Lo shark, owaziwa nangokuthi iBolsherot shark, ungolunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zabasakazi abaphila njengamanje abadla ipulankton.
Iqembu elifanayo lifaka ushaka omkhulu kanye noshaka whale. Igama lesiLatini loshaka oshaka abade linguMegachasma pelagios.
Lo shark, ophila ngokujula okukhulu, watholakala ngonyaka we-1976. Futhi namuhla ukuphela kwezinhlobo zomndeni wabashaka abakhulu-mouthed (igama lesiLatini iMegachasmidae).
Ukusukela ngoNovemba 2004, bekunokwenzeka ukubheka oshaka abakhulu kakhulu ngenani elingafinyeleli abantu abangama-25, okuyingxenye encane kuphela lapho ososayensi abakwazi ukuphenya. Ngakho-ke, kunolwazi oluncane kakhulu ngendawo yokuhlala yalolu shark, i-anatomy nokuziphatha kwalo.
Izici
Umcabango omkhulu kunabo bonke oshaka abade, okwazile ukukala, ngowesifazane ofile, owatholakala ngo-Ephreli 19, 2001, ebethelwe amaza ogwini lweTokyo Bay eduze kwedolobha lase-Itihara. Ukuphakama kwawo kwakungamamitha angama-5.63.Nokuthi ngoMashi 13, 2004, isifinyezo esincane kunazo zonke salolu hlobo loshaka sabanjwa eduzane neSumatra Island. Kwavela owesilisa, obude bawo babungama-1.77 m.
Isici sangaphandle salo shark esiyingqayizivele yinhloko yaso enkulu enezinwele ezimfishane kanye nomlomo omkhulu. Kwakungenxa yakhe ukuthi athole igama lakhe. Ngemuva kwoshaka omkhulu oshaka ubepende ngombala onsundu, isisu sisethunzini elilula. Lo shark unamaphini amabili e-dorsal, amaphiko amabili e-pectoral enobukhulu obwanele, eyodwa i-caudal fin enesimo se-asymmetric, namabili amabhulukwe esikhunjini, i-pair engemuva ibe mncane kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Ukubhebhetheka
Oshaka abakhulu babonwa olwandlekazi lwePacific, Atlantic and Indian, imvamisa kakhulu ngasogwini lwaseJapan naseCalifornia. Lokhu kunikeza ososayensi ilungelo lokuphikisana nokuthi lolu hlobo loshaka selusatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kepha lunikeza ukukhetha kwamanzi okuhlobene nokuthokomala okufudumele.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuqandaniswa koshaka abakhulu-abasemanzini kwenzeka ekwindla emanzini aseduze naseCalifornia, ngoba bekulezi zindawo lapho isibalo esikhulu sabantu abadala salolu hlobo sahlangana lapho sesikhulile.
Umsoco
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwalokho okwatholakala esiswini sikashaka abakhulu abashonile, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ukudla okuyinhloko kwalezi zinhlanzi yizinto ezincane ezihlukene, ngokwesibonelo, i-krill. Ushaka omkhulu-onamakhono uyakwazi ukudonsa amanzi, okuyinto edinga ukuwahlunga. Lokhu kuhlukanisa noshaka omkhulu, ongakwazi nje ukuhlunga amanzi aqukethe i-plankton. Ushaka omkhulu udla izinhlanzi ezincane noma cha, ezingakasungulwa.
Ukuziphatha
Icala lisizile ekutadisheni indlela yokuziphatha koshaka obude. Ngo-Okthoba 1990, emanzini asogwini eCalifornia, ososayensi baba nenhlanhla eyanele yokubamba owesilisa ophilayo no shark omkhulu, obude bawo babungamamitha ayi-5. Okokuqala ngqa, umshumeli womsakazo wesilisa waxhunyaniswa nalo wesilisa, ngemuva kwalokho wadedelwa. Ngenxa yalo mcimbi, imininingwane yokuqala ivele emizileni yokufuduka koshaka abakhulu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhambeni kwayo endaweni ebheke phezulu.
Ushaka omkhulu-omile uyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele futhi esingavamile.
Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bafundile ukuthi ushaka omkhulu oshaka udla isikhathi sasebusuku ngokujula okungadluli kumamitha ayi-15. Kepha ngesikhathi sasemini, angashona aze afike kumamitha ayi-150. ushintsho nsuku zonke endaweni yokujula.
Ukutholwa
Abukho ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuthi oshaka abakhulu — ababedumile babaziwa ngabantu emakhulwini eminyaka edlule nakumakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, singafunga ukuthi yibo ababeka isisekelo sezinganekwane ngezilo zasolwandle, okwakuthiwa zaziyingxube yoshaka nemikhomo.
Kukholakala ukuthi ushaka omkhulu onamabhulashi kwakhulunywa ngawo ezinganekwaneni zasendulo ezikhuluma ngezilo ezatholakala emanzini olwandle.
Ngokokuqala ngqa ukubanjwa kothile oshaka oshaka abakhulu eHawaii, ngqo eduze nesiqhingi sase-Oahu, okwabhalwa ngoNovemba 15, 1976, okwachazwa okwalandela. Lo mbono uphenduke owesilisa, obude obungamamitha angama-4,4. Abasebenzi besikejana sokucwaninga baseMelika basibamba, bathola ukuthi owesilisa ubezama ukuluma izintambo emanzini, ngenxa yalokho yena wagaxeleka kuzo. Lo muntu ufundwe ngokucophelela. Okwesabisa lo wesilisa onoshaka omkhulu kuseseMuseum Museum.
Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.
Umnotho
- I-oda: Lamniformes (Lamniformes)
- Umndeni: ILargemouth Shark (Megachasmidae)
- Uhlobo lwebhizinisi: ILargemouth Shark (Megachasma)
- Izinhlobo: Shark enkulu-mouthed shark (Megachasma pelagios, L. R. Taylor, Compagno & Struhsaker, 1983)
Uhlobo kuphela emndenini walo.
Habitat
Ngenxa yolwazi oluncane ngale shark, kunzima ukuthola imingcele yobubanzi bayo. Ngokucatshangwa ukuthi, ihlala ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle olwandle olufudumele nolunokufudumala, lapho kwakuthunjwa khona izinhlobo ezithile zodwa. Ngokuvamile, ama-bolsherotov ayebanjwa ogwini lwaseJapan naseCalifornia.
Uma kubhekwa uhlobo lokudla kwalo, kungabukwa ukuthi ushaka omkhulu onamakhanda nawo utholakala emanzini apholile, agcwele kakhulu i-krill kanye nezinye i-zooplankton.
