Ama-Isopods (alinganayo) angawokulandelana kophayfish ophakeme. Sekukonke, kufaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nengxenye zama-crustaceans, ajwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi amanzi anosawoti kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Phakathi kwazo, kunamaqembu ama-crustaceans angama-parasites.
Lokhu kungukudalwa okudala ukwedlula lokhu - okwakuqala kungokwedlule kungonyaka we-Triassic wesikhathi se-Mesozoic. Izinsalela ze-isopods zatholakala okokuqala ngo-1970 - kwakuyindlela umuntu azijwayela ngayo impilo emanzini. Sekuvele kuyi-Mesozoic, ama-isopods ayehlalwa kabanzi ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi ayeyizidlamlilo zawo ezinkulu.
Ividiyo: Isopod
Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-isopods ayengenabo abancintisana kakhulu ekuphaketheni kokudla, bona ngokwabo bekungahlaselwa kalula abanye abaphangi. Zibonisa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo eziphezulu zezimo ezahlukahlukene zezemvelo, ezivumela lezi zidalwa ukuba ziphile izigidi zeminyaka ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokomzimba nhlobo.
Isikhathi sokuqala seCretaceous sifaka ama-isopods e-Woodlice, atholakala ku-amber. Babambe elikhulu iqhaza ekuxhumeni kokudla kwalesi sikhathi. Namuhla, ama-isopod anezindawo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, eziningi zazo ezinesimo esiphikisayo.
Ama-Isopod ahluke kakhulu kubamele abajwayelekile be-oda lamakhankethi aphezulu, okubandakanya:
Bahlukaniswa amandla okuhamba ngezinyawo emanzini, inhloko enezimpondo ezinkulu ezibucayi, umhlane nesifuba. Cishe bonke abamele i-oda le-crayfish ephakeme bayaziswa ohlakeni lokudoba.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Isithombe: Giant Isopod
Ama-Isopod awumndeni omkhulu womdlavuza ophakeme, omeleli bawo behlukahluka ngokubukeka. Ubungako bawo bungahluka kusuka ku-0,6 mm. Kuya ku-46 cm. (Is Giot-sea isopods). Umzimba wama-isopods uhlukaniswe ngokucacile waba izingxenye, phakathi kwawo kukhona ama-ligaments ashukumisayo.
Ama-Isopod anezitho eziyi-14, ezibuye zihlukaniswe izingxenye ze-motile chitin. Imilenze yakhe ihlukaniswa ngobuningi, obakhiwe ngosizo lwezicubu ezinde zamathambo, okuvumela ama-isopod ukuba asebenze kahle futhi ngokushesha aqhubekele endaweni ehlukahlukene - umhlaba noma ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Ngenxa yegobolondo eliqinile le-chitinous, ama-isopod awakwazi ukubhukuda, kepha aqhekeka kuphela phansi. Izimbambo ezitholakala emlonyeni zikhonza ukubamba noma ukubamba izinto.
Ekhanda lama-isopods kunezimpondo ezimbili ezibucayi nezimpawu zomlomo. Ama-Isopod awabonwa kahle, kokunye, umbono ngokuvamile ancishisiwe, yize isibalo sokufakwa iso ezinhlotsheni ezihlukile singafinyelela izinkulungwane.
Umbala wama-isopods uhlukile:
- mhlophe, mhlophe
- ukhilimu,
- bomvu
- nsundu,
- nsundu futhi sicishe saba mnyama.
Umbala uncike endaweni yokuhlala kwe-isopod kanye nama-subspecies awo, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi we-camouflage. Kwesinye isikhathi emapuletini ama-chitinous amabala amnyama namhlophe anohlelo lokulinganisa angabonakala.
Umsila we-isopod uyipuleti ye-chitin ende, evame ukuba namazinyo maphakathi. Kwesinye isikhathi amapuleti anjalo angagqekelana, akha isakhiwo esiqine kakhulu. Umsila uyadingeka kuma-isopod ukubhukuda okungandile - ngakho-ke usebenza njenge-balancer. I-isopod ayinazo izitho eziningi zangaphakathi - lokhu okwenziwa ngokuphefumula, inhliziyo, namathumbu. Inhliziyo, njengamanye amalungu edepho, idluliselwe emuva.
Ngabe i-isododi ihlala kuphi?
Isithombe: Ulwandle Isopod
Ama-Isopod anezinhlobo zonke zezindawo zokuhlala. Izinhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane, zihlala emanzini amasha. Ama-Isopod nawo ahlala emanzini anosawoti olwandle, umhlaba, ugwadule, izindawo ezishisayo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasimu namahlathi.
