AmaDamana ayizihlobo eziseduzane zezindlovu zesimanje.

UDamanovye - umndeni wezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ezinesitokwe, ezinama-4.

Ukuphela komndeni wesigcawu se-monotype I-Hyracoidea.

Bahlala e-Afrika nase-Middle East.

Naphezu kokuvela kokudideka kwamadama anamuhla, anomsuka wakudala we-prehistoric.

AmaDamana ayizihlobo eziseduzane zezindlovu zesimanje.

Okuvamile

Lezi yizilwane ezinobukhulu bekati elisekhaya: ubude bomzimba ukusuka ku-30 ​​kuye ku-60-65 cm, isisindo ukusuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-4,5 kg.

Umsila uyimbudane (1-3 cm) noma ungekho.

Ngokubukeka, amadamu afana namagundane - ama-marmot angenamila noma izingulube ezinkulu zasesigujini - kodwa-ke, asondelene kakhulu nezindlovu.

Imizimba yabo iminyene, ilukhuni, inekhanda elikhulu entanyeni emfishane futhi emilenze emifushane kodwa eqinile.

Isibalo sisifushane, sinomlomo omkhulu ongaphezulu owakhiwe.

Izindlebe ziyindilinga, zincane, kwesinye isikhathi zicishe zifihlwe ejokeni. Amandla ayama-ukuhamba.

Amaphethelo angamaphiko ama-5 anemifantu ebunjiwe efana nezinselo.

Imilenze yangemuva inemifino emithathu, umunwe wangaphakathi uphethe isikhonkwane eside esisongekile, esisebenza ukuhlanganisa izinwele, neminye iminwe - izinsimbi ezakhiwe njengotsholo.

Izinsika zezinyawo zingenalutho, zimbozwe ngesiga esinsimbi senjoloba, izindunduma eziningi zezithukuthuku ezivulekile ebusweni bazo, ezihlala zithambisa isikhumba.

Ingxenye ephakathi ye-arch yonyawo ngalunye ingaphakanyiswa ngemisipha ekhethekile, kudaleke uhlobo lwe-sucker. Isikhumba seWet sithuthukisa ukumunca.

Ngenxa yalolu cingo, amadamana angakhuphuka imigwaqo emincane nemithi yemithi enesithunzi esikhulu nesivinini futhi aze ehle esuka kubo ebheke phezulu.

Uboya bamaDamans bukhulu, obunjwe nge-soft down and awn rough. Umbala uvame ukuba nsundu. Amaqhubu ama-vibrissae amade akhula emzimbeni (ikakhulukazi esihlungwini esingaphezu kwamehlo nasentanyeni).

Maphakathi emuva kunesigaba sezinwele ezinde, ezicwebezelayo noma ezimnyama, enkabeni lapho kunesigaba khona.

Ebusweni bayo, izindunduma zensimu ekhethekile ye-glandular evulekile - i-gland glandular lobes eyenziwe ngama-hypertrophic sebaceous kanye nezindlala izithukuthuku.

I-gland ifaka secretion enephunga elinamandla ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Emadayidini asemancane, insimbi ayikhuli noma ayakhelwanga kahle, kubantu besifazane ingaphansi kwabesilisa.

Ngokwesaba noma ukuphazamiseka, izinwele ezimboza indlala zikhuphuka ziqonde. Inhloso ngqo ye-gland ayikaziwa.

Amazinyo ahlala njalo emadadeni amadala angama-34, ubisi - 28.

Izisusa zomhlathi ongaphezulu ngokukhula okungapheli, okunesikhala esilinganayo futhi zifana nezinto ezifaka amagundane.

Amaphutha alahlekile. Ama-molars kanye nama-molars afana namazinyo abantu abaphethwe wuluhlaza.

Futha ngomhlathi ophansi omkhulu. Izingono: 1 i-thoracic ne-2 ngazimbili ze-inguinal noma i-1 i-axillary ne-1-2 - inguinal.

Indlela yokuphila

Kusatshalaliswa e-Afrika engaseningizimu yeSahara, kanye naseSinayi nasePeninsulas yase-Arabia, eSyria nase-Israyeli.

Abamele ukuzalwa I-Procavia futhi IHeterohyrax - izilwane ezihlwanyelayo, zihlala emakoloni abantu abangama-5-60 ezindaweni ezinamanzi amnyama nasemadwaleni amatshe, akhuphukela ezintabeni aze afike kumamitha angama-4 500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.

Abamele uhlobo I-Dendrohyrax - izilwane zasehlathini ebusuku, zihlala zodwa emindenini. Wonke amadamu asebenza kakhulu, akwazi ukushesha ukugijima, agxume futhi akhuphuke emadwaleni nasezihlahleni. Umbono nokuzwa kukhule kahle.

AmaDamana ahlukahluka ku-thermoregulation engakhuli kahle - ebusuku babuthana ndawonye ukuzifudumeza, futhi phakathi nosuku, njengezilo, zihlala elangeni isikhathi eside.

Ngasikhathi sinye, baphakamisa izimbotshana zamaphawekazi lapho kutholakala khona umjuluko wezithukuthuku.

Ukujuluka okuqinile okunamathele kusiza amadamu ukuthi akhuphuke.

AmaDamanes acophile kakhulu futhi njengama-squirrels aseYurophu lapho bebona ingozi bakhipha ukukhala okukhulu okubukhali, okuphoqa lonke leli koloni ukuba licashe ezindaweni zokukhosela.

I-Herbivorous. Zidla ikakhulu ekudleni kwezitshalo, kwesinye isikhathi zidla izinambuzane nezibungu zazo.

Ekufuneni ukudla, bangakhuphukela ku-1-3 km. Azidingi manzi.

Ngokungafani neminye imifino eminingi, amadamu awazakheli izisulu futhi, lapho ezondla, azisiza ngomolars.

Itshungama, ngokungafani nama-artiodactyl noma ama-kangaroo, ayihlafunwa, ukudla kugaywa esiswini sabo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinamagumbi amaningi.

Isikhathi sokuzala kabusha ngokusobala asikho.

Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-7,7,5. Owesifazane uletha ama-1-3, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike kumathole ayi-6, isikhathi esi-1 ngonyaka.

Amakhebuli azalwa akhule kahle, enamehlo avulekile, okwazi ukugijima ngokushesha.

Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2, aqala ukudla ukudla kwezitshalo.

Ukubukeka

Imisindo yesilwane esifuywayo: ubude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-30-65 ngesisindo esilingana no-1.5-4,5 kg. Ingxenye ye-caudal yamafutha i-embryonic, ingabi ngaphezu kuka-3 cm ubude, noma ayikho ngokuphelele. Ukubonakala kwamadamu kuyafana namagundane - ama-marmot angenamila noma izingulube ezinkulu ze-Guinea, kodwa ngezinkomba ze-phylogenetic ukuthi isilwane esiseduze kangaka siseduze kwe-proboscis kanye nama-siren. AmaDamana anomzimba oqinile, abonakala ngokuxhamazela, inhloko enobukhulu obukhulu, futhi nentamo eminyene nenemfushane.

Izinduna zangaphambili zohlobo lokuhamba ngezinyawo, ezinamandla futhi zakhiwe kahle, ezineminwe emine nezinzipho ezintofontofo ezifana nezinselo. Izimbambo zangemuva zohlobo olunezintambo ezintathu, lapho kukhona umunwe wangaphakathi onomucu omude futhi ogobile wokuhlanganisa izinwele. Izinyawo ezisezinyaweni azinalutho, ezine-epidermis eminyene nerabha nemifantu eminingi yesithukuthuku, edingekayo ukuze kube nokugeleza kwamanzi esikhunjeni njalo. Lesi sici sesakhiwo sama-paws sivumela omama ukuba bakhuphuke emadwaleni amatshe neziqu zemithi ngejubane elimangalisayo kanye ne-dexterity, kanye nokuya phansi phansi.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Engxenyeni ephakathi emuva emuva kukhona isiza esimelelwa izinwele ezinde, ezilula noma ezimnyama ezinendawo ephakathi nendawo kanye neziphethu ze-sweat glandular ezikhiqiza imfihlo ekhethekile enephunga ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Isibalo sisifishane, sinomlomo omkhulu ongaphezulu ongafani nalutho. Izindlebe ziyindilinga, zincane ngosayizi, kwesinye isikhathi zicishe zifihlwe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwezinwele. Uboya bukhulu, buqukethe i-fluff ethambile ne-awn rough, umbala onsundu onsundu. Emzimbeni, endaweni yesibeletho nentamo, kanye nangaphezulu kwamehlo, kuyizigaxa zezindebe ezinde.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Umndeni wakwaDamanov uqukethe izinhlobo ezine, umbhangqwana ohola indlela yokuphila kwasemini, kanye nombhangqwana - ebusuku . Abamele lolu hlobo lwe-Procavia kanye neHeterohyrax yizilwane ezincelisayo zasemini ezihlala emakoloni, zihlanganisa ukusuka kubantu abahlanu kuya kwabayisithupha. Isilo sasehlathini ebusuku singaba nesizungu noma sihlale emndenini. Wonke amadamu ahlukaniswa ukuhamba namandla okugijima ngokushesha, gxuma phezulu ngokwanele futhi akhuphuke kalula cishe nganoma yimuphi umphezulu.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa! Bonke abameleli bekoloni elilodwa bavakashela “indlu yangasese” eyodwa, kanti umchamo wabo ematsheni ushiya ubala obukhulu bokubukeka komhlophe.

Abamele umndeni wakwaDamanova babonakala ngokuba khona kombono nokuzwa okwakheke kahle, kepha-ke, izilwane ezinjalo ebusuku zizama ukuhlangana ukuze zifudumale. Emini, izilwane ezincelisayo kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zithanda ukucwilisa isikhathi eside elangeni, ziphakamisa amathupha azo ngezindlala zamathumbu. UDaman uyisilwane esiqaphile kakhulu lapho, lapho kutholakala ingozi, sikhipha ukukhala okubukhali nokuphakeme, okuphoqa lonke leli koloni ukuba lisheshe lifihle endaweni yokuhlala.

Mangaki amadamasi ahlala

Isilinganiso sokuphila esidingekayo sedamu ezimweni zemvelo asidluli iminyaka eyishumi nane, kepha ingahluka kancane ngokuya ngesimo sendawo nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, induna yase-Afrika ihlala ngokwesilinganiso iminyaka eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa, kanti odokotela baseCape bangaphila iminyaka eyishumi. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwasungulwa ubuntu obujwayelekile, ngokuya ngokuthi abesimame bahlala baphila isikhathi eside kunabesilisa.

Izinhlobo zamaDamu

Muva nje, umndeni wakwaDaman uhlanganise cishe izinhlobo eziyishumi kuya kweziyishumi nanye ezazingezizukulwane ezine. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezine kuphela, kwesinye isikhathi eziyisihlanu zezinhlobo:

• Umndeni weRosavidae umelelwa nguD. Arboreus noma uMuti Daman, D. dorsalis noma Western Daman, D. halungile noma Eastern Daman, H. brucei noma Bruce Daman, kanye noPrsasasis noma uCape Daman,
• Umndeni we-
• I-Family Genihyiday,
• Umndeni wakwaMyohyracidae.

Wonke amadamu ahlukaniswe ngokwezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu: izintaba, ama-steppe nezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlahleni . Inani lamadama limelwe ngumndeni owodwa, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye ezihlala e-Afrika, kufaka phakathi udamaki wesihlahla nowentaba.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Amadamara asezintabeni ayizilwane zamakoloni ezazisatshalaliswa eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika yonke, ukusuka empumalanga ese mpumalanga neGibhithe, i-Ethiopia kanye neSudan kuya enkabeni ye-Angola kanye nasenyakatho neNingizimu Afrika, kubandakanya nezifundazwe zaseMpumalanga kanye naseLimpopo, lapho indawo yokuhlala imelelwa khona ngamagquma anamadwala, indawo kanye nemithambeka yezintaba.

Amadamu aseCape asakazeke kakhulu ukusuka esifundeni saseSyria, eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika kanye ne-Israyeli esiya eSouth Africa, kanti futhi cishe nawo wonke umhlaba atholakala eningizimu yeSahara. Izindawo ezihlala zodwa ziyabonakala ezindaweni ezinentaba zase-Algeria naseLibya.

Amadamu ezihlahla zaseNtshonalanga ahlala ezigodini zehlathi endaweni eseNingizimu neCentral Africa, futhi ayenzeka emithambekeni yezintaba aze afike endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-4,5 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Amadamu esihlahla eseningizimu asakazeke e-Afrika, kanye nasogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga.

Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ifinyelela engxenyeni eseningizimu isuka e-Uganda naseKenya ifinyelele esifundeni saseNingizimu Afrika, futhi isuka ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yeZambia neCongo, ngasentshonalanga ohlangothini olusempumalanga ogwini lwezwekazi. Isilwane sihlala ethafeni elisentabeni namahlathi asogwini.

Ngabe badlani amaBruce Damans?

Lezi zilwane ezincane ezisezintabeni zakha ukudla kwazo nsuku zonke kwezimila. Bayakujabulela ukudla amahlumela, amaqabunga amnandi, izithelo ngisho namagxolo ezihlahla. Umthombo oyinhloko wesitshalo samadolobhana kaBruce yi-allophius (uhlobo lwe-acacia). Lolu hlobo lwesilwane aludingi neze ukuphuza amanzi, ngoba wonke umswakama odingekayo ukuze kugcinwe imisebenzi ebalulekile uvela ekudleni. By the way: amadamu asentabeni ayadla, aqoqiwe ngamaqembu amancane.

Noma kunjalo, lezi zilwane ziyizilwane zamakoloni. Eqenjini elilodwa kungaphila kusuka kubantu abangama-30 kuye kwabangu-34, okuholwa owesilisa omkhulu kunabo bonke. Umholi umaka insimu yakhe, ekhombisa imingcele yezinto ezibonakalayo.

Lezi zilwane ziyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini. Basking elangeni, banakekela izintokazi zoboya babo, bayikhotha futhi bayihlanganise. AmaBruce Damans ayimibala ebukhali nokuzwa okuhle. Futhi zinomsindo omkhulu, kwenzeka lapho zithola ingozi. Ngale ndlela, baxwayisa iziboshwa ezikanye nabo ukuthi kufanele bacashe ngokushesha ezitolo.

Amadam

Amadam, noma Amafutha (lat. I-Hyracoidea ) - ukutholakala kwezilwane zasendulo ezincelisayo ezingabonakali ezingabizi (lat. Mammalia ).

[hlela] Isakhiwo seLimb

Imilenze yamadama imfushane kodwa iqinile. Izandulelo zinezici ezinhlanu ezinemikhono ethambile, efana neleza. Ezindongeni zangaphambili, iminwe emithathu ephakathi ingaphezulu noma incane ngokufana, eyesihlanu incane, kanti eyokuqala iyimbudane.

Imilenze yangemuva ifakwe kathathu ngeminwe emithathu eyenziwe kahle, eyokuqala ayikho, kanti eyesihlanu ayihlolisisi. Umunwe wangaphakathi unezipikili ezinde ezigobile, kanti ezinye zinezinselo ezinjengezinselo, njengasemilenzeni yangaphambili.

Kunama-pads ezinsweni ezingenalutho, futhi ingxenye ephakathi ye-arch ye-sole ikhuphuka nemisipha ekhethekile lapho iphumula ebusweni. Lokhu kwakha i-vacuum kanti unyawo lunjengokungathi lunyathelwe etsheni noma esihlahleni sesihlahla. Izindlala ezintanjeni ezifaka imfihlo yesikhumba enamagabha zifaka isandla ekuthomeni okuqinile kokuphela kwendawo engaphansi. Ngenxa yale divayisi, amadamu angagibela aze afike ezansi emaweni aqonde mpo neziqu zemithi ngesiqu esikhulu nangejubane elikhulu.

[hlela] Isakhiwo sezinyo

AmaDamana anamazinyo obisi angama-28 namazinyo angama-34- 38 unomphela.

Umbhangqwana owodwa wezinsimbi ezingaphezulu ukhula njalo futhi awunawo u-koqweqwe lwawo ngaphakathi kwangaphakathi futhi ufana ne-rodent incisors. Zinejika elilinganiselwe kancane. I-diastema ebanzi ihlukanisa okwahlukanisayo kubhangqwana be-canines. Ezinye izinhlobo kungenzeka zingabi namafangs.