Ubukhulu
Ngo-2004, ogwini lwaseJapan, eduzane nedolobha lase-Itihara, kwatholakala isibonakaliso esikhulu kunazo zonke soshaka omude, ubude baso sasingamamitha ayi-5.63. Kwakungowesifazane ofile, omzimba wakhe amaza awuthwala ogwini. Ngokusho kososayensi, lobukhulu abuwona umkhawulo weBolsherot. Mhlawumbe afinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-7 ubude nesisindo esingamathani ayi-1.5.
Omncane kunabo bonke ababanjiwe babengaphezu kwamamitha nengxenye ngosayizi (2004, eduze kwaseSumatra Island).
Ukubukeka
Isici esiyinhloko sokwahlukanisa iBolshevik yikhanda elikhulu kakhulu ngokungenamkhawulo nomlomo omkhulu, sibonga igama loshaka elalibizwa ngalo. Inhloko inemililo eyindilinga, ingxenye engaphambili ayivezi phambili, njengaba shaka abaningi. Amazinyo mancane, uxubha imihlathi yezinhlanzi. Inhloso yabo ukuhlunga amanzi, ukuvimbela ukuphunyulwa kwe-zooplankton kuboshwe emlonyeni.
Umbala wangemuva ungwevu omnyama noma onsundu onsundu. Uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lomzimba lukhanya. Amaphaphu athuthukisiwe, ama-caudal - nge-lobe ende ephezulu (heterocercal).
Kungasemanzini kuphela lapho umzimba woshaka unezinhlaka ezinhle - lapho sezitholwa emhlabeni, ziba shange ngaphansi kwesisindo sazo.
Ukudla
Ukudla kwe-bolsherot yisidalwa esiphilayo samanzi - zooplankton. Ngokuchazwa, izidalwa ze-planktonic zibizwa, azikwazi ukunyakaza okuzimele emanzini. Amaza kuphela namagagasi asebenza njengenjini ye-plankton. Izilwane ezidla izinyamazane zithanda ukujabulela ukuzidla nge-krill - ama-crustaceans amancane ahlukahlukene akhona ku-plankton mass yolwandle nolwandle.
Umgomo wokudla i-bolsherotov uyefana nalowo wezihlobo zawo kanye nalabo oncintisana nabo ngokudla - oshaka abakhulu no-whale. Lapho ivula umlomo ngobunono, inyamazane ibamba inani elikhulu lamanzi, bese uyihlunga ngezifo namazinyo, ikhipha ipulankton.
Kungani ushaka wabizwa ngokuthi onesibindi?
Oshaka abakhulu baseLargemouth bakhulu, banesisindo esingamathani ayi-1.5 (ukwahlulela izinhlanzi ezibanjiweyo). Inhloko ephakeme enekhala elimfushane nomlomo ovulekile idala ukubukeka okuhle okumangazayo. Kepha, ngokungafani nomakhelwane babo bezilwandle ezidla inyama, badla ngo-krill, njengoshaka abakhulu kanye nabasokile.
Umlomo wesilo sasolwandle ungafinyelela amamitha ayi-1 ububanzi, ubude bawo bomzimba bube ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-5.
Isikhumba se-bolsherot sinombala onsomi, okhanyayo okuncane esiswini.
Indawo yokuhlala koshaka abakhulu abakhulu abanezifundo ezinkulu azifundiswanga kangako, kepha zitholakala olwandle lwePacific, Indian kanye ne-Atlantic, futhi bazama ukuhlala eduze kwezindawo ezifudumele.
Bukela ividiyo - I-Largemouth Shark:
Izici Zokuziphatha
Ushaka omkhulu onamamitha amaningi uthanda izindawo ezinolwandle olujulile. Uhambela ukujula okungaphansi kwamamitha angama-20 kuphela ebusuku, ejaha i-krill ekhuphukela phezulu. Ukwahlulela ngokwakheka komzimba, ama-bolshera angabadli ngokuhamba kancane. Ijubane labo "lokuhamba" uma beqoqa ukukhiqiza alidluli i-2 km / h.
Ngo-Okthoba 1990, owesilisa ophilayo owabanjwa eduze naseCalifornia wawela ezandleni zososayensi. Ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-5. Ososayensi bakwazile ukufaka imishini yokudlulisa kanye namathuluzi emzimbeni wakhe, base bekhulula noshaka inkululeko.
Ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili, abacwaningi babenethuba lokuqapha ukuhamba kwesinyamazane esingandile ngokudlulisela amasiginali. Kwatholakala ukuthi amaBolsheros enza ukufuduka okuqondile kwansuku zonke, ahamba ngemuva kwe-krill. Umhlanganyeli omkhulu wesifuba uhlanganyele ubusuku ekujuleni okungaphezulu kwamamitha ayi-150, phakathi nosuku ekhuphuka ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-15.
Izici ezihehayo zohlobo lweBolshevik shark
Indlela ethokozisayo yokondla lezi zinhlanzi. IBolsherot ivula umlomo wayo obanzi, izindebe eziwugqinsi ezifakwe ngaphakathi ngesembozo esikhanyayo, esihlelayo seplankton. Umfudlana wamanzi, kanye nezisulu ezincane ezingenanhlonipho, unqamula emlonyeni futhi uphuma lapho usiya khona gill. Kodwa-ke, ukuphuma kwe-gill kuqala endleleni ye-krill, kusebenza ngendlela yesihlungo noma isihlungi.
I-Outgrowths, noma "ama-stamens" atholakala kakhulu, futhi afinyelela ku-15 cm ubude. Umdondoshiya omkhulu ucindezela ulimi lwakhe oluningi esibhakabhakeni, futhi amanzi ayaphonswa ngaphandle, futhi ama-crustaceans amancane asala kuma-stamens. Ngemuva kwalokho i-monster igxobhoza umphimbo, bese kuthi izisulu ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, zizame ukuphuma ngomlomo, zibambe ngamazinyo amancane ngekhono.
Le ndlela yokondla iyisici semikhomo. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi imikhomo nezinye izidli ze-krill zidlula nje amathani amanzi emlonyeni, isiqhwaga esikhulu siyakwazi ukuhlasela kwaso okuncane.
Wake waba semhlambini we-planktonic crustaceans, ugwinya njalo imizuzu emi-4.
Amazinyo enhlanzi ye-lip lip-atholakala emigqeni engama-23, ngayinye itholakala. Ngendlela, akucaci ukuthi i-chimera enkulu ingabahlasela izinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Yiluphi ulwazi ososayensi abanalo mayelana noshaka?
I-anatomy ye-bolsherot ayimvumeli ukubhukuda ngokushesha. Le nhlanzi ehamba kancane inamathambo athambile e-cartilaginous. Imisipha ethambile idala umuzwa womzimba onamanzi, onamandla. Lesi sakhiwo sikashaka asimvumeli ukuthi aminza.