Isibonelo, ukubukwa kwe-isopod enkulu kungatholakala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
Ihlala kuphela ezansi lolwandle emakhoneni alo amnyama kakhulu. Kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokubamba i-isopod enkulu: ukubamba izidumbu eziye zavela futhi esezivele zidliwe ngama-scavenger, noma ukubeka isicupho solwandle olujulile nge-bait lapho ezowela khona.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Ama-isopods amakhulu abanjwa ogwini lwaseJapan ngokuvamile ahlala ezindaweni zasemanzini njengezilwane ezihlobisayo.
Izintwala zokhuni zingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-isopod.
Zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kepha zithanda izindawo ezimanzi, njenge:
- isihlabathi esisogwini lwamanzi amasha,
- amahlathi emvula,
- amasela
- ngaphansi kwamatshe emhlabathini omanzi
- ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziwohlokayo, eziziqu.
Iqiniso elikhangayo: Ama-Mokrits angatholakala ngisho nasezindongeni ezisenyakatho neRussia ezindlini naseziseleni lapho kunomswakama omncane.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-isopods azikafundwa; izindawo ezihlala kuzo kungenzeka zingafinyeleleki noma azikanqunywa ngokunembile. Izinhlobo ezifundwayo zingatholakala ngabantu, ngoba zihlala ekujuleni kolwandle nolwandle, imvamisa ziphonswa ogwini, noma emahlathini nasemasimini, kwesinye isikhathi ziye ezindlini.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-isopod ihlala kuphi. Masibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edla isopod?
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, ama-isopods angaba ngama-omnivorous, herbivorous or carnivorous. Ama-isopods ama-Giant ayingxenye ebalulekile yesimo semvelo yolwandle, ikakhulukazi phansi. Ziyi-scavenger futhi zona ngokwazo zidla njengokudla kwabazingeli abakhulu.
Ukudla kwama-isopods amakhulu kufaka:
- ukhukhamba olwandle
- izipanji
- nematode
- radiolarians
- izidalwa ezahlukahlukene ezihlala enhlabathini.
Into ebalulekile yokudla kwama-isopods amakhulu yimikhomo efile kanye nama-squid ama-colossal, izidumbu zawo ziwela phansi - ama-isopods nezinye izikebhe ezijulile zolwandle zidla ngokuphelele imikhomo nezinye izidalwa ezinkulu.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Udaba lwe-Shark Week lwango-2015 luveze ukuthi i-isopod enkulu ihlasela kanjani oshaka ababhajwe ogibeni olujulile olwandle. Kwakuyi-katran, ephakeme ngosayizi we-isopod, kepha isidalwa sabamba ikhanda lakhe futhi sadla siphila.
Izinhlobo ezincane ezinamabhokisi ama-isopods, abanjwa ngamanetha amakhulu okudoba, zivame ukuhlasela izinhlanzi ngqo emanetheni futhi azidle ngokushesha. Akuvamile ukuba bahlasele izinhlanzi bukhoma, bangasukeli inyamazane, kodwa basebenzise lelo thuba uma inhlanzi encane iseduze.
Ama-isopods ama-Giant abekezelela kalula indlala, ehlangabezana nayo esimeni sokuma. Abazi ukuthi bawulawula kanjani umuzwa wokuthamba, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi bagcwele ukungakwazi ngokuphelele ukunyakaza. Ama-isopods aphansi, anjengeentwala zokhuni, ikakhulukazi ayimithi yokubulala ukhula. Zidla ekudleni komquba nasezitshalweni ezintsha, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingavumi ukutholwa nezitho ezifile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Woodlice ingaba yizinambuzane zombili, idla izitshalo ezibalulekile nezidalwa eziwusizo eziqeda ukhula.
Kukhona nezindlela zokumelana nama-isopods. Babambelela kwamanye ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi, okudala ukulimala kwezinto eziningi zokudoba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Giant Isopod
Ama-isopod wamanzi nezintwala zezinkuni azilona ulaka. Ama-isopod wamanzi, kwesinye isikhathi abahlaseli abasebenzayo, ayakwazi ukuhlasela inyamazane encane, kodwa wona uqobo awusoze abonise ulaka olungadingekile. Bathanda ukufihla emhlabathini, phakathi kwamadwala, izingodo kanye nezinto ezishiswe yilanga.
Ama-isopod wamanzi ahlala yedwa, yize engeyona indawo. Bangakwazi ukushayisana, futhi uma umuntu oyedwa kungokwenye i-subspecies futhi emincane, khona-ke ama-isopods angabonisa ukukhohlisa futhi ahlasele ummeleli wohlobo oluthile. Bazingela imini nobusuku, bekhombisa ubuncane bemisebenzi ukuze bangabanjwa abazingeli abakhulu.
