Ulwandle Olumhlophe ulwandle olusenyakatho nezwe laseRussia, olwe-Arctic Ocean, lolunye olwandle oluncane lwezwe: amamayela skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-90. km indawo, amamitha ayi-4,4 cubic metres. ivolumu. Ukujula okukhulu kakhulu kungamamitha angama-343. Imingcele yamaLwandle amaWhite and Barents itholakala phakathi kweCape Svyatoy Nos eNhlonhlo yeKola neCape Kanin Nos. Izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile zezomnotho zemvelo zivunwa lapha - ukhula lwasolwandle (umkhovu, umhlanga, ukhula), ama-mollusks, inhlanzi (i-herring, i-salmon, i-saffron cod, i-flounder, njll.), Izilwane ezincelisayo (ama-beluga whales, uphawu, ihabhu).

Umsebenzi wezitshalo zamandla nezinye izakhiwo ze-hydraulic

Izitshalo zamandla ze-hydroelectric zakha amadamu ebunzimeni. Lezi zinhlaka zivimbela ukwanda kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi ezentengiselwano, okuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo semfuyo. Amadamu abuye abangele ukuqina kwamanzi, okunciphisa ikhwalithi yawo kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo zamanzi asogwini.

Ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zamandla amakhulu kuthathwa njengendawo enobungane. Kodwa-ke, isiteshi somfula iMezen sashintsha ukujikeleza kwamanzi. Lokhu kuholele ekusatshalalisweni kabusha kwezidudla ngaphansi kwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, ukunciphisa amaza omoya, okuholela kancane kancane ekuguguleni kogu.

Ngesikhathi sokwakha, ukuthathwa kwendalo okwenziwe emhlabathini kwakhiwa ogwini, futhi imikhiqizo yabo yokubola enamanzi emvula nayo iwela olwandle.

Imisebenzi yePlesetsk cosmodrome

Njengomphumela wemisebenzi ye-cosmodrome, imfucumfucu yokulahla udoti isemabhange - izinsalela zezimoto zokuqalisa, uphethiloli we-heptyl rocket. Ukuchithwa kwe-Heptyl kuholela ekushisweni komzimba wasolwandleizinkinga zempilo phakathi kwabantu. Ubuthi obuphuma kumafutha bese bungena emaphashini, bubangele izinqubo ze-oncological.

Imboni yezokhuni

Ulwandle lungcoliswa kakhulu yimfucuza yomkhakha wokhuni. Lokhu kungenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile zemvelo kulesi sifunda. Ngekhulu le-19, imfucuza eyenziwe ngamapulangwe yaphonswa emanzini, kwathi lapho sekudotshwa ihlathi ezinye zezindebe zazingafakwa, zabethelwa ogwini zabe seziminza lapho zibola. Phansi koLwandle Olumhlophe kunamathuna e-log wonke. Ukuhlanza amagxolo kanye sawdust kwezinye izindawo kumboza phansi ngamamitha angaphezu kwamabili.

Ukuphikisana okunjalo kuvimbela izinhlanzi ukudala izizathu ezinamakhaza, zidonsa umoya-mpilo emanzini, futhi zikhiqize i-ethanol kanye nama-phenol. Ukubola kwesihlahla kuhlala amashumi eminyaka. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokuzala kabusha kwezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo. Inkinga yezinkuni ezibunjiwe nothagi lweshuni ayixazulwanga kuze kube manje.

Ukungcoliswa kawoyela

Umkhakha wamafutha awukho ngaphandle kokuvuza, ngenxa yalokho indawo engaphansi kwamanzi imbozwe ngefilimu kawoyela ekhawulela ukufinyelela komoya-mpilo emanzini. Kufika indlala ka-oxygen yezinhlanzi nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilimu elinamafutha lifaka izilwane zasolwandle nezinyoni, ngenxa yalokho alahlekelwa amandla okundiza nokubhukuda ngokujwayelekile.

Imikhiqizo kawoyela ibuya nokuthuthwa kwamanzi. Izinhlayiya, amafutha nezinto zokuthambisa, uwoyela we-injini esetshenzisiwe - konke lokhu kungena emanzini, kwesinye isikhathi kuguqula ukwakheka nokwakheka kwamanzi, kwakheke lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "yizindawo ezifile".

Ngenxa yezinguquko ekwakhekeni kwamanzi, ama-algae kanye nama-crustaceans amancane ayafa ebusweni nangobukhulu bawo, ngenxa yalokho ukulethwa kokudla kwezinhlanzi kuyehla, futhi nenani labantu bezinhlanzi liyancipha.

Ukungcoliswa kwendle

Amanzi angcolile avela emifuleni eyondla olwandle namabhizinisi atholakala ogwini awaphathwa kahle. Baphethe imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, phosphorus, izinsimbi ezisindayo. Inqwaba yokukhuphuka kwehlela eDvina Bay. Amadolobha amakhulu angcolisa ulwandle yi-Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha, Severodvinsk.

Amanzi amdaka avela embonini yezimayini abangela ukulimala okukhulu: kusuka kula mabhizinisi kuhlanganiswa nickel, lead, zethusi, chromium kanye nezinye izinsimbi.

