I-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus umemeus) ingenye yezinhlanzi ezimbalwa esezithuthukisile amandla okukhiqiza ugesi, okuvumela ukuthi ungasizi kuphela ekusetshenzisweni, kepha futhi nokubulala.

Izinhlanzi eziningi zinezitho ezikhethekile ezikhiqiza insimu kagesi engenamandla okuhamba ngemikhumbi nokusesha ukudla (ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi yendlovu). Kepha akubona bonke abantu abanethuba lokushaya izisulu zabo ngalogesi, njengoba kwenza u-eleel!

Kwabasebenza izazi zezinto eziphilayo, imitha kagesi yase-Amazonia iyimfihlo. Kuhlanganisa izici ezahlukahlukene, imvamisa kungokwezinhlanzi ezihlukile.

Njengama-eel amaningi, udinga ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo womkhathi ngokuphila. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi ezansi, kepha ukhuphuka njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 ukugwinya i-oksijini, ngakho-ke uthola ngaphezu kwe-80% komoya-mpilo awudingayo.

Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo njengama-eels, leli elisebenza ngogesi lisondele kunenhlanzi yommese ehlala eNingizimu Afrika.

Ividiyo - u-eel ubulala ingwenya:

Ukuphila endalweni

I-eel kagesi yaqala ichazwa ngonyaka we-1766. Le yinhlanzi ejwayelekile kakhulu enamanzi ahlanzekile ahlala eNingizimu Melika kulo lonke uMfula i-Amazon ne-Orinoco.

I-Habitat ezindaweni ezinamanzi afudumele, kepha afudumele - iminonjana, imifudlana, amachibi, ngisho nezixhaphozi. Izindawo ezinokuqukethwe komoya ophefumulile emanzini azesabi i-eel kagesi, ngoba iyakwazi ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo womoya, emva kwalokho ikhuphukele phezulu njalo emizuzwini eyi-10.

Lesi sidlamlilo ebusuku, esinombono ophansi kakhulu futhi sincike kakhulu kunkambu yayo kagesi, esiyisebenzisela ukuqondiswa endaweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo lwakhe, uthola futhi abulale inyamazane.

Ama-young eel kagesi adla izinambuzane, kepha abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili badla izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezingene echibini.

Impilo yabo ibuye futhi yenziwe yiqiniso lokuthi ngokwemvelo cishe abanazo izilwane ezidla imvelo. Ukuzamazama kuka-eel kagesi kwama-volts angama-600 akunakubulala ingwenya kuphela, kepha nehhashi.

Incazelo

Umzimba uphakama, ubumbekile ngesimo. Le yinhlanzi enkulu kakhulu, ngokwemvelo ama-blackheads angakhula afike kuma-250 cm ubude futhi abe nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-20 kg. E-aquarium, imvamisa imincane, cishe ngo-125-150 cm.

Ngasikhathi sinye, bangaphila iminyaka eyi-15. Kwenziwa isikhulisi nge-voltage kuze kufike ku-600 V namandla wamanje afinyelela ku-1 A.

I-eel ayinayo i-dorsal fin; esikhundleni salokho, ine-anal fin ende, eyisebenzisayo ukubhukuda. Ikhanda lithotshisiwe, ngomlomo omkhulu wesikwele.

Umbala womzimba ubumpunga obumnyama kakhulu nomphimbo wewolintshi. Insundu yomnqumo omncanyana enamabala aphuzi.

Izinga lamandla kagesi elingakhiqiza i-eel liphakeme kakhulu kunelezinye izinhlanzi emndenini walo. Uwukhiqiza ngosizo lwesitho esikhulu kakhulu, esihlanganisa izinkulungwane zezinto ezikhiqiza ugesi.

Eqinisweni, ama-80% omzimba wakhe ambozwe ngezinto ezinjalo. Lapho esephumule, akukho kokukhipha, kepha lapho kukhiqizwa insimu kagesi esebenza eduze kwakhe.

Imvamisa yayo ejwayelekile ingama-kilohertz angama-50, kepha iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-volts angama-600. Lokhu kwanele ukukhubazisa inhlanzi eziningi, futhi nesilwane esilingana nehhashi, kuyingozi kakhulu kubantu, ikakhulukazi abahlali bemizana esogwini.

Udinga lo mkhakha kagesi ukuze uqondiswe esikhaleni nasekuzingeleni, kepha uqeda ukuzivikela. Kukholakala nokuthi ukuthi ngosizo lwensimu kagesi, abesilisa bafuna izintokazi.

Ama-eels amabili kagesi e-aquarium eyodwa ngokuvamile awahambelani, aqala ukuluma omunye nomunye futhi athuke. Kulokhu, nangendlela yakhe yokuzingela, imvamisa iqukethe e-aquarium eyodwa kuphela kagesi.

Ubunzima kokuqukethwe

Ukugcina i-eel kagesi kulula, inqobo nje uma ungayinikeza nge-aquarium ebanzi futhi ukhokhele ukudla kwayo.

Njengomthetho, kuyinto engathandeki, inesifiso sokudla futhi idla cishe zonke izinhlobo zokudla kwamaphrotheni. Njengoba sekushiwo, ingakhiqiza ama-volts angama-600 amanje, ngakho-ke kuphela ama-aquarists angomakad 'ebona okudingeka awanakekele.

Imvamisa igcinwa kungaba ngama-amateurs anomdlandla kakhulu, noma kuma-zoo nasemibukisweni.

Ukondla

Predator, konke okungakugwinya. Emvelweni, imvamisa izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.

Izinhlanzi ezincane zidla izinambuzane, kepha izinhlanzi ezindala zithanda izinhlanzi. Ekuqaleni badinga ukuphakelwa izinhlanzi bukhoma, kepha bangadla ukudla kwamaprotheni anjenge-fish fillet, i-shrimp, inyama kamsipha, njll.

Baqonda masinyane ukuthi bazodliswa nini futhi basukume baye phezulu bayoncenga ukudla. Ungalokothi ubathinte ngezandla zakho, lokhu kungaholela ekuthuseni kakhulu kukagesi!

Idla iGoldfish:

Le yinhlanzi enkulu kakhulu echitha isikhathi esiningi ezansi kwe-aquarium. Kuyo, kudingeka umthamo wamalitha angama-800 noma ngaphezulu ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba futhi yenzeke ngokukhululeka. Khumbula ukuthi noma ekudingisweni, ama-eels akhula ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.5!

Amajaha akhula ngokushesha futhi kancane kancane adinga ivolumu eyengeziwe. Zilungiselele ukuthi uzodinga i-aquarium kusuka kumalitha ayi-1,500, nangaphezulu ukugcina izithandani.

Ngenxa yalokhu, i-eel kagesi ayithandwa kakhulu futhi itholakala ikakhulukazi kuma-zoo. Futhi yebo, usenokwethuka kukagesi, angafaka ubuthi kalula kumnikazi ongaphili ezweni elihle.

Le nhlanzi enkulu eshiya imfucuza eningi idinga isihlungi esinamandla kakhulu. Kungcono ngaphandle, njengoba izinhlanzi zidabula kalula konke okungaphakathi kwe-aquarium.

Njengoba eyimpumputhe cishe, akathandi ukukhanya okukhanyayo, kodwa uthanda ukuhwalala nezindawo zokuhlala eziningi. Izinga lokushisa ngokugcina i-25-28 ° С, ubunzima be-1 - 12 dGH, ph: 6.0-8.5.

I-eel kagesi: incazelo

I-eel kagesi ibukeka kakhulu njengenyoka. Unesikhumba esishelelayo esifanayo, umzimba omude ongamasilinda nekhanda elithobekile elinomlomo wesikwele obanzi. Inhlanzi ayinayo i-dorsal fin; i-anal fin ende isiza ukubhukuda kahle.

Endaweni yemvelo, ama-blackheads angakhula afike kumamitha amathathu ubude anesisindo samakhilogremu angamashumi amane. E-aquarium, izinhlanzi zalolu hlobo zidlula amamitha ayisigamu nobude. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.

Ngaphezulu, umbala we-eel uluhlaza okotshani obomvana noma mpunga. Isisu senhlanzi kagesi ene-yellowish noma i-orange hue. Izinduna ezintsha zomnqumo ezinamabala aphuzi.

Engxenyeni engaphambili kuzo zonke izitho ezibalulekile, ezihlala kuphela amaphesenti angama-20 omzimba wonke, okuseleyo kuyinhlangano kagesi eqhubekayo, equkethe izinkulungwane zezinto ezikhiqiza ugesi. Lesi sitho sikhula ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Uma uthinta amasenti amasentimitha amabili ngesandla sakho, ungazizwa usuvele manje. Lapho ingane ikhula ibe ngu-40 mm, amandla azokwanda kakhulu.

Izitho zikagesi

Ukushaja okuhle kwe-eel kuphambi komzimba, ngokungathandeki, ngokulandelana, emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlanzi inesitho esengeziwe sikagesi esisebenza njengendawo esitholayo. Yizitho ezintathu zikagesi ezihlukanisa lesi sidalwa kwezinye izilwane. Baxhumene nomunye, lesi sici sinomthelela ekutheni ngisho nokukhipha okuncane kakhulu kwe-eel kagesi kunamandla, ngoba icala longezwa. Ngenxa yalokho, uba namandla kakhulu kangangokuba angaholela ekufeni komuntu ozobhekana naye.

Ngenxa yezitho zikagesi, i-eel ithola inyamazane yayo njenge-radar. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, zisetshenziselwa futhi ukuxhumana nabanye. Ikakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzalela, lapho owesilisa ekhipha amasignali kaningi, futhi lowesifazane uphendula isikhathi eside.

Lapho i-eel isendaweni ethule futhi iphumule, ugesi akaqhamuki kuyo, kodwa lapho ihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo, kwakhiwa insimu kagesi nxazonke zayo.

Indawo yokuhlala emvelweni yemvelo

Izinduna zikagesi zivame ukutholakala eGuana, kepha ikakhulukazi endaweni yemvelo esifundeni saseNingizimu Melika ezigodini zemifula i-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Izidalwa ezimangalisayo zithanda amanzi afudumele futhi zithanda amachibi amasha anodaka. Izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlanzi zikagesi zingama-bays, flatwood, Swink kanye nezikhukhula.