UWoodlice uhlala emaqenjini amakhulu. Lezi zidalwa azinayo i-dimorphism yezocansi. Emini, bacasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, phakathi kwezihlahla ezigoqayo, emiphongolweni nakwezinye izindawo ezinomswakama ezivalekile, futhi ebusuku bayaphuma bayokondla. Lokhu kuziphatha kungenxa yokungavikeleki ngokuphelele kwe-Woodlice phambi kwezinambuzane eziyingozi.
Ama-isopods Giant nawo ahlala ekuzingeleni. Ngokungafani nezinye izingqangi, lezi zidalwa zinolaka futhi zihlasela konke okuvela eduze kwazo. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela izidalwa zikhulu kakhulu kunosayizi wazo, futhi lokhu kungenxa yesifiso sabo esingachazeki. Ama-isopods amakhulu anamandla okuzingela ngenkuthalo, ahambahamba phansi kolwandle, okubenza babe sengozini yabazingeli abakhulu ngempela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Iningi lokubhalwe phansi kwama-isopods lihlukile kobungqingili futhi likhiqiza ngokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa. Kepha phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-hermaphrodites, okwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo bobabili ubulili.
Ama-isopod ahlukene anama-nuances awo okuzala:
- izinkuni zabesifazane zinamasende. NgoMeyi noma ngo-Ephreli, baphikisana nabesilisa, babagcwalise ngembewu, kuthi lapho sebegcwele, baqhume, bese imbewu ingena kuma-oviducts. Emva kwalokhu, izigaxa zezinsikazi, ukwakheka kwaso kuyashintsha: phakathi kwamabili nokwesihlanu kwesithupha semilenze kukhiqizwa ikamelo lama brood. Yilapho egqoka khona amaqanda avundisiwe, akhula ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziningana. Unaye futhi uphethe izintwala zezinkuni ezisanda kuzalwa. Kwesinye isikhathi ingxenye yembewu ihlala ingasasetshenziswa bese ifaka umanyolo olandelayo wamaqanda, emva kwalokho ukhula lwenhlwathi luphinde lincibilike futhi lithole ukubonakala kwalo kwangaphambilini,
- ama-isopod amakhulu kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zasemanzini zohlobo lwentwasahlobo nezasebusika. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, kwakhiwa ikamelo lezingane ezinsikazi, lapho amaqanda avundisiwe abekwa khona ngemuva kokuzalela. Ubaphatha kanye naye, futhi futhi unakekela ama-isopods asanda kubanjwa, nawo ahlala kuleli gumbi isikhathi esithile. Amawundlu ama-isopod amakhulu abukeka afana ncamashi nabadala, kepha awanawo umbhangqwana ongaphambili wemilenze owenza umsebenzi wokuphamba,
- ezinye izinhlobo zama-isopods we-hermaphrodite, futhi zingakwazi ukuzala zombili ngokuxhumana ngocansi, zizithambise ngokwazo. Amaqanda asendleleni yokubhukuda yamahhala, futhi ama-isopods abambekile abambelela ku-shrimp noma inhlanzi encane, esevele esewavele.
Ama-isopods omhlaba aphila ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezinyangeni eziyi-9 kuye kwezingu-12, futhi isikhathi sokuphila samanzi isopods asaziwa. Ama-Giant isopods ahlala ezindaweni zasemanzini ahlala iminyaka engama-60.
Izitha zemvelo zama-isopods
Isithombe: Ulwandle Isopod
Ama-Isopods adla njengokudla kwabazingeli abaningi kanye nama-omnivores. Ama-isopod wamanzi adliwa izinhlanzi nama-crustaceans, ama-octopus nawo kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela.
Ama-isopods amakhulu ahlaselwa:
- oshaka abakhulu
- squid
- amanye ama-isopod
- izinhlanzi eziningi ezijulile zasolwandle.
Kuyingozi ukuzingela i-isopod enkulu, ngoba lesi sidalwa siyakwazi ukunika inkinga ebucayi. Ama-isopods ama-Giant alwa kuze kube sekupheleni futhi angalokothi abuyele phansi - uma enqoba, adla umhlaseli. Ama-Isopod akuzona izidalwa ezinempilo kakhulu, yize izinhlobo eziningi (kufaka phakathi izintwala zokhuni) zibamba iqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu entanjeni yokudla.
Isopods ezingaphansi zingadla:
Abakwa Woodlice abanazo izindlela zokuzivikela, ngaphandle kokugoqa ebholeni, kepha lokhu kuyaqabukela kubasize ekulweni nabahlaseli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inyamazane eziningi zidla izinkuni, zilondolozela inani elikhulu labantu, ngoba ziyanda kakhulu.