By the way, ukuba khona kwezindebe kwenza kwaba lula ukubiza ushaka oyisilwane esikhanyayo esikhulu kunazo zonke olwandle.
Islabhu esinethoni eningi singathwala kalula omakhelwane abanolaka. Imvamisa i-bolumherot ye-clumsy ihlaselwa ngamaqembu - ukubekwa kwamatshe. Lezi zinhlanzi, zisebenzisa ithuba lokushesha koshaka, zikhiphe izicucu zezidumbu ezithambile, ngezinye izikhathi zibaqubule ezingubeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umdondoshiya osolwandle onamafutha angaba isicubu somkhomo wesidoda ogwinya ushaka omkhulu.
Ngemuva kokufakwa kwendlela yokunyakaza kwakhe emzimbeni wesifuba esikhulu. Kuyavela ukuthi laba shaka benza ukufuduka kwansuku zonke: phakathi nosuku behlela kumamitha ayi-120-160 ukujula, ebusuku bavuka babe ngamamitha angama-23-12.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukukhuphuka nokwehla kogquma lolwandle kuncike emazingeni wokukhanya. IPlankton nayo yenza ukufuduka okufanayo, kepha kuyathinteka ekukhanyiseni, ukutholakala kokudla, kanye nosawoti.
Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukunyakaza kwama-lipcoats asolwandle kuboshelwe ekunyakazeni kwama-crustaceans amancane. Yiso nje lezi zilwane ezinkulu ezinkulu ezazi kahle ngasiphi isikhathi nokuthi zingakanani ujulile ongaphezulu wazo ezizithandayo, bese zilandela inyamazane.
Bukela ividiyo - Umhlangano womuntu noshaka omkhulu:
Ukuzala
Njengabanye oshaka abaningi banamuhla, i-bolsherot luhlobo lwe-ovoviviparous. Ukutshala, ukukhula kanye nokuqandusela amaqanda kwenzeka esibelethweni.
Ukuhluma, mhlawumbe, kwenzeka ekwindla ogwini lwaseCalifornia, lapho abesilisa abavuthiwe kakhulu abavuthiwe.
Ingozi ebantwini
Njenganoma imuphi umdlwane we-planktonivorous, ushaka omkhulu onamakhompiyutha angaba yingozi kubantu kuphela ngenxa yomzimba wawo omkhulu, ongalimala ngumuntu obhukuda ongakhathaleli futhi othanda ukushelela ekujuleni kwengxenye yekhilomitha.
I-Megachasma pelagios ) ungomunye wezinhlobo ezintathu zabasakazi ezaziwa yisayensi ezondla nge-plankton (ngaphezu kwe-whale and oshaka abakhulu). Selokhu kwatholakala lo shark wasolwandle olujulile ngo-1976, ihlala ukuphela kwezinhlobo emndenini wabasakazi abakhulu (ama-lat. I-Megachasmidae ) Kuze kube nguNovemba, amasampula angaphansi kwama-25 abonwa, lapho okumbalwa kuphela okwaphenywa ngokwesayensi. Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo nge-anatomy, indlela yokuziphatha kanye nohla lwalesi shark.
Ukubukeka
Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinye izinhlanzi ukuba khona komlomo omkhulu, ogobile yi-arc. Ngenxa yalokhu, ushaka waba negama lawo. Ikhanda likhulu kunalokho, linekhala elifushane. Umzimba unciphile futhi uthambile, ngombala onsundu ngombala, kepha isisu sikhanya. Ukuba namathambo athambile we-cartilaginous, inyamazane ibhukuda kancane futhi ihola indlela yokuphila. Ikhula ibe amamitha ayi-5.5. Isisindo singafinyelela kuthani. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane.
Okudlayo nokuzingelayo
Enye yezinhlobo ezintathu zikashaka ezidla e-plankton. Bathanda kakhulu inyama ye-krill. Ukuzingela inyamazane, kunesikhali esisebenzayo - umlomo waso ugobe isiliva, osebenza njengokuthi “isibambo esikhanyayo” se-krill. Ingabonakala kuphela lapho ushaka ehudula umhlathi ongaphezulu phambili. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le nhlanzi ingakwazi ukuhlunga amanzi ngama-gill slits, ishiye kuphela lokho okudingayo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zibamba oshaka abakhulu, azibeki engcupheni kubantu.
Uhlobo lwe-pelagic-mouthed shark olukhulu kakhulu
Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngo-Septhemba, imvamisa kakhulu ogwini lwaseCalifornia. Oshaka baphinde bazalwe yi-oviposition.
Bona ukukhetha kwezithombe:
Photo: Ushaka omkhulu olwandle oluphakathi kolwandle
Ividiyo: Ushaka ongakaze abonakale emhlabeni
Ividiyo: KWI-PHILIPPINES YENZA ISAZI ESIFANELE
Ngemuva kuka-1976, kwacaca ukuthi emhlabeni manje akukho zimbili, kodwa izinhlobo ezintathu zikashaka ezidla ngeplankton. Abokuqala bangu-shark omkhulu, kanti owesithathu wayengushaka omkhulu. Okumangaze wonke umuntu le nhlanzi, ngicabanga ukuthi, kucacile egameni layo. Ikhanda elikhulu loshaka liphela lisemlonyeni osayizi omangalisayo, ovula kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zohlobo loshaka.
Ukutholwa kwenzeke ngoNovemba 15, 1976, lapho umkhumbi we-US Navy wase-US wenza ucwaningo e-Hawaiian Islands. Ngalo lolo suku, umkhumbi wawungaphezulu kwamamitha angama-4600 ngakho-ke awukwazanga ukudedela ihange elijwayelekile. Sinqume ukwehlisa izikhonkwane ezi-2 parachute. Ngemuva kokuphela kocwaningo, lapho sebephakanyisiwe, bathola enye yazo inhlanzi engajwayelekile yobukhulu obukhulu. Uvele waba yi-446-centimeter shark-bolsherot, osisindo sayo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-750. Le nhlanzi enkulu idluliselwe eMnyuziyamu i-Honolulu.
Konke okwesikhashana mayelana nalolu shark kwakungasasebenzi noma ngamahemuhemu noma umoya. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-8 waphinde wazenza wazizwa. Ushaka wesibili waseBolsherot wabanjwa eSanta Catalina Island (California) ngoNovemba 1984. Ikhophi leyo yathunyelwa eMnyuziyamu weLong of Natural History. Kwabe sekuqala uchungechunge lokutholakele okunje.
Ikhophi elincane
Esikhathini esisuka ku-1988 kuya ku-1990, kwatholakala oshaka abangu-4 (1 ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Australia, 2 oGwini lwePacific lwaseJapan kanye no-1 eCalifornia), ngonyaka we-1995 kwakukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili (eduze neBrazil neSenegal). Futhi kuze kube ngu-2004. Sekukonke, kusukela ngoNovemba 1976 kuya kuNovemba 2004, kwaqalwa amasampula angama-25, okuyiwona amakhulu kunawo wonke oshaka, owatholakala eshonile ngo-Ephreli 2004 ogwini eduze nedolobha lase-Itihara eTokyo Bay. Ubude bawo babu ngamamitha angama-5.63. Kwakungowesifazane. Ushaka omncane kunazo zonke owesilisa, wabanjwa ngoMashi 13, 2004 eduze. ISumatra. Ubude bawo babu ngamamitha ayi-1.77. Okunye ukubonwa kwabanjwa ngabadobi basePhilippine ngonyaka we-2005.
Isibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke
Isibonelo esincane
Ingxenye egqame kakhulu yomzimba wale shark emihlathini yayo ebukhulu obukhulu. Imibala ayihlukile kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zabasakazi - grey emnyama noma nsundu emnyama. Isisu sikhanya kakhulu kunasemuva.
Umbala onsomi
Njengoba bonke oshaka bengabesigaba sezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous, wayehlukile. Amathambo we-bolsherot aqukethe i-cartilage ethambile, kanti izicubu zigcwele kakhulu amanzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ushaka awukwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esihle lapho ubhukuda, ngakho-ke ijubane lawo eliqonde cishe lingama-2 km / h kuphela.
Ekuqaleni kwenothi, sesishilo kakade imininingwane yokudla kwakhe. Ukudla okuyinhloko koshaka waseBolshevik yi-plankton (crustaceans, jellyfish, njll.), Okuvela kuyo lapho ama-crustaceans eufuusiids abaluleke kakhulu, futhi angama-krill, ahlala ekujuleni okujulile. Ushaka onomlomo omkhulu, njengoba esekhubekile emhlambini wamakhaza, uvula umlomo wakhe bese ungena emthonjeni omkhulu wamanzi, futhi, ngokucindezela ulimi lwakhona emgodleni, unwebe amanzi ngaphandle ngezigxobo ezixhumene eduze ne-gill. Amazinyo amancane amaningi avimba ukuphuma kwe-krill. Ngemuva kokuhlunga amanzi, ushaka ugwinya konke okusesemlonyeni.
Umlomo omkhulu ngamazinyo amaningi amancane
Umlomo ovulekile
Ushaka omkhulu-mouthed yinhlanzi ye-pelagic, okungukuthi, ihlala endaweni ye-mesopilagil (ukujula kwamamitha ayi-150-500). Ebusuku, ukhuphuka usondele ebusweni, futhi phakathi nosuku uya ekujuleni.
Lo shark uhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele zolwandlekazi lwe-3: i-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian, kepha isikhathi esiningi zitholakala ogwini lweCalifornia naseJapan.
Habitat
Ukweluka, ngokusho kwesazi sebhayoloji, kwenzeka ekwindla ogwini lwaseCalifornia, ngoba kulapho abesilisa abavuthiwe kakhulu batholakala. Njengabanye oshaka abaningi, ushaka weBolshevik yi-ovoviviparous.
Izinganekwane nezinganekwane
Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi oshaka abakhulu abalimbe kakhulu babaziwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Singasho nje ukuthi laba bantu baba yisisekelo sezinganekwane eziningi ngokuba yingxube yemikhomo noshaka.
Abantu abaningi basogwini banezindaba lapho balandisa khona ngemihlangano yabantu abanezilo ezinkulu zasolwandle. Enye yezinganekwane isitshela ngomkhomo osamfishane okwisiqingatha somlomo omkhulu.
Ngabe leli gama lavelaphi
Egameni laloshaka kunegama elithi "unezinwele ezinde". Ngaleli gama, abantu banikeza inhlanzi eyisimangaliso umlomo omkhulu. Futhi bayibiza ngokuthi "pelagic" ngenxa yendawo yayo yokuhlala. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi lena ihlala endaweni ye-mesopilagil, ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-150 kuye kwangama-500. Kepha ososayensi abakaqiniseki ngalokhu. Kukholelwa ukuthi ingashona ekujuleni okukhulu.
Habitat
Ushaka omkhulu ophakeme we-pelagic utholakala kuwo wonke olwandle, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic. Okuningi kwakho konke kuhlangana endaweni eseningizimu hemisphere. Kaningi, iMegachasma pelagios itholakala ogwini lweCalifornia, Japan neTaiwan. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi le nhlanzi eyingqayizivele isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa nokho ikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezifudumele ezifudumele. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi oshaka abakhulu abanezimpiko zabanjwa eduze kwaseHawaii, South Australia, Africa kanye naseNingizimu Melika. Uvame ukubonwa ogwini lwe-Ecuador.
Ngemuva kwendaba nomuntu wokuqala, owesibili wabanjwa ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, eduze kwesiqhingi saseSanta Catalina, ngonyaka we-1984. Kuthunyelwe ushaka ogxishiwe eMnyuziyamu waseLos Angeles. Emva kwalokhu, izinhlanzi ezinkulu zabonakala kaningi. Kusuka ku-1988-1990 ahlangatshezwa ngasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Australia, Japan neCalifornia. Ngo-1995 - ogwini lwaseSenegal naseBrazil.
Incazelo
Ushaka omkhulu onamaphimbo amakhulu, okuso isithombe okulesi sihloko,, njengawo wonke umuntu, esigabeni se-cartilaginous. I-skeleton yi-cartilage ethambile. Izindwangu ziqukethe amanzi amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ushaka omkhulu-mouthed uhamba kancane (ijubane elingamakhilomitha amabili ngehora). Akakwazi ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu ngokomzimba. Isisindo saso sifinyelela kuthani elilodwa nengxenye, okulenza libe yi-clumsy futhi lihambe kancane.
Umzimba ulula futhi uthambile, ubonakala njengabantu abajulile olwandle. Kepha ukwakheka okunjalo akumvumeli ukuba acwile. Amazinyo ahlelwe ngemigqa engamashumi amabili nantathu. Ngamunye uqukethe cishe ama-clove amancane ama-300. Umlomo ozungeze onqenqemeni uzungezwe yi-Photophore, esebenza ukuheha i-plankton nezinhlanzi ezincane. Ngenxa yezindebe ze-phosphorescent, ushaka ubhekwa njengenhlanzi enkulu ekhanyayo.
Ukukhula kwayo kufinyelela kumitha ububanzi, futhi ubude bomzimba bungaphezulu kwesihlanu. Ngokufaka imibala koshaka kufana nomkhomo omncane wokubulala. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi kuyiphutha nge-whale encane. Umzimba woshaka omkhulu umnyama. Phezulu kumnyama futhi nsundu, kanti isisu simhlophe. Ihluka kwezinye izinhlobo ezinomlomo omkhulu ompunga omnyama (noma onsundu). Ikhala lakhe lixinekile. Le nhlanzi emangalisayo iyisikhulu esikhulu, esinemvelo enhle futhi iphephe ngokuphelele kubantu, yize ukubukeka kwayo kusabeka kakhulu futhi kungamesabisa kalula umuntu ongazi.
Izimfihlo ezingadalulwanga zomhlaseli omude?
Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-anatomy ye-bolsherot ifaneleka ngokwengeziwe. Kukholakala ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthi laba oshaka babe besondele-phansi, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaqondakaliyo bangena emanzini aphakathi nendawo, futhi ngenxa yalokho baqashelwa ngumuntu.
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngokuzalaniswa kweziqhwaga zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukwahlulela ngenani lezinhlobo zemifino ebanjwe eduzane naseCalifornia naseHawaii, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuzalanisa kwenzeka lapho ekwindla.
Ushaka omkhulu omkhulu onemilingo emincane wembula kancane nje izimfihlo zawo kubacwaningi. Njengoba iyinhlanzi efundwe kabi kunazo zonke, ibhulashi ngalinye elibanjiwe liba umuzwa.
I-World Ocean Fund ibeke imidondoshiya ehamba kancane ohlwini lwayo. Kepha ukungavikeleki kwalaba oshaka abahle bazenza izisulu ezingabizi zezilwane zasolwandle nakubantu.
Muva nje, ePhilippines, lesi silo sasolwandle esingajwayelekile sabanjwa futhi sadliwa ngabadobi. Lezi zindaba zimangele wonke umhlaba wesayensi, kepha akukho sinyathelo esathathwa.
Ngabe empeleni sizolahlekelwa yilomkhumbi wasolwandle ngaphandle kokumazi ngempela? Noma ingabe amaBolsherotas azophinda afihle ngaphansi kogqinsi lwamanzi olwandle futhi athathe izimfihlo zawo ezansi?
) Selokhu kwatholakala lo shark wasolwandle olujulile ngo-1976, ibilokhu kungukuphela kwezinhlobo ezaziwayo zomndeni wayo. Ngo-Agasti 2015, bangu-102 kuphela abantu abatholakele, okumbalwa kubo okwaphenywa ngokwesayensi. Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo nge-anatomy, indlela yokuziphatha kanye nohla lwalesi shark.
Uhlobo lwaqala wachazwa ngokwesayensi ngonyaka we-1983. NgoNovemba 15, 1976, umkhumbi wokucwaninga waseMelika wabanjwa esiqhingini sase-Oahu eHawaii ngowesilisa wohlobo olusha owayezama ukudla intambo eyacwilisa emanzini wanamathela kuyo. Isilwane sifundwe ngokucophelela, kanti nanamuhla isilwane saso esinezinto sigcwele sigcinwe eM honolulu Museum. Ngo-1997, ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwemininingwane i-RNA, kwatholakala ukuthi oshaka abakhulu abanezinhlamvu ezinkulu bahlobene kakhulu nabanye oshaka be-lamiform. Ukuhlaziywa kwamazinyo ngo-1996 kuqinisekisile ukuthi oshaka abakhulu nabakhulu nabakhulu bayiqembu elisondelene ngokusondele kakhulu le-lamised shark futhi bakha isihlabathi esihlobene kakhulu, i-pseudo-sand, fox kanye ne-herring shark taxon. Kucatshangelwe ukuthi ukufana kwe-izinyo morphology kungaba ngumphumela wokufana futhi akubonisi ubudlelwane obusondelene ne-laminated. Igama elijwayelekile livela kumagama esiGreek. I-μέγας - "enkulu" nesiGreek. I-χάσμα - "kwalasha", "kwalasha", kanye nezinhlobo ezivela egameni lesiGrikhi. I-πέλαγος - "etholakala olwandle", "ejulile" futhi ihlotshaniswa nendawo yokuhlala kwalezi zinhlanzi.
Oshaka abakhulu abanezimpiko ezinkulu zitholakala olwandle i-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian Ocean. Imvamisa, batholakala ngasogwini lwaseJapan, eTaiwan nasePhilippines. Ukusuka kulokhu, izazi zebhayoloji ziphetha ngokuthi le nhlobo isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke futhi ithanda indawo ethambile efudumele. Lezi zinhlanzi ze-pelagic zitholakala kokubili endaweni ye-neritic nase olwandle oluvulekile. Kutholakala emabhaweleni angajulile ngokujula kwamamitha ayi-5 kuya eshalofini elingamamitha angama-40 ukujula, futhi nasolwandle oluvulekile kuze kufike ku-1500 m, ngokuvamile kububanzi obuyi-120-166 m. Umbala nokuqukethwe okunamafutha esibindini kukhombisa ukuthi i-epipelagic kuneyinhlobo ejulile yolwandle.
Umcabango omkhulu kunayo yonke ngowesifazane ongu-5.70 m oboshwe ngamanetha eSagami Bay en, eKanagawa, Japan, futhi owatholakala ngoMeyi 2, 2006. Wadedelwa, nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi watholakala eseshonile. Umcabango omkhulu owandulelayo kwakuyintokazi efile enobude obungamamitha angama-5.63, eyagezwa ngo-Ephreli 19, 2004 eduze nedolobha lase-Itihara eTokyo Bay. Umcabango omncane kunabo bonke owesilisa, wabanjwa ngoMashi 13, 2004 eduze nesiqhingi saseSumatra, osayizi baso bungamamitha ayi-1.77. Isibonakaliso sangaphandle esiphawuleka kunazo zonke oshaka abasemagama amakhulu asibiza ngegama, siyikhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga elinekhala elifushane nomlomo omkhulu. Ubude bekhanda bungafaniswa nomzimba. I-snout imfushane kakhulu, ithambile futhi iyindilinga. Amehlo makhulu impela, ubude bawo busuka ku-1,6 kuye ku-1,8% wobude bomzimba. Ama-gill slits atholisiwe, ubude bawo buyi-6.4-8.6% yobude bomzimba. Abangeni ngaphakathi kwekhanda le-dorsal. Izindawo zokugcina ezi-gill ezimbili zitholakala ngaphezulu kwama-pectoral fins. Amagilezi ahlome ngezinqubo zesikhumba ezinjengomunwe (ama-stamens) ane-cartilage ngaphakathi. Bafaka amboze ingaphandle le-gill slits. Umlomo omkhulu kakhulu ugobile ku-arc. Imihlathi iphuma ngamandla. Amazinyo mancane, amise okwama-awl. Umzimba u-cylindrical, u-stocky, uthambile futhi unemibala encane. I-Caudal stem icindezelwe, i-laterina ye-carina ayikho. Kukhona i-notch encane yokuphepha. Amapulangwe e-Placoid mancane kakhulu futhi athambile. Umbala womhlane wakhe onsundu, isisu sakhe sikhaphukhaphu. Ushaka omkhulu unama-dinsal fins amabili, i-asymmetric caudal fin. I-lobe engenhla ye-caudal fin iyakhuphuka, i-lobe engezansi imfushane kodwa iqinile. Amaphinifa we-pectoral makhulu, acinene futhi anwebekile. Amaphiko we-ventral awusayizi ophakathi, mncane kunamaphinifa we-pectoral kanye ne-dorsal yokuqala. I-dorsal fin yokuqala inkulu kunalokho, inxantathu ngesimo, owesibili dorsal Fin uphindwe kabili izikhathi. Isisekelo senhlawulo yokuqala dorsal itholakala ngemuva kwesisekelo samaphiko we-pectoral. Isisekelo senhlansi yesibili yedorsal iphakathi kwezisekelo zamaphini we-ventral ne-anal. Umgogodla ubalwa kabi. Inani eliphelele lama-vertebrae 151, ama-vertebrae esiqwini somgogodla 64. I-valve yangaphakathi yomgogodla inamajika angama-23- 24.
Amazinyo amancane, izinqubo eziningi ezakheke umunwe ezifingqa ingaphandle le-gill slits, kanye nocwaningo lokuqukethwe esiswini sezilwane ezishonile kukhombisa ukuthi oshaka abakhulu abakhulu, njengama-giants, oshaka abasebenza nge-whale kanye nama-mobiles, bahlunga izidalwa ezisuselwa ezintweni ezincane ezinjenge-krill. Kodwa-ke, umzimba onobhazabhaza, amaphiko athambile, i-asymmetric caudal fin kanye ne-calcification ebuthakathaka yomgogodla uphakamisa ukuthi lolu hlobo alusebenzi kangako uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abahlunga. Ukuqashelwa koshaka ophilayo obukhulu futhi omaka kuqinisekisa lo mqondo.
Ama-krill, ama-Copepods, ne-jellyfish atholakala esiswini soshaka abakhulu. UKrill watholakala esiswini soshaka omkhulu wokuqala. I-Thysanopoda pectinata , ubude obuphakathi kwawo okungamasentimitha angama-3.1. Le crustacean yenza ukufuduka kwansuku zonke, ihamba phakathi kwemini ephakathi kuka-300 no-1100 m, amaqoqo alezi zinhlobo abonwa ebusuku ngokujula kuka-150-500 m (ubukhulu obuku-75-525 m).
Kungenzeka ukuthi oshaka abasemaphethelweni amakhulu babhukuda ngemilomo yabo ivuleke ngobuningi be-krill, ngezikhathi ezithile bavale imihlathi yabo futhi bacindezele imiphimbo yabo ukuthola ukudla ngaphambi kokugwinya. Umlomo woshaka abakhulu-abanezici ezinkulu unokudonsa kwesiliva okukhanyayo, okungenzeka kukhanya, ngokuba yisicupho sokukhanya krill. Kubonakala lapho ushaka ehudula umhlathi ongaphezulu phambili. Amandla okuqhubekisela phambili imihlathi phambili kungenzeka avumele oshaka abakhulu-abancanyana ukuthi bancamele ukudla.
Abesilisa, abatholwe ngoNovemba 29, 1984 kanye no-Okthoba 21, 1990 basogwini lweCalifornia, bashada ngaphambi nje kwalokho, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuphuma kwe-spermatophores kusuka pterigopodia, kanye nokuheha kanye nokopha kubo. Enye yabesilisa emhlathini ophansi ibinenxeba elisha, elifana nalelo elalitholwa oshaka ngesikhathi sokuzala ngenkathi bephethe umlingani. Mhlawumbe ekwindla, oshaka abasemaphepheni amakhulu bangena emanzini aseSouthern California bayogana. I-Pterygopodia yesibonakaliso sokuqala soshaka onamehlo amakhulu ichazwa ngokuningiliziwe. Zazincane impela ngompondo obonisiwe, ezakhe inqubo encanyana kakhulu.
Owesifazane oshonile washona ngo-4.71 m ubude eJapan ngoNovemba 29, 1994. Abaphenyi bamphenya kabanzi futhi baphetha ngokuthi wayengakafiki ekufakweni kwesisekelo sokuthi isibeletho sakhe sakhuliswa kuphela kusukela ekugcineni kwangaphambilini, ama-ovary akwenziwanga kahle, nama-oocytes, ama-cestode, kepha avame ukuphonswa ngaphezulu, ngoba makhulu kakhulu. Njengombukiso, zibukwa kakhulu yizindawo zasolwandle neminyuziyamu. Idatha enganele yokuhlola isimo sokulondolozwa
ILarkmouth shark, noma iLarkmouth shark (lat.Megachasma pelagios) - enye yezinhlobo ezintathu zoshaka ezaziwayo ezidla nge-plankton (ngaphezu kwe-whale ne-giant shark). Selokhu kwatholakala lo shark olwandle olujulile ngo-1976, ihlala iyiyona kuphela inhlobo emndenini wabashaka abakhulu (i-lat. Megachasmidae). Kuze kube nguNovemba 2004, kwaqalwa amasampula angaphansi kwama-25, kanti ambalwa kuphela ayekwazi ukuphenywa ngokwesayensi. Okuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo nge-anatomy, indlela yokuziphatha kanye nohla lwalesi shark.
Izici
Umcabango omkhulu kunabo bonke kwakuyintokazi efile engu-5.63 m, eyagezwa ngo-Ephreli 19, 2004 eduze nedolobha lase-Itihara eTokyo Bay. Umcabango omncane kunayo yonke owesilisa owabanjwa ngoMashi 13, 2004 eduze nesiqhingi saseSumatra, obukhulu baso bungamamitha ayi-1.77. Isibonakaliso sangaphandle esiphawuleka kakhulu, lapho umfishi omkhulu wasolwandle igama lakhe, siyinhloko enkulu eyindilinga enekhala elifushane nomlomo omkhulu. Umbala womhlane wakhe onsundu, isisu sakhe sikhaphukhaphu. Ushaka omkhulu unamaphinifa amabili e-dorsal, eyodwa asymmetric caudal fin, amacici amabili amakhulu e-pectoral namaphini amabili esiswini, okuyi-pair engemuva kuncane kakhulu.
Ukubhebhetheka
Oshaka abakhulu abanezimpiko ezinkulu batholakala e-Atlantic, Pacific kanye nase-Indian Ocean, ikakhulukazi, ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia naseJapan. Ukusuka kulokhu, izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziphetha ngokuthi le nhlobo isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke futhi ithanda izindawo ezifudumele ezifudumele. Mating, ngokusobala, kwenzeka ekwindla ogwini lweCalifornia, ngoba kulapho abesilisa abakhulu kunabo bonke ababephethe oshaka abakhulu.
Umsoco
Ucwaningo lokuqukethwe esiswini kwezilwane ezifile kukhombisile ukuthi izidalwa ezincane ezinjengekrill, zingukudla okuyinhloko koshaka omkhulu. Ngokungafani noshaka omkhulu, ofaka kuphela amanzi aqukethe ipulankton-enamanzi, ushaka omkhulu onamaphaphu uyakwazi ukudonsa amanzi ngentshiseko. Okwamanje akwaziwa ukuthi izilwane ezincane nazo zingokudla kwalezi zilwane.
Ukuziphatha
Ngo-Okthoba 21, 1990, ososayensi eduze naseCalifornia bakwazile ukubamba owesilisa ophilayo amamitha amahlanu ngosayizi. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ushaka omkhulu onamamaki wakwazi ukufakelwa umsakazo futhi wakhululwa. Ngakho-ke, idatha yokuqala itholakale ngokuziphatha kokufuduka koshaka, kufaka phakathi ukunyakaza kwaso. Kwaqala ukwazi ukuthi ushaka omkhulu onamamitha amaningi uchitha ubusuku ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-15, kuthi phakathi nosuku ehle aze afike kumamitha ayi-150. Ngokusobala, ushaka ulandela i-krill, eshintsha indawo yayo ejulile ngesigqi esifanayo.
Ukutholwa
Akunakwenzeka ukusho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi abantu bake bahlangana nalenhlobo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule nokuthi ngabe yiyona yini eyasebenza njengemvelaphi yezinganekwane ngezilo zasolwandle, eziyingxubevange yomkhomo noshaka. Yaqala ukubanjwa ngokuthembekile ngoNovemba 15, 1976 isuka esiqhingini sase-Oahu eHawaii, ngemuva kwalokho yachazwa. Kwakuyiduna, elingamamitha angama-4,46 ubude, ebanjwa ngumkhumbi wokucwaninga waseMelika ngemuva kokuzama ukuluma izintambo ezigxunyekwe emanzini zabambelela kuzo. Isilwane sifundwe ngokucophelela kanti namuhla isilwane sayo esigcwele izinto sigcinwa eMnyuziyamu i-Honolulu.
Ushaka omkhulu oshubile oyisiphikisi uyimbangi yangempela yokudutshulwa kwe-movie eyethusayo. Noma ngubani obone lesi silo esinomlomo omkhulu ngendlela emangalisayo uzowukhumbula lo mhlangano kuze kube phakade.
Kodwa naphezu kokubukeka kwayo kunobuhlakani, ushaka omkhulu oshubile awesabeki kubantu, ngoba ukudla kwawo kuqukethe izimfanzi ezincane kanye neplankton, njengefark whale shark. Yebo, futhi ukuhlangana naye emanzini olwandle kubantu kuyinto engajwayelekile: indawo yakhe eyinhloko yindawo enolwandle olujulile kwesinye isikhathi efinyelela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-150, kanti ushaka ukhuphukela ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zamamitha ayishumi nanhlanu angavamile futhi kuphela ebusuku.
Ukuhlangana kokuqala kwendoda eyayinoshaka omkhulu kwenzeka ngo-1976, lapho umkhumbi waseMelika wenza ucwaningo lolwandle lolwandle iPacific Ocean eduze kweziqhingi zaseHawaii. Ukujula okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-4600, kwehliswa izikhonkwane ezimbili ezikhethekile zeparachute zabe sezikhuphuka phakathi komkhumbi, ezazisekela ngokuqinile isikebhe kumaza olwandle. Komunye wemishini, izikhonkwane zazibanjiswa futhi ushaka ungaziwa kuze kube manje ukhuliswa. Ubude boshaka bungamamitha angama-4,4, nosayizi womlomo washaqeka ke wonke umuntu owayekhona. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho anikezwa khona igama elithi pelagic shark-mouthed shark omkhulu (lat. Megachasma pelagios). I-Pelagic - ngoba indawo yayo eyinhloko yindawo "ye-mesopilagil" (okungukuthi, ukujula kolwandle ngamamitha ayi-150-500), nokuthi kungani inkulu - bheka lezi zithombe futhi konke kuzocaca kuwe.
Eminyakeni engamashumi amane eyalandela, ushaka omkhulu onamamitha wawela ezandleni zomuntu isikhathi esingaphezu kwesithathu, njengoba kufakazelwa yilezi zithombe, futhi lezi ikakhulukazi izifenqo ezisukela kumamitha ayi-1.5 kuye kwayi-3 ubude.
Kuphela ngo-2004, owesimame ofile no shark omkhulu wawa ezandleni zososayensi, okuthe isivunguvungu sabaphonsa eJapan. Ubude bawo babungamamitha angama-5.63, futhi ngokusho kososayensi, lokhu akuwona umkhawulo wokukhula koshaka, ngakho-ke mhlawumbe endaweni ethile, ekujuleni okukhulu kolwandle, kunabamele abamele amamitha ayisikhombisa. Kepha okwamanje, lokhu kungukuqagela nokucatshangelwa nje, futhi amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe ukuthi oshaka abakhulu abatholakala emabeleni basakazekele emhlabeni wonke lapho kunamanzi afudumele. Ukuhlangana okukhulu kwabesilisa kuqoshwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngesikhathi sekwindla ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia. Leli qiniso livumela ososayensi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi kulapha ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka kwenzeka ukuthi ukukhula kwale nkathi kwenzeke. Izinsimbi ezinkulu zi-ovoviviparous, okungukuthi, insikazi ithwala amazinyane esibelethweni sayo futhi oshaka abancane sebevele bazelwe. eshicilelwe
Ngabe leli gama livelaphi?
Ushaka omkhulu onamaphaphu amakhulu, ngokusho kwemininingwane embalwa yemibhalo ekhona, ubukeka njengengxube yomkhomo kanye nommeleli woshaka. Umndeni lapho lesi silwane kungukuphela kommeleli uthole igama lawo emihlathini emikhulu edingekayo ukugwinya uquqaba lwamanzi . Umuntu onjalo ungomunye wemigwaqo emithathu engaholi impilo esebenzayo yokuxwaya. Kanye nehlosi kanye noshaka abakhulu, lesi silwane "sikhipha" ama-crustaceans amancane asemanzini.
I-prefix "pelagic" ebunjwe yilaba bantu isho ukuthi bahlala kude neshalofu yezwekazi elingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100. Abamele lo mndeni bangabezinhlanzi zasolwandle futhi bakhetha amanzi afudumele, ngokwesibonelo, eHawaii naseCalifornia. Ushaka waseBolsherot awuvamile kakhulu futhi uwukuphela kommeleli womndeni wakhe.
Umlando Wokuthola Izilwane
Ubufakazi bokuqala bokubhalwa kokuba khona koshaka omkhulu we-pelagic ubhalwe ngo-1976. Imininingwane inciphile kakhulu, ngoba emhlabeni akukho bantu abayikhulu kulo mndeni. Ngokulahlwa kososayensi kwakuyizilwane ezimbalwa nje, ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo okwaba yinto yemisebenzi eminingana yesayensi enikelwe kule mikhakha.
Ummeleli wokuqala womndeni watholakala ngoNovemba 15, 1976 eHawaii, ubude bawo ifinyelele kumamitha angama-4,46 . Ekuqaleni, lesi silwane besenziwe iphutha ngomunye wabamele oshaka - ushaka wehlosi, kukhona nezimo lapho ushaka omkhulu-omfushane edidekile nomlobi ongumbulali, ngoba imibala yalezi zilwane ezimbili ifana.
Habitat
Oshaka abakhulu abane-pelagic abangama-mout ngesigaba senhlanzi ezingena olwandle, indawo ehlala kuyo ngokujula okufika kumamitha angama-500. Kodwa-ke, ubuningi bezinhlanzi ezirekhodiwe eziphezulu bungamamitha angama-2500. Ububanzi bemibala nokuhlaba umxhwele kuyakhonzwa isixwayiso kwabazingeli abakhona , njengoba kungekho amazinyo abukhali okuvikela kulolu hlobo lukashaka. Ukucinga ukudla, abantu bangakwazi ukufuduka, kepha bakhetha amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nawaphansi komhlaba.
Izici zokuzala zalolu hlobo azaziwa, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi le nqubo yenzeka ngokufanayo noshaka omkhulu. Ngokungafani nemikhomo, evele ihlunge amanzi ngesikhonkwane, ushaka omkhulu onamanzi kukhiqiza ukunyakaza kokugwinya njalo ngemizuzu embalwa. Ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukuzingela akwaziwa yini, okwamanje ipulankton, equkethe ama-crustaceans amancane nejellyfish, ibonwa njengesisekelo sokudla kwayo.
Imikhuba
Ushaka omkhulu oshubile ochitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe uhamba. Ebusuku, umuntu walezi zinhlobo akambi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-15, kuthi phakathi nosuku afune i-plankton ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-150. Ukufuduka ngaphakathi emanzini ikakhulukazi kubangelwa ukuhamba kwe-plankton, nakho okuyisimilo ukuguqulwa kwendawo kuye ngobuthongo noma ekuvukeni kwabazingeli bakho. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi lo shark owayenezimpondo ezinkulu ngaphambili wawungaphansi, okungukuthi, wawuphila eduze kwaphansi, okwaba yisizathu sokutholwa sekwephuzile komuntu ngabantu.
Abazingeli bemvelo nezitha zikashaka omkhulu
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, bambalwa abadla imvelo koshaka omkhulu, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yobukhulu obukhulu bomuntu. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo zabazingeli zisabambe lezi zilwane, okungukuthi:
Izilwane ezidla inyama zisebenzisa ithuba lokuhamba kancane kwalo shark omkhulu futhi zimane nje zikhiphe izicucu zenyama emzimbeni walo, izilwane eziningi kukhona izibazi emzimbeni . Ebusweni, abantu bakhona babona ukuthi kukhona ukushayisana kwama-sting kanye nama-jellyfish. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi sikhuluma ngokuhlaselwa okuqondile, kodwa nokuzivikela, ngoba abakwa-bolsherot bagwinya izindimbane zamanzi ukuzama ukuhlunga i-krill.
Ama-Bolsherot shark: ayingozi kubantu?
Lolu hlobo lwe-pelagic alunangozi kubantu futhi lungaba yingozi kubantu abahlukahlukene, lapho bengazi, bazithola sebesemlonyeni womlomo walesi sikhulu. Amanye onke ama-bolsher shark ahluke kakhulu umoya opholile futhi omuhle . Futhi, izinga lethonya lezinto ezingama-anthropogenic kulolu hlobo lukashaka alaziwa, kungenzeka impela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-pelagic loshaka ludinga ukuvikelwa.
I-heroine yezinganekwane nezinsumansumane
Ushaka omkhulu oshubile ongase abe ngumqambi wezinganekwane eziningi ngezilo zasolwandle, kunezici eziningi ezikhuluma ngalokhu ngasikhathi sinye:
- ukubukeka okwesabekayo, kufaka phakathi umlomo omkhulu,
- osayizi abakhulu
- ukufana nemikhomo,
- ukuntywila emanzini ajulile.
Njengasendabeni yama-squid amakhulu, ushaka omkhulu we-pelagic onguthuli ongasebenza njengesisekelo ukukhuphuka kwezinganekwane ezahlukahlukene ezinikelwe izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle ezingaginya umkhumbi. Lokhu okubhaliselwe kuzama ukugwema ukuxhumana nabantu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi labameli balo mndeni latholakala ukuthi selishonile. Icala lokugcina eliarekhodiwe lokuxhumana nomuntu walesi sikhala lango-2015, izinsalela ezitholakalayo zeniswa kakhulu yiminyuziyamu, ngakho-ke zingakwazi ukufunda ngemikhuba yommeleli omkhulu wamanzi ajulile ezinqolobaneni. Okwamanje, oshaka abathola izimbotshana ezinkulu baba izisulu hhayi nje zokuhlaselwa umhlaseli kuphela, kodwa futhi nezokudoba, ngoba inyama yabo ibaluleke kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye emikhakheni eminingi yokudla emhlabeni.
Abanye ososayensi baphikelela ukuthi kubalulekile ukufaka lo muntu ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezisekupheleni kokuqothulwa futhi kwenqabela ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, imininingwane etholakele ayanele ukuthola isiphetho maqondana nesimo samanje salezinhlobo nenani labantu. Isibalo sokugcina sabameleli bomndeni omkhulu sasingabantu abayi-102, okulincane ngokwedlulele uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abamele izinhlobo.
Kunombono wokuthi oshaka abakhulu abanezimpondo bazoba phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyama ezizonyamalala eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwamanzi kwe-anthropogenic. Kodwa-ke, kusesekuseni kakhulu ukwenza isiphetho ngekusasa lalaba bantu.