I-Cochineal Arar - efana nama-aphid, ikicadas nezimpukane ezinamaqabunga. Zonke lezi zinambuzane zingabameleli bokulandelana kwezimpiko, ezondla ubisi lwezitshalo.

Kulokhu, abapheki banezinto zokubhoboza umlomo ezihlafunayo ezisetshenziselwa ukubhoboza amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo futhi kuthola ujusi wezakhi kubo.

Umbala omkhulu wokubumbana

UArar cochineal uyilungu lomndeni wezibungu ezinkulu. Uhlobo lolo lubizwa ngokuthi ngabathwali be-porphyry, olukhonjiswa ngombala we-cherry wesinambuzane. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ingubo yababusi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-porphyry, yayinombala o-cherry, lo pende wawukhishwa kuma-mollusks.

I-Armeni Cochineal (Porphyrophora hamelii).

Ingubo enjalo yayifanele imali eningi, ngoba kwakudingeka ama-clams amaningi ukuyenza, eyayihlukahlukene ababeyifaka engcupheni yezimpilo zabo. UCochineal unemibala emangalisa kangaka ngokwemvelo, amafomu kapende we-carmine emzimbeni wakhe.

Ukubukeka kwabaqeqeshi

Abesifazane banomzimba wesibeletho owenziwe nge-convex, abanantambo. Zidla ujusi wezitshalo futhi zichitha isikhathi esiningi ezimpandeni zomhlanga nasezitshalweni ezisogwini, ezikhula ezigodini zikasawoti.

Abaqeqeshi banejazi elinombala onsomi.

Izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamilimitha angama-2 kuya kwangu-12 ubude, kanti abesilisa bancanyana kunabesifazane: ubude babo bomzimba abudluli kumamilimitha angama-2,5.

Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesilisa banokuhlobisa - isitimela sezintambo zesilika ezimhlophe.

Emzimbeni wezinsikazi kukhona indlala ehlukanisa i-wax, lapho kukhiqizwa khona into ekhethekile, eyakha isembozo se-porphyry ebomvu ye-cherry.

Indlela yokuphila ngokubambisana

NgoSepthemba-Okthoba, abesilisa nabesifazane bakhethwa phezu kwenhlabathi futhi inqubo yokuzalela yenzeka. Ngemuva kokuphola, ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, izinsikazi ziyafa, bese izinsikazi zingena emhlabathini. Emhlabathini, bakha ama-sacs amaqanda kusuka emathubeni okufakwa kuwo amaqanda. Ezinye izintokazi ziletha amaqanda angama-800.

Ngenxa yentshisekelo yezimboni kulezi zinambuzane, inani labaqeqeshi lincipha ngokushesha.

Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, kuvela izibungu. Ngokushesha anamathela kuma-rhizomes ezitshalo futhi aqala ukondla ujusi wawo. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, izibungu ziba nxazonke futhi zimbozwe ngegobolondo elivikelayo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana esithile, ezinye izibungu zize ebusweni, bese ziphinda zidle bese zakha ikhukhunathi elimhlophe elizungeze zona. Kulezi zibungu zesilisa ziyatholakala ngemuva kwalokho. Futhi izinsikazi zakhiwa ngaphandle kwezixhumanisi ezingeziwe.

I-Cochineal ayisona isilo esibi, kepha umngane womuntu!

Namuhla ngithole inombolo yokuqala engiyithandayo - "iSayensi nokuPhila" (http://www.nkj.ru)
Ekhasini 26 kukhona i-athikili ethokozisayo "Yini eyenziwe ngayo? Yikuphi esikudlayo." Inokuningi okuphathelene nezithako ezondlekile zokusebenziseka kwazo nokulimaza futhi, ikakhulukazi, mayelana nokuphekwa.

Ekuphakelweni kwebhulogi kwanamuhla, abaningi babona i-athikili - "Ubani Owayenga-Coca-Cola?" (www.livejournal.ru/themes/id/12503) - ngendlela, indaba eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Futhi kuphakama umbuzo onengqondo - luhlobo luni lwesilwane futhi kungani kudliwa,

Ngakho-ke, ngizokutshela ngalezo zinto ezingezinhle neze zokupheka zaseMexico (uyi-mealybug ebambisene, uyi-aphid ehlanganisiwe, i-aka Dactylopius coccus) emndenini we-kermes (Kermococcidae), isizinda sesibeletho.

I-PS - Ithathwe ku-Wikipedia.

Ukuphila ku-cacti yohlobo lwe-Opuntia futhi kuholela endleleni yokuphila enganyakazi:

Izithombe ezithathiwe: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk
Futhi okunye.

Ukusongela - kuthathwe ku-www.sel.barc.usda.gov

Isixhumanisi se-blog esishiwoyo sithi (ngokubhekiswa kwabezindaba abaningi) ukuthi uCoca-Cola unezela udayi kusuka kwabesifazane kulezi zinambuzane ezomile njengodayi.
(Usongo - Noma mhlawumbe i-cognac? Ngaphandle kwalokho abaningi bathi kuyiphunga labo, -)).

KODWA. Shesha ukuze uqinisekise abafundi abanozwela.
Azikho izinambuzane eziphuzweni. Udayi we-carmine kuphela (aka E120) okhishwa kubo, ongezwe emikhiqizweni eminingi eminingi ukunikeza umbala.