Uma kwenzeka ingozi, isopods igobeka ebholeni, iveze igobolondo eliqinile le-chitinous. Lokhu akuvimbi izintuthwane ezithanda ukudla izintwala zokhuni: zimane zigingqa umkhonto wezinkuni ziye e-anthill, lapho iqembu lezintuthwane lihlangabezana nalo ngokuphephile. Ezinye izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukugwinya isopod ngokuphelele uma zingakwazi ukusiluma.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Isopod emvelweni
Izinhlobo ezaziwa ngama-isopods azisongelwanga ukuqothulwa, azikho eNcwadini Ebomvu futhi azifakwa kuhlu njengezinhlobo ezisondelene nosongo lokuqothulwa. Ama-Isopod angodli emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Ukudoba kwabo kunzima ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
- Izinhlobo ezitholakalayo zama-isopods zincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke cishe azinalo inani lokudla okungenamsoco: iningi lesisindo sazo igobolondo elikhanyayo,
- Ama-isopod amakhulu anzima kakhulu ukubamba esikalini sokuhweba, ngoba ahlala ngokujulile,
- Inyama ye-Isopod inambitha ethize, yize abaningi beyifanisa ne- shrimp elukhuni.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ngo-2014, e-aquarium yaseJapan, enye yama-isopods enkulu yenqaba ukudla futhi yaphila impilo yokuhlala phansi. Iminyaka emihlanu, ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi i-isopod idla ngasese, kepha ngemuva kokushona kwayo, i-autopsy yakhombisa ukuthi kwakungekho kudla kuyo, yize kwakungekho zimpawu zokukhathala emzimbeni.
Ama-isopods we-terrestrial angadla izinkuni angakhiqiza into evela kuma-polymers asebenza njengophethiloli. Ososayensi bafunda lesi sici, ngakho ngokuzayo kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokwakhiwa kaphethiloli we-biological besebenzisa isopods.
Isopod - Isidalwa sakudala esimangalisayo. Biphile izigidi zeminyaka, abenzanga zinguquko futhi ziseyizinto ezibalulekile zezinto ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Ama-Isopod ahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ngobuningi bawo, ahlala izidalwa ezinokuthula ezingabeki usongo kubantu nakwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane.
Uma ucabanga ngokwezibalo!
Impela, manje inkolelo-mbono yokuthi phansi kwezilwandlekazi nezilwandle ngokujula akunazitshalo futhi akunakuphila ngokuphelele akunangqondo. Emva kwakho konke, kwakuyilapho, phansi olwandle, lapho izidumbu zezilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ngemuva kokufa kwazo kwemvelo. Akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukuthi inani elinjalo lezinto eziphilayo ngeke lihehe kunoma ngubani futhi lingashiywa ngaphandle kokulungiswa kahle.
Ososayensi kanye nezazi zezinto eziphilayo baye bazama ngenkuthalo ukufakazela ukuthi phansi kolwandle nakho kuhlalwa. Lo mbono uqinisekiswe isopod esikhulu. UMokritsa waba yinkanyezi yangempela ngo-1879, abantu abakwazanga ukukholwa ukuthi izidalwa ezinjalo zathola ikhaya labo ngaphansi kobukhulu bamanzi angenakufinyeleleka.
Ama-oda asolwandle
Ama crustaceans amakhulu ngokubukeka kwawo afana nendlwana ejwayelekile yokhuni, efinyelele usayizi omkhulu noma iguqukile. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo zezinto eziyisishiyagalolunye zalawa ma crustaceans amakhulu.
I-isopod enkulu ithanda amanzi ajulile nabandayo ezilwandle ezintathu: i-Atlantic, iNdiya nePacific. Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-crustaceans akufundiswanga kahle. Futhi kuze kube manje akukho zinhlobo zama-isopods amakhulu aziwayo ezaziyohlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yolwandlekazi lwe-Atlantic noma lwePacific.
Lezi zidalwa zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-170 kuye kwangama-2500 ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zolwandle. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sabantu sabonwa ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-360 kuye kwangama-750. La ma-crustaceans akhula aze afike kwesigamu semitha ubude. Isilokotho esikhulu kunazo zonke safinyelela isisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu elilodwa nesigamu futhi sasinobude obungaphezulu kuka-70 cm.
Ngabe adlani ama-isopod?
Kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ama-scavenger, kepha ungayeki kulolu hlobo lokudla. Bazingela ngokuphelele izipanji ezincane, ukhukhamba olwandle nezinye izilwane ezihamba kancane ezihamba kancane. Ubumnyama babusa olwandle, awukwazi ukuthola ukudla okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ama-isopod avumelana nezimo ezifanele zokuphila futhi akhuthazelele isiteleka sokulamba ngenkani.
