Smoky / Galeode fumigatus
Izakhamuzi zasezindaweni eziwugwadule zaseTurkmenistan zinombala onsundu onsundu. Kukhona nabantu abamnyama ngokuphelele. Lolu hlobo, yiqiniso, lungesabisa.
Akhula aze afike ku-7 cm ubude, futhi ngenxa yalokho abhekwa njengommeleli omkhulu we-genus Galeode. Bazilandelela izisulu zabo ebusuku, phakathi nosuku abazifihla ngalo emiseleni. Abanye abantu basebenzisa umgodi ofanayo, kepha iningi bathola isiphephelo esisha nsuku zonke.
Shesha ngokushesha ngemilenze yokuhamba. Kuleli khono singeza ukuthi zinqoba kalula izithiyo ezinomphezulu othe mpo.
I-Trans-Caspian Saltpug / Galeode Caspius
Lolu hlobo lwaziwa nangokuthi ngaphansi kwegama elithi Camel Spider. Leli gama labelwa izakhamu zeziphephe zaseKazakhstan naseKyrgyzstan, kodwa empeleni akusona isicabucabu.
Kubukeka kusongela kakhulu, kepha kumuntu akuyona ingozi, ngoba ayinobuthi.
Kungakulimaza ukuluma. Umbono unolaka impela. Kungaze kuhlasele nawofezela abayingozi. I-giant salpuga ekhula ibe ngu-7 cm ingamelana kalula nesidalwa esinoshevu.
Umbala wekhanda nesifuba unsundu ngombala omncane obomvu. Kepha isisu sabo siphuzi ngemivimbo emnyama.
I-saltpug enobugebengu
Phakathi kokuhlukahluka komhlaba wezwekazi laseCrimea ezingxenyeni ezomile ze-piedmont engxenyeni eseningizimu yepeninsula, ungahlangana nama-phalanges amahle. Ngokungafani ne-tarantulas ne-karakurt, ayinabuthi.
Afinyelela kubude be-5 kuya ku-6 cm. Umbala ulula. Ziyasebenza ebumnyameni, izinambuzane ezizingelayo, izinyoka ezincane, izinyoni.
Lolu hlobo lunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sezitho zombono ezibanika ukusabela okuhle. Abagcini nje ngokubona isisulu, kodwa futhi bezwa ukusondela kwaso ngokunyakaza kwenhlabathi.Kuyaphawuleka, kepha empeleni abesabi muntu futhi bangajoyina kalula ukumiswa ebusuku ekhempini yezivakashi.
Ammotrechidae
Siphetha ngomndeni omkhulu wezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-80. Abamele umndeni batholakala ezindaweni ezomile zaseNyakatho naseLatin America. Uhlobo olunye lwensalela, i-Happlodontus proterus, litholakala kuma-amber aseDominican eHaiti.
Zonke izinhlobo ezingama-80 zihlanganiswe ngabezazi zezilwane zohlobo lwezilwane ezingama-20. Izinyamazane ezingena ebusuku zibhekana kalula nezindawo ezinamahlosi, izinambuzane ezinkulu, izinyamazane ezincane.
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zatholakala ngekhulu lamashumi amabili. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala eVenezuela naseChile. Isimo se-salpug sitholakala emidwebweni yama-Incas, isizwe sakwaMayan.
Ubani onamandla: i-salpuga noma i-scorpion?
Siphetha udaba lwethu olunobuhle obukhulu mayelana nama-saltpugs ngamaqiniso athakazelisayo ngala ma-arachnid amangalisayo.
- Kuyaziwa ukuthi igama elithile le-salpug "liphunyuka elangeni", kepha eSpain babizwa ngokuthi "izicabucabu belanga". I-Central Asia ethanda ilanga i-salpug Raga galeode heliophilus nayo igijimela esitezi sasemini phakathi nosuku.
- Uma i-salpuga ihlinzekwa ngokudla okwanele okungadingekile ukukuzingela, kuyodla kuze kuqhume isisu sayo.
- Izakhamuzi ezinesibindi zeplanethi. Ngaphandle kokwesaba, ihlasela izilwane ezikhudlwana izikhathi eziningi kunosayizi wazo.
- Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50. Iningi lazo libhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
- Kunethiwekhi ye-YouTube, ungathola amavidiyo lapho i-salpuga ilwa ne-tarantula, ilwa nama-scolopendras nezinye izidalwa ezinobuthi.
- Zigijima ngokushesha, zephula amasentimitha angama-52 ngomzuzwana 1. Futhi zingagxuma ziye kumitha ubude, kanti ezinye zingagxuma ziye kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama.
- Ngo-1913, izinhlobo zakudala zakudala zeProtosolpuga carbonaria Petrunkevitch zatholakala e-United States. Ukuthole ku-deposithi yesikhathi seCarboniferous. Ngakho-ke, ama-phalanges okuqala avela emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-340- 3400 edlule.
- ISolpuga ayitholakali kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zabantu, kodwa ochungechungeni lwemikhiqizo yezilwane yaseKazakhstan kunomdwebo walesi sakhamuzi esimangalisayo sama-steppes.
I-Etymology
Igama leqembu lesi-Latin Solifugae elihunyushwe lisho "ukubalekela ilanga." ENingizimu Afrika, i- salpug ibizwa ababambi bezinkinga (“Abalungisa izinwele”) noma abagcini bezikhwama ("Ama-Barbers"). Lawa magama abhekisela kuma-stereotypes endawo ama-salpugs anama-cheliceurs awo anamandla ayakwazi ukusika izinwele zabantu nezilwane futhi ahambisane nezidleke zazo ezingaphansi komhlaba.