PS - Lesi sithombe sathathwa kusayithi http://www.itg.be

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona kusuka kumazwibela wokuqala kuya esithombeni - le ngxenye isetshenziswa nakwezokwelapha.
Indima yalokhu kuphindisela kwezinambuzane empilweni yabantu ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba iCape Verde yaze yanikezela isitembu sokuposa kuyo:

(PS: sibonga kakhulu kuma-philatelists avela ku-http: //biostamps.narod.ru)

Kuze kube ngekhulu lesi-9, udayi owatholakala ku-cochineal (ekuqaleni obizwa ngokuthi “igazi le-tuna”, kanye ne-carmazine ne-carmine) wawusetshenziswa kabanzi ezindwangu zokudaya, ukufeza umbala obomvu omnyama. Ngendlela, izimbali ze-carmine ezihlanganisiwe zinqunywa ngokunembile ngokwakhiwa kwejusi le-cactus lesi sidalwa esihlala kuso.
ECentral naseNyakatho Melika (kude kube ngekhulu le-14), naseSpain, ukubumbana kwakungumkhiqizo wokukhiqizwa kwezimboni, umthamo wawo uvame ukukhuphuka kuze kube sekusungulweni kwembala wobumba u-Alizarin ngekhulu le-IXX.
Njengoba ishibhile kakhulu, i-alizarin yavele yathatha indawo yemakethe yamazwe omhlaba, yaze yabangela nenkinga eSpain, lapho inani lemikhiqizo yokukhiqiza laliphakeme kakhulu.

Konke kwaqala ukubuyela kwelejwayelekile njengoba isintu sikhathazekile ngemvelo yokuphila kwayo nokukhathalela impilo.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ekuqaleni kwe-90s ye-XX century, luveze ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobumbano kuphephe kaningi ngokuqhathaniswa nodayi bokufakelwa. Futhi konke ngenxa yokuthi i-cochineal ayiqukethe ubuthi nama-carcinogens futhi, okuyinto enhle, ingumkhiqizo wemvelaphi YOKUGULA (i-PS - uju aluniki izinkomo, noma).
KODWA njenganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo - i-ekhipha noma i-powder ekhwehlela - ingaba yi-allergener futhi ibangele ukushaqeka komzimba (amacala anqabile ayaziwa kanjalo), empeleni ayihlukile kunhlobo lwamantongomane, izithelo zezithelo zomdumo, ubisi, njll. njll.

Okuningi ngokudayi (bona ngezansi futhi sibonga isifundo esinemininingwane kakhulu sesihloko esiya kubafana kusukela ku-http: //www.e-124.ru).

UCarmine

Udayi ophekwayo ukhona ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukukhishwa okuhlanganisiwe - udayi owenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zezinambuzane ezomile nezinamandla, ne-carmine - umbala ohlanzayo owenziwe ngombala. Ekhiqizweni kwe-carmine, i-insect powder ibilisiwe kwisisombululo se-ammonia noma i-sodium carbonate, khona-ke isixazululo siyahlungwa ukuze kususwe izinhlayiya ezingena-insoluble, i-alum ingezwe kwisixazululo sikasawoti esimsulwa se-carminic acid ukuze sinikeze usawoti we-aluminium obomvu. Ukuhlanzeka kombala kuqinisekiswa ngokungabikho kwensimbi. Ukulawula ukwakheka kokudilika, i-tin dichloride, i-citric acid, i-borax, noma i-gelatin ingafakwa. Ukuze uthole i-brown hue, kufakwa ulamula ku-alum.

Kusukela ngo-2005, iPeru ikhiqize amathani angama-200 edayi ehlanganisiwe ngonyaka, namathani angama-20 ngonyaka eziqhingini zaseCanary. Muva nje, iChile neMexico nayo iqale ukukhipha i-cochineal. IFrance ibhekwa njengomunye wabangenisi abakhulu kakhulu kuma-cochineals. Izinambuzane zingenisa neJapan ne-Italy. Iningi lemikhiqizo engeniswayo iyenziwa futhi idluliselwe kwamanye amazwe athuthukile kwezomnotho. Kusukela ngo-2005, intengo yemakethe yokupheka ibilokhu iphakathi kwamadola angama-50 kuya kwangama-80 e-US ngekhilogremu, kuyilapho izinto zokusetshenziswa zemibala yokudla zokwenziwa zithengiswa ngentengo yamadola ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20 ngekhilogremu ngalinye. [. ]

Namuhla isetshenziselwa izindwangu zokudaya nezimonyo, njengokufakelwa kwemibala kokudla kwemvelo, kanye nakupende wezezimboni, uwoyela nowoyela wamanzi. Lapho ulisebenzisa njengesengezo sokudla, udayi kufanele ukhonjiswe kufakwa lomkhiqizo. Kwesinye isikhathi i-carmine imakwe ne-index E120. Abanye abantu bangaqala ukungezwani ne-carmine. Ukusabela kwe-allergic kubuthakathaka (i-fibrillation ye-atrial) kanye nokuqina (i-anaphylactic shock). Kwabanye abantu, i-carmine ibangela ukuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya. I-Cochineal ingelinye lamadayi anconywa yiHyperactive Children Support Group ukuthi lingafaki ekudleni kwezingane ezinjalo. Kuma-vegans, amaSulumane amaningi namaJuda, udayi wemvelo we-carmine awemukeleki, futhi ukudla okuqukethe i-carmine (haraam kumaSulumane futhi okungewona ama-kosher kumaJuda) kuyenqatshelwe ngoba udayi wenziwe ezinambuzaneni.

I-Cochineal ingenye yamadayi ambalwa a-soluble emanzini futhi amelana nokuwohloka kwesikhathi. I-Cochineal ingenye yamadayi wemvelo angavimbeli ukushisa kakhulu, amelana ne-oxidation nokufiphala, futhi azinza kakhulu kunemibala yokudla eminingi eyenziwe. Ifomu elinyibilikiswa ngamanzi lisetshenziselwa iziphuzo ezinotshwala nge-calcium carmine, ifomu elingancibilikisi lisetshenziswa ebangeni lemikhiqizo elibanzi. I-Carmine ene-ammonium namanye amadayi e-carmine afakwa inyama, amasoseji, imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezinkukhu (e-United States, uma udayi ungezelelwa emikhiqizweni yenyama, kufanele ukhonjiswe kumaphakeji), inyama eyosiwe, ama-marinade, iziphuzo ezidakayo, imikhiqizo yebhikawozi kanye nezinye okhilimu, amakhukhi, ama-dessert, ushukela wokugcwala ushukela, ukugcwaliswa kukaphayi, izinkonkolo, ukulondolozwa, ama-jellies, iziphuzo zezithelo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zoshizi we-cheddar neminye imikhiqizo yobisi, amasosa noswidi. Ngonyaka, umuntu uthola ekudleni elilodwa noma amabili amathonsi e-carmine acid.

UCarmine ungenye yezimbotshana ezimbalwa eziphephile ngokwanele ukuthi zingasetshenziswa ekuhlobiseni izimonyo. Inani elikhulu le-carmine elingakholakali lisetshenziswa embonini yezimonyo zokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwezinwele nesikhumba, izindebe zomlomo, impuphu yobuso, ukufiphala kanye nesithunzi samehlo. Udayi obomvu okhanyayo nodayi we-carmine, asetshenziswa ku-micobiology, nawo enza ukwenziwa kwe-carmine. Embonini yezemithi, i-cochineal isetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kumathebulethi kanye namafutha okugcoba.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Okuhlanganisiwe kungokwesinambuzane esinamaphiko okuqinile. Ososayensi abakwazi ukusho isikhathi esiqondile sokuqala kwalesi zinambuzane. Ngisho nakudayi wasebhayibhelini, kudayiwe onsomi, okwakukhishwe kumbungu we-burgundy, kwathiwa.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngokumangazayo, udayi okhethekile uyatholakala kwabesifazane kulezi zinambuzane. Kulokhu, izinambuzane ezingenasikhathi sokubekela amaqanda ziqoqwa ngesandla. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphakeme noma ngosizo lwe-acetic acid, yomiswa futhi ithulisiwe. Kusungulwe ukuthi inambuzane eyodwa, ubukhulu bayo obudluli kumamilimitha amabili, ingakhiqiza udayi owanele ukubeka imibala, amasentimitha ambalwa ngosayizi.

Ngisho naseRussia Yasendulo, abantu babenesasasa kakhulu ngokukhishwa nokuzala isinambuzane ukuthola udayi. Ngo-1768, uCatherine 2 wakhipha isimemezelo esikhombisa isidingo sokufuna isibungu endaweni yaseRussia Federation. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-1804, iPrince Rumyantsev yaphendukela kuPrince Kurakin ngesicelo sokucubungula yonke imininingwane etholakalayo mayelana nesibungu esingafundiswanga kangako ensimini ye-Little Russia. I-Kurakin yona iqoqa uhlu oluphelele lolwazi: incazelo yokubukeka, umjikelezo wempilo, indawo yokuhlala, izindleko ngesikhathi sokufunda. Ubuye wafunda ngokuningiliziwe imithetho nezindlela zokuqoqa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imibala.

Ividiyo: Cochineal

Ngemuva kwalokho, lesi sinambuzane sandiswa kakhulu ezimweni zokwenziwa ukuze sithole umbala wombala. Kusetshenziswe kakhulu embonini ehlukahlukene. Ngekhulu lama-20, kwasungulwa ukwenziwa kwamadayi okwenziwa, okufaka umthelela ekwehlekeni okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwamadayi emvelo akhishwe ku-cochineal. Kodwa-ke, yayisasetshenziswa ekhemisi, embonini yokudla, kumakha amakha, njll.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umqeqeshi ophekwayo?

Abesifazane nabesilisa bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye ngokubukeka. Izinsikazi zihlukaniswa ngumzimba omncane o-owindayo, we-convex. Azinamaphiko futhi zibukeka njengezimbungulu ezincane ezijwayelekile. Ubukhulu bomzimba bungamamilimitha angama-0,5, ubukhulu bomzimba abesilisa bukhulu kakhulu, futhi ngamamitha ayi-2-6. Isisindo somzimba ngamagremu ambalwa nje. Umzimba upendiwe ngombala ocebile onsomi.

Emzimbeni wabantu besifazane, kunezindlala ezikhethekile ze-wax ezifaka imfihlo ekhethekile eyakha isithwali semoto esivikelayo. Inombala omhlophe grey. Umzimba wezibungu umbozwe nge-villi emincane, ende. Emzimbeni wezinambuzane kukhona okuthiwa ama-grooves ahlukanisa umzimba ngezigaba ezinde nezindandatho eziguqukayo. Izinambuzane zinesigaba sekhanda, esihlukaniswa nomzimba nge-groove ejulile. Esifundeni senhloko kukhona amehlo ahlelekile, anamehlo amancane. Emadodeni, amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, isici, sikhulu kakhulu.

