I-Beluga ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Phambilini bekuyizinhlobo ezijwayelekile, kepha ngenxa yesimo esinyantisayo semvelo, kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sokuzingela, i-beluga yaqashelwa njengohlobo olusemngceleni futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Inzuzo enkulu yenhlanzi efana ne-beluga izindleko zayo. Noma inhlanzi ihlukaniswa yinyama elukhuni, ibiza okungaphansi kakhulu (okungekho ngaphezulu kwe- $ 15 ngekhilogremu) kunabameli abaningi be-sturgeon, hhayi abaphansi kunabo ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezimpawu zabo zokunambitha.
Njengoba i-beluga caviar ingenye ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni, inani labantu abasebenza nge-beluga ezimweni zemvelo lincane kangangokuba lisekelwa kuphela ngokufuya izinhlanzi emapulazini ezinhlanzi nasezindlini zokugcina ezizimele.
Incazelo
I-Beluga yinhlanzi eyingqayizivele ehlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi iminyaka yayo ephezulu ingafinyelela amakhulu eminyaka. Ikwazi ukwanda amahlandla angaphezu kwesisodwa empilweni yayo, futhi ngemuva kokungena kalula olwandle. Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kuya ngosayizi wazo futhi kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela amaqanda angaba ngu-500,000.
Emvelweni, i-beluga iyinhlobo ezimele, noma kunjalo, ingaxubana nge-sturgeon, i-sterlet, i-spike kanye ne-stellate sturgeon. Ama-Sturgeon nzalo akhula kahle amapulazi akhethekile amachibi.
Kunezinganekwane eziningi nezinganekwane ezihambisana nale nhlanzi emangalisayo. Isibonelo, abadobi basendulo bathi itshe laseBeluga livikela kakhulu umuntu esivunguvungwini ngenkathi ehamba olwandle futhi edonsela ekubambeni. Leli tshe, ngokusho kwabadobi, lingatholakala ezinsweni ze-beluga, futhi libukeka njengeqanda lezinkukhu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, umnikazi wayo wayengashintshanisa itshe nganoma yiziphi izimpahla ezibizayo. Basakholelwa kule ndaba, yize kungekho imininingwane eqondile ngokoqobo kwaleli tshe.
Umsuka
Izinhlobo ze-Sturgeon zifaka: i-beluga, i-sturate sturgeon, i-sturgeon, i-sterlet. Esimweni sefossil, ama-sturgeon aziwa kuphela evela kwi-Eocene (85.8-70.6 yezigidi zeminyaka edlule). Ngamagama we-zoogeographic, abamele ifosholo efana nefosholo, etholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi eCentral Asia nakwelinye eNyakatho Melika, bayathakazelisa kakhulu, okwenza sikwazi ukubona izinsalela zezilwane ezazikhona ngaphambili ezinhlotsheni zanamuhla zalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zasendulo. ISturgeon ingelinye lezinhlobo zasendulo nezinhle ezithandekayo. Bakhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200, futhi baphila lapho ama-dinosaurs akha umhlaba wethu. Ngokubonakala kwazo okungajwayelekile, ezingubeni zawo zamapuleti amathambo, asikhumbuza ngezikhathi zakudala, lapho kwakudingeka izikhali ezikhethekile noma ikhareji elinamandla ukuze siphile. Basinda ezinsukwini zethu, cishe ezingashintshiwe. Maye, namuhla zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zama-sturgeon zisengozini noma zisengozini enkulu.
I-Beluga ibhekwa njengekhulu kunazo zonke izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile. Umzimba womuntu omdala ufinyelela kubude obuyi-4,2 m, futhi isisindo sawo singamathani ayi-1,5, kanti izinsikazi zikhulu kancanyana kunabesilisa. Umzimba obukhulu be-beluga cylindrical umbozwe ngemigqa emihlanu yokwakheka kwamathambo - imikhawulo, kanye nama-taper ngokubonakalayo emsila. Amapuleti amathambo amboze ikhanda, izinhlangothi nesisu akakhiwa kahle. Izihlangu ezihlala isikhathi eside, ngokwesilinganiso sezingcezu eziyi-13, zitholakala ngemuva futhi zenza umsebenzi wokuzivikela.