Ngendlela, ama-crustaceans angenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside impela - aze afike ezinyangeni ezimbili. Uma bethola inani elanele lokudla, bayondliwa ngekusasa. Njengomthetho, kuze kube ikhulu ama-crustaceans agxilisa isisu angatholakala esidumbu sesilwane esikhulu esifile. Isopod esikhulu sithanda ukudla isidumbu. Izithombe zalezi zidalwa namuhla zingatholakala ezincwadini eziningi.
Ukwakheka komzimba
Umzimba we-isopod umbozwe i-exoskeleton engaphandle eqinile, ehlukaniswe izigaba. Ingxenye engenhla ixhumeke ngokuphelele ekhanda, izingxenye ezingezansi zamathambo zakha isihlangu somsila esiqinile esimboza isisu sethenda esifushane. Njengezintwala zokhuni, uma kungenzeka kube nengozi, isiloyidi esikhulu siyaphaka esikhaleni esiqinile, esimbozwe ngegobolondo eliqinile. Lokhu kumsiza ukuthi azivikele kwizinyamazane ezihlasela indawo esengozini enkulu ngaphansi kwegobolondo lakhe. Isopod esikhulu sikwazi ukwethusa umuntu angazi. Incazelo nezithombe zesidalwa ziyabonakala kule ndatshana.
Amehlo ama-isopods makhulu, anezici eziningi futhi anhlobonhlobo ngesakhiwo. Akhiwe ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka komunye nomunye.Ama-Crustaceans anombono omuhle kakhulu wangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho bahlala khona, ukuthembela kakhulu kukho akusizi. Kukhona ubumnyama ngokuphelele. Izinduna ezinkulu nezincane ezibunjiwe ezisezinhlangothini zekhanda zidlala indima yezitho zomzwelo, kodwa ngokwezifiso zingakwazi ukubuyisela umqondo wephunga, ukuthinta, ukusabela ekushiseni nasekunyakazeni.
Imilenze enjalo ethokozisayo
Isopod enkulu inamabili ayisikhombisa emilenze emincane. Umbhangqwana wokuqala uguqulwa ube umhlathi, asiza ekubambeni futhi alethe ukudla kuwo womabili amahlathi. Imihlathi ifana nokusika lapho udla. Isisu se-crustacean siqukethe izingxenye ezinhlanu ezilinganayo. Isakhiwo somzimba se-isopods siyingqayizivele. Umbala wegobolondo we-crustacean enkulu uphuzi kunalokho, une-lilac noma i-brown hue.
Isopod enkulu ayibonakali ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe yingakho isikhathi eside bengazange banake lokho.
Ukuzalela amaCrustacean
Umsebenzi wokuzala ophakeme kakhulu kuma-isopods amakhulu abonwa entwasahlobo nasebusika. Ukudla okwanele ngalesi sikhathi. Amaqanda ama-isopod ama-Giant amakhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo zasolwandle zasolwandle. Njengoba kunenqwaba yabantu abafuna ukujabulela ubumnandi obunjalo, ama-isopod abesifazane athatha lonke iqanda ebekwe esikhwameni sezinkukhu kuze kube yilapho abamele abancane bama-crustaceans bebeleka kubo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi hhayi izibungu ezivela esikhwameni, kepha zincane, zakhiwe ngokuphelele, ama-isopods ama-crustaceans. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko ovela kubantu abadala - ukungabikho kombhangqwana wokugcina wemilenze ye-pectoral. Akukaziwa ukuthi i-isopod enkulu ihlala isikhathi esingakanani. Ukuphinda kuzalwe ama-crustaceans kwenzeka kuphela esimweni semvelo, yize abaningi bezama ukudala izimo ezifanele zokuzalela lezi zidalwa ezindlini zokugcina.
Ama-Giant isopods ahlala ekujuleni okukhulu, ngakho isayensi ayazi kangako ngokuziphatha kwama-crustaceans endaweni yawo yemvelo. Emajariniam noma ezinkulwini ezinkulu zamanye amadolobha ungahlangana nalaba abamele. Babekezelela ukugqilazwa kahle, bayasebenza futhi badla ngokulangazela ukudla.