I-Antibody (4/4) futhi ikakhulukazi amazinyo ama-molar (3/3) ayafana namazinyo ama-ungulates.

Amazinyo ancibilikayo e-Molar ne-pseudo kancane kancane adlulela komunye nomunye.

Umsuka wamaDashi

Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zamadama zivela emuva ku-Eocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule).

Kwizigidi eziningi zeminyaka, amadlozi amadamu ayengama-herbivores asemhlabeni asezingeni eliphezulu e-Afrika, ngenkathi emiqhudelwaneni iMiocene nama-bovid awazange awakhiphele ngaphandle kwe-niche yakudala yemvelo.

Noma kunjalo, isikhathi eside amaDamana aqhubeka eyisikhondlakhondla esikhulu futhi esabekayo, ehlala iningi le-Afrika, i-Asia kanye ne-Europe YaseYurophu ePliocene.

Amadama wesimanjemanje wePhylogenetically asondelene ne-proboscis, anakho ukufana okuningi ekwakhekeni kwamazinyo, amathambo kanye ne-placenta.

Kunombono wokuthi "amahashi" okukhulunywa ngawo eBhayibhelini, akhonjiswe ngegama elithi "shafan" (uShafani ) empeleni kwakungamadam.

Kude kude, afana impela nonogwaja abakhulu.

Ukusuka esiHeberu, leli gama lidlulela olimini lwamaFenike, ngokusobala athatha imvundla yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia kubantu bamadanari, enikeza izwe igama I-shapan-im , Daman Coast.

Kamuva kwaleli gama kwavela isiLatini I-Spain kanye "neSpain" sanamuhla.

Lona kanye igama elithi “daman” lidabuka kuma-Arab futhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho ukuthi “inqama”.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Kuze kube muva nje, umndeni wakwaDaman ubala okungenani izinhlobo eziyi-10 - 11 zohlobo lwe-4. Ngemuva konyaka we-1995, inani lezinhlobo lancipha laba ngu-4 kuphela:

• Umndeni kaDaman (I-Procaviidae )
  • URod Wood Damans (I-Dendrohyrax )
    • Wood Daman (Dendrohyrax arboreus )
    • I-Western Daman (Dendrohyrax dorsalis )
  • IRod Mountain Damans (IHeterohyrax )
    IHeterohyrax brucei )
• URod Rocky Damans (I-Procavia )
  • ICape Daman (I-Procavia capensis )

Amadama ayizilwane ezincane, ezifanayo kakhulu nama-floorhogs, kuthi lapho amadamu evulekile, ekuqaleni ayephethe iphutha ngenduku. Ngemuva kwesikhashana esithile, benaka ubuntu besakhiwo semilensi yabo, amadamu abalwa njengama-artiodactyls, futhi maphakathi nekhulu le-19, esetholile ukufana kwamadamaki nezindlovu, abelwa ukuhlangana ngokuzimele. Ukufana kwamadamayine anezidalwa zezindlovu nezendlovu kuchazwa ngokuba khona kokhokho abavamile bazo zonke lezi zilwane - izidalwa ezindala ezingagugi, ezivela kuzo zonke izilwane zesimanje ezinamahloni.



AmaDamana ahlukaniswe ngo-3 genera: isihlahla, intaba kanye namadwala amatshe. Onke amadada ahlala ezintabeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-5200 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amadamu ezihlahla ahlala emahlathini ase-Afrika asezintabeni. Amadamara asezintabeni athanda izindawo ezinamadwala ezingenazo izimila. Futhi amadwala anamadwala awatholakali ezintabeni kuphela, kodwa nasezindaweni eziwugwadule, amasoseji kanye nezitebhisi zase-Afrika, Arabia, Syria kanye nePalestine. Wonke amadamu akhuphuka kahle emaphethelweni acishe abushelelezi amatshe noma iziqu zemithi. Amasokisi ubanzi futhi ahlala enomswakama, njengerabha, amasokisi kanye nokuxineka kwemvelo kwalezi zilwane ezibukeka zingathandeki zizisiza ukuba zigweme ukwehla.



Amadamu eWood ahlala emindenini: ubaba, umama namawundlu. Ntambama balala emigodini yezihlahla, kusihlwa bayaphuma bayofuna amaqabunga nezinambuzane ezidliwayo. Amadayimane esihlahla awakhuphuki izihlahla, kepha asheshe agijime ehle aze ehle ezansi ngemithi bese egxumela ngokufanele esuka egatsheni aye kwelinye.



Amadamu amadwala nezintaba athanda ukuhlala emikhakheni emikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike kumakhulu abantu. Ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, kuphephile ukunamathela ndawonye - futhi uzowubona lo mbumbulu ngesikhathi, futhi kulula ukuzivikela ngokuhlangene.



Ama-Daman cubs avela unyaka wonke. Imfucumfucu yaseNtabeni neyamadwala imvamisa inamazinyane ayi-1-3. Idamu laseCape Cape libhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu, lapho izingane zingafinyelela kwezi-6 zingazalwa ngasikhathi sinye. Amantombazane asanda kuzalwa athuthukiswe ngokuphelele, embozwe ngoboya futhi abonwe, elungele impilo ezimele, yize esaphethwe ngabazali. Eminyakeni engu-2 ubudala, amantombazane asemancane asevele aqala owawo umndeni. AmaDamana awaphili isikhathi eside - iminyaka engaba ngu-6-7.

AmaDamana ayabekezelela kahle ubugqila. Yize abantu abadala behlala bezilwane zasendle, izilwane ezincane zingadanjiswa. AmaDamana awesatshiswa ngokuqothulwa, futhi akukho nohlobo olulodwa lwalezi zilwane olubhalwe kwiBhuku elibomvu.



Amadamu amakhulu kunawo wonke amadamu kaJohnson (aze afike ku-5.4 kg), kanti amancanyana kakhulu ngamadamu kaBruce (afinyelela ku-1,3 kg). Lezi zinhlobo zombili zingezinhlobo zohlobo lwamadamu asezintabeni futhi zihlala emikhondlwini emikhulu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwaleli koloni kuxubene: amadamu aseBruce awagcini nje eduzane namadamu amadamu akwaJohnson: bachitha ubusuku emigqeni efanayo, befudumeza omunye komunye, bekhulisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezingane ndawonye futhi baxhumana ngisho nezimpawu ezifanayo ezizwakalayo.

Amadamesi asezintabeni Lokhu kuhlangana kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane kuyehlukile. Ngaphezu kwamadamaki, izinkawu zezinhlobo ezithile kuphela ezixhumana ngokusondelana.



Iqiniso elifushane
Amadamaki awadingi manzi, athola wonke umswakama odingekayo ekudleni.



Ukuze ahlanganise ijazi lawo eliwugqinsi onsundu, le nduna isebenzisa uzipho olugobile olubunjiwe ngaphakathi kwemilenze yangemuva kwayo. Izinsimbi zamadamu zimbozwe ngesikhumba esiminyene, olufana nerabha. Ezindongeni ezikhethekile ezinyaweni, kukhululwa izithukuthuku, ngenxa yokuthi izinyawo zisebenza njengamachilo, okuvumela isilwane ukuba sihambe kalula futhi ngokukhululeka emadwaleni, kufaka phakathi sibheke phansi.



AbaseDamnake baqaphele kakhulu. Bahlangana ngamaqembu abantu abacishe babe ngu-50 abahlala emifantwini yemvelo yamadwala. Iqembu ngalinye linababukeli abaqapha eduze imvelo. Lapho zibona umuntu noma isilwane, la “mabutho” akhipha umsindo wokuhlaba umkhosi, futhi lonke leli koloni lisakazeka ngemigodi ngokushesha.



AmaDamana anamakhono amahle okwezwi, ku-repertoire yawo - i-twitter, i-growl, ikhwela, ukukhala okukhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ebusuku amaqembu ayahlangana nomakhelwane bawo - konke kuqala ngokuncipha noma ukukhala okuzwakalayo, okuthi kancane kancane kube yizwi lokukhala kwengulube, bese kuba yimisindo efana nokukhala kwengane.



Amadamaki enza umsindo kakhulu lapho egibela esihlahleni noma ehla kuwo. Ngobusuku obubandayo, obungamalanga, amadamu ayahlangana, anamathele komunye nomunye ukuzifudumeza, kuthi ngesikhathi esishisayo ahlala ngokunethezeka emthunzini wezihlahla, aphakamise izandla zawo phezulu.



AmaDamana ayizilwane zasemini, bachitha isikhathi sabo begibela amadwala nama-gorges noma bagxumela egatsheni beya egatsheni beyofuna amaqabunga amasha, anojusi, izithelo zezihlahla nezihlahlana. U-Daman ngeke anqabe kusuka esilwaneni esithole ngengozi. Ezihlotsheni ezihluthuliweyo, lo daman wayeqhubeka nomkhuba wokuhlafuna, yize empeleni ukunyakaza kwezindebe zakhe ngaleso sikhathi eshaya into ethile kwathathwa ukuze kuhlafunwe.



Lezi zilwane ezinobuqili ezihlala eningizimu yeSahara, kanye naseSyria nase-Israyeli, zinezitha eziningi - izingwe, ama-pythons, ama-steppe lynxes (ama-caracals), ama-serval kanye nama-wyverra azingela amadamu. Isitha somuntu uqobo sodanelwe singabizwa ngokuthi ukhozi olumnyama lwase-Afrika, olukhetha ukudla kuphela amadamu.



IsiRus: Daman wentaba
Eng: I-hyrax enamabala aphuzi
I-Lat: (Heterohyrax bruceii)

Sisatshalaliswa eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika kusuka eSoutheast Egypt (ogwini loLwandle Olubomvu), eSudan naseTopiya kuye eCentral Angola (inani labantu elihlala bodwa) kanye naseNyakatho Ningizimu Afrika (ezifundazweni zaseLimpopo naseMpumalanga).

Ubude bomzimba womdamu wezintaba omdala buyi-32,5-56 cm, isisindo ngu-1,3-4,5 kg. Abesilisa nabesifazane empeleni abafani ngosayizi, yize izinsikazi zivame ukuba zikhulu.

Izindawo lapho kuhlala khona amadamu asezintabeni ngamagquma anamadwala, izintaba nemithambeka yezintaba. Ezintabeni akhuphukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-3,800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Amagquma anamatshe afanayo (i-monadnoki) asendaweni eyomile ahlinzeka abantu baseMadameni ngokushisa okufanele (17-25 ° C) kanye nomswakama (32-40%), okuvikela isivikelo emililweni yama-steppe.

Njengawo wonke amadamu, amadamu asezintabeni ayizilwane zamakoloni. Inani labantu abajwayelekile bekoloni lifinyelela kubantu abangama-34; isisekelo salo siseqenjini lomndeni elizimele (i-harem) elizinzile. Leli qembu lifaka owesilisa osemdala, kuze kufinyelele kwabangu-17 abesifazane besifazane nezilwane ezisencane. Amadamu asezintabeni avame ukuhlangana namadamu aseCape, ahlanganyele kuwo indawo yokuhlala. Amadamama ayasebenza phakathi nosuku, kanye nasebusuku obuqhakazile benyanga. Imvamisa bondla kusuka ku-7.30 a.m. kuye ku-11 a.m. futhi kusuka ku-3.30 p.m. kuya ku-6 p.m., kepha basebenzisa kufika ku-94% wesikhathi sabo behamba elangeni, benakekela izinwele zabo, njll. Izimbobo eziphakathi kwamatshe, imifantu nezindawo zokusebenzisa amatshe ziyisiphephelo samadayimane. Banamehlo abukhali nokuzwa, futhi bahlasela ngokuzivikela ngokuzivikela ngamazinyo. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, kukhalelwa ukukhonkotha, kuphoqa amanye amadamu ukuthi acashe ezindaweni zokukhosela. Uyakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-5 m / s, gxuma kahle.

Amadamara asezintabeni adla ukudla okuhlukahlukene kwezitshalo, kufaka phakathi amaqabunga, izithelo, amahlumela kanye namagxolo ezihlahla. Isibonelo, elinye ikholoni elibonwe eZambia lidla kakhulu amaqabunga e-yam eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Dioscorea bulbifera). Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla, noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-acacia ne-allophilus, ngokuvamile, zithanda ukuzondla ezitshalweni zezihlahla nezihlahla zazo, ezingakwazi ngisho nokukhuphukela ezihlahleni. Ukudla okujwayelekile kwedamu lasezintabeni eSerengeti National Park kufaka i-cordia (Cordia ovalis), i-grevia (Grewia fallax), i-hibiscus (Hibiscus lunarifolius), i-ficus (Ficus), ne-merua (Maerua triphylla). Aziphuzi amanzi, zithola uketshezi oludingekayo eziluhlaza. Ukuzondla ngamaqembu, kaningi - ngakunye.

Amadamara asezintabeni azalela unyaka nonyaka, yize ukuzalaniswa kwesiqongo kuvame ukwenzeka ekugcineni kwenkathi yemvula. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-6.5-7,5 futhi kugcina ngokuzalwa kwamawundlu angama-1-2 esidlekeni sezingane, okuyinto amadamana asentabeni kwesinye isikhathi abelana ngawo kanye nezinduna. Isisindo sewundlu lapho luzalwa singama-220-230 g. Ukuncelisa ubisi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Phakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-12 nezingama-30, izinsizwa ezisencane esezikhulile zishiya izindawo zakwazo; izintokazi zijoyina iqembu lomndeni.

Izinyoka ezinkulu (ama-hieroglyphic pythons), izinyoni ezidla inyama, izingwe kanye nezinyamazane ezincane (isb. Mongooses) inyamazane emadamu asezintabeni. Zitholakala emgomeni wegciwane kanye nesifo sofuba. Ihlangene nematod ezinhlotsheni zeCrossophorus collaris, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhaza, amaba namantwala. Isikhathi sokuphila esirekhodiwe sifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-11.



IsiRus: ICape Daman
Eng: Rock hyrax
I-Lat: (Procavia capensis)

Kusatshalaliswa kusuka eSyria, kwa-Israyeli naseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika kuya eSouth Africa. I-Sub-Saharan Africa ihlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Izindawo eziqhelile zitholakala ezintabeni zaseLibya nase-Algeria.

Ubude bomzimba 30-58 cm, isisindo esingu-1.4-4 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane.

Amadamu aseCape ahlalwa ngamadwala, obeka amatshe aqoshwe emadwaleni, ezindaweni ezikude, noma ogwadule olunamadwala. I-Shelter itholakala phakathi kwamatshe noma kwizimbobo ezingenalutho zezinye izilwane (aardvark, meerkats). Amakoloni aphila kusuka kuma-5-6 kuya kubantu abangama-80. Amakoloni amakhulu ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu emindeni eholwa ngowesilisa osekhulile. Iyasebenza engxenyeni elula yosuku, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ifika ebusweni kanye nasebusuku obufudumele benyanga. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku sichithwa siphumula futhi sishiswa yilanga - ukuthuthuka kahle okwenziwe kahle kubangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa lamadama lishintshe usuku lonke. Zidla ikakhulu ngotshani, izithelo, amahlumela namagxolo ezihlahlana, akuvami ukudla ukudla kwezilwane (isikhonyane). Naphezu kokubukeka okuxakile, lezi zilwane zisebenza kakhulu, zikhuphuka kalula phezu kwamawa amawa.

Isikhathi sokufika kwesikhathi sokuzala sincike endaweni. Ngakho-ke, eKenya, kwenzeka ngo-Agasti-Novemba, kepha kungahlala kuze kube uJanuwari, naseSyria ngo-Agasti-Septhemba. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-6-7. Abesifazane bavame ukuzala ngoJuni-Julayi, ngemuva kwezikhathi zemvula. Kudoti 2, kuvame kakhulu amawundlu ama-3, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike ku-6. Izinkomo zizalwa zibonwa futhi zimbozwe ngoboya, ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa zishiya isidleke sezinyosi. Baqala ukudla ukudla okuqinile emavikini ama-2, bese bezimela emasontweni ayi-10. Amadodakazi asemasha afinyelela ekuthangeni eneminyaka eyi-16, eneminyaka engu-16 kuya kwezinyanga izinyanga izinyanga ezisencane zihlaliswa, izinsikazi zivame ukuhlala neqembu lomndeni wazo.

Izitha eziphambili zamadanoni ingwe, i-caracal, izimpungushe, ama-hyena abonakalayo nezinyoni zezinyamazane. Ukhozi lweKaffir (i-Aquila verreauxii) luzondla kuphela ngamadam. Lapho isitha sihlasela, umgadli akagcini nje ngokuthatha isikhundla sokuzivikela, aphakamise ijazi lakhe emhlolweni womgogodla ekugcineni, kodwa futhi uzivikele ngamazinyo akhe amade, anamandla. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila emvelweni yiminyaka eyi-10. Abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside ngokubonakalayo kunabesilisa.



I-Western Wood Daman
Eng: I-Western Tree Hyrax
I-Lat: (Dendrohyrax dorsalis)

Bahlala emahlathini aseCentral naseNingizimu Afrika. Zitholakala emithambekeni yezintaba zifinyelela kumamitha angama-4500 ngaphezu kolwandle.

Ubude bomzimba wabo buyi-40-60 cm, umsila 1-3 cm, isisindo 1.5-2.5 kg.

Amadayimane eWood aselula kakhulu: ashesha agijimela phezulu futhi ehla iziqu zezihlahla, agxume esuka egatsheni eya kwelinye igatsha. Lezi zilwane azihambi ebusuku futhi ngenxa yalokho zicashile. Kodwa-ke, kusihlwa, ihlathi ligcwele ukukhala kwabo, lazisa ukuthi amadamu ayondla. Ebusuku, ukukhala kuyaphela, kepha uphinde ugcwalise ihlathi ngaphambi kokusa, lapho izilwane zibuyela ekhaya. Ukukhala kwamadamu ezihlahla kuqukethe uchungechunge lwemisindo engasho lutho ephela ngokuqina okubukhali. Amazwi amadamu ezihlahla ezinhlobo ezihlukene ahlukile. Ngokukhalaza, umuntu angahlukanisa nowesilisa nowesifazane. Amadamane amemeza ezihlahleni kuphela. Ngokunokwenzeka, ukukhala kwamadama kuyizimpawu zokuthi insimu ihlaselwe.

Phila impilo yodwa. Indawo eyodwa yalesi silwane imayelana ne-0,25 km 2. Abantu baseDamana badla ngamaqabunga, ama-buds, amacimbi nezinye izinambuzane. Imvamisa behlela ukuyokondla izwe, lapho bedla khona utshani beqoqa izinambuzane, bachitha usuku emigodini noma emqhele wesihlahla phakathi kwamahlamvu aminyene.

Asikho isikhathi esithile sokuzala, futhi aletha amawundlu unyaka wonke. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-7. Imvamisa ulethe eyodwa, kuyaqabukela amawundlu amabili. Bazalwa benamehlo, bembozwe ngoboya, bukhulu kakhulu (cishe isigamu sobude bukamama) futhi amahora ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa sebevele benyuka izihlahla. Bafinyelela eminyakeni yokuthomba eminyakeni emibili.

Uma kwenzeka ingozi, amadamana athatha isikhundla, abaphendukela ezitheni futhi acekele phansi izinwele emgodini womgogodla ukuze insimu ye-glandular idalulwe. Abahlali bendawo yonke indawo babamba amadamu, ngoba inyama yalezi zilwane isezingeni elihle. Ekuthunjweni, amadamu enkuni asheshe abe ngabolile, aphila iminyaka eyi-6 kuya ku-7.



Southern Wood Daman
Eng: I-Southern Tree Hyrax
I-Lat: (Dendrohyrax arboreus)

Kuthunyelwe e-Afrika, ogwini lwaseNingizimu-mpumalanga. Uhla lwayo lusuka eningizimu isuka eKenya nase-Uganda iye eSouth Africa futhi isuka empumalanga yeCongo naseZambia, ngasentshonalanga ukuya ogwini olusempumalanga yezwekazi.

Isisindo somzimba esijwayelekile singama-2.27 kg, ubude bawo bube ngama-52 cm.

Ihlala amahlathi asezintabeni nasogwini aze afike ku-4500 m ngaphezu kolwandle.

Imvamisa, kuqondiswa ukufana kwangaphandle, abantu baqhathanisa amadamu namagundane amakhulu: ama-marmots, ama-haylords, izingulube ze-Guinea - futhi anephutha elikhulu. Isakhiwo se-anatomical salezi zilwane ezingalingani, kepha ezidumile kakhulu kwa-Israyeli sihluke kakhulu esakhiweni sazo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ukuthi izazi zezilwane ziye zabela zona zodwa. Izihlobo zabo eziseduzane kakhulu phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo kwakuyindlovu, kanye nezinhlabamkhosi - iqembu elincane, elihlukile kakhulu lezilwane ezinkulu ezingashiyi amanzi. Izithombe SPL / IZINDABA EZIYA

AmaFenikiya (nangemva kwawo amaJuda asendulo) akubonakali sengathi abahlukanisa nogwaja nhlobo, ebabiza bobabili ngegama elifanayo "shafan" - "ukucasha." Namuhla banegama labo.



- I-Procavia capensis . Ubude bomzimba wesilwane esidala ngamasentimitha angama-30-55, isisindo - ama-1,4- kilos. Abesilisa ngokwesilinganiso bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba, njengomthetho, ipendiwe ngombala onsundu, ongaphansi - ngo-ukhilimu, yize umbala ungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwemindeni ehlukene nabantu. Ijazi elimboza umgogodla limnyama, alinamabala aphuzi noma abomvu. Bahlala eningizimu yeSyria, eNhlonhlo yase-Arabia, kwa-Israyeli futhi kulo lonke elase-Afrika (eSahara - ngabantu ababodwa ezintabeni zase-Algeria naseLibya). Bathanda amadwala, inqwaba yamatshe, imidwebo yamatshe, yize zitholakala nasemathafeni asolwandle angenalutho. Isifiso sempilo yiminyaka eyi-10-11.



Dam Dam (ibala eliphuzi, Idamu leBruce)- I-Heterohyrax brucei . Ubude bomzimba - amasentimitha angama-32-56, isisindo - amakhilogremu angu-1,3-4,5,5. Izinwele zikhanya kakhulu, kepha engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba izinhlangothi zezinwele zimdaka onsundu, okunikeza induna umbala “ocwazimulayo” oyingqayizivele. Ukuhluka kombala kuvame ukuvela - kusuka kumpunga (ezindaweni ezomile) kuya kokubomvu ngoku-brownish (kumanzi). Ngaphansi komzimba kucishe kube mhlophe, ibala emthanjeni womgogodla lihlala liphuzi ngokugqamile, kwesinye isikhathi ukusuka ebomvu kuya kubomvu. Sisatshalaliswa sisuka e-Ethiopia naseningizimu mpumalanga ye-Egypt saya e-Angola nasenyakatho neNingizimu Afrika, abantu abahlala bodwa bahlala enkabeni yeSahara naseDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Izici zokuphila kanye nendlela yokuphila kufana kakhulu neCape Daman.



Amadamu e-Wood ayizinhlobo ezintathu zohlobo lwe-Dendrohyrax. Ubude bomzimba - amasentimitha angama-40-60, isisindo - amakhilogremu 1.5-2,5. Ziyahlukahluka kumadamu wezindawo ezivulekile ezingamasayizi amancane, imizimba evumelana ngokwengeziwe, nokuba khona komsila (amasentimitha ama-1-3). Umbala womzimba onsundu (uvame ukumpunga noma uphuzi), izinwele ezisebeni lomgogodla zilula. Hlala cishe wonke amahlathi ase-Afrika asezindaweni ezishisayo - kusuka eGambia enyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya eKenya naseTanzania empumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika eningizimu.

Ubudlelwano bomndeni obukhazimulayo abuzange buthinte nganoma iyiphi indlela ukubonakala kwamadayimane. Umzimba we-baggy emilenzeni emifushane, izindlebe eziyindilinga, amehlo obuhlalu, ikhala elimnyama elikhuphuke kancanyana, izindebe zangaphezulu ezimfushane, ngokuhamba okuqhubekayo, njengokungathi kukhona okuhlafunayo masinyane. Umsila kungaba mfishane kakhulu (emadodeni enkuni) noma awukho nhlobo. Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-paws awabukeki ejwayelekile: esikhundleni sokufakelwa kweminwe emaceleni - izinselo eziphothiwe ezibukeka njengezindlovu (kuphela iminwe ephakathi emilenzeni yangemuva yezinyawo ezihlotshiswe ngohlaka olugobile olugobile). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kwawo wonke amadamu kunendawo eyindilinga, uboya obuhlala buhlukahluka ngokubumbala nombala kusuka kobo obuzungezile, noma ngabe udayiwe kanjani. Ngokwesaba noma ukuthokozela kwesilwane, lo boya bume bume, buveze imichilo eminingi yeglandular, okuvela kuyo ukucasha okuyiphunga. Ngokuvamile, izindlala ezinamakha ezilwaneni ezincelisayo akuyona into engajwayelekile, kodwa kuzo zonke ngaphandle kwamadamu, zitholakala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu emuva. Yini engaphawulwa ngosizo lomjimba onjalo, ngaphandle nje kobubanzi bomgodi?

Uma igama elithi "daman" lisetshenzisiwe ngaphandle kokucacisa izincazelo, ungaqiniseka ukuthi sikhuluma ngeCape Daman - uhlobo lwesidalwa esihlala kwa-Israyeli. Igama elithi "daman" lemvelaphi yama-Arabeli lihunyushwa ngokuthi "inqama", yize zombili ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila, amadamu akhumbuza kakhulu izimashi. Bahlala ezintabeni (ezingakhuphuki, noma kunjalo, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo), amadwala, izingqimba zamatshe nezindawo ezingaphandle. Bahlala emindenini kusuka ku-5-6 kuya ku-50 izilwane. Uma inhlabathi ivumela, bamba imigodi ejulile, futhi elungiselelwe kahle (ngaphandle kokudelela, noma kunjalo, izindawo zokukhosela ezilahliwe zabanye abembi, ngokwesibonelo ama-aardvark), uma kungenjalo, bathola isiphephelo emihumeni, emifantwini, noma phakathi kwamatshe. Mhlawumbe bazokunika izingqinamba namaphoyinti kwizisekelo zokukhwela amadwala: akunzima ukuthi ungamangali ukubona ukuthi isilwane esibonakala sisindayo kangakanani ngokulula okungalindelekile senyuka udonga lwamatshe cishe. Icebo lokuphamba leli livumela insizwa ukuthi yenze “izandla” zayo - amaphakethe we-paw, inika njalo "ukujuluka" okunamathelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-pads athambile asebenzayo anjengezinkomishi zokugunda. Vele, amandla nokuqina kokuncela akuzona kangako ukuthi induna ingakwazi ukubambelela ophahleni noma odongeni olubheke phezulu.

Amandla okufinyelela ngokushesha ekhoselweni abalulekile esilwaneni, okuyisisulu esihlala njalo sabaningi bezilwane ezidla lubi - kusuka ezingwebeni kuya emancwabeni. Phakathi kwabo, umzingeli wamadamu “okhethekile” umi, abasebenzela yena okuwukuphela kokudla - ukhozi omnyama waseKaffir, umlingani wase-Afrika okhozini lwegolide. Lesi sitha senza ukuthi amadamana abuke isibhakabhaka ngaso sonke isikhathi, lapho amehlo awo evikelwe khona yiluhlobo lwezibuko - ukuphuma okuyisipesheli kwe-iris okumboza umfundi. Ngosizo lokuhlunga okunjalo, idamu lingabona isisulu esinemibala emnyama ngisho nangasemuva kwelanga elikhazimulayo. Kepha okhozi banezikhohlisi zabo: bazingela ngababili, kanti omunye wabalingani uhamba phambi kwamaduna, athumba ukubukwa kwalo lonke leli koloni, okunye ukuhlasela kungazelelwe. Uhlobo lwesilwane uqobo lwalo lwenza ukuthi amacebo anjalo aphumelele: ngakho konke ukuqapha kwabo, abantu basemadolobheni banelukuluku lokwazi futhi bahlala bekulungele ukubuka izinto eziyingozi. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuvela umuntu, bacasha ngokushesha emashalofini abo, kepha uma isivakashi esingamenyiwe simi noma sihlala singashukumi, ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa, ubuso obunelukuluku buqala ukuvela kuzo zonke izimbobo. Lapho-ke izilwane bese zifinyelela ngokuphelele ebusweni bese ziqala ukutadisha "imininingwane" entsha yezwe. Kepha lapho kuvusa noma kuzwakala okuncane, ziphinda zicashe masinyane kwizimbobo.

AmaDamans adla kakhulu ekudleni kwezitshalo: amahlumela amasha namaqabunga, izimpande, ama-rhizomes, ama-tubers, ama-bulbs, izithelo ezinama-juicy, ngisho namagxolo, yize engasoze aphuthelwa ithuba lokuphambukisa itafula ngesinambuzane esixegayo, futhi lapho lihlaselwa yisikhonyane, liqala ukushintshela kulona. Njengabahlali abaningi bezindawo ezivulekile ezishisayo, bondla ikakhulukazi kusihlwa nakusihlwa, kepha babuyela ekudleni ngaphansi kwenyanga uma kukhanya ngokwanele. Kubalulekile nje ukuthi ubusuku bufudumale: ngokulondolozwa kokushisa komzimba okuhlala njalo, amadamu ahlangabezana kahle nezinkinga, aqala ngo-24 kuye ku-39 ° C. Ngakho-ke, ukushiya umgodi ekuseni, izilwane kuqala zimane zizifudumele elangeni. Imvamisa bathatha imisebe yelanga phakathi nosuku: esimweni esingajwayelekile, ilele esiswini sabo futhi basonta amawele abo babheke phezulu. Kungabonakala ukuthi lapho uhlala endaweni eshisayo neyomile, imikhuba enjalo kufanele iholele ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, amadamu aphuza amanzi ngezikhathi ezithile, imvamisa anomswakama owanele oqukethwe ekudleni noma okhishwa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwawo.



Amadamaki abonakala nge-thermoregulation engakhuli kahle, futhi ukufudumala, ebusuku aqoqwe zinqwaba, kuthi ngesikhathi sasemini asuke elangeni. Izithombe IMAGE ISIHLOKO / IZITHOMBE ZEVOSTOCK

Futhi kuphela maqondana nokukhiqizwa kabusha, amadamu afana nezilwane ezinamawele hhayi izinduku. Imidlalo yabo yokuzalela ayihlanganisiwe kuphela kunoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kodwa iningi lawo wonke amawundlu azalwa ekupheleni kwenkathi yemvula (ezifundeni ezihlukene lezi yizinyanga ezihlukile, kepha ngokuvamile ngoJuni-Julayi), lapho kunokudla okuningi okunamanzi nxazonke. Ukuzalwa kwandulelwa ukukhulelwa isikhathi eside okungajwayelekile ezilwaneni zakusayizi - cishe izinyanga eziyi-7.5. Kepha amawundlu (ajwayele ukwenzeka kusuka kokunye kuya kokuthathu) azalwe ebonwa, embozwe ngoboya kuthi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa akwazi ukuthutha futhi ashiye umgodi. Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, sebedle utshani, ngemuva kweyishumi - bayayeka ukulandela umama wabo yonke indawo, bese kuthi ezinyangeni eziyi-16 babe badala. Emva kwalokho, izinyanga eziningana, izinsikazi kancane kancane zishiya ikoloni, bese izinsikazi zihlala kulo impilo yonke.

E-Central kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, kanye namadama ajwayelekile, ungabona abanye, behlukaniswa indawo ekhanyayo ephuzi, okubonisa indlala yomgogodla. Le ntokazi idilika ezintabeni, ibala elinombala ophuzi, noma idamu laseBruce. Yize izazi zezilwane zikubheka njengohlobo oluhlukile, ngokubukeka, indlela yokuphila, isibuko sokudla nezinye izinto, kuyafana kakhulu neDamu laseCape, kangangokuba kwesinye isikhathi bakha amakoloni ahlanganisiwe. Umehluko ubonakala kuphela ngosayizi wamakholoni (amadamu asezintabeni maningi kakhulu - ukusuka emashumini ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamakhulu ezilwane) nezikhathi zokuzalela: uma amadamu aseCape kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi azalwe ekupheleni kwenkathi yemvula noma ngokushesha emva kwawo, bese amadamu asezintabeni - kusihlwa noma ekuqaleni kule sizini, ngoFebhuwari - Mashi.

Letinye tinhlobo letintsatfu, letihlangene kuhlobo lwemanti emiti, tiyafana kakhulu nasentabeni nasentabeni kanye neCape (yize tincane kakhulu ngesayizi futhi tineluhlobo lwemsila), kanye nekutsandza kwawo kucishe kufane. Zithanda izingxenye ezithandekayo zezitshalo ngokufakwa kwezinambuzane eziza ngendlela yazo. Kepha izindawo abahlala kuzo nemikhuba yabo yasekhaya yehluke ngokuphelele. Amadamu ezinkuni ahlala emahlathini, akhuphuka izihlahla (yize zivame ukwehla ngokuzithandela emhlabathini) futhi zisebenza ebusuku ikakhulukazi. Bancamela ukuhlala bodwa, babe nezindawo zabo zokuphatha (ubunikazi besilwane esisodwa buba yingxenye yesikwele khilomitha). Amakhemikhali ikakhulukazi izimbobo, kodwa angakwazi ukuhlala phansi usuku kanye nomqhele wesihlahla. Lapho uhamba ebusuku ukuze ayondle futhi ebuya kuwo ekuseni, amadamu esihlahla amemeza kakhulu, kubonakala sengathi aqinisekisa ukutholakala kwendawo.

Isiphetho samadama ehlathi sincike ekuphelisweni kwamahlathi ase-Afrika, kuncipha emisebenzini yabantu. Amadamu amadamu aseCape nasezintabeni asethubeni elingcono kakhulu: izindawo azithandayo - amadwala kanye nokubeka amatshe - azisebenzi kubantu. Kepha abomdanso ngokwabo babheka ukuhlalwa kwabantu njengendawo enempilo, yize kunendawo engenakuphikiswa. Kuyiqiniso, emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika ukuguqulwa komdanimane abe ngummeleli wezilwane zasemadolobheni kuvinjelwa ukuzingela okusebenzayo kwabo. Lapho kungaqhutshekwanga khona (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, kwa-Israyeli), amadamu ajwayele ukuya ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo, agasele emakamelweni okusebenzisa futhi angena ezitebhisini eziya ezitezi eziphezulu. Zigcinwa futhi njengezilwane ezifuywayo: uma amadamu amadala ethweswa imbuya ngampela, lapho ebanjwa ngamawundlu, asheshe angabi nalutho.

Zoo
Thayipha - chordates
Isigaba - izilwane ezincelisayo
Ukuhlonza - daman
Umndeni - amadamu

ICape Daman(Procavia capensis)

URodo - Amadwala Amadwala

Ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi kude, kufana nepikas ezinkulu noma onogwaja abanamehlo amfushane. Ubude bomzimba 30-58 cm, isisindo esingu-1.4-4 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Umsila awuhlukeki ngaphandle. Umugqa wezinwele umfishane futhi unama-coarse, upende onsundu-grey ngaphezulu, ukhanya ezinhlangothini, kanti phansi komzimba kukhilimu. Umbala wezinwele emgodini womgogodla umnyama, awuphuzi kangako ophuzi noma owolintshi. Esihlokweni kukhona imisipha emnyama efinyelela ku-18 cm. Izibalo ezingaphambili zihamba ngezinyawo, izinyawo ezingemuva ziyimisipha emincane. Izinyawo zihlala zimanzi ngenxa yomjuluko, esiza amadamu ukukhuphuka amatshe - ilungiselelo lokumisa eliyinqayizivele libenza benze njengamancela.

Kusatshalaliswa kusuka eSyria, kwa-Israyeli naseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika kuya eSouth Africa. I-Sub-Saharan Africa ihlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo. Izindawo eziqhelile zitholakala ezintabeni zaseLibya nase-Algeria.

Amadamu aseCape ahlalwa ngamadwala, obeka amatshe aqoshwe emadwaleni, ezindaweni ezikude, noma ogwadule olunamadwala. I-Shelter itholakala phakathi kwamatshe noma kwizimbobo ezingenalutho zezinye izilwane (aardvark, meerkats). Amakoloni aphila kusuka kuma-5-6 kuya kubantu abangama-80. Amakoloni amakhulu ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu emindeni eholwa ngowesilisa osekhulile. Amadamu aseCape nasezintabeni kwesinye isikhathi ahlala ngamaqembu ahlanganisiwe, ahlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Iyasebenza engxenyeni elula yosuku, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ifika ebusweni kanye nasebusuku obufudumele benyanga. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku sichithwa siphumula futhi sishiswa yilanga - ukuthuthuka kahle okwenziwe kahle kubangela ukuthi izinga lokushisa lamadama lishintshe usuku lonke. Zidla ikakhulu ngotshani, izithelo, amahlumela namagxolo ezihlahlana, akuvami ukudla ukudla kwezilwane (isikhonyane). Naphezu kokubukeka okuxakile, lezi zilwane zisebenza kakhulu, zikhuphuka kalula phezu kwamawa amawa.

Isikhathi sokufika kwesikhathi sokuzala sincike endaweni. Ngakho-ke, eKenya, kwenzeka ngo-Agasti-Novemba, kepha kungahlala kuze kube uJanuwari, naseSyria ngo-Agasti-Septhemba. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-6-7. Abesifazane bavame ukuzala ngoJuni - Julayi, ngemuva kwezikhathi zemvula. Kudoti 2, kuvame kakhulu amawundlu ama-3, kwesinye isikhathi aze afike ku-6. Amakhulu azalwa ngokuzalwa futhi ambozwe ngoboya, ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa ashiye isidleke sezingane. Baqala ukudla ukudla okuqinile emavikini ama-2, bese bezimela emasontweni ayi-10. Amadodakazi asemasha afinyelela ekuthangeni eneminyaka eyi-16, eneminyaka engu-16 kuya kwezinyanga izinyanga izinyanga ezisencane zihlaliswa, izinsikazi zivame ukuhlala neqembu lomndeni wazo.

Isikhathi sokuphila endalweni yiminyaka eyi-10. Abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside ngokubonakalayo kunabesilisa.

Amadodakazi asemasha ekudingisweni ayathunjwa, izilwane ezindala zihlala zinonya futhi zinolaka.

Yondla ngokudla kwegatsha, imifino nezithelo.

Ukufunda i-athikili kuzothatha: imizuzu emi-4.

Phakathi kwezilwane zasemhlabeni zoMhlaba, isidalwa esisodwa siphawuleka ngazo zonke izindlela - ubukhulu baso, umzimba ohlaba umxhwele, izindlebe ezinkulu nekhala elingajwayelekile, elifana kakhulu nesikhwama segesi yomlilo. Uma phakathi kwezilwane zezilwane zohlobo lwendalo kukhona okungenani ukudalwa okukodwa komndeni wendlovu (futhi sikhuluma ngayo, ubuqagele), khona-ke lokhu kufakwa kuthandwa kakhulu ngabavakashi kusuka kwabancane kuya kwabakhulu. Nginqume ukuqonda uhlu lozalo lwendlovu, ukubala ukhokho wayo okude kakhulu, futhi empeleni, ngiqonde ukuthi "ubani" phakathi kwezingoma futhi ufakwe isiqu. Futhi lokhu kwenzeka kimi ...

Kuvela ukuthi izindlovu, ama-mastodons nama-mammoth, kanye ne-pinnipeds nama-manatees, zazinokhokho abajwayelekile - Moriterium (lat. Moeritherium). Ngaphandle, izimilo ezakha uMhlaba cishe ezigidini ezingama-55 zeminyaka ezedlule azange zifane kakhulu nozalo lwazo lwanamuhla - zazikhungathekile, zingaphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-60 lapho zibuna, zazihlala ezindaweni ezingajulile zase-Asia ze-Eocene esekupheleni futhi zaziyinto phakathi kwesikhuhla se-pygmy nengulube, nobuso obuncane futhi obukhulu.



Manje mayelana nokhokho ngqo bezindlovu, ama-mastodons nezilwane ezincelisayo. Idlozi labo elijwayelekile kwakunguPaleomastodont (lat. Palaeomastodontidae), owayehlala e-Afrika cishe ngezigidi ezingama-36 ezedlule, e-Eocene. Kwakukhona isethi yama-tusks ephindwe kabili emlonyeni we-paleomastodont, kodwa ayemfushane - mhlawumbe wayedla ama-tubers nezimpande.



Akukhathaleki kangako, ngombono wami, isihlobo se-eared yesimanje ne-proboscis sasiyisilo esihlekisayo, sathiya ososayensi uPlatibelodon (lat. Plibelodon danovi). Lesi sidalwa sasihlala i-Asiya eMiocene, eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-20 edlule, sasinokudla okulinganayo okuhlanganisa namafosholo abukeka njengotshani emhlathini ongezansi. UPlatibelodon empeleni wayengenaso isiqu, kepha izindebe zaso eziphakeme zazibanzi futhi “zinezindawo” - into efana nesiqu sezindlovu zesimanje.



Sekuyisikhathi sokubhekana nabamele noma abangaziwa kakhulu abomndeni womndeni we-proboscis - ama-mastodons, amabele kanye nezindlovu. Okokuqala, bayizihlobo ezikude, i.e. Izinhlobo ezimbili zesimanje zezindlovu - ezase-Afrika nezaseNdiya - azivelwanga emamonyini noma eMedodon. Isidumbu se-mastodons (lat. Mammutidae) sambozwa izinwele eziminyene nezinwele ezimfishane, zazidla kakhulu utshani namahlamvu amaqabunga, asakazeka e-Afrika ngesikhathi se-Oligocene - eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-35 eyedlule.



Ngokuphikisana namafilimu, lapho i-mastodon ivame ukuvezwa njengendlovu enkulu enolaka enamazinyo amakhulu, ayengekho amakhulu kunendlovu yase-Afrika yanamuhla: ayengekho amamitha ama-3 ubude emilebeni, kwakukhona amasethi amabili okhiye - umbhangqwana omude emhlathini ongenhla futhi omfushane, ocishe ungabonakali ophuma emlonyeni, phansi. Kamuva, ama-mastodons asusa ngokuphelele i-pair of tusks, ashiya kuphela abaphezulu. Ama-Mastodons afa ngokuphelele hhayi kudala, uma ubheka umbono we-anthropology - kuphela iminyaka eyizi-10,000 edlule, i.e. Okhokho bethu bakude babelwazi kahle lolu hlobo lwe-proboscis.



AmaMammoths (Latin Mammuthus) - yona kanye i-shaggy, i-proboscis futhi enama-giant tusks, okuhlala izidumbu zawo zitholakala eYakutia - kwakhiwa uMhlaba emazwenikazi amaningi ngasikhathi sinye, futhi umndeni wawo omkhulu waphila ngokujabulisayo ngemuva kweminyaka eyizigidi ezi-5, eyanyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-12-10 000 edlule . Zazizikhulu kakhulu kunezindlovu zesimanje - ukukhula lapho kubuna ngamamitha ayi-5, amakhulu, izimbotshana ezinamamitha ayi-5, ezisonteke kancanyana ngokuphefumula. AmaMammoth ayehlala yonke indawo - ENingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia, ayekhuthazelela kalula iminyaka yamaqhwa futhi azivikele kubadli bezilwane, kepha awakwazanga ukubhekana nokhokho abangabantu ababedlula yonke indawo, abanciphisa ngenkuthalo inani labantu emhlabeni wonke. Yize kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kwabo okuphelele nokwandile, ososayensi basacabanga ngeminyaka yokugcina yeqhwa ebangelwa ukuwa kwesimo sezulu esikhulu saseMelika.

Namuhla, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindlovu ezikhona futhi zihlala ngokulingana - i-Afrika neNdiya. Izindlovu zase-Afrika (i-lat. Loxodonta africana) enesisindo esikhulu samathani ayi-7.5 nokuphakama emithini yamamitha ama-4, zihlala ngaseningizimu ogwadule lwase-Sahara lwase-Afrika. Mele umuntu oyedwa kulo mndeni osesithombeni sokuqala kule ndatshana.



Izindlovu zaseNdiya (ngesiLatin: Elephas maximus) ezinesisindo samathani ayi-5 nokuphakama kwamamitha ama-3 lapho zibuna zivamile eNdiya, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Laos naseSumatra. Izindlovu zezindlovu zaseNdiya zimfushane kakhulu kunalezihlobo zazo zase-Afrika, kanti izintokazi azinayo nhlobo imbambo.



I-Elephant skull (i-varnished, uhlobo lwe)

Ngale ndlela, kwakuyizigaxa ezinkulu kakhulu, ezatholakala njalo ngabaphenyi basendulo baseGrisi, ezakhela isisekelo sezinganekwane zeziqhwithi ezinkulu - kwakungekho kuvama kakhulu kulezi zingwe (ama-Afrika ahlakaniphile ayekhishwa ngezinhloso zokwakha), kanti nogebhezi uqobo lwalo lwalufana kakhulu nezinsalela zesiqhingi esikhulu. Naka imbobo engxenyeni engaphambili yesigebhezi isiqu sayo esixhumeke kuyo ukuze siphile izindlovu.

Izinhlobo zesimanje zezindlovu zimane nje ziyizinsalelo zomndeni omkhulu we-proboscis, esikhathini esedlule esedlule okwakuhlalwa iplanethi enguMhlaba ...

[hlela] Idivaysi yomphakathi

AmaDamana ahlala emaqenjini anabantu abangafika emashumini amahlanu, abambe izimbotshana noma axazululwe ezindaweni ezihlala emadwaleni.

AmaDamana ayizilwane zenhlalo futhi ahlala ngamaqembu. Njengama-mechkats, axwayisana ngengozi esezayo, emi emilenzeni yawo yangasemva ekhipha i-alamu.

Abamele amadamana babamba insimu ekhethiwe isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lapho ukhetha insimu, baneliswa yisiqephu esikhulu sedwala elilodwa. Isimo sezulu esishisa kakhulu, izilwane zilele emigqeni, zihlala ematsheni akhululekile futhi zithatha ubuvila obunamandla kakhulu. Kepha ngisho ezimeni ezinjalo, abantu abaningana bayaziqapha.

Amadamane anamahloni, kepha afuna ukwazi, angangena ezindlini zabantu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amadamu athelwe kahle. Ukuzingela amadamu akulethi ubunzima obukhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi lezi zilwane eziqaphile azikaze ziphazamiswe ngaphambili. Imvamisa, umzingeli uyakwazi ukudubula umlindi ohleli, kepha ngemuva kokudubula umhlambi wonke ubaleka.

[hlela] Ukudla okunempilo



AbaseDenmark baphuma ukuyokondla ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, lapho kungashisi.

Isisekelo sokudla kwamadamane ukudla kwezitshalo - izimpande, ama, ama-izithelo, yize izinambuzane, uma zibanjiwe, nazo zizodliwa ngenjabulo.

Izilwane zidla kakhulu. Izindawo abahlala kuzo, ezicebile izitshalo zasezintabeni ezinamakha, zihlala zizinike ukudla. AbaseDenmark baluma utshani ngamazinyo abo, ngenkathi behambisa imihlathi yabo ngendlela efanayo nama-artiodactyl enza lapho ehlafuna ushungamu.

[hlela] Ukuzala



Izilwane zizalela unyaka wonke. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwamadamane asichazwanga ngokuqinile.

Ukukhulelwa kwezinsikazi kuhlala izinyanga ezingama-7,7,5. Izinsikazi zamaduna zinezingono eziyisithupha, kepha azizali isibalo esikhulu samawundlu. Imvamisa akukho okudlula okubili kubo, futhi bazalwa bekhulile.

Amakhulu azalwa akhule kahle, enamehlo, embozwe ngoboya futhi ngokushesha azimela.

AmaDamans iba ngabantu abadala ngonyaka owodwa nohhafu.

[hlela] Ukuhanjiswa

AmaDamana ahlala e-Afrika, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia (peninsula yase-Arabia). Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo yamadama kungabonakala e-Ein Gedi Nature Reserve

Idamu laseCape elisakazeke kakhulu litholakala kumasoseji, ezindaweni eziwugwadule nasezintabeni.

Abamele lolu hlobo lwamadamu asezintabeni ahlala eCentral naseNingizimu Afrika, ezintabeni nasezindaweni zamatshe ezinamadwala.

Amadamu wezinkuni ajwayelekile emahlathini e-Equatorial naseNingizimu Afrika futhi asebenzisa isikhathi sawo esiningi ezihlahleni.

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