Njengazo zonke izinhlanzi ezikhanyayo, ama-beluga fins ahlukaniswa ubukhona bemisebe emide nebukhali, e-serared: i-dorsal iqukethe okungenani imisebe engama-60, i-anal isuka ku-20 iye ku-40. Ikhanda eliphakeme liyaphela ngekhala elikhuphukile, elikhonjisiwe, elibonakala kancane ngenxa yokungabikho kwemikhawulo yethambo. Umlomo kaBeluga ubanzi impela, kepha awulehli ngaphezu kwezinhlangothi zekhanda; kufakwe umlomo onamandla ophezu kwawo.I-Antenna etholakala ezinhlangothini zomhlathi ophansi, ibanzi futhi yinde kunama-sturgeon amaningi futhi yenza umsebenzi we-olodoory. Ngemuva kwe-beluga kubonakaliswa umbala ohlaza okotshani noma ompunga, isisu simhlophe noma sikhanya grey, ikhala elinokukhalipha okubonakalayo.
Izici ezihlukanisayo
Ngaphezu kosayizi bayo, le nhlanzi ingahlukaniswa nokuqina kwe-sturgeon ngomzimba wayo obukhulu we-cylindrical kanye nekhala elifushane, elikhombe. Kuyi-translucent encane ngenxa yokuthi azikho izihlangu zamathambo kuyo. Umlomo wakhe ubamba bonke ububanzi bekhanda lakhe, izindebe ezinde ezilengiswe kuye. Izimpondo ezisengxenyeni engezansi yekhanda ziyehlukahluka kufana nezinye izinhlanzi eziseqenjini le-sturgeon ngobubanzi nobude bazo: kwezinye izinhlanzi zincanyana. Amapulangwe amathambo ekhanda, ezinhlangothini naku-peritoneum akhula ngaphansi. Ngasemuva, inani le-sculi lifinyelela ku-13, ezinhlangothini - 40-45, futhi ku-peritoneum ayidluli kwi-12.
Habitat
AmaBelugas izinhlanzi ezifudukayo, futhi achitha iningi lempilo yawo emanzini oMnyama, Azov kanye nolwandle lweCaspian, futhi athuthela emifuleni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala, futhi lapho esephothule ukuphindela olwandle. Abantu abadala kanye nabantu abavuthiwe bahlala ekujuleni okukhulu, izingane zithanda amanzi angajulile, eduze komfula.
Ehlobo, ngemuva kokuhlanza, izinhlanzi ziphumula ekujuleni okuphakathi, bese zidla ngaphambi kokuqunjelwa. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, umzimba we-beluga umbozwe "ngejazi" lengqimba le-mucus obukhulu, inhlanzi iwela esimweni sokumiswa komoya kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Indlela yokuphila
Onke ama-sturgeon athuthela amabanga amade ukuze anwebeke futhi afune ukudla. Abanye bafuduka phakathi kukasawoti namanzi amasha, kanti abanye - impilo yabo yonke bahlala emanzini amasha. Zizalela emanzini amasha, futhi zibe nomjikelezo wokuphila isikhathi eside, njengoba zidinga iminyaka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amashumi eminyaka, ukuze zifinyelele ekuvuthweni, lapho zizokwazi ukuzala okokuqala ngqa. Ngenkathi ukusatshalaliswa ngempumelelo kwonyaka kucishe kucatshangelwe, futhi kuye ngobubanzi obutholakalayo, indawo efanelekayo yamanje kanye namazinga okushisa, izindawo ezithile ezikhipha umdlandla, imvamisa nokufuduka kuyabikezelwa. Iziphambano zemvelo zinokwenzeka phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ze-sturgeon. Ngaphezu kwenkambo yasentwasahlobo emfuleni lapho iqhuma khona, izinhlanzi ezi-sturgeon kwesinye isikhathi zingena emfuleni nazo ekwindla - ngokuba ubusika. Lezi zinhlanzi zigcinwa kakhulu phansi.
Ngendlela yokondla, i-beluga yisilwane esidla ezinye izinhlanzi, kepha futhi nama-mollusks, izibungu nezinambuzane. Kuqala ukwenqabela ngisho nefry emfuleni. Olwandle, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi (i-herring, i-tyulka, i-gobies, njll.), Kepha ayizinaki i-shellfish. Eziswini zeCaspian beluga kwatholakala nezimpawu (namawundlu) zophawu.
Izinhlanzi ezinkulu zidinga ukudla okuningi, futhi osayizi babodwa bathembele ngqo ekudleni: okungcono lapho inhlanzi idla, ikhulu ifinyelela. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-beluga yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi, kanti i-beluga iqala ukwanda isencane kakhulu, ngokuba i-fry.
Abantu abadala bazingela ngokuphumelelayo kokubambelela olwandle nakukholamu lwamanzi. Ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yiBeluga ama-gobies, i-herring, ama-sprats, ama-sprots, ama-anchovies, i-roach, i-hamsa, kanye nabamele umndeni omkhulu wama-cyprinids. Ama-crustaceans kanye nama-mollusks, kanye nezilwane ezincane, ngokwesibonelo, ama-Caspian amancane asolwandle noma i-waterfowl, zakha ingxenye ethile yokudla.
Ukuzala
Beluga - okuhlala isikhathi eside emhlabeni wezilwane, izinhlwathi ngazinye ziphila ziye eminyakeni eyi-100, ngakho-ke zifinyelela eminyakeni yokuzala sekwedlule isikhathi. Abesilisa bakulungele ukuzalaniswa beneminyaka engu-13-18 ubudala, izinsikazi zivuthwe eneminyaka engu-16-27. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka futhi, ngokuya ngalokhu, i-beluga ihlukaniswa entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
ISports beluga ingena emfuleni kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari cishe kuze kube yilapho ehlobo impela. I-Autumn beluga iqala inkambo yayo ngasekupheleni kwehlobo futhi iphela ngoDisemba, ngakho-ke kuyaphoqelelwa ukuba kusebusika ezansi komfula kwizimbobo ezijulile, bese kuqala ukuzalanisa kuphela entwasahlobo elandelayo.Umuntu ngamunye ovuthiwe akazali minyaka yonke, kodwa ngokuphumula okuthile, imvamisa kuyiminyaka engama-2-4. Izizathu ezinwebekayo zeBeluga zidlula emigodini ejulile yama-stony, phakathi kwemisinga esheshayo.
Ukuzala kowesifazane kuya ngosayizi wakhe, kepha noma kunjalo, inani lamaqanda atshwayo yi-1/5 yomzimba wakhe. Inani eliphakathiwe le-caviar lisuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500 liye kwesigidi. Amaqanda amnyama grey, ububanzi obuyi-3 mm, abukeka njengethanga. Ngenxa yokuqina kokuqina kwayo, i-caviar inamathela kahle kwizingibe ezibandayo. Ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi elingu-+ 12-13 degrees, isikhathi sokufakwelwa yizinsuku ezingama-8 kuphela.
Fry owazalwa ngokushesha uqhubeka nokudla okuphezulu, udlule ekudleni okubandakanya izinto ezilula. Ngaphandle kokuma, izingane ziya olwandle, lapho zihlala khona kuze kube yilapho sezithomba.
Inombolo yokuqapha
Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, le nhlobo yezinhlanzi inciphise kakhulu inani layo futhi ingahle inyamalale. Ngakho-ke, i-beluga ifakwe kuhlu ezincwadini ezibomvu zawo wonke amazwe ezindaweni ezisatholakala kuzo. Izinhlanzi azivunyelwe ukudoba ngemithetho efanelekile yokudoba. Kusencwadini Ebomvu ye-International Union for Conservation of Natural. Ukudotshwa kweBeluga kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwelayisense. Ibonisa inani lezinhlanzi ezingabanjwa, usayizi wazo.