Ama-skulphat kanye nama-phenols atholakala kwimidwebo yamamayela we-pulp. Lapho sebesemanzini olwandle, bafaka ubuthi emfuyweni, ngenxa yalokho baphelelwa yikhono le-photosynthesis futhi baqoqe izinto eziyingozi.

Ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle Olumhlophe

Kuthathwa izinyathelo zomthetho ukuvikela imvelo yasolwandle. Ngomyalo woMnyango Wezokulima waseRussia wangomhla wamashumi amathathu ku-30: 10/14 N 414 "Ngemvume yemithetho yokudotshwa kweNhlanzi Yezokudotshwa Kwezinhlanzi", kuvinjelwa ukukhishwa kwezinsizakusebenza zezinto eziphilayo oLwandle Olumhlophe, kwasungulwa nosayizi omncane wokuhweba. Okunye futhi okulinganiselwe ukudubula kwezilwane zasolwandle.

Naphezu komthamo omkhulu we-anthropogenic, uLwandle Olumhlophe lwalusabugcinile ubumsulwa bamanzi alo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqedwe amaphutha esikhathi esidlule futhi kuvinjelwe ukufa kolwandle lonke ekuphazamisweni ekulinganiselweni kwemvelo, isintu kufanele sithathe izinyathelo zokunciphisa umthwalo endaweni yendawo yamanzi. Iphakethe lezinyathelo kufanele lifake:

• ukuqapha ngokucophelela imvelo,
• ukubuyekezwa kwemvelo kwamabhizinisi ahleliwe,
• ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezivikelwe,
• ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo zokwelapha,
• ukuqinisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi angcolile,
• imikhawulo yomsebenzi wamabhizinisi wezimboni,
• ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile zemifula namachibi aseduze,
• ukuphathwa komhlaba,
• ukuqothulwa kwamalahle kanye nokhuni imfucumfucu kusuka phansi.

(Azikho izilinganiso okwamanje)

Ukungcoliswa kwezinkuni

Umkhakha wokubumba izinkuni uyithinte kabi imvelo. Kwakudonswa imfucuza yezinkuni nokuguguleka bese kuyiwa olwandle. Babola kancane futhi bangcolisa ichibi. Amagxolo aqala ukushona phansi. Kwezinye izindawo, amanzi asolwandle ambozwe ngodoti ezingeni lamamitha amabili. Lokhu kuvimbela izinhlanzi ukudala izisekelo ezinwebekayo nokubeka amaqanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuthi udonsa umoya-mpilo, odingeka kakhulu kubo bonke abahlala olwandle. Ama-phenols notshwala be-methyl bayakhishwa bangene emanzini.

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Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali

Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi idala umonakalo omkhulu ku-White sea ecosystem. Amanzi angcoliswa ithusi ne-nickel, lead kanye ne-chromium, i-zinc nezinye izinto ezihlanganisiwe. Lezi zinto zinobuthi eziphilayo futhi zibulale izilwane zasolwandle, kanye ne-algae, yingakho amaketanga okudla wonke efa. Imvula ye-acid inomphumela omubi ohlelweni lwe-hydraulic.

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Ukungcoliswa kawoyela

Izilwandle eziningi zeplanethi zihlushwa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi yimikhiqizo kawoyela, kufaka phakathi i-Beloe. Njengoba u-oyela ekhishwa eshalofini lolwandle, alwenzi ngaphandle kokuvuza. Imboza ingaphezulu lamanzi ngefilimu kawoyela engavumeli umoya-mpilo udlule. Ngenxa yalokhu, izitshalo nezilwane ngaphansi kwaso ziyanda futhi ziyafa. Ukuze ugweme imiphumela emibi, uma kwenzeka kuphuthumayo, ukuvuza, ukuchitheka, uwoyela kufanele ususwe ngokushesha.

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Ukuhamba kancane kawoyela emanzini luhlobo lwebhomu lesikhathi. Lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa komhlaba lubangela izifo ezinqala zabamele izimbali nezilwane. Ukwakheka nokwakheka kwamanzi nakho kuyashintsha, kusungulwa izigaba ezifile.

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Ukuze kulondolozwe imvelo yolwandle, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa umthelela wabantu emzimbeni wamanzi, futhi namanzi angcolile kumele ahlanze njalo. Izenzo zabantu abahleleke kahle nabacabangayo kuphela ezonciphisa ubungozi bethonya elibi emvelweni, zisize ekugcineni uLwandle Olumhlophe ngendlela yalo ejwayelekile yokuphila.

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi

Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kungenye yezinkinga eziphambili ze-Pomeranian ecosystem. Ukuhanjiswa ePomorie bekulokhu kukhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kepha kuze kube ngekhulu le-19 ukulimala okuvela emikhunjini kwahlala kungasho lutho. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba, isikhathi sokuthumela sihlala. Ukuqubuka komgwaqo njalo kuthinta kabi izimila nezilwane zoLwandle Olumhlophe.

Izinto zokuhamba zilimaza izilwane ezincelisayo zase-White Sea. Ezindaweni lapho kubekwa khona imizila yolwandle, kutholakala izimbambo zezimbali zehabhu. Ngenxa yokuhamba okusebenzayo kwemikhumbi, kukhona ukuncipha kwenani lezilwane. Abantu abasha namawundlu atholakala kakhulu ekufeni. Izimpawu zokufa ziyafa ngenxa yokushayisana nemikhumbi nangenxa yokuwela ngaphansi kwezinjini zes screw.

Ukuhamba kwezilwandle kuwumthombo wokungcoliswa komsindo. Izingozi emikhunjini ziholela ekuchithekeni kwamafutha kaphethiloli nokukhipha amakhemikhali emanzini.

Amalahle we-slag ngezansi sediment

Ama-steamboats okuqala alima ulwandle ngaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu edlule ayengumthombo wamalahle we-slag. Ngesikhathi sesiphepho, imikhumbi yayima ize emaphethelweni, lapho kwakuvikeleka khona imikhumbi emafutheni omoya. Kwakukhishwa njalo i-slag yamalahle emzimbeni omkhawulo wamanzi. Ngaphansi kwama-bays, inani elikhulu le-sludge yamalahle lisagcinwa, futhi le nkinga yemvelo yoLwandle Olumhlophe iyaxazululwa.

Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngamafutha kanye nezinto zokuthambisa, uwoyela ongcolile

Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwezimoto zabagibeli nezokuthwala, uphethroli ongcolile kanye noketshezi lokugcoba ungena emanzini, kusetshenziswe uwoyela ukungena. Ukuchitheka kwe-Liquid kwenzeka ngesikhathi sezingozi, amaphutha okulawula umkhumbi, izinkinga ngemishini yezobuchwepheshe.

Amafutha asetshenzisiwe enziwa kawoyela ongahluziwe. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, uwoyela ugcwele ama-resins, ukungcola kwemishini, njll. Ingozi kobuthi kawoyela ifaniswa nokuchitheka kawoyela.

Imithombo yezinto eziphilayo

Amanzi endawo yamanzi ayathakazelisa kusukela lapho kubhekwa ukudotshwa kwezimboni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-algal, kanye nokutshala ama-mollusks (ama-mussels).

• Ukudoba. Ngokusekelwe ekubanjweni kwe-herring, i-navaga, i-salmon, i-cod, i-smelt. Ulwandle lufanele ukutshala i-trout.
• Izinto zokuphangwa yizilwane ezincelisayo - imikhomo ye-beluga, imichilo yehabhu, izimpawu zomhlanga.
• I-brown and red algae, eyingxenye ye-biocenosis, inokudla okunempilo kokudla, nokubaluleka kwemithi. Lezi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-kelp, i-fucus, i-anfelcia. Izimo zesimo sezulu zivumela ukutshala ushukela kelp (okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho ikhula khona).
• Ukutshala izimbaza kuyingxenye yomsebenzi wokudoba. I-Bivalve mollusk iyadingeka embonini yokudla. Inani layo lokudla likhona kuma-amino acid, amavithamini, izakhi ezilandelwayo. Amakhemisi asebenzisa ama-mussels ekwenziweni kwemithi elwa namagciwane, elwa namagciwane. Indlela ye-hydrolysis ivumele ukudalwa komuthi wokulwa nokugula kwemisebe.

Izinsizakusebenza zoLwandle Olumhlophe zichazwa njengengcebo engavuselelwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuze izinqubo zemvelo zikhule ngokwemithetho yemvelo, kuyadingeka ukuvikela imvelo yendawo yasemanzini kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga zokungcola.

Ukushintshwa koLwandle Olumhlophe

Yize kungokwasolwandle i-Arctic, ulwandle luphakathi nezwe, ngasogwini olusenyakatho neRussia. Usawoti ufinyelela kuma-35%. Ebusika, kuba yiqhwa. Ngobunzima, i-Throat, kanye ne-Funnel, zixhunywe kuLwandle iBarents. Ngosizo lwe-White Sea-Baltic Canal, imikhumbi ingaya oLwandle iBaltic, uLwandle i-Azov, iCaspian, kanye noZimnyama. Le ndlela yabizwa ngeVolga-Baltic. Umugqa oqondile onemibandela kuphela olingisa umngcele ohlukanisa amaBarents kanye nolwandle oluMhlophe. Izinkinga zasolwandle zidinga ikhambi ngokushesha.

Okokuqala, izilwane, kubandakanya nezasolwandle, ziqothulwa kakhulu, izinsiza zezinto eziphilayo ziyanyamalala. Abanye abameleli bezilwane ezihlala eFar North bamane nje banyamalala.

Okwesibili, isimo senhlabathi siyashintsha, esidlula esimeni esincibilikisiwe sisuka ku-permafrost. Lokhu kudabukisa komhlaba wonke ngokufudumala komhlaba, ngenxa yalokho ancibilikisa iqhwa. Okwesithathu, eNyakatho lapho izifundazwe eziningi zenza izivivinyo zazo zenuzi. Imisebenzi enjalo yenziwa ngaphansi kwelebuli yokufihla okwedlulele, ngakho-ke kunzima ososayensi ukuqonda umonakalo weqiniso kanye nezinga lokungcola ngenxa yemithelela ye-athomu. Lezi yizinkinga eziphambili zoLwandle Olumhlophe namuhla. Isifinyezo salolu hlu saziwa umhlaba wonke, kepha kuncane okwenziwayo ukuze kuxazululwe.

Isikhundla seRussia nakwamanye amazwe

Inkinga yokuqala - ukuqothulwa kwezilwane - yathathwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa kombuso ngasekupheleni kweminyaka eyedlule, lapho kwethulwa isimilo sokubanjwa kwezilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi. Lokhu kwasithuthukisa kakhulu isimo sesifunda. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunzima impela ukuthi umbuso owodwa uthinte inkinga yomhlaba yokuncibilika kweqhwa, kanye nokungcoliswa komoya phansi. Lezi zinto zithinta isifunda esisogwini nolwandle lonke iWhite Sea. Izinkinga zasolwandle zizokhula ngokuzayo maduze ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kukagesi okuhleliwe no-olwandle olwandle. Lokhu kuzoholela ekungcolisweni okwengeziwe kolwandle.

Iqiniso ngukuthi izindawo ezisolwandle i-Arctic Ocean azisona ezomuntu. Amazwe amaningi asematasatasa ehlukanisa izindawo. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kunokuba uxazulule izinkinga ezivelile. Ezingeni lamazwe omhlaba, kuphakanyiswe imibuzo emibili: ukusetshenziswa kwezomnotho kwamathumbu e-Arctic kanye nesimo semvelo yolwandle i-Arctic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasimu kawoyela, ngeshwa, kuyinto ephambili. Ngenkathi izifundazwe zijabule ngamashelufu ezwekazi lonke, imvelo ibhekana nezinkinga ezengeziwe, ukulingana kwe-bio kuyaphazamiseka. Futhi isikhathi lapho umphakathi womhlaba uzoqala ukubhekana nezinkinga ezinqokiwe awukabekwa.

I-Russia ibheka isimo semvelo esifundazweni saseNyakatho Basin sengathi sivela ngaphandle. Izwe lethu linendaba kuphela nogu olusenyakatho nolwandle Olumhlophe. Izinkinga zemvelo azikwazi ukuvela endaweni eyodwa kuphela - lo ngumbuzo okufanele uphendulwe emhlabeni jikelele.

Yini eholela ekuphazamisweni kwemvelo

I-White Sea iyakwazi ukungena olwandle, ngakho-ke ilayishwa ngezinto zokuhamba. Isikhathi sokuhambisa siqala ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba.

Imikhumbi, abagibeli nemikhumbi yokuthengisela esebenza emanzini oLwandle Olumhlophe inomthelela omubi emvelweni. Imikhiqizo kawoyela yokungcola, amafutha kanye nezinto zokuthambisa, ukuthuthuka kawoyela wenjini, izinto zokugcoba ziwa emanzini.

Icubungula izinhlangano zezimboni, zamachweba kanye nezinsiza ezisogwini lolwandle zilahla imfucuza ibe yimizimba yamanzi emilanjeni yemifula. Ukwakheka komthombo wamanzi aqukethe izinto eziwumsakazo, izinsimbi ezisindayo.

Imboni esebenza ngokhuni ibilokhu ibeka umlando wamabhizinisi ayo ogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe nemifula engena kuyo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kube lula ukuthutha izinkuni. Ukulahlwa kukadoti ngekhulu le-19 nengxenye yokuqala yama-20 kwaphonswa emanzini. Ngenkathi i-rafting, imigqa engafakwanga ibethelwe ogwini. Kancane kancane, kwavela amatshe amathuna. Ukujikeleza kwesihlahla kuhlala phansi. Inkinga ixazululwa manje.

Ekuqhubekeni kokubola kwayo, okuthatha amashumi eminyaka, kuthathwa umoya-mpilo, obalulekile empilweni yezakhamuzi zasemanzini. Ama-phenolic compounds afaka ubuthi emfuleni kanye nemvelo yasolwandle ayakhululwa. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni kokuzala okungokwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo (i-salmon).

Imithombo yamaphampu we-pulp iqukethe i-methyl alcohol, i-sulfates, i-phenols, ethinta kabi imvelo yemvelo yamanzi.

Iziteshi zamandla ze-Hydroelectric zinomthelela ongemuhle kubahlali, okuvimba amadamu wezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezivulekile. Lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwesibalo sabantu.

Eshalofini, kukhiqizwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrocarbon. Ukuvuza okuphahlazeka kwenzeka ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela, okuchitheka kwawo okuvela kwifilimu eyingozi ebusweni. Ngenxa yako, izakhamuzi zasolwandle, izinyoni ziyafa. Imikhiqizo yokubola ibangela izifo ezahlukahlukene nokufa kwezilwane.

Imboni yezokumbiwa phansi e-Arctic zone imelwe yizimayini zamadayimane (i-Arkhangelsk esifundeni), ama-polymetallic ores (Kandalaksha Bay). Imisele lapho kudonswa khona imfucuza kuphethe izinto ezinobuthi, izinsimbi ezisindayo olwandle. Izinkampani ezikhipha emabhizinisini angena emkhathini zithuthelwa endaweni yokugcina amanzi futhi zingene. Izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali zithinta imifino, umhlaba wasolwandle wasemanzini.Kukhona ukungalingani ohlelweni lwezemvelo.

Ukungcola komoya we-White Sea kwavela ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:

1. Njengomphumela wemisebenzi yezitshalo ezingama-radiochemical eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Isitshalo i-English Sellafield (ogwini loLwandlekazi lwase-Ireland), ibhizinisi laseFrance kuCape AG (English Channel) ngawo-70s wekhulu lama-20. uphonswe emachibini udonsa utheleleke ngemisebe. Ukuhamba kwenqwaba yamanzi kuholele ekwandeni kokuxineka kweCs-137 (cesium) eWhite, Barents Seas nase-Arctic Ocean.
2. Izinto zomsakazo zingene olwandle zivela emikhunjini engaphansi kwenuzi (NPS) yemikhumbi yezwe. Ingozi ibekiwe, izinto ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula, nezinto ezithwala imisebe. Ukuvikelwa kwe-Corrosion kunciphisa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okungaholela ekungeneni kwama-nuclides emanzini.
3. Inkinga yemvelo imelelwa ngamacala wezikhali zamakhemikhali angcwatshwe ngezansi. Ngokudabukisa kwamagobolondo avikelayo, izinto ezinobuthi ziqala ukungena ngaphakathi emanzini.

Isimo semvelo soLwandle Olumhlophe sisengozini yemisebe nokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Izinto ezinobuthi zingaholela ekuphulweni kwe-biocenosis.

Ezolimo azinawo umthelela obonakalayo ekuhlaleni kwemvelo yedamu. Umthombo oyinhloko wokungcola yimfuyo. Imikhiqizo yokungcola yezilwane enamadamu iwela emanzini. Isibalo sazo asinawo umthelela olimazayo ezinhlanzini nasezintabeni zoLwandle Olumhlophe.

Ukungcoliswa okuyinhloko kwendawo yamanzi kungamabhizinisi ezimboni amadolobha asendaweni efinyelela phezulu kwamabhayidi - iSeverodvinsk, Kandalaksha, e-Arkhangelsk. Umthwalo wetechnogenic uvezwa ngokweqile kwesilinganiso se-silica, phosphorus, hydrocarbons kaphethiloli, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ama-phenols. Le nkinga ixazululwa ngosizo lwezinto zokwelapha.

Ukusebenza kwamathanga, amabhizinisi kawoyela abamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekuqubukeni kwezinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle Olumhlophe. Okuyingozi enkulu imfucumfucu enomsakazo engcwatshwa emigwaqweni engaphansi komhlaba enezikhukhula, kanye namacala abeka amakhemikhali Ukulawula ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezinobuthi, kuyadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo lwendawo lwesifunda.

Yini eza kuqala?

Lapho kuthuthukiswa amasimu kawoyela, abantu baneqhaza ekucekelweni phansi okukhulu kwemvelo. Noma ukujula kwemithombo, noma isibalo sawo, noma iqiniso lokuthi isifunda singabekwa njengezingozi zemvelo siyiyeka. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi amanani amakhulu ezimayini kawoyela azokwakhiwa ngasikhathi sinye. Wells izotholakala kude ibanga komunye nomunye futhi ngasikhathi sinye emazweni ehlukene.

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwenukliya ingaqedwa, futhi lokhu kudinga ukubhekelelwa impela, kepha enyakatho kuyabiza impela ukwenza izindlela zokuhlanza ngenxa yezimo ze-permafrost. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi amazwe engazange asungule umthwalo osemthethweni walezi zindawo. Izinkinga zemvelo zoLwandle Olumhlophe zifundelwa kangcono. Bazama ukuhambisa kafushane ekomidini elingaphansi koMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo laseRussia, bebikezela izindlela eziphambili zentuthuko.

I-Permafrost

Umngcele we-permafrost yaseSiberia engxenyeni yayo esentshonalanga uguquka njalo ngenxa yokushisa komhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho koMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo waseRussia Federation, ngonyaka ka-2030 uzoshintsha ngo-80 km. Namuhla, umthamo we-icing yaphakade uncishiswa ngo-4 cm ngonyaka.

Lokhu kungaholela ekutheni endaweni yaseRussia eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu isitoko sezindlu enyakatho singabhujiswa ngama-25%. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwezindlu lapha kwenzeka ngokushayela izinqwaba ezingxenyeni ze-permafrost. Uma isilinganiso sokushisa sonyaka sikhuphuka okungenani ama-degree ambalwa, khona-ke umthamo wokuthwala wesisekelo esinjalo uncishiswa ngesigamu. Izikhungo zokugcina uwoyela ezingaphansi komhlaba nezinye izakhiwo zezimboni nazo zisengozini. Imigwaqo nezikhumulo zezindiza nazo zingahlupheka.

Lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa zincibilika, kunenye ingozi ehambisana nokwanda kwenani lemifula yasenyakatho. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule bekucatshangwa ukuthi umthamo wabo ngentwasahlobo ka-2015 uzonyuka ngo-90%, okuzodala nezikhukhula ezinkulu. Izikhukhula ziyimbangela yokubhujiswa kwezindawo ezisogwini, futhi kukhona nengozi lapho ushayela emigwaqweni emikhulu. Enyakatho, lapho uLwandle Olumhlophe, izinkinga ziyefana naseSiberia.

Izinguquko ezijulile

I-ecology futhi iyingozi ngegesi eyi-methane ekhishwa enhlabathini ngesikhathi kuncibilika kwamagiligazi ajulile. IMethane inyusa izinga lokushisa lomoya ophansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igesi ithinta kabi impilo yabantu, abahlali bendawo.

E-Arctic kule minyaka engama-35 edlule, umthamo weqhwa wehlile usuka ezigidini eziyizigidi ezi-7,2 uye kumakhilomitha-skwele ezigidi ezi-4,3 Lokhu kusho ukwehliswa kwe-permafrost cishe ngama-40%. Ubukhulu beqhwa bancishiswa cishe yingxenye. Noma kunjalo, kunezici ezinhle. Esigodini eseningizimu, iqhwa elincibilikayo libangela ukuzamazama komhlaba ngenxa yesimo se-spasmodic sokuncibilika. ENyakatho, le nqubo ihamba kancane, futhi isimo sonke siyabonakala. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabahlali bezindawo ezisenyakatho, uMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo unqume ukuhlinzeka ngohambo oluya e-Novaya Zemlya, e-Novosibirsk Islands nasogwini lolwandle.

Iphrojekthi entsha eyingozi

Isimo semvelo sibuye sithinteke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze-hydraulic, ezifana, ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo zamandla. Ukwakhiwa kwabo kusho umthelela omkhulu emvelweni.

Engxenyeni yoLwandle Olumhlophe kuneMezenskaya TPP - isiteshi samandla omhlaba - esithinta kokubili imvelo yasemanzini neyendawo nendawo yokuhlala yezwe nengxenye yomhlaba. Ukwakhiwa kwe-PES ngokuyinhloko kuholela ekuguqukeni kokujikeleza kwamanzi ngokwemvelo. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa idamu, ingxenye yedamu ijika ibe yichibi elithile elinokushintshashintsha okuhlukile nenkambo.

Yini abayesekeli bemvelo besabe?

Kuyiqiniso, lapho kusakhiwa lo mklamo, onjiniyela sebevele bakwazi ukubikezela umthelela ohlelweni lwasekhaya, iWhite Sea. Izinkinga zasolwandle, kepha, zivame ukubonakaliswa kuphela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezimboni, futhi ucwaningo lobunjiniyela lusebenza emvelweni yendawo yasogwini.

Lapho i-PES iqala ukusebenza, amandla e-wave ancipha, kanye nomphumela ekushoneni kwamasimu weqhwa, umbuso wokugeleza uyashintsha. Konke lokhu kuzoholela ekuguqukeni kwesakhiwo sediments olwandle olwandle nolwandle. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i-geography of deposition idlala indima enkulu ku-biocenosis yohlelo. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isizinda samandla kagesi, inqwaba yamatshe olwandle ayothuthelwa ekujuleni ngesimo sokumiswa, kanti nolwandle lonke iWhite luzothwala ngalokhu. Izinkinga zemvelo ziyaxazululeka, ngoba ugu lolwandle olusenyakatho aluhlangene nemvelo, ngenxa yalokho, lapho befika ekujuleni, umhlabathi wasogwini ubangela ukungcoliswa kwesibili.

Inkinga ifana nesipuni sikasawoti olwandle

Ucwaningo lwe-Arctic ecosystem namuhla luyisihluthulelo sesimo esiphephile semvelo emva kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ingxenye yolwandle ogwini lwe-Arctic Ocean yayingaphansi kokutadishwa okwengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, uLwandle Olumhlophe lungeyensimu enjalo. Izinkinga zoLwandle Laptev azikacwaningwa. Yingakho muva nje kukhululwe uhambo oluncane lapha.

Inkampani kawoyela iRosneft yaxhasa ososayensi. Izisebenzi zaseMurmansk Marine Biological Institute zihambele uhambo. Ososayensi abangamashumi amane babeyizisebenzi zomkhumbi "Far Zelentsy". Inhloso yale mishini ivezwe ngumholi wayo uDmitry Ishkulo. Ngokusho kuka-Ishkulo, okubaluleke kakhulu bekuwukucwaninga kwezixhumanisi zemvelo, ukuthola imininingwane ngesimo semvelo yolwandle nemvelo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi engxenyeni yeLaptev Sea Basin kuhlala izinhlanzi ezincane nezinyoni ezincane, nezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengamabhere amnyama, imikhomo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kusebhishi laleli gumbi elisenyakatho lapho kutholakala khona umhlaba wezinganekwane waseSannikov.

Ngokusho kwabahleli balo mkhankaso, umsebenzi onjalo ngesixa esingathi sína awukaze wenziwe e-Arctic.

Umlando, isihloko

Ngakho-ke, izinkinga zezemvelo zoLwandle Olumhlophe ziyanda. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi alo kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo semvelo kukodwa kuyindlela yokuthambekela kwendalo, kodwa kwaqala emakhulwini eminyaka edlule.

UNovgorod waqala ukuhlola olwandle ngekhulu le-11. Okokuqala, yayisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuzula. Ukuthuthuka okuthe xaxa kokuhweba kwasolwandle bekuhambisana namahlathi, kusakazekele futhi kucebile ngezilwane ezithwala uboya kanye nezinhlobo ezibalulekile zokhuni. Ngo-1492, yonke imikhumbi yabahwebi yasuka edolobheni laseKholmogory, eyasungulwa ogwini lweNyakatho Dvina. Ngokufika komkhumbi wokuqala wabathengisi bangaphandle, iKholmogory yaba yitheku lomhlaba wonke, kwathi uLwandle Olumhlophe lwaba umkhumbi wamazwe omhlaba wokuhambisa olwandle. Ukukhula kokuthwalwa kwemithwalo kuhamba ngemikhumbi edingekayo ye-tonnage enkulu, futhi, ngakho-ke, okusalungiswa okujulile. Imbobo ekhona yayeka ukubhekana nalokhu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwavela iKholmogory entsha, eyaba i-Arkhangelsk kamuva. Izimo ezinzima zokuzulazula ebusika, isiphepho singaba ngamamitha ayi-6, futhi ikhava ingaphezulu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, baphoqeleke ukuthi badlulise ukugeleza okuyinhloko kuLwandle iBarents kanye nechweba laseMurmansk. Abathengisi abaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabaseRussia bamnika amagama abo. Kuze kube ngekhulu le-XVII bekuyi-Studenoe, Solovetsky, Northern, Calm, Gandvik ngisho ne-White noma iBay of Serpents.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Njengamanje, inegama eliqashelwa emhlabeni wonke njengelimhlophe, lithathwa njengolwandle lwaseRussia olungaphakathi nezwe futhi lungelwesisekelo soLwandlekazi i-Arctic. Lokhu kungenye yezilwandle ezincane kunendawo enamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-90 km nomthamo wamanzi ongaba ngu-4,4,000 km 3. Ububanzi bawo obukhulu kunamakhilomitha angama-600 kanye nokujula kwamamitha angama-343. Umngcele weBely oLwandle iBarents uphakathi kwamaNoses amabili - iSanta eseKola Peninsula naseKhanin.

Imifula emikhulu engena kuLwandle Olumhlophe yiKem, Mezen, Onega, Ponoi kanye neNyakatho Dvina.

Amadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke ogwini yi-Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Severodvinsk namanye. I-White Sea-Baltic Canal uyixhumanisa ne-Baltic.

Ukushintshana kwamanzi noLwandle iBarents, ngenxa yokujula okungahlanganeki, kuphela kuphela kumanzi angaphezulu komhlaba. I-Belyi tidal wave ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 futhi ifike ezweni elingaphakathi, imifula egelezayo, ifinyelela ku-120 km. Ngaphansi emanzini angajulile kunamatshe amatshe amatshe amatshe, amatshe amatshe amatshe, nesihlabathi, embozwe ngotshani.

Izinkinga eziqoqiwe kanye nezintsha

Ukuthumela kushiye amamaki anjalo olwandle nasephansi lawo manje angabizwa njengezinkinga zemvelo. Lesi yisamba esikhulu samalahle asebhusha emikhunjini yezikhathi "zakudala". Ezesimanjemanje, kanye nezikhungo zamachweba, nazo zingumthombo wokungcola komhlaba wazo. Amakhulu amathani kawoyela asetshenzisiwe wezinjini, imikhiqizo kawoyela, imfucuza kanye nemfucuza eqinile iwele emanzini. Imifula ithwala ingxenye yayo yokungcola. Amabhizinisi wezimboni nawomasipala, izikhungo zokugcina uwoyela nezisekelo, amayunithi omnotho weNavy, atholakala ngasogwini lolwandle kanye nokuhamba kwemifula egelezayo, izinto zokulahla isikhathi sazo sokubola zifinyelela amakhulu eminyaka, noma, ngokuvamile, akunakwenzeka. Okuyingozi enkulu amabhizinisi nezikhungo ezibhekene nezinto ezinemisebe. Izinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenxa yokulahlwa kwemfucuza enomsakazo likhule muva nje.

Ukungcoliswa “okungokomlando” kwamanzi amhlophe oLwandle embonini yezamahlathi. Kuzo zonke izigaba zalo zokukhiqiza, ukusuka ekugawulweni nasekugudluleni kuya ekuqhubeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinduna namaphepha, izinkuni nokuchitheka kwasala noma kwaphonswa emifuleni nasolwandle. Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi izingxabano phakathi kweziqhingi ezimbili zazimbozwe ngokuphelele ngokufakelwa kwokhuni. Futhi zingaki izinkuni ezamanziswa ngesikhathi se-alloys, izingozi zomkhumbi, zaphonswa njengezingenasidingo? Ingqimba enjalo yokhuni kwezinye izindawo ifinyelela amamitha amabili noma ngaphezulu, futhi imali yayo emabhange ayiboli amashumi eminyaka. Okubaluleke kakhulu, lokhu akuyona inkinga yesikhathi esedlule.

Isimo sengqondo esifanayo ngokhuni namanzi sisekhona namanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pulp yesimanje nokwenziwa kwamaphepha kukhipha imfucuza egcwele ama-phenols, ama-lingosufates notshwala be-methyl.

Imithombo yesimanje yezinkinga zemvelo esifundeni yilezi ezokumbiwa phansi, ezolimo nezindawo zokugcina uwoyela. Bangabathengisi bokuhola, ithusi, i-zebus, i-zinc, i-nickel ne-chromium, okungukuthi, izinsimbi ezisindayo, kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, izinto ezinoshevu nezinoshevu eziqoqeka ezintweni eziphilayo zezilwane zasolwandle nezilwane futhi ekugcineni zingene emzimbeni womuntu ngokudla.

Ngokuqondene ne-oyili, amabala ayo awonakalisi kuphela imvelo yasolwandle, anciphisa ukuhamba kwe-oksijini emanzini, kodwa futhi akwenzile ukuqothuka kwezinyoni nezilwane, ukuzimboza ngefilimu emnyama enamafutha.

Ukungcoliswa komfula ukuchitheka

Amanzi angcolile angumthombo oyinhloko wokungcola eLwandle Olumhlophe. Ngenxa yamanzi angcolile, imfucuza evela kumabhizinisi wezimboni akhiwe ogwini nasemilonyeni yemifula ingena olwandle Olumhlophe. Amanzi amdaka aletha ama-phenols nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, izinsimbi ezisindayo, ifosforasi, i-silica. Isabelo esiyinhloko sokukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka siwela eDvina Bay.

Amadolobha angcolisa indawo yamanzi asemgodini yi-Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha neSeverodvinsk. Isixazululo senkinga ukwakhiwa kwezitshalo zokusebenzisa amanzi angcolile, izinhlelo zanamuhla zokuhambisa indle. Kanye namanzi amdaka, imfucuza yezolimo ingena kubantu abaningi, kepha umonakalo odalwa yimfucuza yezilwane uhlala ungasho lutho.

Ukwakhiwa kwezizinda zamandla kagesi

Izitshalo zamandla ze-Hydroelectric ezakhiwe oLwandle Olumhlophe zakha amadamu ebunzimeni. Amadamu avimba ukuqhekeka kwezinhlanzi, okuholela ekuncipheni kwesibalo semfuyo. Iziteshi zenza inkinga yokuqina kwamanzi, kuthinte ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo zamanzi asogwini.

Isimo semvelo sasePomerania sonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwe-Mezen TPP. Yize i-TEC ikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezinemvelo zezitshalo zamandla, ukwakhiwa kwesiteshi kuguqule ukujikeleza kwamanzi, kunokuphinda kusatshalaliswe kokubi phansi, kanti amaza omoya anciphile. Izinkinga ekujikelezweni kwamanzi ziholela ekuguguleni kogu. Abasebenzi ababambe iqhaza kulwakhiwo badala ukuthathwa kwenhlabathi okuzenzakalelayo. Okwenziwa esiteshini kungathinta ikhava leqhwa elihlanganisa i-Gulf of Mezens iningi lonyaka.

Ukungcoliswa komsakazo wolwandle oluMhlophe

Izinto zomsakazo zingene olwandle ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu:

1. Amanzi angcolisiwe nokuhamba kwamanzi okuvela eYurophu. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, amabhizinisi e-radiochemical abesebenza eFrance naseNgilandi, elahla amanzi amdaka ahamba emithanjeni emithanjeni yamanzi. Ukuhamba okungokwemvelo kwezixuku zamanzi kwaletha izinto ezinomsakazo kumaBarents and White Seas, okwaholela ekwandeni kwezinga le-cesium emigodini yoLwandle i-Arctic.
2. Izingozi zasemanzini kanye namayunithi omkhumbi angaphansi komhlaba. Izikebhe zenuzi ezikhukhulayo ezigcinwe phansi zingaphansi kokugqwala kwensimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlayiya ezinemisebe zingena emanzini.
3. Ukungcwatshwa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Amacala amakhemikhali angcwatshwe ngaphansi koLwandle Olumhlophe. Izinhlelo zokuvikela izikhali ziyacekeleka kancane kancane, futhi izinto eziyingozi zingene endaweni yamanzi.

Ukungcoliswa kwesikhala

Ngasogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe kukhona imfucumfucu eyakhiwe ngenxa yePlesetsk cosmodrome. Phakathi kwemfucuza kukhona izinsalela zezimoto ezethulwayo. I-Rocket fuel - i-heptyl - inyuse ubuthi. Kwi-Plesetsk Cosmodrome ngeminyaka yo-2000s, kwenzeka i-heptyl.

I-ingress kaphethiloli emvelweni ikhulisa ukwanda kwabantu nezilwane. Ubuthi beHeptyl buthinta zonke izitho, kulimaze isikhumba. Izibazi zikaphethiloli ezingena emaphashini kanye nomoya zibangela umdlavuza. Kwasungulwa ukuthi i-heptyl iyimbangela yokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukungena kwe-rocket uphethiloli emanzini amaningi kungadala ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo yasolwandle.