UChelicera
Ama-chelicerae amakhulu angenye yezimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-salpug. Kuwo wonke ama-arachnids, ama-salpugs anama-cheliceurs aqinile futhi aqine kakhulu angakuluma ngezipikili zomuntu. Unembe ngamunye ophekela ezimbili unezingxenye ezimbili ezihlanganiswe ngokuhlangana, okuphelele kuzo kwakhiwa uzipho olwalufana nembala. Kumazinyo e-chelicera akhiwe, inani lazo liyahlukahluka kusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni. Amandla we-chelicera avumela ama-salpugs ukuthi anqume izinwele nezinsiba zesisulu noma awele, anqunywe esikhunjeni ngisho amathambo amancanyana (izinyoni). Lapho ihlaselwa, i-salpugi ikhipha i-piak yokubhoboza noma ingxoxo ye-chelicera yokushayisana.
Ukubhebhetheka
AmaSalpugs abonakala ezindaweni ezisemahlane. Ensimini ye-USSR yangaphambilini, batholakala ogwini oluseningizimu yethempeli laseCrimea, esifundeni saseLower Volga (Saratov, Volgograd, esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, eKalmykia), eNyakatho neCaucasus naseTranscaucasia, ezindaweni ezaziseRentral Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan (esifundeni sase-Osh njll. E-Yurophu kuyaziwa naseSpain, Portugal naseGrisi. Kulawo mazwekazi akekho e-Australia nase-Antarctica.
Izithonjana
AmaSalpugs anamagama amaningana esayensi (uSolifugae Sundevall, 1833, Solpugida, Solpugides, Solpugae, Galeodea, Mycetophorae) namanye asetshenziswa kaninginingi (amaRussia - ama-salpugs (futhi ama-solfugs), ama-phalanxes, ama-bichors (futhi nama-bihorchs), isiNgisi - isicabucabu samakamela, i-scorpion yomoya Scorpion, isicabucabu selanga, South Africa - red romans, haarskeerders, baarskeerders, Tajik and Uzbek - calli hussola (ikhanda lenkunzi).
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Ama-solpug yiqembu lama-arachnids anamagama ahlukahlukene ajwayelekile. Ama-salps ahlala yedwa, awunazindlala ezinobuthi futhi awubeki usongo kubantu, yize enolaka kakhulu futhi ahamba ngokushesha futhi angadala ukuluma okuhlungu.
Igama elithi "salpuga" livela kwisiLatini "solifuga" (uhlobo lwentuthwane enobuthi noma isicabucabu), lona, livela "fugere" (run, fly, run away) kanye nesol (ilanga). Lezi zidalwa ezihlukile zinamagama ajwayelekile esiNgisini nase-Afrika, amaningi ahlanganisa igama elithi "spider" noma "Scorpion". Yize ingeyona neyodwa noma kwesinye, isicabucabu singcono kunofezela. Igama elithi “isicabucabu selanga” lisetshenziswa kulezo zinhlobo ezisebenzayo phakathi nosuku, ezivame ukugwema ukushisa bese ziziphonsa kusuka ethunzini kuye kwesinye isithunzi, zivame ukudala umbono othusayo kumuntu wokuthi ziyamjaha.
Ividiyo: Solpuga
Igama elithi "Roman red" kungenzeka livela egameni lesiBhunu elithi "rooiman" (umuntu obomvu) ngenxa yombala onsundu obomvu wezinye izinhlobo. Amagama athandwayo athi “abalondolozi bezikhumba” asho “abavikeli” futhi aqhamuka ekuziphatheni okungajwayelekile kwezinye zalezi zilwane lapho esebenzisa isibaya sezilwane. Kubonakala sengathi i-salpug yesifazane ibheka izinwele njengento efanelekile yokufaka isidleke. Imibiko yaseGauteng ithe ama-salpugs asusa izinwele zabantu ngaphandle kokumsola. Ama-salpugs awalungele ukusikwa kwezinwele, futhi kuze kufakazelwe, lokhu kufanele kuhlale kuyinganekwane, yize engachoboza isiqu sezimpaphe zezinyoni.
Amanye amagama we-salpug afaka izicabucabu zelanga, izicabucabu zaseRoma, iziphepho zomoya, izicabucabu zomoya noma izicabucabu zamakamela. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi bahlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-pseudoscorpions, kepha lokhu kuphikiswa ngucwaningo lwamuva.
Ukuhlukaniswa
I-oda liqukethe izinhlobo eziyinkulungwane ezivela ku-140 genera, ezihlukaniswe ngemindeni eyi-13.