Kodwa-ke, icala laziwa ngenkathi ummeleli wama-crustaceans ehamba ngaphandle kokudla iminyaka emihlanu. Wabanjwa eGulf of Mexico wathuthela eJapan, edolobheni laseToba. U-Isopoda, owayezizwa emnandi ekudingisweni, ngokuzumayo waqala ukwenqaba ukudla ngonyaka we-2009. Yonke imizamo yokumondla yaphela ngehluleka. Isidoda esikhulu i-isopoda Vicki safa ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5, isizathu siyinto evamile - ukubulawa yindlala.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezisezindaweni zemvelo zingenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside futhi zizizwe zimnandi. Lapho kuqala isiteleka sendlala yempi yeminyaka eminingi, ososayensi baqala ukuqagela enye ethakazelisa ukwedlula lena. Babecabanga ukuthi i-isopod idla ngasese ukudla, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuqaphela lapho lokhu kwenzeka. Enye inguqulo ethakazelisa kakhulu: i-isopod ngokuzimela ikhulisa i-plankton futhi idle kuyo. Kodwa ukwenza konke lokhu ku-aquarium evaliwe ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa kochwepheshe cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukuqagela bobabili kwavela futhi kwawa.
Uhlobo lwesazi semvelo yasolwandle iTaeko Timur lusondele eqinisweni. Njengoba isimo sesilwane siseduze kwe-hibernation, izinqubo zayo zokuphila ziyancipha. Ungqimba lwamafutha luqongelela esibindini sakhe, esidliwa isikhathi eside, futhi ligcwaliswa kuphela ngesikhathi sokudla okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wama-isopods awuncishisiwe.
Ama-isopods ama-Giant awabanjwa emihlanganweni yezimboni, kuphela ngasese. Usengakwazi ukunambitha zona. Ama-daredevils anqume ukujabulela inyama yalezi ezingemnandi ekuqaleni kwama-crustaceans aqaphela ukunambitheka okufana nenkukhu, i-shrimp kanye ne-crayfish. Lezi zidalwa zithandwa kakhulu eJapan, ngisho namathoyizi e-plush akhiqizwa lapho ukuze ahlonishwe.
Uhlobo luni lwesidalwa
Izakhamizi ezingajwayelekile ziyilungu lohlobo uBatynomus. Zibalwa njenge-isopods. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-arthropods:
- I-isopod enkulu - inosayizi ongu-8 kuya ku-15 cm ubude,
- ama-super-giants - abantu abadala bango-17 kuye ku-50 cm.
Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu nguBathynomus giganteus. Ubude bufika ku-19 - 36 cm. Umuntu obanjiwe omkhulu kunabo bonke wayenobukhulu obungu-76 cm nesisindo esingu-1.7 kg.
Yiziphi izici zokubonakala kwesidalwa
Ukubona kwesidalwa kukwethusa abaningi. Umzimba ufana nezembatho, ngoba zivikelwe yi-exoskeleton. Isopod sinombala ongashayi iso. Umzimba ungaba nsundu okhanyayo noma u-lilac ngombala.
Isopod siqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezisohlwini.
Isihloko | Incazelo |
---|---|
Ikhanda | Kulesi sigaba umlomo, oqondiswe kancane phambili. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuthathwe ngokushesha ukudla. Ukugaya ukudla emlonyeni kwenzeka ngenxa yama-mandibles - lokhu kungukubhana kokuqala kwemihlathi. Futhi akukho kude nemihlathi, baphonsa ukudla emgodini womlomo. Zifana nezinzipho ezisesimweni. Amehlo abukeka ethakazelisa ngokwengeziwe. Makhulu kakhulu. Ama-Isopod anombono omuhle kakhulu, kepha angawusebenzisi ekujuleni. Phezulu kwekhanda kunezintuthwane eziyizitho zomqondo |
Reon | Inezingxenye ezi-7. Amafutha okuqala anekhanda, kanti okuseleyo yisisu. Umgogodla wesisu uqukethe izingxenye ezi-5. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, i-isopod ingasheshe inyathele ebholeni. Lokhu kusiza ukuvikela indawo yabo ebasengozini kakhulu, engaphansi kwegobolondo. |
Pleon | Ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-6, kukhona ne-poleinal |
I-isopod inezici zokwakheka amanye ama-arthropods omhlaba angenazo:
- kunomsila omude nobanzi futhi uma uwubheka, ungakhumbula isithandwa,
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/3099/raznovidnosti-izopodov-osobennosti-3F0A0.jpg)
- emilenzeni kukhona izinzipho ezibukhali, kepha azakhelwanga ukuhlaselwa, kepha ziyadingeka ekuhambeni okwenziwe lula kusi-silt,
- amehlo amahle kakhulu
- ukuntuleka kwamaphiko
- Imilenze eyi-14 enobude obufanayo, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi isidalwa sibizwa ngokuthi i-flat-legged.
Ukudla isopod
Kunzima ukudla lapho cishe kungekho zidalwa eziphilayo. Kodwa ngisho nasekujuleni, izintwala ezinkulu zokhuni azifi. Ama-Isopod azifunela ukudla. Elinye igama lama-arthropods ukuhleleka komhlaba wangaphansi kolwandle. Babamba izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene ezifile futhi ezansi, njengoshaka.