Abesilisa, abadlule umjikelezo ogcwele wokukhula kwabo, babukeka njengomiyane. Zinezimpiko futhi ziyakwazi ukundiza. Ziphinde zehlukaniswe nezinsikazi ngohlobo lobucwebe - izitimela ezinde zemicu zombala omhlophe noma ubisi. Ubude bawo bukhulu kaningana kunobude bomzimba. Izinambuzane zinezimbambo ezintathu zezinyawo ezihamba ngazo, futhi zingashiya izindawo zazo, zithambekele phezulu.

Ngabe uhlala kuphi umqeqeshi?

Photo: Insect Cochineal

Indawo yokusatshalaliswa yalolu hlobo lwesinambuzane inkulu kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, ngayinye yazo ehlala endaweni ethile. INingizimu Melika ithathwa njengezwe lomlando.

Indawo yokuhlala yezindawo:

• I-Armenia, ikakhulukazi ugu loMfula i-Araka,
• ezinye izifunda zeAzerbaijan,
• ECrimea,
• ezinye izifunda zaseBelarus,
• cishe yonke i-Ukraine,
• Isifunda saseTambov,
• izifunda ezikhethiwe zasentshonalanga yeYurophu,
• Amazwe ase-Asia
• Samarkand.

Izinambuzane zihlala ngamanani amakhulu ogwadule lwakwa-solonchak, kanye nalapho kukhula khona amasimu we-cactus. Ngekhulu le-16, izinhlobonhlobo ze-cactus, lapho izinambuzane zahlakulelwa khona isidumbu, zalethwa emazweni aseYurophu futhi zafunda ukuzikhulisa lapho. Ngemuva kwalokhu, isibungu esibomvu saqala ukukhiqizwa ngempumelelo ezimweni zokufakelwa.

Kwamanye amazwe nezifunda, kwenziwa amapulazi akhethekile lapho ubumbano lwawo lwalunamandla amakhulu. Amapulazi anjalo ayekhona eGuatemala, eCanary Islands, eSpain, endaweni yeziqhingi zase-Afrika. Inani elikhulu lezinambuzane laqoqwa eMexico nasePeru, lapho kuze kube namuhla, udayi wemvelo ukhishwa kwizibungu. E-Europe, baphinde bazama ukudala amapulazi afanayo, kepha le mizamo ayizange iphumelele kangako ngenxa yobuntu bezimo zezulu nokuntula okuhlangenwe nakho nolwazi.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ikuphi Cochineal. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudlani lokhu kwesinambuzane.

Ngabe udlani ophekwayo?

Photo: Red Cochineal

I-Cochineal iyisidambisi. Lesi sinambuzane sihlala ezitshalweni. Ngosizo lwe-proboscis ekhethekile, inamathele engxenyeni yesitho sangasese sowesifazane futhi idla ujusi kuyo yonke impilo. Kujwayelekile ukuthi abesilisa basuke kwesinye isitshalo baye kwesinye. Abesifazane bachitha impilo yabo yonke esitshalweni esisodwa. Baziluma ngokoqobo. Kungakho izisebenzi eziqoqa izinambuzane kufanele zihle zikhiphe amaqabunga abanzi nge-brashi eqinile.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izinambuzane zithola i-cherry hue ngenxa yokuthi zondla ujusi wamajikijolo abomvu we-cactus.

Uma ukudla kunganele, khona-ke izinambuzane zizalela ngokuqondile ebusweni bamaqabunga. Ngenxa yalokhu, emapulazini amaningi lapho izimbungulu zikhulele esimweni sokufakelwa, aziqoqiwe ngamabhulashi noma amanye amadivaysi, kepha zimane nje zidabula amaqabunga bese ziwagcina kuma-hangars akhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi isitshalo sisasebenza, izinambuzane ziyaphila futhi zizale ngazo. Lapho nje amakhasi we-cactus eqala ukoma, i-cochineal iyaqoqwa futhi icutshungulwe ukuze kutholakale umbala obomvu wombala.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Owesifazane cochineal

Isinambuzane singokwezidalwa zakudala, kuholela ikakhulukazi empilweni yaphansi. Phezu kukhethwe kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Abantu besifazane baphila impilo yokuxhamazela.Bachitha impilo yabo yonke emifushane kwisitshalo esisodwa, futhi abakaze bayeke. Banamathela ngokoqobo.

Namuhla, ososayensi baqoqa imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nezici zempilo yalesi sinambuzane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eminyakeni yamuva inzalo ngayo njengomthombo wedayi ibilokhu ikhula futhi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinsikazi zikhethwa phezu kwenhlabathi kuphela lapho kufika isikhathi sokuzalela. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngenyanga kaSepthemba. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izinambuzane zishada, emva kwalokho ziyafa. Abesifazane bahlala inyanga inyanga ende kunabesilisa. Lokhu kungenxa yesidingo sokushiya inzalo.

Izinambuzane azisebenzi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane. Iziduna zihamba kancane, futhi ngokushesha ngenxa yokwakheka kwezingalo nokuba khona kwamabhokisi amabili. Ngokwemvelo, izinambuzane zinokugqama impela, ikakhulukazi abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izibungu zesifazane kuqala zithole ukwakheka okufana nobuso, bese ziyindilinga, noma zimane ziyindilinga. Ngalesi sikhathi, balahlekelwa izimpondo zabo nemilenze, bakha i-cyst. Ukwakheka kwama-cysts kubuye kube ngesimilo sowesifazane nowesilisa.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Ngaleso sikhashana, lapho izinsikazi nezinsikazi sezikulungele ukuzalaniswa, zingena ziye emhlabeni. Masinyane ngemuva kokukhulelwa kowesifazane, owesilisa uyafa. Owesifazane uphila cishe izinsuku ezingama-28- 30. Ezinsikazi ezikhuphukele phezulu, cishe sonke isisu sesisu sithathwa uhlelo lokuzala.

Simelelwa yile mizimba elandelayo:

• ama-ovari amabili
• ama-oviducts abhangqiwe futhi angasebenzi,
• isitho sangasese
• spermathekami.

Ngemuva kokubhanqana kwenzekile, umuntu wesifazane ungcwatshwa abuyele emhlabathini ajule ngamasentimitha ayi-1.5-2. Emhlabathini wensikazi, ngosizo lwezinduna zakhe, afaka imicu ekhethekile lapho kwakhiwa khona isikhwama, noma ikhukhunathi lamaqanda. Owesifazane ngamunye ubeletha inzalo eyodwa. Ngesinye isikhathi, uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda afinyelela ku-800-1000. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqanda afihlwe ngokuphepha kwikhukhunathi, owesimame ulala afe, amboze ngomzimba wakhe. Kamuva, kuzovikela inzalo yesikhathi esizayo.

Emhlabathini ngaphansi komzimba wesifazane, kukhukhunathi wokuzivikela, bachitha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-7-8. Ekupheleni kukaMashi, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, isikhathi eside, izibungu ziyaqhuma kusuka izibungu. Zibonakaliswa ngokuba khona kwezintuthwane, izilenge, kanye namabhulashi amade ngendlela ye-proboscis. Besebenzisa lezi bristles, izinsikazi zinamathela ezitshalweni ezizolima kuzo. Ngemuva kwalokho izinsikazi zikhuphuka kancane ngosayizi, zilahlekelwe yizimpondo zazo nemilenze, bese zakha i-cyst. Kujwayelekile futhi ukuthi abesilisa benze i-cyst. Kodwa-ke, usayizi we-cyst owesilisa cishe uhhafu we-cyst yabesifazane. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-cysts afundile abhekana ne-metamorphosis, lapho iziphetho kanye nokwenziwa kwezintuthwane kubantu besifazane.

Izitha zemvelo zabaqeqeshi

Photo: Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umqeqeshi ophekwayo?

Lapho zihlala esimweni semvelo, izinambuzane azinazo neze izitha zemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi aziwona umthombo wokudla kwezinyoni, ezinye izinambuzane noma izilwane. Isitha okuwukuphela kwabaqeqeshi kubhekwa njengomuntu. Phambilini, izinambuzane ngesilinganiso esikhulu zacekelwa phansi ukuze kutholakale okuthiwa udayi wombala - i-carmine. Lolu hlobo lodayi lutholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi carmine, noma isengezo sokudla esingu-E 120. Isilinganiso nokusetshenziswa kwe-carmine kubanzi kakhulu.

Isebenza kuphi imibala yombala:

• Umkhakha wokudla. Kungezelelwa iziphuzo ezinekhabhoni notshwala, lapho kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo yenyama, i-confectionery, ijeli, i-marmalade, u-ayisikhilimu, amasoso, okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni,
• Ukukhiqizwa kwezimonyo namakha. Ubulima bungezwe kwi-lipstick, isicwebezelisi se-lip, blush, shadow eye, njll,
• Imikhiqizo yokuhlanzeka komuntu. Lokhu kufaka insipho, ama-gels okugeza, izinyo lokuxubha, njll.
• Umkhakha wezindwangu. Ukukhiqiza nokudaya izindwangu, imicu, imicu,
• Ukukhiqizwa kophudingi obisini. Ukwenza glazes, jams, Ukulondolozwa, ezinye izinhlobo amaswidi.

Kukhona amathuba aphezulu wokuqukethwe kwe-carmine kuleyo mikhiqizo lapho ukunambitheka noma iphunga lama-sitrobheli, ama-raspberries, ama-sitrobheli noma ama-cherries akhona.

Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo

Photo: Insect Cochineal

Kuze kube manje, abantu abaqeqeshiwe abekho engozini. Kodwa-ke, kunezikhathi lapho cishe zacishe zatholakala endaweni yayo yemvelo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuqoqwa okukhulu kwesinambuzane ngamanani amakhulu, kanye nokuqothulwa kwamaqabunga aluhlaza cactus kanye nezinambuzane.

Ngekhulu le-19, izinambuzane zacishe zachithwa ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwalokho, baqala ukudala ngamakhulu amapulazi abumbene wokutshala nokuzala. Kwenziwe nendawo yokubhuka yezilwane zasendle. Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthuthukisa isu elikhethekile elikuvumela ukuthi ukhuphuke kuze kufike ezinambuzini ezingama-5-6 kunezinambuzane ezingaphezu kwalokho obekunokwenzeka ku-vivo.

Ngesikhathi lapho abantu bafunda ukuthi bangawukhiqiza kanjani ngokusobala amadayi okwenziwa, isidingo se-carmine saqedwa ngokuzenzakalela. Amapulazi okuzala kwezinambuzane aqhubeka nokuba khona kuphela ukuze andise inani lezinambuzane futhi avikele ukuqothulwa kwawo ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, baqala ukungabaza izinzuzo zokusebenzisa udayi wobuciko, bese bememezela isimo sabo sokulimala komzimba kanye nokulimaza impilo.

Umqeqeshi - Lezi izinambuzane ezimangalisa isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa yisintu ukuthola udayi obomvu we-carmine. Njengamanje, isetshenziswa futhi emakhemisi nasemkhakheni wokudla.

"Imbewu yehhovisi"

Uma ubuzwa ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinambuzane ezifuywayo oyaziyo, lapho impendulo izoba khona: inyosi yezinyosi kanye nesicubu somzimba. Kodwa-ke, kusenezinambuzane ezingathandeki ngokuphelele abantu abebelokhu beziqoqa futhi bezalanisa iminyaka eminingi ukuthola upende obomvu oqhubekayo futhi okhanyayo - i-carmine. I-Paint, ethola ukusetshenziswa kwayo hhayi kuphela phakathi kwabadwebi nabasebenzi bezindwangu, kodwa futhi nakwezimboni zokudla nezamakha, naphakathi kwezazi zezemvelo ezisebenzisa amabala omlando ukufeza umbala odayi.

Zingobani izinambuzane ezikhiqiza i-carmine? Lolu uchungechunge oluphelele lwezinhlobo zeqembu elingajwayelekile ngokuphelele - i-coccid, noma izibungu kanye nezinambuzane zesikaliCoccodea), akha isizinda esehlukile ngokulandelana kwe-proboscis enamaphiko.

Amakhukhunathi asabalele emvelweni, kepha akulula ukuthi uwaqaphele futhi uwaqaphele, futhi uqaphele izinambuzane kuwo ... Kwanele ukusho ukuthi izintokazi ezinamakhokhunya amaningi ukuphela kwezilwane zomhlaba ezihola indlela yokuphila engenamuntu ngokuphelele. Ngokubonakala kwawo, afana kakhulu nezikali zokugcwala noma ezincane kugxolo lwezitshalo noma nje izingcezu zodoti ezinamathela egqabini noma esiqwini. Amehlo abo, imilente nemilenze imvamisa ancishiswa ngokuphelele, bese umzimba uphendulwa isikhwama esigcwele amaqanda. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izinsikazi ezincelayo zivikeleka ngaphezulu ngensimbi yama-wax, ezenza ngaphezu kwazo ifulethi eliyindilinga, eliyindilinga, noma elifana nesimo se-comma scutellum (empeleni kusuka lapha igama lalezinambuzane laba khona - izinambuzane).

Amakhukhunathi anjalo axazululwa kuphela esigabeni semibungu yonyaka wokuqala, obizwa ngokuthi "ama-stroller". Bangama-mobile ne-hexapods, bakhule kahle amehlo nezinsizwa, futhi kukhona nezilokotho ezinde zomsila. Isidumbu sezibungu sithambile, i-proboscis ifakwa ku -letlet, igoqwe ngaphansi kwesisu futhi ifihlwe ephaketheni elikhethekile. Ama-Vagabond mancane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi adwengulwa kalula futhi aqhutshwa umoya, kwesinye isikhathi ahamba amabanga amade. Kuyiqiniso, izibungu eziningi ziyafa, kodwa ezinye zifinyelela izitshalo zokudla ezizidingayo, lapho zithola khona indawo elula futhi zinamathela ngokuqinile emthonjeni wokudla.

Lezo izibungu, ezimiselwe ukuba ziphenduke abesilisa esikhathini esizayo, ngemuva kwesikhashana bayeka ukondla nokwakha cocoon bazizungeze, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwabo baphinda benziwe kabusha komzimba. Phakathi nayo, izibungu zilahlekelwa yimishini nemilenze yazo yomlomo. Imilenze, nokho, bese ikhula ibuyele emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa bakha amaphiko kanye nomucu omude omsila. Kepha umlomo awukaze uvele - abesilisa bakhishwa kukhuphoni, ukuze bandize kancane, bathole abangane, bese befa. Kodwa-ke, amanye ama-coccidi awanayo abesilisa nakancane - athela ngokuzalwa.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwabesifazane kulula. Abanye, njengoba sekushiwo, balahlekelwa cishe yizo zonke izitho ezingahambisani nokudla kanye nokuzala, futhi bahlala kusitshalo esiphakelayo unomphela. Kepha kukhona amakhukhunathi, izintokazi zazo ezenza uhambo olufushane, kodwa nokho oluzimele futhi olunomthwalo wemfanelo olukhulu lokuzalela. Ngakho-ke, agcina amehlo abo, izimpondo nezidladla, ziphela ngoqhwaku oluncane. Ama coccids anjalo (athathwa njengakudala) abizwa ngokuthi yizikelemu. Bafaka nalabo ababizwa ngegama elihlanganisiwe "cochineal."

Yize “kunenkani” yayo, amakhukhunathi yiqembu elibaluleke kakhulu lezi zinambuzane ngokwezomnotho. Eziningi zazo yizilokazane zezitshalo eziyingozi kakhulu. Hhayi ezolimo kuphela, kepha nezindawo zokugcina izithombo ezingaphakathi nezangaphakathi. Kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nabo, bavikelekile ngokweqiniso ngezihlangu zabo. Ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo zithola imikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi engenakufinyeleleka, isibonelo i-shellac. Kepha sizokhuluma ngalezi zinambuzane ngokuzayo. Indaba yethu yanamuhla ibekelwe cochineal.

Abantu baseCarmine bafunda ukubuyela kudala. Izinganekwane eziseBhayibhelini sezivele zikhuluma ngopende obomvu otholwe kumbungu obomvu, owakusetshenziswa inzalo kaNowa ngaphambili. Ukuthola upende, kwakusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningana zokupheka - i-oak worms, noma ama-kermes ahlala eMedithera, cochineal yasePoland, nayo eyakha indawo ye-Ukraine yanamuhla. Kepha ikhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu yayibhekwa ngopende etholakala kumqeqeshi weArarot. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngekhulu le-III. AD Inkosi yasePheresiya yanika inkosi yaseRoma u-Aurelian indwangu enoboya obudaywe ngombala obomvu. Indwangu isibe uphawu lwe-capitol. IRoma yayigcwele amahemuhemu ngombala wento emangalisa kakhulu, imibala eyayitholakala “kwesibungu” esithile ebiwa e-Armenia ekude futhi ibizwa nge- “karmir vortan”. Ubufakazi bokuqala obabhaliwe bokuthi iArar cochineal yezinsuku ubuya ngekhulu lesi-5. Isazi-mlando sase-Armenia uLazar Parbsky sabhala: “Izimpande zezitshalo zomhlanga azilinywa ngokungenamsebenzi ithafa elifunekayo le-Ararati. Bakhiqiza izibungu zokuhlobisa ngokubomvu, okuzuzisa abathandi bemali nokunethezeka. ” I-Arcoine cochineal nayo iyashiwo ezinsukwini ezingama-medieval Arab, lapho kuthiwa upende “kirmiz” usetshenziswa e-Armenia ukupenda phansi nemikhiqizo yoboya futhi uthunyelwa emazweni ahlukahlukene. Upende osetshenzisiwe nowokufaka umbala wokushicilela ezincwadini zasendulo. Namanje eMatenadar - indawo yokugcina yemibhalo yesandla yasendulo yase-Armenia igcinwa ama-folios aminyene, imidwebo nezinhlamvu lapho kwenziwa khona amapendi wemvelo yemvelo, kufaka phakathi i-carmine ebomvu.

Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiphetho saphenduka umpheki weArarati. Kusuka ngekhulu le-XVI. ukudoba kwakhe kwaqala ukwenqaba. Umqeqeshi waseMexico uvele emakethe yomhlaba - isinambuzane esidabuka eNew World, sisuka eMexico. Ngokokuqala ngqa eYurophu, upende onsomi owatholakala kulesi sinambuzane, kanye nezinye izinto ezinhle ezivela ezweni elihluliwe, wanikelwa enkosini yakhe uJuan Cortes. Kwadlula isikhathi eside iSpain ilawula lo mcebo, kepha kamuva umdidiyeli waseMexico wabiwa eJava, eCanary Islands, e-Algeria, eCape of Good Hope nakwezinye izindawo.

Umqeqeshi WaseMexico (Dactylopius coccus) ungowolunye uhlobo luhlobo lomndeni ohlukile kune-Ararati (Porphyrophora hamelii) Incane ngosayizi, kepha inezinhloso ngezinzuzo eziningi. Okokuqala, upende ovela kulo uphenduka ukhanye. Okwesibili, isikhathi sokuphila kwalesi sinambuzane sifushane, futhi eMexico asitholi esisodwa, kodwa izizukulwane ezinhlanu ngonyaka, ngakho-ke, "ukuvuna" okuphelele akusona isibonelo esiningi. Ekugcineni, emizimbeni eyomile yompheki waseMexico, cishe akunamafutha, okwenza kube nzima ukukhipha upende kumqashi weArarati. Izinambuzane zaseMexico zabuthwa ngopelepele wephinikhodi, zaqiniswa, zomiswa zathengiswa ngohlobo lwama- "okusanhlamvu" aqhakazile. Ukuthola upende kulawa "okusanhlamvu" bekungasabikhona ubunzima. E-Russia, "okusanhlamvu" okuhlanganisiwe kwakubizwa ngokuthi "imbewu yehhovisi".

I-Arargon cocen nendawo yayo yokusabalalisa

Bakhohliwe cishe ngeArarati nezinye izinhlobo zakudala zomhlaba. Kwezinye izindlu zezindela zase-Armenia kuphela lapho bebesebenzisa i- “karmir vortan” ukwenza imibala yezicucu ezincwadini.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX, e-Echmiadzin Monastery, e-Archimandrite Isaak Ter-Grigoryan, futhi owayengumdwebi omncane uSaak Tsakhkarar, ngenkani wamisa ukuhlolwa kokupheka okubonakalayo futhi kwavuselela okudala kokuthola upende olukumelana.

Ngama-30s wekhulu le-XIX, isazi se-Imperial Academy of Science of Russia u-Iosif Khristianovich Gamel waba nesithakazelo ku-Archineal Archineal (1788-1862). Usosayensi wabhala umsebenzi “odayweni abaphilayo”, isibongo sakhe saze safa ngegama eliqondile lesiLatini lesibungu sase-Armenia.

Ekujikeni kweXX neXX century. amadayi e-aniline ashibhile avela, futhi, ngokusobala, i-cochineal yayingasadingeki. Kepha sekudlule isikhathi esincane kakhulu, futhi abantu babona ukuthi udayi wamakhemikhali unezinkinga ezinkulu. I-Cochineal yayinezinzuzo eziningi, kanti eziyinhloko ukungavunyelwa (ukumelana nokukhanya, "ukushiswa") nokungabi nabungozi ebantwini. Futhi embonini yamakha nasekudleni baphinde baqala ukusebenzisa i-cochineal yemvelo.

Umqeqeshi wePoland

Emzameni wokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo engeniswa ezweni, uhulumeni we-RSFSR ufake isicelo eMos State State University. M.V. I-Lomonosov ngesicelo sokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuthathelwe indawo i-cochineal yaseMexico nganoma yimuphi umthombo wasekhaya we-carmine. Impendulo yalesi sicelo yamukelwa isazi se-entomologist uBoris Sergeyevich Kuzin, owayazi kahle kakhulu umqeqeshi weArarina. Wabuye futhi wayalelwa ukuba aye eYerevan ayohlola izinambuzane ezazihlala ezigodini zase-Armenia. I-Cochineal yatholakala, futhi ukutadisha kwayo nokudoba kwaqala, kepha ukuthuthuka kwayo kwaphazanyiswa yimpi, kwase kuba nesiphithiphithi sangemva kwempi. Futhi kuphela ngo-1971 kwaqala ikhasi elisha emlandweni wokuhlanganiswa kwe-Ararine. Nakulokhu futhi, baqala ukutadisha izimo zokuphila nokukhula komthwali omncane we-carmine, ukuthola izindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa lesi sinambuzane.

Iyini i-biology ye-Archineal cochineal, uyini umjikelezo wayo wokuphila? Ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, izibungu ezincane ezimnyama ezibomvu ezizungezayo ziphuma emaqandeni asebusika ngempumelelo emhlabathini, ezihamba ngezinyawo ezinqenqemeni zikasawoti kuze kube yilapho sezithola izitshalo zomhlanga eziyidingayo (Phragmites australis) noma ugu (I-Aeluropus littoralis) Kulokhu "ukuphuma kowesifazane". Amagabha ama-larvae ekujuleni kwama-1-5 cm, anamathisela kuma-rhizomes wezitshalo bese aqala ukuzondla ngamajusi awo, "ukondla amanoni". Ukuthunga amahlandla amaningi, izibungu ziya ngokukhula, zikhule, zizungezwe, zimbozwe ngesigaxa, zilahlekelwe imilenze bese ziphenduka i-cyst. Engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti, izinsikazi nama-prenymphs amaduna avela kuma-cysts. Sekukonke, zombili ziyafana izintwala ezincane zokhuni, umbala wazo kuphela onsomi bese ubomvu. Abesilisa besikhathi esizayo bacishe babe yingxenye efana nezintombi zabo (ubude bawo bomzimba buyi-2-5 mm) futhi baphucwa umlomo, ngenkathi abesimame begcina bobabili uhlelo lwabo lokugaya ukudla kanye nohlelo lokugaywa olwenziwe kahle. Baphinde banamathela kuma-rhizomes futhi baqhubeka nokudla. Futhi ama-prenymphs abesilisa, adonswa umgomo ongaqondakali, aphumele ngaphandle komphetho kasawoti bese akhasa kuwo isikhashana. Kepha ekugcineni baphinda bangena emhlabathini, lapho bezakhela khona ukhukhu omhlophe ozungezile. NgoSepthemba, izinsikazi ezinamaphiko ezinethenda ziphuma kubo, ngokungafani ngokuphelele nezintombi zazo ezinamafutha. Izinsuku ezintathu ngaphezulu kokuqhanyelwa, izinsikazi zingaphansi komhlaba, ngalesi sikhathi zivuthwa, amaphiko azo anwebeka futhi izintambo zomsila we-wax onomusa zikhula. Ngosuku lwesine bafika phezulu.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinsikazi ezivuthiwe ngokocansi ziyavela ebusweni - empilweni yokubumbana, isikhathi sokuzala siqala. Kuwo wonke umphakathi, kuthatha inyanga nenyanga, kepha kumuntu ngamunye izinambuzane zinosuku olulodwa lokuthola injabulo yempilo yomshado. Kepha ngalolu suku olulodwa owesilisa uyakwazi ukushada izikhathi ezingama-70. Ngemuva kwalokho iyafa, bese insikazi evundisiwe ishiya ngaphansi komhlabathi bese iyeka ekwakhiweni kwesigaxa seqanda kusuka kwimicu ye-waxy ethe xaxa. Uma insikazi ivele ingafundile, ibuye ize ebusweni ukuze iqhubeke ukuthola intombi yayo.

Insikazi iqala ukubeka amaqanda ngosuku lwe-7-8 emva kokukhulelwa futhi iyaqhubeka nokwenza lokhu isikhathi esingangenyanga, ikhiqiza ama-testicles angama-800 ngalesi sikhathi. Ngemuva kwalokho isinambuzane siyafa, futhi ama-testes athuthukisa, ukuze entwasahlobo wonke umjikelezo uphinda futhi.

I-Cochineal Arar isinambuzane esishubile. Njengamanje, uhla lakhe owaziwa kakhulu lincane kakhulu - kuphela ngamahektha angama-4,000 e-Armenia nangaphezulu e-Azerbaijan. Ngokusho kweRed Data Book yase-USSR, zizonke izinqolobane ezazakhiwe cishe ngamathani ayikhulu, futhi manje, mhlawumbe, ngisho nangaphansi. Ngaphandle komhlanga nokudla okugudle ugu ngeke kuphile, futhi abantu baya ngokuthuthuka ezindaweni zabo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona izindlela ezimbili kuphela zokugcina i-Arcoine cochine - ukuzalanisa okwenziwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezigcinwe. Emuva ngeminyaka yama-1980s. kwahlelelwa ukuthi kwakhiwe izindawo ezimbili zokugcina, ezinendawo engamahektare angama-100-200: eyodwa emabhishi kasawoti eningizimu yesifunda sase-Oktemberyan, enye isesifundeni sase-Arazdayan. Kwakhiwa izindawo zokuphila zasendle, kepha ngokushesha kwaqala imicimbi yezepolitiki ezweni, futhi. Ngakho-ke uma omunye wabafundi bethu azi okuthile mayelana nesiphetho samanje secoarine cochineal, mvumele asibhalele.