- Ammotrechidae Roewer, 1934 - 20 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-80, eNyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Melika
- UCeromidae Roewer, 1933 - 3 genera, izinhlobo ezingama-20, i-Afrika
- UDaesiidae Kraepelin, 1899 - genera ezingama-29 nezinhlobo ezingama-180, iNingizimu Melika, i-Afrika, iYurophu, i-Asia
- I-Eremobatidae Kraepelin, ngo-1899 - i-7 genera, izinhlobo ezingama-190, eNyakatho neMelika Ephakathi
- IGaleodidae Sundevall, 1833 - genera eyi-9 nezinhlobo ezingama-200, i-Afrika, iYurophu, i-Asia
- IGylippidae Roewer, 1933 - 5 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-25, iNingizimu Afrika, i-Asia
- IHexisopodidae Pocock, 1897 - 2 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-25, iNingizimu Afrika
- IKarschiidae Kraepelin, 1899 - 4 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-40, eNyakatho Afrika, Greece, Asia
- UMeloblossidae Roewer, 1933 - 6 genera nezinhlobo eziyi-16, iNingizimu Afrika, Vietnam, Indonesia
- UMummuciidae Roewer, 1934 - 10 genera nezinhlobo eziyi-18, iNingizimu Melika
- I-Rhagodidae Pocock, 1897 - 27 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-98, i-Afrika, i-Asia
- ISolpugidae Leach, 1815 - 23 genera nezinhlobo ezingama-200, i-Afrika, i-Iraq
- † I-Protosolpugidae - inhlobo eyodwa echazwe yizinsalela zezinsalela ezivela ePennsylvania (e-USA).
Umsoco
Ubukhazikhazi besicabucabu bungokwemvelo. Lezi zidla zangempela ezingawazi umuzwa wokudana. Izinambuzane ezinkulu, izilwane ezincane ziba ukudla. Izinwele, izinkuni, izicabucabu, amasimu, izimbungulu, izinambuzane zingena ekudleni.
I-Phalanx ihlasela zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihamba futhi zihambisane nosayizi wayo kuze kube yilapho iwa kusukela ekudleni ngokweqile. ECalifornia, izicabucabu zidiliza imichilo yezinyosi, zibhekane nezibungu, izinyoni ezincane namagundane amancane. Ama-scorpion ayingozi kanye nama-salpugs ngokwawo, akwazi ukushwabadela umbhangqwana wawo ngemuva kokuhlangana, baba yizisulu.
USolpuga udla ibhungane
Isicabucabu sibamba inyamazane ngejubane lombani. Ukudla isidumbu sidwengulwe saba yizicucu, siguqe. Ngemuva kwalokho ukudla kumunyiswa ngejusi yokugaya futhi kudonswe yi-salpuga.
Ngemuva kokudla, isisu sikhula kakhulu ngosayizi, injabulo yokuzingela incipha isikhashana. Abalandeli bokugcina izicabucabu ku-terrariums kufanele baqaphe inani lokuphakelayo, ngoba i-phalanx ingafa ubudlova.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
Kuneminyaka lapho inani lama-salpugs likhula kangangokuba lihlasela ngokoqobo izindlu zabantu, lihambahamba lapho lifuna khona. Futhi lokhu akwenzeki emazweni ashisayo kuphela, kodwa nasezifundeni zaseRussia. Ikakhulu, ehlobo eledlule esifundeni saseVolgograd, hhayi izidalwa ezinhle kakhulu ezibukeka njengama-shaggy, esibizwa ngokuthi ngofezela lomoya kulezo zindawo, sasesabeka ngokuphelele izakhamizi zakudala zasepulazini lakwaShebino ngale ndlela.
I-saltpug enobugebengu iyakwazi ukonakalisa bonke abavakeli abaya emvelweni kulezo zingxenye. Izigameko ziyaziwa ngesikhathi izidalwa ezingesabi zakhasa futhi zazinamathela ekuzifudumezeni khona kanye ekamu elihleli ngasemlilweni. Labo abakulesi simo bavame ukwelulekwa ukuthi bazole.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukwenza ngolaka, ukuklabalasa nokugingqa izandla kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuqeda le nkinga. Idala lobu dexterity, okusheshayo nokugxuma. Vele, bazoshesha bahlasele ekuhlaseleni. Kunzima kakhulu ukuzicekela phansi enhlabathini evulekile, kuphela entweni eqinile.
Kodwa imiphumela emisha evela ekuhlaselweni kwabo akufanele futhi ilindelwe. Abakwazi ukuluma ngendwangu eminyene, kepha uma bekhasa ngaphansi kwezingubo noma etendeni, bangene ebusweni babo, khona-ke bangadala inkathazo enkulu.
Ukuluma kweSalpuga hhayi kubuhlungu futhi kunobuthi. Kepha ngokubheka ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezingeneliseki azinaphutha, ziyakwazi ukwethula ezinxebeni ezenziwe ngezinhlayiya zazo ezincane zokubola kokudla okwabambeka ngesikhathi sokuzingela nokudla okuningi.
Ukungcola okunjalo okunobuthi egagasi kungadala ukuvuvukala futhi kubangele nobuthi begazi. Futhi-ke, indawo yomonakalo kufanele iphathwe ngokushesha nge-peroxide, i-iodine noma oluhlaza okotshani.
Ngemuva kwalokho udinga ukufaka isambatho esihlanzekile esimunyiswe ngokuthile okubulala amagciwane. Kuhle ukuthulula i-antibiotic elincane esilondeni esikuyo, bese usimboza ngokucophelela konke ngodaka. Kuze kuthi lapho ukulunywa kungavalwa ngokuphelele, kungcono ukukushintsha njalo ukugqoka kwakho.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-saltpug?
Ubude bomzimba wesilwane bufika kuphela ukusuka kumasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-7. Ngokungafani nama-arachnids esikanye, umzimba we-salpuga uhlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: isisu, isifuba nekhanda. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-thoracic kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu.
Solpuga (lat.Solifugae)
Umzimba wonke wesilwane umbozwe izinwele ezincane. Umbala we-salpuga ungaba nsundu okhanyayo noma onsundu.
Bahlala kuphi laba basiki abancane bezingcingo?
Izindawo abahlala kuzo ziwugwadule. Zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-Eurasia, ama-phalanges ahlala eSpain naseGrisi. Lama-arachnids atholakala eCentral Asia, ngokwesibonelo, eTajikistan, Kyrgyzstan naseKazakhstan. Ensimini yesifundazwe sethu, ama-salpugs ahlala eCrimea, esifundeni saseVolgograd, eKalmykia kanye nasesifundeni sase-Astrakhan.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha emvelweni
Isimo sezulu esomile, esishisayo sisebenzela lezi zilwane; izidalwa ezingathandeki kuphela zalezi ezingama-arachnids ezihlala emahlathini asehlathini. Umsebenzi omkhulu kwenzeka ebumnyameni, phakathi nosuku i-phalanx ithanda ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungawuboni umkhuba weSalpug wokushintsha ikhaya labo njalo ebusuku, kuphela abanye babameli balesi sigceme “abahlala bethembekile” “ekhaya” labo.
ISalpuga emadwaleni.
Ukubona lesi silwane, akufanele wenze umzamo omkhulu, vele ukhanyise isibani noma wenze umlilo kusihlwa - laba bantu abancane abahlome ngesishiyagalombili sebekhona!
Ngenxa yamandla okuhamba ngokushesha (aze afike ku-16 km / h) futhi aqhume phezulu, ama-salpug abizwa ngokuthi "i-scorpion yomoya".
Ama-phalanges adlani?
Lezi izitha zangempela! Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu. Manje uzothola ukuthi kungani ekuqaleni kwendaba babebizwa ngokuthi gluttons. Lapho i-salpuga ibamba inyamazane yayo, iyayidla ingayeki, noma inyamazane ikhulu kunosayizi wayo.
Kwakunezikhathi lapho lesi silwane sasidla size siqhume isisu sakhe. Kodwa noma ngenkathi isifa, i-phalanx yaqhubeka nokudla izinsalela zalowo ohlukunyezwayo! Akunakwenzeka ukukucabanga, kodwa kunjalo!
Imihlathi ye-salpuga endala ingaluma ngesikhumba somuntu.
Ukudla kwalezi zidalwa ezikhazimulayo kufaka phakathi izintethe, izintwala zokhuni, izibungu, amabhungane, izicabucabu, izibungu kanye namachwane amancane!
Ukwenza kanjani inzalo kuma-phalanges
Futhi kule ndawo yokuphila, abakwaSalpug bakhombisa imvelo yabo yobukhazikhazi. Masinyane ngemuva kokukhwelana, i-phalanx yensikazi ingadla owesilisa, ngakho-ke abesilisa bakhetha ukuphuma ngokushesha emehlweni omlingani wabo.
Owesifazane wenza ubumbeko emgodini owembiwe ngokukhethekile. Ngesizini eyodwa yokuzalanisa, i-salpuga yesifazane ingazalela amaqanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-200. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2 - 3, kuzalwa isizukulwane esisha sama-salpugs.
Izicabucabu zeSalpugi aziphikisi ukuluma omunye komunye.
Yini i-phalanx eyingozi nokuthi yini okudingeka uyazi mayelana nokukulunywa kwakhe
Yize i-salpuga ingenabuthi, ukulunywa kwayo kungaletha inkathazo enkulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi kwi-chelicera yayo ("insiza" yezinto ezisetshenziselwa umlomo ezivumela ukuluma) kunokudla okubolile okuthi, uma kulunywa, kungena emzimbeni womuntu, kudaleke ukutheleleka okungathi sína. Uma ungasizi ngesikhathi ngokuluma kwe-salpuga, khona-ke imiphumela ingaba yimbi kakhulu.
Izilwane ezivamile azesabi abantu, futhi ama-salpugas aphakathi kwazo.
Ukugwema ukutheleleka, udinga ukwelapha isilonda ngesibulala magciwane bese ufaka ibhandeji noma isichibi, kungcono usebenzisa ijeli noma isithambiso esine-antibiotic. Ukugqoka kwenziwa nsuku zonke kuze kuphole amanxeba.
Kodwa-ke, ngabantu abadala kuphela abangaluma ngesikhumba somuntu; izilwane ezincane ngeke zikwenze lokhu.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-salpug?
Umzimba we-salpuga uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: amabele (i-carapace) ne-opistosome (isisu sesisu).
I-Millet inezigaba ezintathu:
- I-propeltidium (inhloko) iqukethe i-chelicera, amehlo, ama-pedipalps kanye namabili okuqala we-paws,
- i-mesopeltidium iqukethe i-paws yesithathu yama-paws,
- i-metapeltidium iqukethe i-paws yesine yama-paws.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Kubonakala sengathi i-salpug inemilenze eyi-10, kepha empeleni, lo mbhangqwana wokuqala wama-appendages uqinile kakhulu, okusetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengokuphuza, ukubamba, ukondla, ukuvuthisa kanye nokukhuphuka.