Ama-Isopod azingela kahle. Bangazidlela izilwane ezincane. Uma izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingekho, ama-isopods aqala ukuphanga izidalwa ezihamba kancane. Isibonelo, kumakhukhamba olwandle noma isiponji esincane.
Kodwa, kunezikhathi lapho kungekho kudla kwe-arthropods. Imvelo ibanikeze ithuba lokuqhubeka nesiteleka sendlala. Lapho isopod ithola ukudla, iyadla ize iyeke ukunyakaza.
Udla izinhlanzi noma izilwane ezincane
Yini izici zomjikelezo wempilo
Empilweni, ama-isopod akavamile ukunamathela emaphaketheni. Imvamisa zihamba ngeyodwa. Indawo enkulu yokhuni ingaphila ngaphandle kolwandle.
Isikhathi eside sokuphila esiseduze kakhulu singaba yiminyaka emi-5. Le isopod yabanjwa eGulf of Mexico yathuthelwa eJapan. Kungazelelwe wayeka ukudla. Umphumela obulalayo ububangelwe yindlala. Kepha iminyaka emi-5 isikhathi esibonakalayo; imvelo inikeze lezi zidalwa ithuba lokukwenza ngaphandle kokudla.
Ngemuva kwalesi sehlakalo, ososayensi babeka imibono yabo nge-arthropods. Omunye ukholelwe ukuthi isidalwa sidla ngasese, kanti abanye bethi i-plankton iyakhula ngaphakathi kuso. Kepha konke lokhu kumane nje ukuqagela.
UTaeko Timur - isazi semvelo yasolwandle, uveze umbono wakhe. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuma-isopods zonke izinqubo zincishisiwe. Ngakho-ke, amafutha aqongelela esibindini, ayadliwa, futhi agcwaliswe kuphela emva kokudla okunempilo.
Mangaki ama-isopod olwandle, ososayensi okwamanje. Ama-Arthropods athandwa eJapan. Kukhona namathoyizi wokuhlonipha izidalwa ezingaziwa.
Ukuzalela
Abesilisa bafuna abesilisa kuphela ngokuzalela bese bahlakazeka. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ebusika noma entwasahlobo, lapho kunokudla. Ngenxa yokuzalela, insikazi yakha isikhwama samaqanda esiswini. Silapho kuze kube nentuthuko ephelele. Isikhwama sivikela amaqanda. Isithombo kumele sivikelwe kwizilwane ezidla ezinye, lokhu kwenziwa ngowesifazane.
Kule vidiyo uzothola izinto ezithokozisayo ngama-isopods amakhulu:
Ngemuva kokuphuma eqandeni, ukondla izinkuni ngokwabo. Umehluko ovela kubantu abadala ukungabi bikho kwemilenze nobukhulu obukhulu. Izinyawo ekugcineni zakha ngokuzimela.
Uma ezinye izinambuzane zikhathalela inzalo yazo, ngakho-ke izintokazi ze-isopod azinaki izingane zazo. Azazivikeli ezitheni futhi azihlali eduze kwazo.
Ososayensi benza ucwaningo lapho bedala khona izimo ezifanayo kakhulu zokuzala kabusha. Kodwa imiphumela emihle evela kulolu hlelo ayikwazanga ukutholwa.
Ingabe kuyingozi kubantu?
Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ama-isopod ayingozi kubantu. Lokhu akulona iqiniso. Akuzange kube namacala lapho kukhethwa izintwala zokhuni ngamaqembu ahlukene namanzi. Futhi abahlaseli abantu.
Izidalwa azibanjwa ngobuningi obunje, ngokwesibonelo, umdwebo, kepha kunabantu okwazile ukudla. Baphawula ukufana kokunambitheka nenkukhu, umdlavuza ne-shrimp. Izici ezibalulekile ziphansi, ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukubamba ama-isopods ngamanani amakhulu.
Isopods azinangozi ngokuphelele kubantu.
Yini izici zokutholwa kwama-isopods
Uhlobo lolu lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1870. Lokhu kwenziwa ngu-Alphonse Milne - Edward - udokotela wezilwane waseFrance. Kwathunyelwa kuye izintwala zokhuni ezinkulu ezingama-Giant (Isopod) ngu-Alexander Agassis. Ngo-1877 kwaba nokukhishwa komkhumbi wamaBlake eGulf of Mexico. U-Agassis uthumele isopod namanye ama crustaceans. Lokhu kwaba ukutholakala okukhulu kososayensi, njengoba bephikisa ukucatshangelwa kolwandle olungaphili. Ngeshwa, owesilisa kuphela owanikelwa ekuphumeni, futhi owesimame akakwazanga ukubanjwa kuze kube ngu-1891.