Indlela yokuphila

Izinduna zikagesi kuze kube namuhla aziqondi ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, isikhathi sokuphila kwabo endle asikasungulwa. Ngokuqukethwe kwe-aquarium, insikazi ingaphila kusuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwengama-22, owesilisa uyakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokuboshwa kusuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kweli-15.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, isici esiyingqayizivele sezinduna yizitho zaso zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banenye into emangalisayo - baphefumula umoya. Lokhu kuyadingeka kubo, ngoba indlela yokuphefumula yamandla amakhulu kagesi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi yakhelwe ukuze izinhlanzi zidinge ukubhukuda njalo ziye phezulu kwendawo yokugcina kanye nomoya ophefumulayo. Ngenxa yalesi sici, ama-blackheads angaphuma echibini amahora amaningi.

Izinhlanzi, ezifana nezinyoka ezinkulu, azikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngombono wazo, futhi ziziphatha ngokuzikhandla ebusuku.

Umqubuko yi-carnivores kagesi; ngokuqinisekile ayinakubizwa ngokuthi imifino. Ukudla kwabo kufaka izinhlanzi, izinyoni ezincane, ama-amphibians. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zilo zasolwandle zingadla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Ngakho-ke zingabekwa ngokuphepha esigabeni sabazingeli.

Ukuzala

Imininingwane emangalisayo mayelana nalezi zidalwa ezingajwayelekile ayifakiwe kuhlu. Ama-blackheads azalela ngendlela ethakazelisa kakhulu. Owesilisa, esebenzisa amathe wakhe, wakhe isidleke lapho insikazi ibekela amaqanda. Kuyamangaza nje ukuthi kusuka koyedwa kuphela onjalo ongama-ells amancane kagesi ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesikhombisa.

Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zidla ngokushesha amaqanda agcinwa ngunina ngemuva kokuzala kwawo. Izingane ze-eel kagesi zihlala eduze komzali kuze kube yilapho izitho zazo zokucathula zikhula.

Yini yokubamba u-eel kagesi?

U-Eel, yize esebenza ngogesi, usabhekwa njengenhlanzi, okusho ukuthi ingabanjwa, njenganoma iyiphi enye, ngokuloba. Kepha akulula - lezi zidalwa ziyingozi ngokufa, ngakho-ke ama-angler awafisi ukubanjwa okunjalo, yize iqiniso lokuthi inyama ye-eel ithathwa njengokudla okumnandi.

Ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona ugesi kagesi emachibini, abantu bendawo baqhamuka nendlela elula yokubamba lezi zinhlanzi eziyingozi. Uma ubuza ukuthi yini okufanele ibambe ama-blackheads ngale ndlela eyasungulwa ngabomdabu, impendulo izoba engathandeki kakhulu - babanjwe ezinkomeni! Into yokuthi izinkomo ziyadingeka ukuze kuthathwe ugesi wokuqala onamandla. Abadobi baqaphela ukuthi izinkomo, ngokungafani nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, zikubekezelela kalula ukwethuka kukagesi kusuka enhlanzini enjengeyenyoka, ngakho-ke imfuyo idonswa emfuleni ngama-eels bese ilinda abaphethe izincwadi ukuthi bayeke ukungqubuzana nokujaha emanzini.

Ukuzola komhlambi kuwuphawu lokuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuwashayela e-ogwini futhi asebenzise amanetha ajwayelekile ukubamba ama-eels emfuleni, ngaleso sikhathi esephephe ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu, lezi zilo zasendle ngeke zikwazi ukukhanyisa okwamanje isikhathi eside, ukukhipha ngakunye okucishe kube buthakathaka kunangaphambili. Ukuze kubuyiswe amandla okushaywa, izinhlanzi zizothatha isikhathi. Lokhu kungukudoba okungajwayelekile, kepha ukubamba akuyona into exakile!

Amanzi angaqondakaliyo nodaka lwase-Amazon afihla izingozi eziningi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus kagesi ) ukuphela kommeleli weqembu likagesi kagesi. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezincanyana eziphakathi nendawo nasezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon onamandla.

Ubude obuphakathi kwe-eel kagesi yabantu abadala buyimitha eyodwa nohhafu, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezinhlobo zezimitha ezintathu. Inhlanzi enjalo inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba wakhe uphakeme futhi uthambile kancane kamuva. Empeleni, le eel ayifani kakhulu nenhlanzi: azikho izikali, kuphela amaphiko omsila kanye ne-pectoral, futhi futhi iphefumula umoya wasemkhathini.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izinkokhiso lapho i-eel kagesi ihlala khona ingashonile futhi inamafu, futhi amanzi kuyo akaphefumani umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo inikeze isilwane izicubu ezihlukile zesikhumba emgodini womlomo, ngosizo lwayo i-eel ebamba umoya-mpilo ngqo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kufanele aphakamise ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kepha uma i-eel ivele ngaphandle kwamanzi, ingaphila amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba nomlomo wakhe ungasebenzi.

Umbala wamalahle kagesi uluhlaza onsundu, okuvumela ukuthi unganakwa ezimayini ezingaba khona. Kuphela umphimbo nengxenye engezansi yekhanda iorenji ekhanyayo, kepha lesi simo cishe singeke sisize izisulu ezingezinhle ze-eel kagesi. Lapho esethuthumela ngomzimba wakhe wonke oshelelayo, kwakhiwa isikhululi, amandla afinyelela ku-650V (ikakhulukazi i-300-350V), ebulala ngaso leso sikhathi zonke izinhlanzi ezincane eziseduze. Ukudlengwa kuwela phansi, kanti umhlaseli uyayibamba, ayigwinye iphelele futhi ihlambalaze eduzane ukuze iphumule kancane.

Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ukuphatha kanjani ukukhipha ukhipha okunamandla okunje? Kumane nje umzimba wakhe wonke umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe amaseli akhethekile. Lawa maseli axhumene ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa iziteshi zezinzwa. Ngaphambili komzimba kukhona i-plus, ngemuva kune-minus. Ugesi obuthakathaka ukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kanye, futhi, udlula ngokulandelana kusuka esithweni kuya kwesinye, uthola amandla okushaya ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ama-eel kagesi uqobo akholelwa ukuthi aphathiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile, ngakho-ke akusheshi ukuthi anikele kunoma isitha esikhudlwana. Kwakunezikhathi lapho ama-eels engazange adlulele ngisho nasezingubeni, futhi abantu kufanele bakugweme ngokuphelele ukuhlangana nabo. Kuyiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhululwa kubulale umuntu omdala, kepha imizwa evela kuye izoba ngaphezu kokungathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobungozi bokulahlekelwa ukwazi, futhi uma umuntu esemanzini, umuntu angaminza kalula.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka olukhulu, ahlasela ngokushesha futhi ngeke axwayise muntu ngezinhloso zawo. Ibanga elivikelekile kusuka ku-eel yemitha alikho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu - lokhu kufanele kube kwenele ukugwema amandla ayingozi.

Ngaphezu kwezitho eziphambili ezikhiqiza ugesi, i-eel nayo inesinye ngaphezulu, ngosizo lwayo isongela indawo ezungezile. Le ndawo eyinqayizivele ikhipha amagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, okuthi, lapho ibuya, yazise umnikazi wayo ngezingqinamba ezingaphambili noma ubukhona bezidalwa ezifanele eziphilayo.

I-eel kagesi iyinhlanzi eyingozi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlanzi zikagesi. Ngokuya ngenani lokulimala kwabantu, uphambi kwepiranha yakudala. Le eel (ngendlela, ayihlanganisi nama-eels ajwayelekile) iyakwazi ukukhipha imali kagesi enamandla. Uma uthatha i-eel encane ezandleni zakho, uzwa umuzwa omncane wokukhathazeka, futhi lokhu, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi izingane zinezinsuku ezimbalwa ubudala futhi zinobukhulu obuyi-2-3 cm kuphela, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi uzothola muphi umuzwa uma uthinta i-eel yemitha ezimbili. Umuntu onokuxhumana okunjalo osondelene uthola i-600 V futhi ungafa ngakho. Amagagasi kagesi anamandla athumela u-eel kagesi izikhathi ezingama-150 ngosuku. Kodwa into emangazayo ukuthi, yize kunesikhali esinjalo, i-eel idla izinhlanzi ezincane.

Ukubulala inhlanzi, u-eel kagesi uyathuthumela nje, ukhipha okwamanje. Isisulu siyafa khona manjalo. I-eel iyayibamba isuka phansi, ihlala njalo isuka ekhanda, bese, icwila ibheke ezansi, igaya inyamazane yayo imizuzu ethile.

Ama-eels kagesi ahlala emifuleni engajulile yaseNingizimu Melika; atholakala ngobuningi bamanzi ase-Amazon. Kulezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona i-eel, imvamisa ukushoda okukhulu komoya. Ngakho-ke, i-eel kagesi inesici sokuziphatha. Ama-Blackheads angaphansi kwamanzi cishe amahora ama-2, bese athuthela phezulu aphefumule lapho imizuzu eyi-10, kuyilapho izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zidinga nje ukuntanta imizuzwana embalwa.

Ama-eels kagesi izinhlanzi ezinkulu: ubude obuphakathi kwabadala bungu-1-1,5 m, bunesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba uphakeme, uthambile kancane kamuva. Isikhumba asinalutho, asimboziwe ngesikali. Amaphiko athuthukiswe kakhulu, ngosizo lwawo ugesi uyakwazi ukuhamba kalula kuzo zonke izinkomba. Umbala wama-blackheads amadala kagesi onsundu, ingaphansi lekhanda nomphimbo luwolintshi okhanyayo. Imibala yentsha i-paler.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwama-eels kagesi yizitho zayo zikagesi, ezithatha ngaphezu kwe-2/3 yobude bomzimba. Isigxobo esihle sale "bhethri" sisebusweni be-eel, elingelibi - ngemuva. Amandla kagesi okukhishwa aphakeme kakhulu, ngokuya ngokubona ezindaweni zasemanzini, angafinyelela ku-650 V, kepha imvamisa kuncane, futhi ngemitha yezinhlanzi ubude abudluli kuma-350 V. La mandla anele ukukhanyisa ama-bulbs kagesi ayi-5. Izitho ezihamba phambili zikagesi ezisetshenziswa yi-eel ukuvikela izitha nokulimaza inyamazane. Kunesinye isitho sikagesi esingeziwe, kepha insimu ekhiqizwa yiyona idlala indima yesendaweni: ngosizo lokuphazamiseka okuvela ngaphakathi kwaleli banga, i-eel iza nolwazi ngezithiyo ezisendleleni noma ukusondela kokukhiqizwa okungaba khona. Imvamisa yalokhu kukhishwa kwendawo incane kakhulu futhi icishe ifinyeleleke kumuntu.