Isici esingajwayelekile kakhulu se-salpug yizitho ezihlanganisiwe ezingafani namathiphu ezithweni zezidladla zazo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-salpugs athile angazisebenzisa lezi zitho zokugibela phezulu, kodwa lokhu akudingeki endle. Wonke ama-paws ane-femur. I-paws yokuqala imfishane futhi imfishane futhi isetshenziswa njengezitho zokuthambisa (amatende), futhi hhayi okunyakaza futhi kungenzeka noma zingahle zingabi nazici ezicijile.
I-salpug, kanye ne-pseudocorpions, ayinayo i-patella (ingxenye yesikhala etholakala ku-spider, scorpion namanye ama-arachnids). I-paws yesine yinde kakhulu futhi inama-ankle, izitho ezihlukile okungenzeka ukuthi zinempahla ye-chemosensory. Izinhlobo eziningi zinamabhangqwana ama-5 ama-ankle, kuyilapho izingane zinezimbambo ezi-2-3 kuphela.
AmaSalpugs ayahluka ngosayizi (ubude bomzimba ongu-10-70 mm) futhi angaba nesikhala esilinganayo kuze kufike ku-160 mm. Ikhanda likhulu, lisekela i-chelicera enkulu enamandla (imihlathi) enkulu. I-propeltidium (i-carapace) iyakhuphuka ukuze imise imisipha eyandisiwe elawula i-chelicera. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo sesisekelo, igama elithi "izicabucabu zamakamela" lisetshenziswa eMelika. I-Chelicera inomunwe we-dorsal ohleliwe kanye nomunwe we-ventral oshukumisayo, womabili ahlomile ngamazinyo we-cheliceral ukuchoboza inyamazane. Lawa mazinyo angenye yezimpawu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhomba i-salpug.
I-salpug inamehlo amabili alula ku-tubercle yeso ephakanyisiwe emugqeni ongaphandle we-propeltidium, kodwa akwaziwa okwamanje ukuthi bathola kuphela ukukhanya nobumnyama noma banekhono lokubonwayo. Kukholelwa ukuthi umbono ungaba bukhali futhi usetshenziselwe ukubheka izinyamazane zangaphambi kwezulu. Kwatholakala ukuthi amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kudingeka olunye ucwaningo. Amehlo ajwayelekile angaphandle awekho.
Ihlala kuphi i-saltpug?
Photo: Solpuga eRussia
Iqembu leSaltpug lifaka imindeni eyi-12, cishe i-genera eyi-150 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-900 emhlabeni jikelele. Zitholakala kaningi ezindaweni eziwugwadule ezishisayo nezishubile e-Afrika, Middle East, West Asia naseMelika. E-Afrika, zitholakala nasezimfundeni nasehlathini.Zenzeka e-United States naseSouthern Europe, kepha hhayi e-Australia noma eNew Zealand. Imindeni emibili emikhulu ese-saltpug eNyakatho Melika yi-Ammotrechidae ne-Eremobatidae, ihlangene imelelwa genera eziyi-11 nezinhlobo ezingama-120. Iningi lazo zitholakala entshonalanga Melika. Okuhlukile yi-Ammotrechella stimpsoni, etholakala ngaphansi kwamagxolo aseFlorida onegciwane lesifo i-termite.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Ama-solpugs fluoresce ngaphansi kokukhanya okuthile kwe-ultraviolet yamandla alungile namandla, futhi yize engenzi i-fluoresce ngokukhanyayo njenge-scorpion, le yindlela yokuwaqoqa. Izibani ze-Ultraviolet ze-LED azisebenzi njengamanje kuma-salpugs.
AmaSalpugs abhekwa njengezinkomba zokuphela kwamahlane asogwadule futhi ahlala cishe kuzo zonke izingwadule ezifudumele zaseMiddle East nezihlahla kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Australia nase-Antarctica. Akumangazi ukuthi i-salpug ayitholakali e-Antarctica, kodwa kungani kungekho Australia? Ngeshwa, kunzima ukusho - kunzima kakhulu ukubuka ama-salpugs endle, futhi awasindi ekudingisweni. Lokhu kubenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufunda. Njengoba kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kuka-1 100 zika-salpugs, kunomehluko omkhulu lapho avela khona nokuthi adlani.
Manje uyazi ukuthi itholakala kuphi i-salpuga. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudlani lesi sicabucabu.
Ngabe sidlani i-salpuga?
Isithombe: ISppuga Spider
Ama-solpugs adla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, izicabucabu, izichoko, izidalwa ezincane, izinyoni ezifile, ngisho nezinye. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla izitha kuphela. Amanye ama-salpugs ahlala emthunzini futhi aqasele inyamazane yawo. Abanye babulala inyamazane yabo, futhi lapho nje beyibamba ngegebe elinamandla nezenzo ezibukhali zemihlathi enamandla, ngokushesha bayayidla, ngenkathi isisulu sisaphila.
Le vidiyo ikhombisile ukuthi ama-salpugs abamba inyamazane yawo ngosizo lwabazimele abade, besebenzisa izitho zangaphakathi zesibeletho ukunamathisela isisulu. Isitho esimnandi imvamisa asibonakali, ngoba siboshwe ezindebeni zezitho zomlomo kanye nezangaphakathi. Lapho nje inyamazane ibanjiwe futhi idluliselwa ku-chelicera, indlala yokudonsa iyavala. Ukuze uvule futhi ukhiphe isitho sesifuba, kusetshenziswa ingcindezi ye-hemolymph. Kubukeka sengathi lulimi olufushane lwe-chameleon. Izici zokubambelela ngokusobala zingamandla eVan der Waals.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezinosawoti ziyizidleke zobusuku, ziphuma emiseleni engapheli ehlala isidla kuma-arthropods ahlukahlukene. Azinazo izindlala ezinobuthi. Njengabazingeli bendawo yonke, baziwa nangokudla ngamabhungane amancane, izinyoni kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ogwadule lwaseNyakatho Melika, izigaba zokuzala zokudla kwe-salpug zisezintabeni. USalpuga akakaze aphuthelwe ithuba elilodwa lokudla. Noma engalambile, ama-salpug azodla. Babazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi kwakuzoba nezikhathi lapho kwakunzima ngabo ukuthola ukudla. Ama-salps angakwazi ukuqongelela amanoni emzimbeni ukuze aphile ngalezo zikhathi lapho engadingi khona ukudla okusha okuningi.
Ngesizathu esithile, ama-salpugs kwesinye isikhathi alandela isidleke sezintuthwane, amane aklebhule izintuthwane ngesigamu ziye kwesokudla nakwesobunxele, aze azungezwe inqwaba enkulu yezidumbu zezintuthwane ezisikwe phakathi. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka babulala izintuthwane ukuze zizigcinele ikusasa labo, kepha ngonyaka ka-2014, abakwaReddick bashicilela i-athikili ngokudla kwaseSalpug, kwathi ngokubambisana nomlobi osebenzisana naye bathola ukuthi abakwaSalpug abakuthandanga kakhulu ukudla izintuthwane. Enye incazelo yalokhu kuziphatha kungenzeka ukuthi bazama ukusula isidleke sezintuthwane ukuze bathole indawo enhle futhi baphunyuke elangeni eliwugwadule, kodwa eqinisweni kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi kungani bekwenza.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ICityan Solpuga
Ama-salpug amaningi awahambi ebusuku, echitha usuku olufihliwe ezimpandeni zo-buttress, emiseleni noma ngaphansi kwamagxolo, futhi abonakala ehleli elinde inyamazane ebumnyameni. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo zokwehlukana, ezivame ukudwetshwa ngemibala egqamile ngemivimbo ekhanyayo futhi emnyama kulo lonke ubude bomzimba, kanti izinhlobo zezikhathi zasebusuku ziyanuka futhi zivame ukuba zikhulu. Isidumbu sezinhlobo eziningi simbozwe ngamabhulashi obude obuhlukahlukene, amanye aze afike ku-50 mm ubude, afane nebhola lezinwele ezicwebezelayo. Iningi lalawa mabhuloho izinzwa ezibukwayo.
ISolpuga yisihloko sezinganekwane eziningi zasemadolobheni kanye nehaba elenziwa ngosayizi wazo, isivinini, indlela yokuziphatha, isifiso sokufa nokufa. Zingezinkulu ikakhulukazi, ezinkulu kunazo zonke zinesikhala se-paw esingaba ngu-12 cm. Zishesha impela emhlabeni, ijubane lazo eliphezulu lilinganiselwa ku-16 km / h, acishe abe yingxenye yesithathu kune-spininter esheshayo yomuntu.
Ama-salpug awanazo izindlala ezinobuthi noma yiziphi izinto zokuhambisa ubuthi, njengama-spider fangs, ama-wasp stings, noma ama-bristles anoshevu wezinambuzane zohlobo lwe-lonomia. Ucwaningo oluthile lowe-1987 luvame ukukhishwa olubika okuhlukile kulo mthetho eNdiya ngokuthi i-salpuga yayinezindlala ezinobuthi, futhi ukujova imfihlo yabo emgundwini kuvame ukuholela ekufeni. Noma kunjalo, akukho cwaningo oluqinisekisile noma ngabe iqiniso mayelana nalolu daba, ngokwesibonelo, ukutholwa okuzimele kwezindlala, noma ukufana kokubonwayo, okuzoqinisekisa ukunemba kwabo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: AmaSolpug angenza umsindo wokukhala lapho ezwa ukuthi asengozini. Lesi sexwayiso sinikezwa ukuze sikwazi ukubakhipha esimweni esinzima.
Ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo okufana nesicabucabu nokuhamba ngokushesha, ama-salpugs akwazi ukwesabisa abantu abaningi. Lokhu kwesaba kubuye kwanele ukuxosha lo mndeni endlini lapho bethola umkhondo endlini yamasosha eColchester, eNgilandi, futhi kwaphoqa umndeni ukuthi usolwe umkhondo ngokufa kwenja yabo ethandekayo. Yize zingezona ezinobuthi, ama-cheliceurs anamandla abantu abakhulu angadala ukushayiswa kabuhlungu, kepha ngokubona kwezokwelapha akusho lutho.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: ISalpuga esejwayelekile
Ukuphinda kukhiqizwe i-salpug kungafaka ukuhanjiswa okuqondile noma okungaqondile kwesidoda. Ama-salpug angamaduna ane-flagella efana nomoya emoyeni ku-chelicerae (njengama-antenna abekwe emuva), ahlukile ngesimo kuhlobo ngalunye, okungenzeka lubambe iqhaza ekuthini kuzwane. Abesilisa bayakwazi ukusebenzisa la ma-flagella ukufaka ispermatophore ekuvulekeni kocansi lowesifazane.