Ama-Isopod ayizidalwa ezesabekayo. Lapho ubuka isithombe sentwala enkulu yokhuni, ukwesaba kuvame ukubonakala kumuntu. Kepha eqinisweni, azinangozi kubantu. Azange kube namacala wokuthola ngokuzimele izintwala zokhuni ogwini noma zokuhlaselwa kwabantu. Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-isopods akhona olwandle.
Incazelo ye-Giant Isopod
Ama-Giant isopods aluhlobo lwe-crustacean oluhlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo eziyi-15. Imvamisa, lezi zilo zemvelo zitholakala emanzini ajulile olwandle i-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zidalwa azikwazi ukuhlala kulezi zindawo kuphela, ngoba umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi awufundiswanga kangako futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola zonke izindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Lama crustaceans ayizihlobo zezintwala zokhuni, ezihlala ezindlini nasezindlini ezingaphansi, kepha ezinobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu. Lezi zidalwa ziyisibonelo se-gigantism ejulile olwandle, okusho ukuthambekela kwezinhlobo ezithile ezihlala olwandle ukufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezinkulu kunezizihlobo zazo zomhlaba. I-isopod ejwayelekile ehlala emhlabeni ayidluli ku-5 cm ubude, kepha omelele kakhulu uyayikhipha kule pharamitha.
Ubude obuphakathi kwalaba bantu basolwandle buphakathi kwama-20 kuye kwangama-36 cm. Umzimba, ofana nowentwala zokhuni, ucindezelwa ohlangothini lwesisu-sesisu, futhi uvikelwe kahle yi-exoskeleton eminyene, lapho kukhona khona i-limestone. I-exoskeleton inezingxenye ezimboze omunye ngomunye. Isopod enkulu inamandla okugoba “ibhola”, njengabafowabo base-amphibian, ukuze izivikele ezitheni.
Isici esihle se-crustacean ngamehlo ayo, atholakala kude komunye nomunye ekhanda futhi anobuso obungu-4,000. Umbono wabo muhle, ungaphambili, futhi amehlo anomphumela obonakalayo.
Umzimba we-isopod enkulu unezingxenye eziningana. Kunezinsizwa eziningana, kanye namabhuzu ayisikhombisa emilenze ye-pectoral, eyokuqala ebamba iqhaza ekubanjweni kokudla, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubukeka kwama-mandibles. Ngendlela, isidalwa sinemisipha emine.
Lezi zakhamizi zolwandle olujulile zinombala onsundu we-lilac noma onsundu.
Habitat kanye nokudla
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, bekukholelwa ukuthi ekujuleni kolwandle akunakuphila. Kepha kungalesi sikhathi lapho isazi sezilwane saseFrance u-Alfons Milne-Edward wachaza okokuqala isopod esikhulu esatholakala ezansi kweGulf of Mexico. Yikho lokhu okutholakele okwakhombisa ukuthi impilo ikhona ekujuleni kwamanzi olwandle.
Ososayensi njengamanje bathola lezi zilwane kulo lonke elasentshonalanga ne-Atlantic lisuka eMelika (Georgia) liya eBrazil, kufaka phakathi iGulf of Mexico kanye neCaribbean. Ngenxa yobulukhuni bokufunda okujulile kolwandle, kukholelwa ukuthi ezinye izindawo ezinkulu zezindawo abahlala kuzo zingaba khona.
Ukujula lapho lezi zilwane zikhona khona kuyahlukahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-170 kuya kumamitha angama-2140, le ndawo ibonakala ngomfutho ophansi kanye nokushisa okuphansi - cishe ama-degree Celsius amane. Ezinye izinhlobo ziphila ngokungajulile - kuphela ekujuleni okuphakathi kuka-22 no-280 m.
Umthombo wokudla oyinhloko walezi zidalwa imizimba ye-carrion kanye nokubola kwezinye izilwane. Kulokhu, ama-isopods amakhulu ayeqanjwa ngokuthi "ama-scavenger olwandle." Ngokwemvelo yazo, zingama-carnivores futhi ukudla okuyinhloko kwenziwa ngemikhomo efile, ama-squid nezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bantu abamele ama-crustaceans bangenza njengedlozi futhi bazingele inyamazane ehamba kancane: isibonelo, ukhukhamba olwandle, ama-nematode nesiponji.
Impilo ephansi olwandle akulula, ngoba ukudla kwesinye isikhathi kuyashoda kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-isopod ayaphoqelelwa ukuba azingele noma nje ahlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla. Zivumelaniswa kahle nokuzila ukudla futhi zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu.