Isizinda: | Ama-Eukaryotes |
Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
Ibanga: | Izilwane ezihuquzelayo |
Isigcawu: | IScaly |
Umndeni: | Gada izibankwa |
Ubulili: | Gada izibankwa |
Buka: | Komodo lizard |
Izibungu kukhona izibankwa ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngobukhulu, ezinye zazo aziphansi kweengwenya, yize zingahlobene nazo. Ngokuhlelekile, izibankwa zisondele kunezinye izibankwa izinyoka. Lezi ezihuquzelayo zabiwa emndenini ohlukile weziqapha, kubandakanya nezilwane ezingama-70.
Ngabe sihlala kuphi isifuba sabadwebi?
Njengamanje, i-Komodo lizard ihlala eziqhingini ezi-5 kuphela e-Indonesia: Komodo (cishe abantu abayi-1700), uGili-Motang (cishe abantu abayi-100), uRinja (cishe abantu abayi-1300), uFlores (cishe abantu abangama-2000) kanye noPadan (ulwazi lwendawo lapho isiqhingi siyahlukahluka). Kepha, ngokusho kososayensi, indawo okuzalelwa kuyo izibungu zalolu hlobo yi-Australia. Kwakuvela kulelizwekazi ukuthi eminyakeni engaba ngu-900,000 edlule, abakwaKomodos baqapha izinyoka ezazithutha ziye eziqhingini ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi ezazingezona iziqhingi, kodwa zakha indawo eyodwa ne-Australia. Ukunyuka okwalandelayo kwezinga lolwandle kwahlukanisa iziqhingi ezweni.
Isibungu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sikhetha izindawo ezomile, ezifudumele ilanga, amathafa, ama-savannah noma amahlathi ashisayo. Ezinyangeni ezomile kakhulu nezibandayo, lesi silwane sizama ukuhlala eduze kwemibhede yamachibi akomile, amabhange awo ambozwe izihlahlana zomjondolo zehlathi.
Isibungu esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sibhukuda esihle futhi samukela ngokuzithandela izinqubo zamanzi: uma kunesidingo, sinqoba ngokukhululekile amabanga amakhulu ngokubhukuda sifuna izinhlanzi noma izimfudu zolwandle eziphonswa ogwini. Amanye ama-Komodo lizizulu ahamba ngomkhumbi aya eziqhingini eziningi eziphakathi kweKomodo, iPadar neRinzhe.
Namuhla inani lezikhala ezinkulu zokuqapha iyanciphangenxa yokuwohloka. Futhi isizathu salokhu ukudla okungekuhle okunempilo ezindaweni ezinendawo yemvelo nokuzingela okukhulu kakhulu.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ugebhezi lwesilokotho samanje se-Komodo sokuqapha kanye nezinsalela zabantu abasendulo balesi zinhlobo. Ukukhula kokuziphendukela kwemvelo komqaphi weKomodo kuqala ngokuvela kohlobo lwe Varusus, okuthi, ngokokucwaninga kwanamuhla, kuqalwe e-Asia eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-40 edlule futhi bathuthela e-Australia. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-15 eyedlule, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwe-Australia neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kwavumela izinyoka ukuba zihlole le ndawo, amagquma awo kamuva aba iziqhingi zase-Indonesia, futhi angena eziqhingini ezinjengeTimor eyihlane. Isikhova saseKomodo, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili, sahlukana nokhokho waso wase-Australia eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezine edlule.
Kodwa-ke, amafosili asanda kutholwa eQueensland akhombisa ukuthi akhula isikhathi eside e-Australia ngaphambi kokuthi afike e-Indonesia. Ukwehla kwezinga lolwandle ngesikhathi sokugcina kweqhwa kwavula amathrekhi amakhulu omhlaba, owasiza uKomodo ukuthi aqaphe izimbungulu zikhiqize izindawo zazo zesimanje, kodwa ukukhuphuka okuphezulu kwezinga lolwandle, kunalokho, kwabenza baba nesiqhingi. Lokhu kulondoloze ukubuka ekuqothulweni kwesisindo se-megafauna yase-Australia.
Ukuvela kwesilokotho sokuqapha i-Komodo
Ubukhulu balezi zilwanyana ezidliwayo zihlaba umxhwele ngempela. Isikhova sasendle seKomodo lapho sesikhulile sinobunzima obungamakhilogremu angama-75- 90 ubude obulinganiselwa kumamitha ayi-2,5-2.6. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ngokwezibalo, isisindo esiphezulu sabantu besifazane ngamakhilogremu angama-68-70, nobude obungu-2.3 m. Endaweni enamakhemikhali, isilwane singafinyelela ubukhulu obukhulu. Isibonelo esisodwa esifuywayo sezilwane zasendlini eSt. Louis: zinesisindo esingu-166 kg, ubude bomzimba obungu-3.14 m.
Zine-squat, umzimba oqinile onemilenze emisipha. Indawo ezinhlangothini nezinzipho ezinde kufaka isandla ekuzingeleni okulula nokuhamba okusheshayo. Kuyasiza futhi ukukhipha izimbobo ezijulile ezinama-paws anjalo. Zinomsila omkhulu, ovame ukuqhathaniswa ngosayizi nomzimba. Ngokungafani nezilokazana, azisilahli engozini, kodwa ziqale ukusishaya ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda liyisicaba, entanyeni emfushane enkulu. Uma ubheka ubuso bakhe obugcwele noma iphrofayili, kusondele ukuzihlanganisa kwakhe nenyoka.
Isikhumba siqukethe izingqimba ezimbili: isikali - okuyinhloko, ngokubekwa kokuqhuma okumbalwa okuncane. Abamele abancane yombala ogqamile. Kubo bonke ubude, kubonwa indawo ethephuzi ephuzi, iphetha ngemivimbo entanyeni nasemsileni. Esimweni esivuthiwe, isikhumba siguquliwe, silungiswa ngombala onsundu ngombala onsundu amancane.
Amazinyo anjengeziqongo, abukhali futhi abude, anamathele emathanjeni omhlathi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Leli ithuluzi elihle lokuqhekeka ukukhiqiza ube yizicucu. Ulimi lude kakhulu, luyagquma, lunokuqhekeka ekugcineni.
Indlela yokuphila
I-Komodo lizard iyisilwane sasemini, ayizingeli ebusuku. Ebusuku balala kamnandi ezindlini zabo zokugcina. Yize kunjalo, yimicimbi yodwa esetshenzwe ngobusuku bazo ngalezi zilwane eyaphawulwa.
Naphezu kokuhamba kancane nokuhamba kancane komhlaba, indawo enkulu kunazo zonke ezihuquzelayo emhlabeni ihamba kahle amabanga amafushane, ithuthukise ijubane lokufika ku-18-20 km ngehora. Futhi ukuze uthole inyamazane efiselekayo evela phezulu, ngomusa ngokwanele uvuka emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva, encike emsileni oqinile. Izinyoka ezincane zaseKomodo futhi ezingakakhulu kakhulu zigibela izihlahla ngokuphelele, zichitha isikhathi esiningi emagatsheni futhi zisebenzisa imbobo njengezindawo zokuphephela ezinokwethenjelwa.
Incamela ukuhlala yodwa, lezi zibankwa ezinkulu azivami ukuhlangana ngamaqembu, inhlangano emfushane yokuqapha izibankwakazi ingadala ukunqwabelana nokudla, kepha lezi zikhathi ziyohambisana nokuqina nokulwa njalo, kokubili phakathi kwabesilisa naphakathi kwabesifazane.
Ulimi olude oluvunwe yi-Komodo lizard iyisitho esibaluleke kakhulu se-olodoory. Ekhipha ulimi, ibhungane licosha iphunga. Ukubonakala kolimi lomqaphi akukho phansi kokuzwa kwephunga ezinjeni. Isilo esilambile siyakwazi ukulandelela isisulu ngokusho komkhondo owodwa oshiywe yisisulu amahora amaningi edlule.
Ama-draodons we-Komodo angabhukudi abakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuwela kalula imifula emincane, imigoqo noma ukumboza ibanga eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane ezingomakhelwane. Kodwa-ke, azikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-15 emanzini. Futhi uma abanaso isikhathi sokufika emhlabeni, khona-ke bayaminza. Mhlawumbe le nto ithonya imingcele yemvelo yendawo yokuhlala kwalezi zilwane.
Ukulawulwa kokushisa komzimba
Ukuphuma ezimbozweni zazo lapho ilanga liphuma, izibungu zithanda ukuthatha imisebe yelanga, zisakaze ngokuphelele futhi zelule imilenze yazo. Ngakho-ke, i-Komodo lizard inyusa izinga lokushisa lomzimba wayo. Ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa, ama-lizards aqapha awakhombisi ukusebenza kanye nesivinini sokuphendula, isimo sawo kungenzeka ukuthi silele kuneselula. Njengoba sebethole icala lamandla elanga, bazungeza izinto zabo, babheke ngentshiseko ukuthi kukhona yini izivakashi ezingamenywanga endaweni yalo.
Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe lincike ngqo kusayizi wesigcilikisha sakwaKomodo - izibankaba ezindala neziningi, isikhathi eside uyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa, ukuligcina ngisho nasebusuku, futhi nesikhathi esincane azosichitha ekuseni ukufudumeza umzimba wakhe.
Akakubekezeleli ukushisa, umzimba wakhe awunazo izithukuthuku zomjuluko. Futhi uma izinga lokushisa lesilwane lidlula i-42.7 ° C, umqaphi uzofa ngokushiswa yilanga.
Isifuba sezinhlungu
Ukudla komqaphi kwehluka. Ngenkathi i-lizard isesencane, ingadla ngisho nezinambuzane. Kepha ngokukhula komuntu, inyamazane yayo inyuka ngesisindo. Kuze kube yilapho isibungu sesifinyelele isisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-10, sidla izilwane ezincane, kwesinye isikhathi sigibela eziqongweni zezihlahla.
Kuliqiniso, "izingane" ezinjalo zingawuhlasela kalula umdlalo, onobunzima obungama-50 kg. Kepha ngemuva kokuthi umqaphi esethole ngaphezulu kwama-20 kg, yizilwane ezinkulu kuphela ezakha ukudla kwazo. Isibankwa silinda izinyamazane nezinjana zesendle emgodini wokunisela noma eduze nasezindleleni zehlathi. Ebona inyamazane, umhlaseli uhlasela, izama ukushaya isisulu ngokushaya komsila.
Imvamisa, ukushaya okunjalo kuphula ngokushesha imilenze yababi. Kepha imvamisa, iqhude lokuqapha lizama ukuhlwitha imisipha yozisulu emilenzeni yakhe. Futhi noma kunjalo, lapho ohlukunyeziwe engakwazi ukubalekela, uklebhula isilwane esiphilayo sibe izicucu ezinkulu, asidwengule entanyeni noma esiswini. Isilo esingesikhulu kakhulu sidla yonke indawo (ngokwesibonelo, imbuzi). Uma isisulu singazange sinikezele ngokushesha, isilokazana sokuqapha sizomthola noma kunjalo, siqondiswa iphunga legazi.
UVaran uqashile. Ngesinye isikhathi, udla kalula inyama cishe ngamakhilogremu angama-60, uma enesisindo esingu-80. Ngokwofakazi bokuzibonela, umuntu akamkhulu kakhulu isilozi se-Komodo sowesifazane (enesisindo esingu-42 kg) ngemizuzu engu-17, eqeda ngesibhakela esingama-30 kg.
Kuyacaca ukuthi kungcono ukuziqhelelanisa nomhlaseli ononya onjalo, ongagculisi. Ngakho-ke, kusuka ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona izibungu, ngokwesibonelo, ama-pythons anqabile, angenakuqhathaniswa ezimfanelweni zokuzingela nalesi silo, anyamalale.
Ngabe idrako egqokayo lizingela kanjani?
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuthola ukudla ku-arriers yalomzingeli. Kwesinye isikhathi iqhude lokuqapha lizingela kuhlobo oluthile lokuqameka - itshe, isihlahla, isihlahla. Imvamisa, ulinda ngale ndlela ukuze adle ehlathini. Lapho isilwane esithile sisondela kuye, usishaya ngomsila oswelayo. Ngemuva kokushaywa okunjalo, isilo siyaqina noma imilenze yaso yephulwe.
Izilwane ezinkulu ezingamhloniphi zidla ubhedu ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezingakholelwa kuzo. Ngokwemvelo, akakwazi ukubhekana ne-buffalo enkulu ekulweni okulungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadragons amaningi amaKomodo afa ngezimpondo noma izinselo zawo.
Ngakho-ke, abazami ukwenza impi naye. Bahlebela kuye futhi bayaluma nje. Emva kwalokho, i-buffalo isamisiwe.
Iqiniso ngukuthi emathebeni alesi sidlamlilo kunamagciwane amaningi we-pathogenic. Lapho la mabhaktheriya engena egazini, abangela i-sepsis (ukutheleleka) bese kuthi ngemuva kwesikhashana elunywe yodwa afe.
Sonke lesi sikhathi, isibankwakazi sokuqapha silandela isisulu ezithendeni futhi silinda emaphikweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, ezinye izibankwakazi zizonwaya inxeba elibolile futhi ziyokhasa zilinde ukufa kwesisulu.
Ubuthi be-Komodo lizard
Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi amathe esigcawu sokuqapha seKomodo aqukethe kuphela “i-cocktail” elimazayo lamagciwane agxile ekuhlaselweni yigciwane. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, ososayensi banqume ukuba khona kwengqapha yezinduna ezinoshevu ezise mhlathini ophansi futhi kukhiqize amaphrotheni athile anobuthi enza umuntu olunywe yisifo ukuba anciphise ukugculuka kwegazi, i-hypothermia, ukukhubazeka komzimba, umfutho wegazi ophansi kanye nokulahlekelwa ukwazi.
Izinduna zinesakhiwo sakudala: azinazo iziteshi emazinyweni, njengezinyoka, kepha zivulwa ngaphansi kwamazinyo ngamaciko. Ngakho-ke, ukulunywa yisilokotho sokuqapha i-Komodo kunobuthi.
Ukuzala
Izilwane zalolu hlobo zifinyelela esikhathini sokuthomba cishe ngonyaka wesihlanu kuya kweyishumi wokuphila, lapho ingxenye encane kuphela yamazinyane azalwa iphila. Inani lokuya ocansini kwabantu lilinganiselwa ku-3.4: 1 ngokuthanda abesilisa. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuyindlela yokulawula inani lezinhlobo ngezimo zokuhlala kwesiqhingi.
Njengoba inani labesifazane lincane kakhulu kunenani labesilisa, ngesikhathi sokuzala phakathi kwabesilisa, izimpi zesiko zowesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqapha izilozi kuma emilenzeni yazo yangemuva futhi, zibopha umphambili walowo ophikisana naye, zama ukumbulala.
Emilwameni enjalo, imvamisa abantu abadala abavuthiwe bayazuza, izilwane ezincane kanye nokuya kwabesilisa abadala kakhulu. Umnqobi wesilisa ucindezela umphikisi wakhe phansi futhi amkhafule ngezihlakala zakhe isikhashana, ngemuva kwalokho oshiye ukuhamba.
Iziduna zekomodo lokuqapha le-Komodo zikhulu kakhulu futhi zinamandla ngaphezu kwezinsikazi. Ngesikhathi sokuphola, owesilisa uphonsa ikhanda lakhe, afafaze umhlathi wawo ongezansi entanyeni bese ehlahlela umhlane wakhe nomsila wazo.
Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ebusika, phakathi nenkathi eyomile. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ifuna indawo yokuzalela amaqanda. Zivame izidleke zezinkukhu zokhula ezibeka izinqwaba zomquba - iziqu zemvelo ezivela kuhlamvu lwamaqabunga ukuze zikhulise ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda wazo. Ngemuva kokuthola inqwaba, ibhungane labesifazane limba umgodi ojulile kulo, futhi kaningi eziningana, ukuphazamisa ukunaka kwezingulube zasendle nezinye izilwane ezidla amaqanda.
Ukufakwa kweqanda kwenzeka ngoJulayi - Agasti, usayizi omkhulu we-squodo we-Komodo's lizard cishe amaqanda angama-20. Amaqanda afinyelela kubude obuyi-10 cm nobubanzi obuyi-6 cm, anesisindo esingama-200 g. Amanenekazi abesifazane aqapha isidleke izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokubekwa kwamawundlu.
Izilokazana ezincane ziyavela ngo-Ephreli - ngoMeyi. Njengoba bezelwe, bashiya umama wabo ngokushesha bagibela izihlahla ezingomakhelwane. Ukugwema ukuhlangana okungenzeka kube yingozi kanye nezikhala ezinkulu, izibankwa ezisencane zisebenzisa iminyaka emibili yokuqala yezimpilo zazo emiqheleni yezihlahla, lapho zingafinyeleleki khona kubantu abadala.
Kutholakele izimbokodo zeKomodo ingxenyehenoisuis. Uma kungekho abesilisa, insikazi ingazalela amaqanda angenafundile, leyo yaqashelwa ezindlini zaseChester naseLondon eNgilandi. Njengoba izibankwakazi zesilisa zinama-chromosome amabili afanayo, kanti izinsikazi, ngokuhlukile, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kokufana kuyasebenza, wonke amawundlu azoba owesilisa. Iqanda ngalinye elibekiwe liqukethe i-ch noma i-chromosome engu-W (yokuqapha ama-Komodo, i-ZZ ingowesilisa ne-WZ ngowesifazane) ke ufuzo luphindwe kabili. Amaseli e-diploid aphumela anama-ch-chromosome amabili ayafa, bese kuthi kube nama-ch-chromosome amabili akhula kwizibungu ezintsha.
Amandla okuzala kabusha ngokobulili nangokobulili kulezi ezihuquzelayo kungenzeka ukuthi ahlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo yokuhlala - lokhu kuvumela ukuthi basungule amakoloni amasha uma, ngenxa yesivunguvungu, izinsikazi ezingenabesilisa ziphonswa eziqhingini ezingomakhelwane.
Izitha zeKomodo lizard ngemvelo
Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, ibhungane laseKomodo elifinyelele ebudaleni alicishe libe nazitha. Usongo lwesibankwakazi lungaba yizihlobo ezinkulu kuphela, umuntu noma ingwenya eshonile. Yize kwesinye isikhathi i-Indonesia eyiqapha i-lizard emelana nayo ingalimaza inyamazane yayo enkulu - izinyathi kanye nezinqola zasendle. Intsha ivame ukuzingelwa yi-civet, izinyoka nezinyoni ezidlayo.
Kuyaqabukela lapho izingqangi ezinkulu ze-Komodo zibhekwe futhi zixazululwe ku-zoo. Kodwa, ngokumangazayo, izibankwakazi zisheshe zijwayele umuntu, zingathanjiswa. Omunye wabamele izilozi zokuqapha wayehlala e-zoo yaseLondon, wadla ngokukhululeka ezandleni zalowo obonayo, waze wamlandela yonke indawo.
Kulezi zinsuku, izibankwa zaseKomodo zihlala emapaki ezwe lonke leziqhingi zaseRinja naseKomodo. Zibhalwe kwi-Red Book, ngakho-ke kwenqatshelwe ukuzingela lezi zibankwa ngomthetho, futhi ngokwesinqumo seKomidi lase-Indonesia, ukubanjwa kwezingodo kwenziwa kuphela ngemvume ekhethekile.
Ingozi ebantwini
Izikhala ze-Komodo zinolaka impela futhi zingenye yezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu ezidla abantu. Kunezimo eziningana zokuhlaselwa kweziboshwa eziqapha abantu, kufaka phakathi nezababulalayo. Okwamanje, inani labo liyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi aziningi izindawo zokuhlala zabantu eziqhingini, kepha kukhona ezinye, futhi lezi zivame ukuba ngamadolobhana okudotshwa abampofu, okuyisibalo sawo sikhula ngokushesha (abantu abangama-800 ngokusho kwedatha yango-2008), okwandisa amathuba okuhlangana okungekuhle kwabantu izinyamazane zasendle. Njengoba njengamanje kungavunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuthi kubulawe izibankwa zikaKomodo, ekugcineni bagcina besaba abantu abake babazingela.
Lesi simo sibuye sidingida iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kokuba abantu bendawo bondle ama-varanas ukugwema ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezilambile, futhi manje lezo zenzo zivinjelwe. Eminyakeni yendlala, ikakhulukazi isomiso, ama-Komodo lizgs asondele kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala, ahehwa ikakhulukazi ngephunga lokuchithwa komuntu, izilwane ezifuywayo, izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, njll. Nokho, muva nje, amaSulumane ase-Indonesia ahlala kulezi ziqhingi angcwatshwe abafileyo, abamboza ngama-slement aminyene kakhonkolo angatholakali kwizibankwa. Abazingeli bavame ukubamba abantu abangaba yingozi bese bebayisa kwezinye izindawo zesiqhingi.
Ukulunywa yizilokotho zokuqapha zikaKomodo kuyingozi enkulu - ngisho ne-lizard encane kakhulu ilula ukukhipha izicubu ethangeni noma e-humerus futhi kubangele ukwehla kwegazi okukhulu ngenxa yokushaqeka kobuhlungu. Inani lokufa kwabantu ngenxa yokuhlinzekelwa okungatheni kosizo lokuqala (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuqalwa kokuwa) lifinyelela kuma-99%. Njengasesimweni sokulimala kweengwenya, ukwenzeka kwe-sepsis ngemuva kokulunywa yizihlambi zezinyosi kuyinto evamile.
Njengoba izikhala zomqaphi abadala zinomqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga, zingakwazi ukuthola umthombo wephunga legazi elidabukisayo elingaphezu kwe-5 km.
Kubhalwe ukuthi kunamacala amaningana lapho ama-chestnut aqapha khona izibankwa zizama ukuhlasela izivakashi ngenxeba elincane elivulekile noma ukuklwebeka. Ingozi efanayo isongela abesifazane abavakashela eziqhingini zezindawo zokuhlala zaseKomodoran zokuqapha izimbungulu ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini. Izivakashi zivame ukuxwayiswa ngabafuduki mayelana nengozi engaba khona, wonke amaqembu ezivakashi ajwayele ukuhamba nabahamba ngezinyawo behlomele ukuzivikela ekuhlaselweni okungenzeka kube nezigxobo ezinde ezinomaphethelo. Izindlela zokuphepha ezinjalo zivame ngokwanele, ngoba ezindaweni zabavakashi, ukuqapha izimbiza ngokuvamile kuvame futhi kuthotshiswe ngokwanele kumuntu, ngaphandle kokukhombisa ulaka ngaphandle kokucasuka okusobala.
Amaqiniso athakazelayo ngeglozi likaKomodo
- Komodo ukuqapha izinyoka ungowomndeni wamaqhude wokuqapha. Ubude bomzimba we-lizard yokuqapha umuntu omdala bungukuthi Amamitha amathathu, futhi isisindo sifika 90 amakhilogremu.
- Isikhathi sokuphila kwengilazi eqapha endle - okumaphakathi Iminyaka engama-30.
- Gada izibankwa akuvamile ukuhlasela abantu, kepha nokho kunamacala aziwayo okuhlaselwa.
- Ulimi olude nolumelwe luyadingeka kubahlaseli ukuze babambe noma yiphi iphunga. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ngaphezu kolimi, umbala ophumelelayo womzimba usiza nabo ekuzingeleni, ngenxa yokuzifihla ngempumelelo bese belinda ngokubekezela.
- Ukuthola umhlatshelo qapha isililo umane umlume, bese ulinda aze afe ngenxa yobuthi begazi. Iqiniso ngukuthi emathebeni esigcini sempilo eqapha kuqukethe okuningi Amagciwane angama-50 ayingoziokuthi uma udliwe, kubangele ukutheleleka. Iphunga elibukhali lisiza i-lizard yokuqapha ukulandelela isilwane esinegciwane ukuze idliwe kamuva. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesinye isikhathi lesi sidalwa siyakwazi ukudla kuze I-80% yesisindo sayo.
- Komodo lizard- a hermit. Kanye nezihlobo zayo, izibankwakazi zihlangana kuphela lapho zizala. Nsuku zonke, abesilisa baqapha insimu yabo, behamba amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kwesinye isikhathi, beyofuna izindlu ezintsha, abesilisa babhukuda baye kwezinye iziqhingi. Izibungu zihlala emigodini, ngoba yizimbobo ezilawula ukushisa komzimba kahle.
- Gada izibankwa izidalwa ezisengozini enkulu ngenxa yendawo ekhawulelwe kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihuquzelayo zisengozini ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba okuqhubekayo, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, ukuthathwa ngokungemthetho kanye nokudla okuncane. Isikhathi eside, izilwane zazizingelwa, ngenxa yalokho namuhla qapha izibankwa kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu.
- In Unyaka ka-1980 IKomodo National Park ivulwe e-Indonesia ukusiza ukuvikela qapha izibankwa ekuqothulweni.
- At isifuba semidweboqapha izibankwa Amehlo amahle. Bayakwazi ukubona isisulu sabo bekude Amamitha angama-300. Futhi nokho isitho esiyinhloko semizwa qapha izibankwa umqondo wokuhogela uyacatshangelwa.
- Ngemuva kokudla at qapha izibankwa isisu sanda kakhulu ngosayizi. Kodwa-ke, uma kudingeka ukuthi abalekele izitha ngokushesha, ayakwazi ukuzikhipha eyedwa.
- Lapho zigcinwa ekuthunjweni (la macala ayivelakancane), izidalwa ezinkulu ezifuywayo zisheshe zisetshenziswe kubantu futhi zicishe zibe yizicucu. Omunye walaba bantu abamele lezi zinhlobo wayehlala eLondon Zoo, wasabela kwisidlaliso, wathatha ukudla ezandleni zendoda wagijimisa izithende kulabo abamphathayo.
- Ngo-2003, kwashicilelwa umbiko omfushane kumagazini i-Nature Australia. varanih UKraken ogama lakhe uhlala eWashington Zoo futhi uthanda ukudlala ngamathoyizi. UKrake wagadwa nguDkt Gordon Burchart kanye nozakwabo e-University of Tennessee. Ososayensi bafunda ngokudlala komqaphi iminyaka emibili kwathi ngalesi sikhathi aqoshwa ama-video angama-31 akhombisa ukuthi i-lizard idlala kanjani ngezinto ezahlukahlukene - iringi yerabha, ibhakede eligcwele imiqingo yephepha lasendlini yangasese, induku nesicucu se-tennis.
Komodo qaphela lizard - incazelo, isakhiwo, izithombe
Isibungu esikhulu iKomodo yisilwane esikhulu futhi esinamandla, ubukhulu baso sihlaba umxhwele. Ubude obukhulu besifuba sezidonsa ngamamitha amathathu, futhi isisindo esiphezulu singafinyelela ku-150 kg. Isilinganiso sobude besilazi siyahlukahluka kusuka ku-2.25 siye ku-2.6 metres, kanti isilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo se-Komodo sinesisindo kusuka ku-35 kuye ku-60 kg. Abesilisa bahlala beba bakhulu kunabesifazane. Cishe ingxenye yobude bomzimba wesilwane ingumsila. Ekuthunjweni, isibankwa esikhulu singafinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele ngokwengeziwe. Isibonelo, epaki likazwelonke leLoh Liang National Park, ubungako besifuba samadridi abude obungamamitha ayi-3.04 nesisindo esingama-81.5 kg kwaqoshwa ngokusemthethweni, kanti isiqhwaga esikhulu kunazo zonke sasihlala eSt. kg
Ngeshwa, njengamanje usayizi omaphakathi wamazibuko okuqapha we-Komodo uyehla kancane kancane ngenxa yokwehla kwenani labantu abangathandeki ngenxa yokuzingela. Izibopho ziyaphoqwa ukuba zibambe inyamazane encane, futhi lokhu kuthinta kabi ukukhula kwazo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha evela eminyakeni eyi-10 eyedlule, usayizi omaphakathi wamazibuko wokuqapha we-Komodo wehle ngo-25%.
Isibungu seKomodo sinomzimba omningi, omile kanye nekhanda elithobekile futhi linemilenze emifushane nangendlela eyingqayizivele.
Amaphayi anemichilo emide futhi ebukhali yesimo esigoqiwe iyithuluzi elihle kakhulu lapho isikhumba esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sigaya izimbobo ukuya kumamitha ayi-5.
Ikhanda lesilozi limbozwe ngezivikelo ezincane ze-horny. Isikhumba selokishi lokugada le-Komodo likhulu impela futhi siqiniswa izikali ezincane, ama-osteoderms (isikhumba sesibili). Umbala wamazibuko amancane wokuqapha uyakhanya, emuva kukhona imigqa yezindawo eziphuzi noma ezibomvu-orenji, ezivame ukuhlangana zibe yimicu eqhubekayo entanyeni nasemsileni.
Izilokazana ezindala azibukeki zihlaba umxhwele: isikhumba sazo sinsundu ngombala futhi imbozwe ngembobo emincane noma ngamachashazi anemibala ephuzi.
Amazinyo esilo seKomodo acindezelwa kancane ukusuka ezinhlangothini futhi ahlukile emaphethelweni obukhali kakhulu wokusika, afana namazinyo esarha.
Lesi sakhiwo se-dentition silungele ukubangela ukulimala okungathi sína kohlukumezekile futhi sidwengula kalula inyamazane ibe yizicucu. Ulimi lwe-lizard lokuqapha lude, lunobuhlakani obukhulu ekugcineni.
Ngokwemvelo yayo, ibhungane eliqapha e-Komodo Island liyisilwane esifihlekile elilodwa elingathandi ukuba nezihlobo. Emaqenjini, futhi noma engazinzile, la makhaza amakhulu ahlanganiswa kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala noma ekufuneni ukudla ngokuhlanganyela. Kodwa-ke, ngisho ngalesi sikhathi, izingxabano nezimpi ziyaqhuma phakathi kwabesilisa, futhi kaningi phakathi kwabesifazane.
Izilwane ziyasebenza ekuseni noma ntambama, yize amanye amaKomodo amakhulu aqaphela izinyoka nazo ziyasebenza ebusuku. Ngokuqala kokushisa kwasemini, isibankwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni sikhetha ukuthola indawo yokuhlala, futhi sicashe emgodini ngentokozo ebusuku. Ubukhulu bomzimba obuhlaba umxhwele bunikeza i-lizard amandla okubekezelela kalula ushintsho lokushisa, ngenkathi igcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba elinethezekile ebusuku futhi inciphise nesikhathi se-basking ekuseni.
Ngabe ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-giant Komodo lizard?
Lapho bebheka ukuqapha kwezingwe eziqhamuka esiQhingini saseKomodo esithunjiwe, ososayensi basungula iminyaka yabo yokuphila iminyaka engama-25, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo le nkomba ingaba ngaphezulu. Abanye abacwaningi bathambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi ngokwemvelo "udrako Komodo" angaphila iminyaka engama-50-62.
Zidlani izibankwakazi zaseKomodo?
Isibungu esiqapha esiqhingini saseKomodo siyisilwane esidliwayo, ngakho-ke ukudla kwezitshalo kuqedwa ekudleni kwaso. Kuyo yonke impilo, ukudliwa kwesilokotho sokuqapha se-Komodo kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngeminyaka nangosayizi. Abancane nabangenalwazi ekuzingeleni kwama-Komodo izibankwakazi zidla izinambuzane (izimbungulu, izintethe), izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene, izinkalankala, izibungu, izinyoni ezincane, izinyoni namaqanda, amagundane, amagundane, izinyoka. Izikhala ezincane zingagibela isihlahla kalula lapho zifuna ukudla. Abantu abadala badla ama-porcupines, izinkawu, ama-musangs, ama-civet kanye namawundlu ezingwenya.
Izibungu ezivuthiwe neziqinile zingabhekana kalula nezisulu ezihlaba umxhwele ngokwengeziwe: izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane, ama-buffalos, amahhashi kanye nama-mustangs, izimbuzi. Imvamisa, imfuyo, amakati nezinja zingena emazinyweni esifuba sabadala bamazibuko abefike kumachibi endaweni yokunisela noma bahlangana ngengozi ngale ndlela yalesi sikhumba esiyingozi.
Isilozi esiziqapha esiqhamuka eKomodo Island naso siyingozi kubantu, kunamacala aziwayo wokuhlaselwa kwalaba bantu ebantwini. Uma ukudla kunqabile, izibankwa ezinkulu zingabahlasela abancane. Uma kudliwa isilokotho sikaKomodo, ingaginya izingcezu ezinkulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumeka kwamathambo omhlathi omncane nesisu esikhulu, esivuleka.
Isifuba seLizard
Umgomo wokuzingela isililo sakwaKomodo unesihluku impela. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhungane elikhulu elinomdlandla lihlasela inyamazane yalo liziqhume, livele lingqongqoze “isidlo sasemini esizayo” salo ngomshini onamandla futhi obukhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla umthelela mkhulu kakhulu kangangokuba ngokuvamile inyamazane engahle ibe khona ephukile imilenze. Izinyoni eziyishumi nambili kweziyi-17 zifela khona lapho lapho zilwa nesibungu. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi isisulu siyakwazi ukuphunyula, noma singathola ukulimala kanzima ngesimo semisipha edwenguliwe noma i-laceration esiswini noma entanyeni, okuholela ekufeni okusondelayo. Ubuthi be-lizard kanye namagciwane atholakala emathendeni aphakamisayo buthaka isisulu. Esidlekeni esikhulu, ngokwesibonelo ku-buffalo, ukufa kungenzeka kuphela emavikini ama-3 ngemuva kwempi enesilazi. Eminye imithombo ikhombisa ukuthi isilokazana esikhulu uKomodo sizobamba inyamazane yaso ngephunga nangezinto ezilandela igazi kuze kuphele amandla. Ezinye izilwane ziyakwazi ukubalekela nokuphulukisa amanxeba azo, ezinye izilwane ziwela eminyangweni yezilwane ezidla ezinye, kanti ezinye ziyafa ngenxa yamanxeba abangelwa yilokho kuqapha. Umqondo omnandi wephunga uvumela i-Komodo iqaphe i-lizard ukuhogela iphunga lokudla nephunga legazi kude ne-9.5 km. Futhi lapho isisulu sishabalala, izibankwa zigijimela ephunga le-carrion ukuze zidle isilwane esifile.
Ngabe kwenzeka kanjani ukuzalanisa kwe-Komodo lizard?
Ama-Komodo lizons afinyelela ebusheni ngeminyaka emihlanu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngeminyaka eyi-10. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwalezi zibankwa ezinkulu ngokuvamile siba ngoJulayi. Phakathi kwabesilisa, abantu baqala ukulwela izinsikazi, ezinamba zazo kwesinye isikhathi zibe ngaphansi kakhulu kwenani labesilisa. Abaphikisi bame ngemilenze yabo ingemuva, bebambana ngezandla nangezinyawo zabo zangaphambili futhi bezama ukungqongqoza umuntu oncintisana naye phansi. Njengokulindelekile, emiqhudelwaneni enjalo, abesilisa abanolwazi kakhulu futhi abakhulu bayaphumelela, futhi abantu abasha noma abadala kunalokho bayaphoqeleka ukuba babuye.
Lapho ikhuphuka, iduna leKomodo libonisa “ububele” obuthile: lihlikihla umhlathi walo ophansi entanyeni yozakwethu, ligxobhe umhlane nomsila kanye nezihlakala zalo, ngenkathi limunca ikhanda. Ngemuva kokuphothula inqubo yokuzalela, insikazi iqala ukubheka indawo lapho izobekela amaqanda khona kamuva. Imvamisa, insikazi idonsa izimbobo eziningana futhi ifihla amaqanda kwelinye lazo. Abanye basebenzela ukuphazamisa ukunaka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezidla amaqanda. Inani elijwayelekile lamaqanda ku-clutch yizicucu ezingama-20-30. Amaqanda amakhulu kakhulu esiqoqelalwazi seKomodo afinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha ayi-10 futhi ububanzi obungama-6 cm angaba nesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-200.
Ithathwe ku: www.ballenatales.com
Lapho kungekho owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinsikazi zaseKomodos ziqapha ama-lizard angenazimpawu, lapho kuzovela khona abesilisa abasebasha kuphela. Le ndlela eyingqayizivele yokuzala ibizwa ngokuthi i-parthenogeneis.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-8-8,5, lapho umama aqapha ngentshiseko inzalo yesikhathi esizayo, ibhungu elisencane likaKomodo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Ubude bezibankwakazi ezisanda kuzalwa awudluli ku-27-30 cm, kepha ukuqapha izibankwakazi kukhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi lapho sezinezinyanga ezintathu ubukhulu bazo buphinda kabili. Amahloni, ngokungafani nabantu abadala, izibankwa ezincane ezibhekisisa izifuba zithanda ukuchitha isikhathi sokuqala emithini, zicashe emagatsheni nganoma iyiphi ingozi. Lapho, azifinyeleleki ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla lubi nasezihlotsheni zazo ezinamava, ngoba ngokushoda kokudla amaKomodo lizards enza i-cannibalism.
Komodo lizard nendoda
Ngeshwa, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu eholela ekuwohlokeni kwezimo zokuphila kwesibungu seKomodo, isibankwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni namuhla sisengozini yokuqothulwa, futhi inani labantu bakhona liyancipha ngokubonakalayo. Kungaleso sizathu i-Komodo lizard ifakwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Ngo-1980, ikhulu lamashumi amabili e-Indonesia, iKlodo National Park yadalwa, yakhelwe ikakhulukazi ukuvikela "ama-Dragons" ase Komodo. Kusukela ngo-1991, ipaki ibiyindawo yokugcina imvelo futhi ibhekwa ngokusemthethweni njengengosi yamagugu omhlaba ye-UNESCO.
Isilozi saseKomodo siyisidlakudla esinamandla esiyingozi kubantu, yize lesi bhula lingavame ukuba yingozi ngqo kumuntu oqinile. Kodwa-ke, amaqiniso wokuhlaselwa kukadrako weKomodo kubantu alotshwa lapho lesi silwane sicabangela umuntu ngesisulu, sinuka iphunga elithile futhi silihlobanisa nemizwa yaso ethile. Ukulunywa kwesilokotho saseKomodo akugcini nje ngokuba buhlungu futhi kubuhlungu kakhulu, kepha futhi kuyingozi ngenxa yoshevu, amagciwane anobuthi kanye nobuthi obukhona emathebeni akhe. Ngaphandle kokuthola usizo ngesikhathi esifanele, ukulunywa kuholela kubuthi begazi futhi kungaholela ekufeni.
Isilokotho esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni singabhekana kalula nengane engaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10, imlimaze kakhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi siyabulala (amacala anjalo abhalwe emkhakheni weziqhingi zase-Indonesia). Izikhala ze-Komodo ziba nolaka ikakhulu eminyakeni eyomile neyindlala: kulapho izikhulu eziqokiwe zigxila ukusondelana ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni yokuhlala yomuntu, lapho zihehwa khona ikakhulukazi ngephunga lokungcola kokudla.
Kunezimo lapho, ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, izibungu zeKomodo zembula izindawo zokungcwaba zabantu ezingekho ngaphansi, zithathe izidumbu zabantu abangcwabile emathuneni. Leli qiniso elingathandeki laphoqa iziqhingi zaseSunda ezincane ukuba zingcwabe umufi ngaphansi kokhonkolo obunzima. Ngomqondo obukhali wephunga, ama-Komodos aqapha izibankwa ziyakwazi ukuhogela igazi kude. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaselwa kwalezi zidalwa ezinkulu kumaqembu abavakashi kwabhalwa, amalungu awo ayenegazi elincane kakhulu lokukhipha, noma iqembu lafaka nabesifazane isigaba esisebenzayo somjikelezo wokuya esikhathini. Namuhla, bonke abavakashi abavakashela eziqhingini zase-Indonesia, lapho kuhlala khona izibungu zaseKomodo, empeleni bahambisana nabadayisi abanolwazi abahlome ngezigxobo ezikhethekile zokuzivikela kwizimbila eziyingozi.Ukubulala ama-Komodo lizows akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ngumthetho, ngakho-ke, abantu abanolaka ikakhulu bayabanjwa futhi bathuthelwe ezindaweni ezingenabantu abahlala kulezi ziqhingi.