Owesilisa ubheka owesimame esebenzisa isitho sakhe sokuzibopha, asikhipha kowesifazane lapho ebuya khona. Owesilisa usebenzisa izidlakadlaka zilethe insikazi esimweni esineqhwa, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ifihla isisu sayo nge-chelicera yayo, kuyilapho ifaka i-spermatophore lapho kuvulwa isitho sangasese sowesifazane.
Kukhiqizwa amaqanda acishe abe ngu-20-200 futhi aqandwe cishe amasonto amane. Isigaba sokuqala sokukhula kwe-salpuga izibungu, futhi ngemuva kokuqhekeka kwegobolondo, isigaba sesidlwane siyenzeka. AmaSalpugs aphile isikhathi esingangonyaka. Lezi yizilwane ezihlala zodwa ezihlala emiseleni yesihlabathi ehlanziwe, imvamisa ngaphansi kwamatshe nezingodo noma emiseleni efinyelela ku-230 mm ukujula. I-Chelicera isetshenziselwa ukumba lapho umzimba we-bulldozes sand, noma imilenze yangemuva isetshenziswa ngokuhlukile ukuhlanza isihlabathi. Kunzima ukugcina ekudingisweni futhi imvamisa bafa kungakapheli amasonto ayi-1-2.
Iqiniso elihehayo: AmaSolpugs adlula ezigabeni eziningi, kufaka phakathi iqanda, iminyaka ye-9-10 yeopopu kanye nesigaba sabadala.
Izitha zemvelo salpug
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-salpug?
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-salpugs avame ukubhekwa njengabahlaseli abangakwazi ukugcwaliseka, angaba ukwengeza okubalulekile ekudleni kwezilwane eziningi ezihlala emvelweni nasendaweni eyomile. Izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyamazane kanye nama-arachnids, njengezicabucabu, ziphakathi kwezilwane ezibhalisiwe njengabadli bezilwane zasolwandle. Kwabonakala nokuthi ama-salpugs adla omunye komunye.
Izikhova, ngokusobala, ziyizisulu ezivame kakhulu zesalpug eningizimu ye-Afrika, ezembulwe ngesisekelo sokuba khona kwezinsalela zecrystal ezitholakala kulitha lwezikhova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphawulwe ukuthi ama-stallion oMhlaba oMusha, i-lark kanye nenqola ye-Old World nawo ayaphanga kwi-salpug, kanti izinsalela ze-chelicera nazo zitholakale kudoti obumnandi.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zifaka i-saltpug ekudleni kwazo, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-diss. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi impungushe enamehlo amakhulu idla i-salpug zombili ngenkathi emanzi neyomile e-Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. Amanye amarekhodi wokuthi ama-salpugs asetshenziswa njengezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zase-Afrika asuselwa ekuhlaziyeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo zozalo olujwayelekile lwe-geneta evamile, i-civet yase-Afrika, ne-scoop jackal.
Ngakho-ke, izinyoni eziningana zezinyamazane, izikhova kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zisebenzisa i-saltpug ekudleni kwazo, kufaka phakathi:
Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo
Amalungu e-Salpug disachment, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi izicabucabu zamakamela, izicabucabu zamanga, izicabucabu zaseRoma, izicabucabu zelanga, umehluko womoya, isiphithiphithi somoya ehlukile, futhi kuyathakazelisa, kepha ukutholakala okuncane kokukhethekile, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, ukusebenzisa ama-arachnids okuzingela, ahlukaniswe yizingxenye zazo ezinamandla kakhulu ezinhlangothini ezimbili, isivinini esikhulu. Bakha i-arachnids ehlukahlukene ngokuhlukahluka ngokobuningi bemindeni, uhlobo, nezinhlobo.
AmaSalpug yiqembu elingaqondakali lama-arachnids ahlala ogwadule lomhlaba wonke (cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Australia ne-Antarctica). Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1 100, iningi lazo ezingafundwanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izilwane zasendle kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona, futhi ngokwengxenye ngoba azikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside elabhorethri. INingizimu Afrika inezilwane ezicebile zesalugug ezimelwe yizinhlobo eziyi-146 emindenini eyisithupha. Kulezi zinhlobo, ezingama-107 (71%) azizabalaza eNingizimu Afrika. Iziloba zaseNingizimu Afrika zimelela i-16% yezilwane zomhlaba.
Ngenkathi iningi lamagama abo ajwayelekile libhekisa kwezinye izinhlobo zabakhwebuli abahamba ngezinyawo - okofezela bomoya, izicabucabu zelanga - empeleni zingokwabo i-oda le-arachnid, ngokwahlukana nezicabucabu zangempela. Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izilwane zihambisana kakhulu nama-pseudoscorpions, kanti eminye imisebenzi ihlobanisa ne-salpug neqembu lezikhaza. AmaSalpug awavikelekile, kunzima ukugcina ekudingisweni, futhi ngenxa yalokho awathandwa ekuhwebeni kwezilwane zasekhaya. Kodwa-ke, zingaba sengozini yokungcoliswa kanye nokubhujiswa kwendawo. Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezingama-24 zama-salpugs ahlala emapaki ezwe.
Solpuga - Lo ngumzingeli wejubane eliphezulu ebusuku, obizwa nangokuthi yisicabucabu samakamela noma isicabucabu selanga, elihlukaniswa yichelicera yabo enkulu. Zitholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezomile. Ama-solpugs ahluka ngosayizi kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-70 mm. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1100 ezichazwe salpugs.
Habitat
ISolpugs igcwele ugu oluseningizimu yePeninsula yaseCrimea, isifunda saseLower Volga, okubandakanya izifunda iVolgograd ne-Astrakhan, kanye neKalmykia. Indawo yokuhlala yiNorth Caucasus neTranscaucasia, republic of Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. Zivamile eSpain naseGrisi. AmaSalpugs awekho kuphela e-Australia nase-Antarctica.
Umsebenzi walezi zilwane wanda ebumnyameni. Emini, ama-salpugi akhosela ngaphansi kwamadwala, ezintanjeni zamagundane noma kwezinye izilwane. Kwesinye isikhathi bazimba ngokuzimela ngezimbobo nge-chelicera, bese belahla umhlaba ngokweqile ngezinyawo zabo. Umgodi ofanayo ungasetjenziswa isikhathi eside.
I-payp yaseSolpug ikhangwa yimithombo eminingi ekhanyayo. Izindawo zeziqu zazo zingamakamelo akhanyiselwe, izakhiwo zokuhlala nezindawo ezizungeze izibani. Ama-salpugi amaningi afana nemisebe evela kumalambu e-ultraviolet. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezijabulela ukukhanya kwelanga. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izicabucabu zelanga zaseSpain kanye ne-Central Asia Raga galeode heliophilus.
Izinhlobo
I-oda limelwe yimindeni eyi-13. Lokhu kucishe kube yinkulungwane yezinhlobo kanye nohlobo cishe lwe-140. Iningi labo likhethe izindawo eziwugwadule zoMhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Australia:
- Izinhlobo ezingama-80 - izakhamizi zaseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika.
- Izinhlobo ezingama-200 - izakhamizi zase-Afrika, iYurophu kanye ne-Asia.
- Izinhlobo ezingama-40 - izakhamizi zaseNyakatho Afrika, Greece kanye ne-Asia.
- Izinhlobo eziyi-16 - izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika, iVietnam ne-Indonesia.
- Izinhlobo ezingama-200 - izakhamizi zase-Afrika nase-Iraq.
I-saltpug evamile, noma i-Galeode araneoides, iyindawo engxenyeni yaseYurophu. Kusatshalaliswa kahle eCrimea, emaphethelweni aseningizimu-mpumalanga naseCaucasus. Kukhulu impela, kufinyelela amasentimitha amahlanu, nokubukeka okuhamba ngokushesha. Inombala ophuzi ophuzi.
I-Trans-Caspian saltpug, noma i-Galeode Caspius, iyizilwane ezivame kakhulu eCentral Asia. Ubukhulu bufika ngamasentimitha ayi-6.5. Kuboniswa ngombala obomvu onsundu nesisu esimpunga, kanye nemithende emnyama. I-saltpug emnyama ensundu, noma iGaleode fumigatus, iyisakhamuzi sesihlabathi saseTurkmenistan. Ubude bomzimba - amasentimitha ayisikhombisa.
Zuza futhi ulimaze
Ama-solpug akahambi ngejubane eliphezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi azi ukuthi angakhuphuka kalula kanjani ezindaweni ezithe mpo futhi agxume ngokuphelele ebangeni elifanele impela. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukunqoba ibanga elidlula imitha ngokugxuma. Lapho ebhekene nesitha, uthatha isikhundla esesabeka kakhulu: ingaphambili lomzimba liphakanyisiwe, kanti i-chelicera nezikhafu ezivulekile ziqondiswa phambili. Ezinye izinhlobo ngalesi sikhathi ziyakwazi ukwenza ukubhoboza imisindo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akukho buthi emzimbeni we-salpuga, zonke izinhlobo zemvelo ezikhona ngokwemvelo ziluma ngokubonakalayo nangobuhlungu.
Izinhlobo ezincane zeSalpuga nabantu abasha abakwazi ukuluma ngesikhumba somuntu. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala bavame ukuluma ngesikhumba sabantu hhayi izilwane kuphela.
Ukusuka ekusithekeni kwezintuthwane zasehlathini, ososayensi bafundile ukukhipha utshwala obuthile, obuyingxenye yemithi ehlukahlukene yokulwa ne-rheumatism, isifo samathambo, isifo sofuba, njll. Funda incazelo egcwele yalesi sinambuzane esihlokweni.
Uma kungekho ukudla, izibungu zama-Araba zingabulala ebantwini. Kungani lezinambuzane ziyingozi, funda isixhumanisi se-https: //stopvreditel.ru/parazity/zhivotnyx/argasovyj-klesh.html.
Imiphumela yezinyathelo zokulunywa nokwelashwa
Naphezu kokulimala okuphezulu kokulunywa, la ma-arachnids awanayo indlala enobuthi. Imvamisa, ukushayisana nabo kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuvuvukala okunzima kwenzeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwe-chelicera yokubola izinsalela zesisulu sangaphambili. Lapho elunywa, lezi zinsalela zingena esilondeni futhi zibangele ama-arachnoses ahlukahlukene.
Ungazidambisa izinhlungu ngokwakho, usebenzisa ama-analgesics, noma ungaxhumana nesikhungo sezokwelapha.
Kunoma yikuphi, isilonda sidinga ukwelashwa nge-disinfectant.
Okulandelayo, udinga ukufaka i-bandage ngejeli noma amafutha, aqukethe i-antibiotic. Ukubopha kufanele kwenziwe nsuku zonke kuze kube yilapho useluleme ngokuphelele.