Ukukhishwa uqobo, okhiqizwa induna kagesi, akulona olubi kubantu, kodwa nokho kuyingozi enkulu. Uma, ungaphansi kwamanzi, uthola ukushaqeka kukagesi, ungalahlekelwa kalula ukwazi.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka. Ungahlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, noma ngabe kungekho ukusongela kukho. Uma into ephilayo iwela uhla lwensimu yayo yamandla, khona-ke i-eel ngeke icashe noma ibhukude. Kungcono kumuntu ngokwakhe ukuhamba ngesikebhe aye ohlangothini uma kuvela u-eel kagesi endleleni. Akufanele ukubhukuda kule nhlanzi ibanga elingaphansi kwamamitha amathathu, lokhu kuyindlela engaba namandla yokusebenza kwe-eel ende.

Phakathi kwabameleli abambalwa bomhlaba wezilwane, kukhona abanikazi bekhono elimangalisayo lokukhiqiza nokugcina ugesi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (i-Electrophorus Electricus).
Le nhlanzi emangalisayo ihlala emifuleni emincane enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, kanye nasezindaweni eziphansi neziphakathi kwe-Amazon. Yize i-eel kagesi ihlala emanzini njengenhlanzi, ukwakheka komzimba wayo kuyenza ukuba iphefumule umoya wasemkhathini. Uthola ingxenye ngayinye yomoya, ekhuphukela phezulu, cishe kanye ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kalula nje, ingaminza uma yehluleka ukuphuma ebusweni ngesikhathi. Leli khono lokuphefumula umoya livumela i-eel ukuba ishiye amanzi amahora amaningi.

i-eel kagesi - isimangaliso esiyingozi semvelo

Kepha ikhwalithi emangalisayo yale nhlanzi isabhekwa njengamandla ayo okukhiqiza ugesi. Njengoba amanzi eyisihambisi esihle kakhulu, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-eel ngokwayo ayihlushwa ukukhishwa kukagesi. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?

U-Eel unesitho esiyingqayizivele, esikhumbuza amathini webhethri. Bahlala cishe ama-40% omzimba wakhe. Iseli ngalinye elikhiqiza njengamanje liqukethe ngaphakathi kwalo inani elincane lama-ion aboshwe ngokungafanele, futhi ngaphandle kweseli, ama-ion akhokhiswa kahle.

Ngokwemvelo, amandla anjalo kagesi awanakuqondakala. Kepha lapho inani lamaseli anjalo lisuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyisithupha ziya kweziyishumi nge-chain eyodwa, i-voltage ingafinyelela kuma-volts angama-500! Kunamaketanga angaba ngu-700 axhumene ngokufana ohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba we-eel. Ukukhishwa kwabo okuphelele cishe ku-1 amp!
Ukuqhaqhazela kukagesi okunjalo kungabhidliza phansi ihhashi, kukhubazeke amahora amaningi, futhi kubulale umuntu, kepha akulimazi i-eel uqobo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izingqimba ezimbili ezincane zinikeza ithuba lokukhululwa. Isikhumba se-eel sinezici ezifakelayo, futhi amaseli kagesi axhunyiwe kuphela phakathi kwawo, futhi ahlukanisiwe kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Ugesi we-eel wenza imisebenzi eminingana. Lokhu ukuzivikela, nendlela yokuzingela, futhi kusetshenziselwa ukuzulazula. U-Eel akakwazi ukukhiqiza ugesi kahle isikhathi eside. Isikhathi ngasinye, ukukhishwa kuba buthaka. Kuzothatha amahora amaningana ukuwavuselela ngokugcwele.
Abantu bendawo abacebile babheka i-eel njengokudla okumnandi. Kodwa ukubamba i-eel kuyabulala! Abadobi baqaphela ukuthi izinkomo "zibekezelela" ukuvikelwa kwezinhlanzi zikagesi, ngakho-ke zisetshenziselwa ukuphoqa "ukukhipha amabhethri amanzi". "Abahlali" abanezimpondo bahanjiswa emfuleni, futhi ama-eels, avikela indawo, ahlasele abafokazi. Lapho izinkomo ziyeka ukukhala futhi zigijimisa ngokwesaba, ziqhutshwa zihanjiswa olwandle. Ngemuva kwalokho amanetha abamba ngolaka, kepha ama-eels asevele ephephile.

Abantu bafunda ngezinhlanzi zikagesi isikhathi eside: ngisho nase-Ancient Egypt basebenzisa i-stingray kagesi ukuphatha isithuthwane, i-anatomy ye-eel kagesi iphakamise u-Alessandro Volta umqondo wamabhethri akhe adumile, noMichael Faraday, "ubaba kagesi", wasebenzisa i-eel efanayo nemishini yesayensi. Izazi zesimanje zesimanje ziyazi ukuthi yini elindelwe ezinhlanzini ezinjalo (cishe ama-eel amamitha amabili zingakhiqiza ama-volts angama-600), ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa noma kuncane ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zakha isibonakaliso esingajwayelekile - kuleli hlobo iqembu lezazi zofuzo elivela e-University of Wisconsin eMadison (USA) kushicilelwe ngokulandelana okuphelele kohlobo lwe-eel kagesi. Inhloso "yamakhono kagesi" nayo icacile: ziyadingeka ekuzingeleni, ekujuleni endaweni kanye nasekuvikelweni kwabanye abazingeli. Yinye kuphela into eyasala ingaziwa - ngqo ukuthi izinhlanzi zisebenzisa kanjani ukushaqeka kwazo kukagesi, luhlobo luni lwecebo abalisebenzisayo.

Okokuqala, okuncane mayelana nomlingiswa osemqoka.

Amanzi angaqondakaliyo nodaka lwase-Amazon afihla izingozi eziningi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus kagesi ) Ingabe ukuphela kommeleli weqembu likagesi kagesi. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezincanyana eziphakathi nendawo nasezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon onamandla.

Ubude obuphakathi kwe-eel kagesi yabantu abadala buyimitha eyodwa nohhafu, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezinhlobo zezimitha ezintathu. Inhlanzi enjalo inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba wakhe uphakeme futhi uthambile kancane kamuva. Empeleni, le eel ayifani kakhulu nenhlanzi: azikho izikali, kuphela amaphiko omsila kanye ne-pectoral, futhi futhi iphefumula umoya wasemkhathini.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izinkokhiso lapho i-eel kagesi ihlala khona ingashonile futhi inamafu, futhi amanzi kuyo akaphefumani umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo inikeze isilwane izicubu ezihlukile zesikhumba emgodini womlomo, ngosizo lwayo i-eel ebamba umoya-mpilo ngqo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kufanele aphakamise ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kepha uma i-eel ivele ngaphandle kwamanzi, ingaphila amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba nomlomo wakhe ungasebenzi.

Umbala wamalahle kagesi uluhlaza onsundu, okuvumela ukuthi unganakwa ezimayini ezingaba khona. Kuphela umphimbo nengxenye engezansi yekhanda iorenji ekhanyayo, kepha lesi simo cishe singeke sisize izisulu ezingezinhle ze-eel kagesi. Lapho esethuthumela ngomzimba wakhe wonke oshelelayo, kwakhiwa isikhululi, amandla afinyelela ku-650V (ikakhulukazi i-300-350V), ebulala ngaso leso sikhathi zonke izinhlanzi ezincane eziseduze. Ukudlengwa kuwela phansi, kanti umhlaseli uyayibamba, ayigwinye iphelele futhi ihlambalaze eduzane ukuze iphumule kancane.

I-eel kagesi inezitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe amapuleti amaningi kagesi - amangqamuzana emisipha alungisiwe, phakathi kolwelwesi okwakheka khona umehluko ongaba khona. Imizimba ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo somzimba wale nhlanzi.

Kodwa-ke, i-eel kagesi nayo ingakhipha ukukhishwa ngevolthi ephansi - kuze kufike kuma-volts ayi-10. Njengoba inamehlo angaboni kahle, iyisebenzisa njengeredar yokuhamba futhi ifune inyamazane.

Izinduna zikagesi zingaba zinkulu, zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2,5 ubude namakhilogremu angama-20 ngesisindo. Bahlala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika, ngokwesibonelo, e-Amazon nase-Orinoco. Zidla izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.

Njengoba i-eel kagesi idonsa i-oksijini ngqo emoyeni wasemkhathini, kufanele ikhuphuke njalo emanzini. Kufanele akwenze lokhu okungenani kanye ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu, kepha lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kaningi.

Kuze kube manje, ukufa okumbalwa kuyaziwa ngemuva kokuhlangana ne-eel kagesi. Noma kunjalo, ukushaqeka okuningi kukagesi kungaholela ekuphefumuleni noma ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo, ngenxa yokuthi umuntu angangena emanzini ngisho angajulile.

Umzimba wakhe wonke umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile, ezenziwe ngamaseli akhethekile. Lawa maseli axhumene ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa iziteshi zezinzwa. Ngaphambili komzimba kukhona i-plus, ngemuva kune-minus. Ugesi obuthakathaka ukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kanye, futhi, udlula ngokulandelana kusuka esithweni kuya kwesinye, uthola amandla okushaya ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ama-eel kagesi uqobo akholelwa ukuthi aphathiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile, ngakho-ke akusheshi ukuthi anikele kunoma isitha esikhudlwana. Kwakunezikhathi lapho ama-eels engazange adlulele ngisho nasezingubeni, futhi abantu kufanele bakugweme ngokuphelele ukuhlangana nabo. Kuyiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhululwa kubulale umuntu omdala, kepha imizwa evela kuye izoba ngaphezu kokungathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobungozi bokulahlekelwa ukwazi, futhi uma umuntu esemanzini, umuntu angaminza kalula.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka olukhulu, ahlasela ngokushesha futhi ngeke axwayise muntu ngezinhloso zawo. Ibanga elivikelekile kusuka ku-eel yemitha alikho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu - lokhu kufanele kube kwenele ukugwema amandla ayingozi.

Ngaphezu kwezitho eziphambili ezikhiqiza ugesi, i-eel nayo inesinye ngaphezulu, ngosizo lwayo isongela indawo ezungezile. Le ndawo eyinqayizivele ikhipha amagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, okuthi, lapho ibuya, yazise umnikazi wayo ngezingqinamba ezingaphambili noma ubukhona bezidalwa ezifanele eziphilayo.

Isazi se-Zoologist uKenneth Catania waseVanderbilt University (e-USA), ebheka ama-eels kagesi ayehlala e-aquarium enezixhobo ezikhethekile, wabona ukuthi izinhlanzi zingakhipha ibhethri lazo ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukile. Esokuqala isifutho esinamandla amancane aphansi enzelwe ukujanyiswa emhlabathini, okwesibili ukulandelana kwama-pulses amabili noma amathathu anamandla aphezulu ahlala ama-millisecond amaningana, futhi ekugcineni, indlela yesithathu i-volley ende yokuqhuma okukhulu.

Lapho i-eel ihlasela, ithumela ama-volts amaningi esikhungweni esijwayelekile kakhulu (inombolo yenombolo yesithathu). Ama-millisecond amathathu noma amane wokusebenza okunjalo anele ukufaka isisulu amandla - okungukuthi, singasho ukuthi i-eel isebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi okude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa yayo idlula kude imishini yokufakelwa: ngokwesibonelo, i-Tizer eyi-shocker eyihlane ikhipha izindondo eziyi-19 ngomzuzwana, ngenkathi i-eel - ifinyelela ku-400. Ngemuva kokulimaza isisulu, kufanele, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, ibambe masinyane, ngaphandle kwalokho inyamazane izokwazi ukuqaphela.

Esihlokweni esiseSayensi, uKenneth Catania ubhala ukuthi “isibhamu esidijithali” sisebenza njengobambisene naye, okwenza imisipha ibe nzima ngokweqile. Indlela yokusebenza yathathwa ekuhlolweni okungajwayelekile, lapho izinhlanzi ezazinentambo yomgogodla ezazonakalisiwe zazifakwa e-aquarium ukuze i-eel, futhi isithiyo esivunyelwe ngogesi sibahlukanise. Izinhlanzi azikwazanga ukulawula izicubu, kodwa zazisenza inkontileka yazo ngenxa yokudonsa ugesi kwangaphandle. (I-eel yacasulwa ukuba ikhiphe ukuphonsa izimpethu kuyo njengokuphakelwa.) Uma i-curomuscular poge curare ifakwe enhlanzini ngentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, khona-ke ugesi ovela ku-eel awunamphumela kukho. Okusho ukuthi, ithagethi yokukhishwa kukagesi kwakuyi-motor neurons eyi-motor ngqo elawula izicubu zomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuyenzeka lapho i-eel isivele inqumile inyamazane yayo. Futhi uma izimayini zifihlwa? Ngokuhamba kwamanzi khona-ke ngeke ukuthole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-eel ngokwayo iyazingela ebusuku, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayinakuziqhayisa ngobuhle obunamehlo. Ukuthola inyamazane, isebenzisa ukukhishwa kohlobo lwesibili: ukulandelana okufushane kwama-pulses amabili kuya kwamathathu anamandla aphezulu. Lokhu kuqeda kulingisa isibonakaliso sama-motor neurons, okwenza wonke izicubu zomuntu ohlukunyezwayo azithole esenkontilekeni. I-eel, njengokungathi kunjalo, imyalela ukuba azitholele: i-spasm spasm idlula emzimbeni wesisulu, iqala ukusonta, bese i-eel ibamba ukugeleza kwamanzi - futhi iqonde lapho kwakufihlwe khona inyamazane. Ngokuzama okufanayo nenhlanzi enentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, yahlukaniswa ne-eel ngumgoqo osuvele ungeke ungene ngogesi, kepha i-eel ingezwa amagagasi amanzi kuyo. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi yayixhunywe kwi-stimulator, ukuze izicubu zayo zithole izinkontileka ngokwesicelo somhloli. Kwavela ukuthi uma i-eel ikhipha "ukutholwa kokudonsa okufushane", futhi ngasikhathi sinye izinhlanzi ziphoqelelwa ukuba zisonteke, khona-ke i-eel yayihlasela. Uma inhlanzi ingaphendulanga nganoma iyiphi indlela, khona-ke i-eel, ngeqiniso, ayizange isabele nakancane - wayevele angazi ukuthi yayikuphi.

Le ndatshana iyatholakala nangezilimi ezilandelayo: Thai

Ukuziphatha

I-eel kagesi ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika. Ukhetha amachibi amasha futhi afudumele nge-yamanje encane. Imvamisa ingabonakala ku-Amazon noma i-Orinoco. Ingakwazi ukuhlala ezigodini zemifula egcwele amanzi nasezigodini ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamahlathi emvula.

Ukuphila ezindlini zokugcina ezakhiwe ezinesilinganiso esincane se-oksijini emanzini, izinhlanzi ziyaphoqelelwa ukuba zikhuphukele njalo phezulu ukuze ziphefumule kancane. Amandla okuphefumula i-oksijini ayamsiza ukuba akwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba wakhe kanye nomlomo womlomo kungamanzi.

U-Eel uphila impilo eyedwa. Uchitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi phansi komfula noma echibini, ecasha phakathi komhubhe nezihlahla. Ngezikhathi ezithile sikhuphuka ukuze sibuyise amasheya omoya omusha. Akanamaphaphu. Umgodi womlomo umbozwe kakhulu ngemikhumbi ekhethekile ekwazi ukudonsa umoya-mpilo.

Inhlanzi iphoqelelwa ukuba ikhuphukele ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10 ukuthola ingxenye ye-oxygen. Unamehlo angaboni kahle futhi ayisebenzisi nhlobo ukuze ifuneke. I-anal fin isuka esiswini iye emsileni. Ngayo, ikwazi ukubhukuda futhi emuva naphambili.

Ukucasha phakathi kwezitshalo, i-eel ngezikhathi ezithile ihlwaya indawo ezungezile ngogesi.

Ngale ndlela, angathola nesisulu esinganyakazi. Isikhumba sakhe sifakwe kahle ngama-receptors angathatha iziphikiso ezingenamsebenzi zamandla kagesi adalwe ezinye izilwane.

Ukuzingela kuqamekele, umzingeli ulinda inyamazane yakhe, abese eyiqala ngethambo. Ngamazinyo abuthakathaka, ugwinya ngokuphelele isisulu sakhe.

Phakathi kwabo, ama-eels axhumana ngokuphuma kokungasebenzi okubuthakathaka. Owesilisa ovelele ukhiqiza amasignali amvama futhi avamisile, kuyilapho izinsikazi zisebenzisa amafushane futhi amade.

Bona ukuthi i- "Electric eel" ikwezinye izichazamazwi:

eel kagesi - Ugesi kagesi. i-eel kagesi (i-Electrophorus Electricus), inhlanzi emndenini wama-acorn kagesi. I-Endemic to South America. Umzimba uphakeme (cishe amamitha ama-2), unesisindo esifinyelela kuma-20 kg, azikho izinhlaka zamakhaza kanye nezitho zangaphakathi. Okuphezulu luhlaza okotshani ngeminqumo ekhanyayo ... ... Latin America Encyclopedic Reference

Iqembu lezinhlanzi. Uhlobo kuphela lomndeni. Inezitho zikagesi ezisebenzisa i-approx. 4/5 wobude bomzimba. Inika ukukhipha kuze kufike ku-650 V (imvamisa kuncane). Ubude ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3 m, bunesisindo esifinyelela kuma-40 kg. Emifuleni i-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Into yokudotshwa kwasendaweni ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Iqembu lezinhlanzi. Uhlobo kuphela lomndeni. Inezitho zikagesi, ezihlala cishe u-4/5 ubude bomzimba. Banikeza ukukhipha okufika ku-650 V (imvamisa kungaphansi). Ubude ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3 m, isisindo kufika ku-40 kg. Ihlala emifuleni ye-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Into yasendaweni ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

I-HYMNOT NOMA I-EEL Bony fish ye-Bony kulokhu. ama-eels, amanzi.eMelika, inamandla okukhiqiza ugesi onamandla. ukushaya. Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle afakiwe olimini lwesiRussia. I-Pavlenkov F., ngo-1907. I-HYMNOT noma i-EASter EASTER ... ... Isichazamazwi samagama angaphandle wolimi lwaseRussia

- ((Electrophorus Electricus)) we-Electrophoridae yomndeni we-oda Carp. Ihlala emanzini amasha eCentral and South America. Umzimba unqunu, ufike ku-3 m ubude. unesisindo esifinyelela kuma-40 kg. Eceleni kwezinhlangothi kukhona izitho zikagesi. Dorsal ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Izinhlanzi neg. ama-cyprinid. ubunye. ukubukwa komndeni. Inesitimela sikagesi. izitho ezisebenzisa i-approx. 4/5 wobude bomzimba. Banikeza ukukhipha okufika ku-650 V (imvamisa kungaphansi). Ngoba kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3 m, isisindo esifinyelela kuma-40 kg. Ihlala ku-pp. I-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Into yokudotshwa kwasendaweni. Lab. ... ... Isayensi yemvelo. Isichazamazwi se-Encyclopedic

eel kagesi - elektrinis ungurys statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas rūšis atitikmenys: kuningi. I-Electrophorus Electricus angl. eel kagesi rus. Eel ryšiai kagesi: ama-terminas e-platesnis - elektriniai unguriai ... Žuvų pavadinimų žodynas

Bona izinhlanzi zikagesi ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary UBrockhaus no-I-A.A. Efroni

I-catfish kagesi ... iWikipedia

E-elekthronikhi, kagesi, kagesi. 1. I-adj. kuya kugesi. Okwamanje kagesi. Amandla kagesi. Imali kagesi. Ukukhishwa kukagesi. || Kuyajabulisa, kukhiqiza ugesi. Imoto kagesi. Isiteshi samandla. ... ... Isichazamazwi esichazayo se-Ushakov

Izincwadi

• Inhlansi yempilo. Ugesi emzimbeni womuntu, u-Ashcroft Francis. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ugesi ushayela izimoto, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ukuthi into efanayo ingashiwo ngathi. Amandla okufunda nokuzwisisa okubhaliwe, ukubona nokuzwa, ukucabanga ...

Amanzi angaqondakaliyo nodaka lwase-Amazon afihla izingozi eziningi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus kagesi ) ukuphela kommeleli weqembu likagesi kagesi. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezincanyana eziphakathi nendawo nasezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon onamandla.

Ubude obuphakathi kwe-eel kagesi yabantu abadala buyimitha eyodwa nohhafu, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezinhlobo zezimitha ezintathu. Inhlanzi enjalo inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba wakhe uphakeme futhi uthambile kancane kamuva. Empeleni, le eel ayifani kakhulu nenhlanzi: azikho izikali, kuphela amaphiko omsila kanye ne-pectoral, futhi futhi iphefumula umoya wasemkhathini.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izinkokhiso lapho i-eel kagesi ihlala khona ingashonile futhi inamafu, futhi amanzi kuyo akaphefumani umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo inikeze isilwane izicubu ezihlukile zesikhumba emgodini womlomo, ngosizo lwayo i-eel ebamba umoya-mpilo ngqo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kufanele aphakamise ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kepha uma i-eel ivele ngaphandle kwamanzi, ingaphila amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba nomlomo wakhe ungasebenzi.

Umbala wamalahle kagesi uluhlaza onsundu, okuvumela ukuthi unganakwa ezimayini ezingaba khona. Kuphela umphimbo nengxenye engezansi yekhanda iorenji ekhanyayo, kepha lesi simo cishe singeke sisize izisulu ezingezinhle ze-eel kagesi. Lapho esethuthumela ngomzimba wakhe wonke oshelelayo, kwakhiwa isikhululi, amandla afinyelela ku-650V (ikakhulukazi i-300-350V), ebulala ngaso leso sikhathi zonke izinhlanzi ezincane eziseduze. Ukudlengwa kuwela phansi, kanti umhlaseli uyayibamba, ayigwinye iphelele futhi ihlambalaze eduzane ukuze iphumule kancane.

Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ukuphatha kanjani ukukhipha ukhipha okunamandla okunje? Kumane nje umzimba wakhe wonke umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe amaseli akhethekile. Lawa maseli axhumene ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa iziteshi zezinzwa. Ngaphambili komzimba kukhona i-plus, ngemuva kune-minus. Ugesi obuthakathaka ukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kanye, futhi, udlula ngokulandelana kusuka esithweni kuya kwesinye, uthola amandla okushaya ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ama-eel kagesi uqobo akholelwa ukuthi aphathiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile, ngakho-ke akusheshi ukuthi anikele kunoma isitha esikhudlwana. Kwakunezikhathi lapho ama-eels engazange adlulele ngisho nasezingubeni, futhi abantu kufanele bakugweme ngokuphelele ukuhlangana nabo. Kuyiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhululwa kubulale umuntu omdala, kepha imizwa evela kuye izoba ngaphezu kokungathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobungozi bokulahlekelwa ukwazi, futhi uma umuntu esemanzini, umuntu angaminza kalula.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka olukhulu, ahlasela ngokushesha futhi ngeke axwayise muntu ngezinhloso zawo. Ibanga elivikelekile kusuka ku-eel yemitha alikho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu - lokhu kufanele kube kwenele ukugwema amandla ayingozi.

Ngaphezu kwezitho eziphambili ezikhiqiza ugesi, i-eel nayo inesinye ngaphezulu, ngosizo lwayo isongela indawo ezungezile. Le ndawo eyinqayizivele ikhipha amagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, okuthi, lapho ibuya, yazise umnikazi wayo ngezingqinamba ezingaphambili noma ubukhona bezidalwa ezifanele eziphilayo.

Abantu bafunda ngezinhlanzi zikagesi isikhathi eside: ngisho nase-Ancient Egypt basebenzisa i-stingray kagesi ukuphatha isithuthwane, i-anatomy ye-eel kagesi iphakamise u-Alessandro Volta umqondo wamabhethri akhe adumile, noMichael Faraday, "ubaba kagesi", wasebenzisa i-eel efanayo nemishini yesayensi. Izazi zesimanje zesimanje ziyazi ukuthi yini elindelwe ezinhlanzini ezinjalo (cishe ama-eel amamitha amabili zingakhiqiza ama-volts angama-600), ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa noma kuncane ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zakha isibonakaliso esingajwayelekile - kuleli hlobo iqembu lezazi zofuzo elivela e-University of Wisconsin eMadison (USA) kushicilelwe ngokulandelana okuphelele kohlobo lwe-eel kagesi. Inhloso "yamakhono kagesi" nayo icacile: ziyadingeka ekuzingeleni, ekujuleni endaweni kanye nasekuvikelweni kwabanye abazingeli. Yinye kuphela into eyasala ingaziwa - ngqo ukuthi izinhlanzi zisebenzisa kanjani ukushaqeka kwazo kukagesi, luhlobo luni lwecebo abalisebenzisayo.

Okokuqala, okuncane mayelana nomlingiswa osemqoka.

Amanzi angaqondakaliyo nodaka lwase-Amazon afihla izingozi eziningi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus kagesi ) Ingabe ukuphela kommeleli weqembu likagesi kagesi. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezincanyana eziphakathi nendawo nasezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon onamandla.

Ubude obuphakathi kwe-eel kagesi yabantu abadala buyimitha eyodwa nohhafu, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezinhlobo zezimitha ezintathu. Inhlanzi enjalo inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba wakhe uphakeme futhi uthambile kancane kamuva. Empeleni, le eel ayifani kakhulu nenhlanzi: azikho izikali, kuphela amaphiko omsila kanye ne-pectoral, futhi futhi iphefumula umoya wasemkhathini.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izinkokhiso lapho i-eel kagesi ihlala khona ingashonile futhi inamafu, futhi amanzi kuyo akaphefumani umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo inikeze isilwane izicubu ezihlukile zesikhumba emgodini womlomo, ngosizo lwayo i-eel ebamba umoya-mpilo ngqo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kufanele aphakamise ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kepha uma i-eel ivele ngaphandle kwamanzi, ingaphila amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba nomlomo wakhe ungasebenzi.

Umbala wamalahle kagesi uluhlaza onsundu, okuvumela ukuthi unganakwa ezimayini ezingaba khona. Kuphela umphimbo nengxenye engezansi yekhanda iorenji ekhanyayo, kepha lesi simo cishe singeke sisize izisulu ezingezinhle ze-eel kagesi. Lapho esethuthumela ngomzimba wakhe wonke oshelelayo, kwakhiwa isikhululi, amandla afinyelela ku-650V (ikakhulukazi i-300-350V), ebulala ngaso leso sikhathi zonke izinhlanzi ezincane eziseduze. Ukudlengwa kuwela phansi, kanti umhlaseli uyayibamba, ayigwinye iphelele futhi ihlambalaze eduzane ukuze iphumule kancane.

I-eel kagesi inezitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe amapuleti amaningi kagesi - amangqamuzana emisipha alungisiwe, phakathi kolwelwesi okwakheka khona umehluko ongaba khona. Imizimba ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo somzimba wale nhlanzi.

Kodwa-ke, i-eel kagesi nayo ingakhipha ukukhishwa ngevolthi ephansi - kuze kufike kuma-volts ayi-10. Njengoba inamehlo angaboni kahle, iyisebenzisa njengeredar yokuhamba futhi ifune inyamazane.

Izinduna zikagesi zingaba zinkulu, zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2,5 ubude namakhilogremu angama-20 ngesisindo. Bahlala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika, ngokwesibonelo, e-Amazon nase-Orinoco. Zidla izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.

Njengoba i-eel kagesi idonsa i-oksijini ngqo emoyeni wasemkhathini, kufanele ikhuphuke njalo emanzini. Kufanele akwenze lokhu okungenani kanye ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu, kepha lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kaningi.

Kuze kube manje, ukufa okumbalwa kuyaziwa ngemuva kokuhlangana ne-eel kagesi. Noma kunjalo, ukushaqeka okuningi kukagesi kungaholela ekuphefumuleni noma ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo, ngenxa yokuthi umuntu angangena emanzini ngisho angajulile.

Umzimba wakhe wonke umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile, ezenziwe ngamaseli akhethekile. Lawa maseli axhumene ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa iziteshi zezinzwa. Ngaphambili komzimba kukhona i-plus, ngemuva kune-minus. Ugesi obuthakathaka ukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kanye, futhi, udlula ngokulandelana kusuka esithweni kuya kwesinye, uthola amandla okushaya ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ama-eel kagesi uqobo akholelwa ukuthi aphathiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile, ngakho-ke akusheshi ukuthi anikele kunoma isitha esikhudlwana. Kwakunezikhathi lapho ama-eels engazange adlulele ngisho nasezingubeni, futhi abantu kufanele bakugweme ngokuphelele ukuhlangana nabo. Kuyiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhululwa kubulale umuntu omdala, kepha imizwa evela kuye izoba ngaphezu kokungathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobungozi bokulahlekelwa ukwazi, futhi uma umuntu esemanzini, umuntu angaminza kalula.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka olukhulu, ahlasela ngokushesha futhi ngeke axwayise muntu ngezinhloso zawo. Ibanga elivikelekile kusuka ku-eel yemitha alikho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu - lokhu kufanele kube kwenele ukugwema amandla ayingozi.

Ngaphezu kwezitho eziphambili ezikhiqiza ugesi, i-eel nayo inesinye ngaphezulu, ngosizo lwayo isongela indawo ezungezile. Le ndawo eyinqayizivele ikhipha amagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, okuthi, lapho ibuya, yazise umnikazi wayo ngezingqinamba ezingaphambili noma ubukhona bezidalwa ezifanele eziphilayo.

Isazi se-Zoologist uKenneth Catania waseVanderbilt University (e-USA), ebheka ama-eels kagesi ayehlala e-aquarium enezixhobo ezikhethekile, wabona ukuthi izinhlanzi zingakhipha ibhethri lazo ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukile. Esokuqala isifutho esinamandla amancane aphansi enzelwe ukujanyiswa emhlabathini, okwesibili ukulandelana kwama-pulses amabili noma amathathu anamandla aphezulu ahlala ama-millisecond amaningana, futhi ekugcineni, indlela yesithathu i-volley ende yokuqhuma okukhulu.

Lapho i-eel ihlasela, ithumela ama-volts amaningi esikhungweni esijwayelekile kakhulu (inombolo yenombolo yesithathu). Ama-millisecond amathathu noma amane wokusebenza okunjalo anele ukufaka isisulu amandla - okungukuthi, singasho ukuthi i-eel isebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi okude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa yayo idlula kude imishini yokufakelwa: ngokwesibonelo, i-Tizer eyi-shocker eyihlane ikhipha izindondo eziyi-19 ngomzuzwana, ngenkathi i-eel - ifinyelela ku-400. Ngemuva kokulimaza isisulu, kufanele, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, ibambe masinyane, ngaphandle kwalokho inyamazane izokwazi ukuqaphela.

Esihlokweni esiseSayensi, uKenneth Catania ubhala ukuthi “isibhamu esidijithali” sisebenza njengobambisene naye, okwenza imisipha ibe nzima ngokweqile. Indlela yokusebenza yathathwa ekuhlolweni okungajwayelekile, lapho izinhlanzi ezazinentambo yomgogodla ezazonakalisiwe zazifakwa e-aquarium ukuze i-eel, futhi isithiyo esivunyelwe ngogesi sibahlukanise. Izinhlanzi azikwazanga ukulawula izicubu, kodwa zazisenza inkontileka yazo ngenxa yokudonsa ugesi kwangaphandle. (I-eel yacasulwa ukuba ikhiphe ukuphonsa izimpethu kuyo njengokuphakelwa.) Uma i-curomuscular poge curare ifakwe enhlanzini ngentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, khona-ke ugesi ovela ku-eel awunamphumela kukho. Okusho ukuthi, ithagethi yokukhishwa kukagesi kwakuyi-motor neurons eyi-motor ngqo elawula izicubu zomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuyenzeka lapho i-eel isivele inqumile inyamazane yayo. Futhi uma izimayini zifihlwa? Ngokuhamba kwamanzi khona-ke ngeke ukuthole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-eel ngokwayo iyazingela ebusuku, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayinakuziqhayisa ngobuhle obunamehlo. Ukuthola inyamazane, isebenzisa ukukhishwa kohlobo lwesibili: ukulandelana okufushane kwama-pulses amabili kuya kwamathathu anamandla aphezulu. Lokhu kuqeda kulingisa isibonakaliso sama-motor neurons, okwenza wonke izicubu zomuntu ohlukunyezwayo azithole esenkontilekeni. I-eel, njengokungathi kunjalo, imyalela ukuba azitholele: i-spasm spasm idlula emzimbeni wesisulu, iqala ukusonta, bese i-eel ibamba ukugeleza kwamanzi - futhi iqonde lapho kwakufihlwe khona inyamazane. Ngokuzama okufanayo nenhlanzi enentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, yahlukaniswa ne-eel ngumgoqo osuvele ungeke ungene ngogesi, kepha i-eel ingezwa amagagasi amanzi kuyo. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi yayixhunywe kwi-stimulator, ukuze izicubu zayo zithole izinkontileka ngokwesicelo somhloli. Kwavela ukuthi uma i-eel ikhipha "ukutholwa kokudonsa okufushane", futhi ngasikhathi sinye izinhlanzi ziphoqelelwa ukuba zisonteke, khona-ke i-eel yayihlasela. Uma inhlanzi ingaphendulanga nganoma iyiphi indlela, khona-ke i-eel, ngeqiniso, ayizange isabele nakancane - wayevele angazi ukuthi yayikuphi.

I-eel kagesi iyinhlanzi eyingozi kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlanzi zikagesi. Ngokuya ngenani lokulimala kwabantu, uphambi kwepiranha yakudala. Le eel (ngendlela, ayihlanganisi nama-eels ajwayelekile) iyakwazi ukukhipha imali kagesi enamandla. Uma uthatha i-eel encane ezandleni zakho, uzwa umuzwa omncane wokukhathazeka, futhi lokhu, kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi izingane zinezinsuku ezimbalwa ubudala futhi zinobukhulu obuyi-2-3 cm kuphela, kulula ukucabanga ukuthi uzothola muphi umuzwa uma uthinta i-eel yemitha ezimbili. Umuntu onokuxhumana okunjalo osondelene uthola i-600 V futhi ungafa ngakho. Amagagasi kagesi anamandla athumela u-eel kagesi izikhathi ezingama-150 ngosuku. Kodwa into emangazayo ukuthi, yize kunesikhali esinjalo, i-eel idla izinhlanzi ezincane.

Ukubulala inhlanzi, u-eel kagesi uyathuthumela nje, ukhipha okwamanje. Isisulu siyafa khona manjalo. I-eel iyayibamba isuka phansi, ihlala njalo isuka ekhanda, bese, icwila ibheke ezansi, igaya inyamazane yayo imizuzu ethile.

Ama-eels kagesi ahlala emifuleni engajulile yaseNingizimu Melika; atholakala ngobuningi bamanzi ase-Amazon. Kulezo zindawo lapho kuhlala khona i-eel, imvamisa ukushoda okukhulu komoya. Ngakho-ke, i-eel kagesi inesici sokuziphatha. Ama-Blackheads angaphansi kwamanzi cishe amahora ama-2, bese athuthela phezulu aphefumule lapho imizuzu eyi-10, kuyilapho izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile zidinga nje ukuntanta imizuzwana embalwa.

Ama-eels kagesi izinhlanzi ezinkulu: ubude obuphakathi kwabadala bungu-1-1,5 m, bunesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba uphakeme, uthambile kancane kamuva. Isikhumba asinalutho, asimboziwe ngesikali. Amaphiko athuthukiswe kakhulu, ngosizo lwawo ugesi uyakwazi ukuhamba kalula kuzo zonke izinkomba. Umbala wama-blackheads amadala kagesi onsundu, ingaphansi lekhanda nomphimbo luwolintshi okhanyayo. Imibala yentsha i-paler.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwama-eels kagesi yizitho zayo zikagesi, ezithatha ngaphezu kwe-2/3 yobude bomzimba. Isigxobo esihle sale "bhethri" sisebusweni be-eel, elingelibi - ngemuva. Amandla kagesi okukhishwa aphakeme kakhulu, ngokuya ngokubona ezindaweni zasemanzini, angafinyelela ku-650 V, kepha imvamisa kuncane, futhi ngemitha yezinhlanzi ubude abudluli kuma-350 V. La mandla anele ukukhanyisa ama-bulbs kagesi ayi-5. Izitho ezihamba phambili zikagesi ezisetshenziswa yi-eel ukuvikela izitha nokulimaza inyamazane. Kunesinye isitho sikagesi esingeziwe, kepha insimu ekhiqizwa yiyona idlala indima yesendaweni: ngosizo lokuphazamiseka okuvela ngaphakathi kwaleli banga, i-eel iza nolwazi ngezithiyo ezisendleleni noma ukusondela kokukhiqizwa okungaba khona. Imvamisa yalokhu kukhishwa kwendawo incane kakhulu futhi icishe ifinyeleleke kumuntu.

Ukukhishwa uqobo, okhiqizwa induna kagesi, akulona olubi kubantu, kodwa nokho kuyingozi enkulu.Uma, ungaphansi kwamanzi, uthola ukushaqeka kukagesi, ungalahlekelwa kalula ukwazi.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka. Ungahlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, noma ngabe kungekho ukusongela kukho. Uma into ephilayo iwela uhla lwensimu yayo yamandla, khona-ke i-eel ngeke icashe noma ibhukude. Kungcono kumuntu ngokwakhe ukuhamba ngesikebhe aye ohlangothini uma kuvela u-eel kagesi endleleni. Akufanele ukubhukuda kule nhlanzi ibanga elingaphansi kwamamitha amathathu, lokhu kuyindlela engaba namandla yokusebenza kwe-eel ende.

Imininingwane eyisisekelo ku-eel kagesi:

Izinhlobo ezihlobene. Umndeni wezinduna ubandakanya izinhlobo eziyi-16, enye yazo i-eel yaseYurophu.

Umbala we-eel yi-olive-orange, umzimba ufinyelela amamitha amabili ubude, inhloko ibanzi futhi iyisicaba. Izitho zikagesi ze-eel zitholakala emsileni, ubude bawo bube izingxenye ezintathu zobude bonke bomzimba.

Ingabe i-eel kagesi ikukhipha kanjani ukucishwa kukagesi?

Umehluko ongaba khona njengomphumela ufinyelela ku-70 mV. Kuneziteshi ze-sodium kulwelwesi lweseli elifanayo lezinto zikagesi ze-eel, lapho ama-ion sodium angaphinda angene esitokisini. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ngomzuzwana owodwa, ipompo isusa ama-ion ayi-200 e-sodium esitokisini bese ngesikhathi esifanayo idlulisela ama-ion ayi-potassium angu-130 esitokisini. I-membrane eyi-micrometer eyisikwele ingathwala la makhompiyutha ayi-100-200. Imvamisa lezi ziteshi zivalwa, kepha uma kunesidingo zivula. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, i-gradient yamandla amakhemikhali iholela eqinisweni lokuthi ama-ion sodium abuye angene ngaphakathi kumaseli. Ukushintshwa okujwayelekile kwamandla kagesi kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-+60 mV kwenzeka, kanti iseli linikeza ukukhipha kwe-130 mV. Isikhathi senqubo kuphela 1 ms. Amaseli kagesi axhumene nemicu yezinzwa, ukuxhumeka kuqondile. Ama-Electrocyte akha uhlobo lwamakholomu axhunyaniswe ngokufana. Amandla kagesi ayisiginali kagesi afakiwe afinyelela ku-650 V, amandla akhona yi-1A. Ngokweminye imibiko, i-voltage ingafinyelela ngisho ku-1000 V, futhi amandla akhona yi-2A.

Ama-Electrocyte (amaseli kagesi) we-eel ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu

Ngemuva kokukhipha, iphampu ye-ion isebenza futhi, futhi izitho zikagesi ze-eel ziyakhokhiswa. Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, kunezinhlobo eziyi-7 zeziteshi ze-ion engqenyeni yeseli yama-electrocyte. Ukutholakala kwalezi ziteshi nokushintshwa kwezinhlobo zeziteshi kuthinta inani lokukhiqizwa kukagesi.

Ibhethri eliphansi

Okwesibili ukulandelana kwama-puls 2-3 wamandla aphezulu ahlala ama-millisecond amaningi. Le ndlela isetshenziswa yi-eel lapho izingela isisulu esifihliwe nesifihliwe. Ngokushesha nje lapho kunikezwa amandla okukhishwa okuphezulu kwamandla kagesi angama-2-3, izicubu zesisulu esixhwalayo ziqala ukungenwa inkontileka, bese i-eel ikwazi ukubona kalula ukudla okungenzeka kube khona.

Indlela yesithathu uchungechunge lokukhishwa kwe-high-voltage high-frequency discharges. Indlela yesithathu isetshenziswa ngama-eels ngesikhathi sokuzingela, ikhipha ukufikelwa okungafika ku-400 ngomzuzwana. Le ndlela ikhubazeka cishe noma yisiphi isilwane sobukhulu obuncane nobuphakathi (ngisho nabantu) ebangeni elingamamitha amathathu.

Ngubani omunye okwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi?

Kepha bambalwa izinhlanzi ezinamandla okukhipha amandla okuphehla kagesi ngamandla athambile. Lezi yizintambo zikagesi (inqwaba yezinhlobo), ikati likagesi kanye nezinye.

I-catfish kagesi (

I-eel kagesi yinhlanzi enkulu enobude bamamitha ayi-1 kuya kwayi-3, isisindo se-eel ifinyelela ku-40 kg. Umzimba we-eel uphakeme - inyoka, embozwe isikhumba eluhlaza grey ngaphandle kwesikali, futhi engxenyeni engaphambili iyindilinga, futhi iflathelwe emaceleni asondele emsileni. Ama-Eels ahlala eSouth America, ikakhulukazi, e-Amazon.

I-Coarse eel idala ukungasebenzi kwamandla kagesi kuze kufike ku-1200 V futhi okwamanje okufika ku-1 A. Ngisho nabantu abancane be-aquarium bakhiqiza ukukhipha kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-650 V. Ngakho-ke, i-eel kagesi ingaba yingozi enkulu kubantu.

Ama-eel kagesi aqongelela izindleko ezinkulu zikagesi, okukhishwa kuzo okusetshenziselwa ukuzingela nokuzivikela kubazingeli. Kodwa i-eel akuyona ukuphela kwezinhlanzi ezikhiqiza ugesi.

Izinhlanzi zikagesi

Ngaphezu kwama-eels kagesi, inani elikhulu lamanzi ahlanzekile nezinhlanzi zasemanzini ziyakwazi ukukhipha ugesi. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngamakhulu amathathu ezinhlobo ezinjalo ezivela emindenini ehlukahlukene engahlobene.

Iningi lezinhlanzi “zikagesi” zisebenzisa insimu kagesi ukuzulazula noma ukuthola inyamazane, kepha abanye abantu banamacala amakhulu kakhulu.

Ama-stingrays kagesi - izinhlanzi ezinama-cartilaginous, izihlobo zabashaka, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, zingaba ne-voltage ka-50 kuya ku-200 V, futhi amandla akhona afinyelela ku-30 ​​A. Icala elifanayo lingashaya inyamazane enkulu.

I-catfish kagesi - inhlanzi enamanzi ahlanzekile, ifinyelela kumitha eyi-1 ubude, isisindo asidluli kuma-25 kg. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obunesizotha, i-catfish kagesi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza i-350-450 V, ngamandla wamanje we-0.1-0.5 A.

Indawo yokuhlala kagesi

Ama-eel kagesi ahlala emanzini anodaka aseNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi emifuleni i-Amazon ne-Orinoco. Ukhetha ukuhlala emanzini angajiki, kepha afudumele, ahlanzekile futhi ongaholelwa umoya omkhulu. Njengoba imvelo inikeze i-eel kagesi ngezicubu ezihlukile ze-vascular emlonyeni, kufanele ikhuphuke ngezikhathi ezithile emanzini ukugwinya umoya omusha. Kepha uma u-eel kagesi ungenamanzi, uyakwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni amahora amaningi. Ukuhlala ngaphandle kuthatha imizuzu eyi-10 noma ngaphezulu, kanti azikho ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezichitha imizuzwana engaphezu kwengama-30 ngaphezulu.

I-eel kagesi (i-Electrophorus kagesi). Isithombe nguBrian Gratwicke.

Ukubukeka

I-eel kagesi - inhlanzi inkulu impela. Isilinganiso sobude baso singamamitha ayi-2-2,5, kepha abantu abaziimitha ezintathu bayabona. Isisindo sale nhlanzi cishe singama-40 kg. Umzimba wenyoka futhi uthambile kancane ezinhlangothini, ikhanda liyisicaba. Ama-eel kagesi angabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi isilwane, hhayi inhlanzi - ngenxa yokungabikho ngokuphelele kwesikali. Esikhundleni salokho, kunesikhumba esingenalutho esimbozwe nge-mucus. Amaphiko nawo awekho, ngaphandle kwe-pectoral ne-caudal, kepha akhiwa ngokungajwayelekile - ngosizo lwawo, i-eel kagesi ihamba kalula ngezindlela ezihlukile. Imvelo yanika lo muntu umbala ongabonakali onsundu, ovumela i-eel ukuthi inganakwa ngesikhathi sokuzingela inyamazane. Noma kunjalo, umbala wekhanda ungahluka kumbala ojwayelekile, njengomthetho, kwenzeka nge-tint ye-orange.

Isici esiyingqayizivele

Lona kanye igama lale nhlanzi likhuluma ngesici sayo esiyingqayizivele sokukhipha amandla okuphehlwa kukagesi. Ukwenza kanjani lokhu? Iqiniso ngukuthi umzimba we-eel umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile eziqukethe amaseli akhethekile axhumene ngokulandelana yiziteshi zezinzwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni, ukukhiqizwa okubuthakathaka kuthola amandla ngasekupheleni, okuphumela ekukhipheni okuqinile okungajwayelekile okungabulala izinhlanzi ezincane kuphela, kodwa nesitha esikhulu. Amandla wokukhipha ngokwesilinganiso we-eel kagesi angama-350V. Kubantu, akubulalanga phansi, kepha kungakhuphuka kuze kufike ekulahlekelweni kwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme ingozi engadingekile, kungcono ukuhlala kude ne-eel kagesi futhi uhlale useduze.

Ikhanda lenhlanzi kagesi liwolintshi. Izithombe ngu-Arjan Haverkamp.

Ukuzingela inyamazane

I-eel kagesi ihlasela ngaphandle kwesixwayiso futhi ayidluli nangaphambi kokuba inyamazane enkulu. Uma kuvela noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo eduze kwe-eel, ivele inyikinyeke ngomzimba wayo wonke, yakha ukhipha okungu-300-350 V, okuthi kuyo yonke imiphefumulo ebanjiwe eseduze ife, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezincane. Ngemuva kokulinda inhlanzi ekhubazekile ukuba icwila phansi, i-eel ibhukuda ithule kuyo igwinye lonke, ngemuva kwalokho iphumule imizuzu embalwa, igaye ukudla.

Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubamba u-eel kagesi ngenduku yokudoba, leliqhinga linomphumela omubi kuye, njengoba engenawo amehlo amahle. Lesi sibonelo sathola ngengozi. Ngemuva kokuthatha izithombe, wakhululwa ekhaya, wabuyela emanzini. Izithombe ngu: Seig.

I-eel kagesi - amaqiniso athakazelisayo

1. Ama-eel kagesi awahambisani ne-eel ejwayelekile. Kungokwesigaba sezinhlanzi ezihlotshiswe nge-ray (Actinopterygii).
2. Kumuntu ngamunye we-eel kagesi, amehlo abo abampofu kakhulu, kunombono wesayensi wokuthi njengoba iminyaka yobudala izinhlanzi zingasaboni. Futhi bahlala bephapheme futhi bezingela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
3. Ama-eels kagesi ayamangaza. Abondli kuphela ezinhlanzini ezincane, kepha futhi nasezinyoni, ama-amphibians, ama-crustaceans, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
4. IGymnos ungumnikazi wamazinyo amafushane, akakuhlafunisi ukudla, kepha ukugwinya cishe ngokuphelele.
5. Kusetshenziswa ukungcola kukagesi, ama-blackheads ayaxhumana.
6. I-eel kagesi ine-locator enamagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, ngosizo elithola ulwazi mayelana nezingqinamba noma inyamazane eseduze.
7. Uma ukhetha i-eel encane kagesi, ungazizwa umuzwa omncane wokuzwa.
8. Ngokwesibalo sabahlukumezekile, u-eel kagesi ungaphambi kwe-piranha eyingozi.
9. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-eel kagesi kukhulunywa ngayo emlandweni wezinsuku zangekhulu le-17 njengesidalwa esingajwayelekile esihlala kuma-Antilles. Ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu, le nhlanzi yachazwa usosayensi odumile u-Alexander von Humbolt.

Kokuzivocavoca umzimba, kuyadingeka ukunikeza i-aquarium enkulu, enkulu kakhulu, inikezwe usayizi wezinhlanzi, kufanele okungenani ibe namamitha ama-3 okungenani okungenani olunye lwezindonga. Kubalulekile ukunaka ukujula kwesithambeka, esikagesi sihlala sikhuphukela phezulu, emva kwalokho siphinde singene ezingxenyeni ezingezansi, ngokuqondene nalokhu kungcono ukuhlinzeka ngokujula kwetangi lamanzi okungenani ngamamitha ayi-1.5-2.

I-eel kagesi iyingxenye yempilo ye-aquarium. Izithombe ngu: patries71.

Kuzokwazi ukugcina umuntu oyedwa kuphela e-aquarium eyodwa, ngoba ngesikhathi lapho izinhlanzi zingenasifiso sobulili komunye nomunye, ngisho nabantu bobulili obuhlukile bangaba nolaka kumlingani wabo. Futhi, uma ubheka ukuba khona kwezindawo zayo ezikhethekile zikagesi, kunezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezidalwa zamanzi ahlanzekile angahlala eduze nokushisa kagesi. I-eel inombono omubi kakhulu, isebenzisa ukuzulazula kagesi ukuhamba ngemvelo yasemanzini - ikhipha ukungcola kukagesi okubuthakathaka (i-10-15 V), futhi lapho kutholwa into ethile (umuntu ongaba isisulu), amandla okuphuma ayanda.

Lokhu kuhlangana kukagesi kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ubukhulu (ubude) be-aquarium bubaluleke kangakanani kuye. Isithombe ngu-Scott Hanko.

I-aquarium ene-eel kagesi ayidingi i-aeration. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi akufanele libe ngaphansi kwama-25 degrees Celsius, ubulukhuni - ama-11-13 degrees, i-acidity (pH) ebangeni le-7-8. Ngokudabukisayo, iculo alithandi ukushintshwa kwamanzi njalo, kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi izinhlanzi ngokwazo zidala i-microclimate lapho izinto zakhona zibuthelana khona ezivimba ukuqala kwezifo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ezithombeni zikagesi ze-eel zomzimba wesikhumba zitholakala.

Uthanda i-sandy substrate, inani elincanyana lamatshe livunyelwe, ukuba khona kwesilinganiso semifino elinganiselwe kuyamukelwa, futhi uthanda indawo egcwele indawo yasemhlabeni - amatshe, imihume, i-driftwood.

Abantu bafunda ngezinhlanzi zikagesi isikhathi eside: ngisho nase-Ancient Egypt basebenzisa i-stingray kagesi ukuphatha isithuthwane, i-anatomy ye-eel kagesi iphakamise u-Alessandro Volta umqondo wamabhethri akhe adumile, noMichael Faraday, "ubaba kagesi", wasebenzisa i-eel efanayo nemishini yesayensi. Izazi zesimanje zesimanje ziyazi ukuthi yini elindelwe ezinhlanzini ezinjalo (cishe ama-eel amamitha amabili zingakhiqiza ama-volts angama-600), ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa noma kuncane ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zakha isibonakaliso esingajwayelekile - kuleli hlobo iqembu lezazi zofuzo elivela e-University of Wisconsin eMadison (USA) kushicilelwe ngokulandelana okuphelele kohlobo lwe-eel kagesi. Inhloso "yamakhono kagesi" nayo icacile: ziyadingeka ekuzingeleni, ekujuleni endaweni kanye nasekuvikelweni kwabanye abazingeli. Yinye kuphela into eyasala ingaziwa - ngqo ukuthi izinhlanzi zisebenzisa kanjani ukushaqeka kwazo kukagesi, luhlobo luni lwecebo abalisebenzisayo.

Okokuqala, okuncane mayelana nomlingiswa osemqoka.

Amanzi angaqondakaliyo nodaka lwase-Amazon afihla izingozi eziningi. Enye yazo i-eel kagesi (lat. Electrophorus kagesi ) Ingabe ukuphela kommeleli weqembu likagesi kagesi. Itholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezincanyana eziphakathi nendawo nasezindaweni eziphansi zoMfula i-Amazon onamandla.

Ubude obuphakathi kwe-eel kagesi yabantu abadala buyimitha eyodwa nohhafu, yize kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala nezinhlobo zezimitha ezintathu. Inhlanzi enjalo inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Umzimba wakhe uphakeme futhi uthambile kancane kamuva. Empeleni, le eel ayifani kakhulu nenhlanzi: azikho izikali, kuphela amaphiko omsila kanye ne-pectoral, futhi futhi iphefumula umoya wasemkhathini.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izinkokhiso lapho i-eel kagesi ihlala khona ingashonile futhi inamafu, futhi amanzi kuyo akaphefumani umoya-mpilo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo inikeze isilwane izicubu ezihlukile zesikhumba emgodini womlomo, ngosizo lwayo i-eel ebamba umoya-mpilo ngqo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kuliqiniso, lokhu kufanele aphakamise ebusweni njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15. Kepha uma i-eel ivele ngaphandle kwamanzi, ingaphila amahora amaningi, inqobo nje uma umzimba nomlomo wakhe ungasebenzi.

Umbala wamalahle kagesi uluhlaza onsundu, okuvumela ukuthi unganakwa ezimayini ezingaba khona. Kuphela umphimbo nengxenye engezansi yekhanda iorenji ekhanyayo, kepha lesi simo cishe singeke sisize izisulu ezingezinhle ze-eel kagesi. Lapho esethuthumela ngomzimba wakhe wonke oshelelayo, kwakhiwa isikhululi, amandla afinyelela ku-650V (ikakhulukazi i-300-350V), ebulala ngaso leso sikhathi zonke izinhlanzi ezincane eziseduze. Ukudlengwa kuwela phansi, kanti umhlaseli uyayibamba, ayigwinye iphelele futhi ihlambalaze eduzane ukuze iphumule kancane.

I-eel kagesi inezitho ezikhethekile, eziqukethe amapuleti amaningi kagesi - amangqamuzana emisipha alungisiwe, phakathi kolwelwesi okwakheka khona umehluko ongaba khona. Imizimba ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo somzimba wale nhlanzi.

Kodwa-ke, i-eel kagesi nayo ingakhipha ukukhishwa ngevolthi ephansi - kuze kufike kuma-volts ayi-10. Njengoba inamehlo angaboni kahle, iyisebenzisa njengeredar yokuhamba futhi ifune inyamazane.

Izinduna zikagesi zingaba zinkulu, zifinyelele kumamitha ayi-2,5 ubude namakhilogremu angama-20 ngesisindo. Bahlala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika, ngokwesibonelo, e-Amazon nase-Orinoco. Zidla izinhlanzi, ama-amphibians, izinyoni, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.

Njengoba i-eel kagesi idonsa i-oksijini ngqo emoyeni wasemkhathini, kufanele ikhuphuke njalo emanzini. Kufanele akwenze lokhu okungenani kanye ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu, kepha lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kaningi.

Kuze kube manje, ukufa okumbalwa kuyaziwa ngemuva kokuhlangana ne-eel kagesi. Noma kunjalo, ukushaqeka okuningi kukagesi kungaholela ekuphefumuleni noma ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo, ngenxa yokuthi umuntu angangena emanzini ngisho angajulile.

Umzimba wakhe wonke umbozwe izitho ezikhethekile, ezenziwe ngamaseli akhethekile. Lawa maseli axhumene ngokulandelana kusetshenziswa iziteshi zezinzwa. Ngaphambili komzimba kukhona i-plus, ngemuva kune-minus. Ugesi obuthakathaka ukhiqizwa ekuqaleni kanye, futhi, udlula ngokulandelana kusuka esithweni kuya kwesinye, uthola amandla okushaya ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ama-eel kagesi uqobo akholelwa ukuthi aphathiswe ukuvikelwa okuthembekile, ngakho-ke akusheshi ukuthi anikele kunoma isitha esikhudlwana. Kwakunezikhathi lapho ama-eels engazange adlulele ngisho nasezingubeni, futhi abantu kufanele bakugweme ngokuphelele ukuhlangana nabo. Kuyiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukukhululwa kubulale umuntu omdala, kepha imizwa evela kuye izoba ngaphezu kokungathandeki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunobungozi bokulahlekelwa ukwazi, futhi uma umuntu esemanzini, umuntu angaminza kalula.

Ama-eel kagesi anolaka olukhulu, ahlasela ngokushesha futhi ngeke axwayise muntu ngezinhloso zawo.Ibanga elivikelekile kusuka ku-eel yemitha alikho ngaphansi kwamamitha amathathu - lokhu kufanele kube kwenele ukugwema amandla ayingozi.

Ngaphezu kwezitho eziphambili ezikhiqiza ugesi, i-eel nayo inesinye ngaphezulu, ngosizo lwayo isongela indawo ezungezile. Le ndawo eyinqayizivele ikhipha amagagasi asezingeni eliphansi, okuthi, lapho ibuya, yazise umnikazi wayo ngezingqinamba ezingaphambili noma ubukhona bezidalwa ezifanele eziphilayo.

Isazi se-Zoologist uKenneth Catania waseVanderbilt University (e-USA), ebheka ama-eels kagesi ayehlala e-aquarium enezixhobo ezikhethekile, wabona ukuthi izinhlanzi zingakhipha ibhethri lazo ngezindlela ezintathu ezihlukile. Esokuqala isifutho esinamandla amancane aphansi enzelwe ukujanyiswa emhlabathini, okwesibili ukulandelana kwama-pulses amabili noma amathathu anamandla aphezulu ahlala ama-millisecond amaningana, futhi ekugcineni, indlela yesithathu i-volley ende yokuqhuma okukhulu.

Lapho i-eel ihlasela, ithumela ama-volts amaningi esikhungweni esijwayelekile kakhulu (inombolo yenombolo yesithathu). Ama-millisecond amathathu noma amane wokusebenza okunjalo anele ukufaka isisulu amandla - okungukuthi, singasho ukuthi i-eel isebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi okude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa yayo idlula kude imishini yokufakelwa: ngokwesibonelo, i-Tizer eyi-shocker eyihlane ikhipha izindondo eziyi-19 ngomzuzwana, ngenkathi i-eel - ifinyelela ku-400. Ngemuva kokulimaza isisulu, kufanele, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, ibambe masinyane, ngaphandle kwalokho inyamazane izokwazi ukuqaphela.

Esihlokweni esiseSayensi, uKenneth Catania ubhala ukuthi “isibhamu esidijithali” sisebenza njengobambisene naye, okwenza imisipha ibe nzima ngokweqile. Indlela yokusebenza yathathwa ekuhlolweni okungajwayelekile, lapho izinhlanzi ezazinentambo yomgogodla ezazonakalisiwe zazifakwa e-aquarium ukuze i-eel, futhi isithiyo esivunyelwe ngogesi sibahlukanise. Izinhlanzi azikwazanga ukulawula izicubu, kodwa zazisenza inkontileka yazo ngenxa yokudonsa ugesi kwangaphandle. (I-eel yacasulwa ukuba ikhiphe ukuphonsa izimpethu kuyo njengokuphakelwa.) Uma i-curomuscular poge curare ifakwe enhlanzini ngentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, khona-ke ugesi ovela ku-eel awunamphumela kukho. Okusho ukuthi, ithagethi yokukhishwa kukagesi kwakuyi-motor neurons eyi-motor ngqo elawula izicubu zomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kuyenzeka lapho i-eel isivele inqumile inyamazane yayo. Futhi uma izimayini zifihlwa? Ngokuhamba kwamanzi khona-ke ngeke ukuthole. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-eel ngokwayo iyazingela ebusuku, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ayinakuziqhayisa ngobuhle obunamehlo. Ukuthola inyamazane, isebenzisa ukukhishwa kohlobo lwesibili: ukulandelana okufushane kwama-pulses amabili kuya kwamathathu anamandla aphezulu. Lokhu kuqeda kulingisa isibonakaliso sama-motor neurons, okwenza wonke izicubu zomuntu ohlukunyezwayo azithole esenkontilekeni. I-eel, njengokungathi kunjalo, imyalela ukuba azitholele: i-spasm spasm idlula emzimbeni wesisulu, iqala ukusonta, bese i-eel ibamba ukugeleza kwamanzi - futhi iqonde lapho kwakufihlwe khona inyamazane. Ngokuzama okufanayo nenhlanzi enentambo yomgogodla echithiwe, yahlukaniswa ne-eel ngumgoqo osuvele ungeke ungene ngogesi, kepha i-eel ingezwa amagagasi amanzi kuyo. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi yayixhunywe kwi-stimulator, ukuze izicubu zayo zithole izinkontileka ngokwesicelo somhloli. Kwavela ukuthi uma i-eel ikhipha "ukutholwa kokudonsa okufushane", futhi ngasikhathi sinye izinhlanzi ziphoqelelwa ukuba zisonteke, khona-ke i-eel yayihlasela. Uma inhlanzi ingaphendulanga nganoma iyiphi indlela, khona-ke i-eel, ngeqiniso, ayizange isabele nakancane - wayevele angazi ukuthi yayikuphi.

I-eel kagesi yinhlanzi enkulu enobude bamamitha ayi-1 kuya kwayi-3, isisindo se-eel ifinyelela ku-40 kg. Umzimba we-eel uphakeme - inyoka, embozwe isikhumba eluhlaza grey ngaphandle kwesikali, futhi engxenyeni engaphambili iyindilinga, futhi iflathelwe emaceleni asondele emsileni. Ama-Eels ahlala eSouth America, ikakhulukazi, e-Amazon.

I-Coarse eel idala ukungasebenzi kwamandla kagesi kuze kufike ku-1200 V futhi okwamanje okufika ku-1 A. Ngisho nabantu abancane be-aquarium bakhiqiza ukukhipha kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-650 V. Ngakho-ke, i-eel kagesi ingaba yingozi enkulu kubantu.

Ama-eel kagesi aqongelela izindleko ezinkulu zikagesi, okukhishwa kuzo okusetshenziselwa ukuzingela nokuzivikela kubazingeli. Kodwa i-eel akuyona ukuphela kwezinhlanzi ezikhiqiza ugesi.