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho kwe-beluga kufanele kujeziswe inhlawulo. Kuhlukile emazweni ahlukene. E-Russia, kumuntu ngamunye, angama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12,5. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uchungechunge lonke lwamanani enhlawulo akhokhwa, ngokwesibonelo, kuze kufinyelele kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-5. ukudoba ngokungemthetho, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunecala lobugebengu ngokudoba ngokungemthetho eBeluga. Ngokuya ngomonakalo odaliwe, lokhu kungaba wukusebenza komphakathi noma ukuboshwa iminyaka engafika kwemi-5.
Njengezinye izinhlanzi, ama-belugas adotshwa ngokwezifiso. Iqiniso lincane kakhulu kunelinye lama-sturgeon. Lokho "ukunganaki" kwezinhlanzi kuchazwa ukukhula kwawo isikhathi eside - i-caviar yokuqala kubo ingatholakala kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-17 ... eyi-18. Futhi yize intengo ye-caviar idlula izinkulungwane eziyishumi zamaRandi / kg, bambalwa osomabhizinisi abasebenza ngokutshala le nhlanzi.
Ukuzalela kwenziwa kumadivaysi avaliwe okunikezela ngamanzi. Zibonisa amachibi ambalwa womumo oyindilinga noma oyisikwele. Zingaphepheleka (kusuka okokukhanya okukhanyayo), ezimile, ngokwesibonelo, ukhonkolo, zothayela. Ubukhulu bawo obujwayelekile: ukujula - 1.5 m, ububanzi - 2,5 ... 3 m.
Inyama yeBeluga
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, inyama ye-beluga ibumbekile ngokwakhiwa, kepha noma kunjalo inezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu zokunambitha, ezaziswa ngayo emhlabeni wonke. Imikhiqizo emihle ye-balyk yenziwe kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitsha eziningi ezibandayo nezishisayo zenziwa kulo, kanye nokudla okuhlukahlukene. Kusuka ku-beluga lapho kutholakala khona i-caviar enhle kakhulu, ebamba abantu abasebenza ngezimboni abanesisindo esiqala kumakhilogremu ayisihlanu, noma kunjalo, ngoba i-beluga iyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke zamanzi ahlanzekile, isisindo sayo ezimeni eziningi kakhulu idlula lezi zinkomba. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlanzi ze-beluga ziyisibindi eside, iminyaka ephezulu yabantu ababanjiswa esakhiweni sezimboni ayidluli iminyaka engama-30 kuya kwengama-40.
Indlu yasebusika
I-Beluga yinhlanzi ebomvu ekhetha ubusika e-yati (emigodini yemifula), lapho iya khona ukuze ikhuphuke futhi iqhume ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo. Ukukhula komncane kuncamela ukuya ngaseceleni komfula ubusika noma ukuzinza ekujuleni kolwandle okungashoni. Ekujuleni okuphakathi, i-beluga ithanda ukuphumula, njengoba isivele iklanyiwe futhi ibuyele olwandle ngaphambi kwesithwathwa sokuqala. Abantu abakhulu nabadala batholakala kuphela ekujuleni okukhulu, kepha, ngenxa yezimpawu zabo zomzimba, iningi labo alisakwazi ukuzala.
Ukudoba
Ngenxa yokuncipha okukhulu kwesibalo nokusongelwa kokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, ukubanjiswa kwe-beluga kulinganiselwe emhlabeni wonke. Kwamanye amazwe, izilinganiso zokukhishwa kwale nhlanzi azikhishwa nhlobo. Kubhalwe eNcwadini ebomvu njengezinhlobo ezisekupheleni kokuqothulwa.E-Russia, ukuthathwa kwe-beluga kungenzeka kube nelayisensi, ikakhulukazi ngezinhloso zocwaningo kanye nokuphinda kubuye nezinto zofuzo ukuze zenziwe kabusha.
Ukudoba kweBeluga
Indawo esemqoka lapho ungathola khona i-beluga - izikhala ezivulekile zolwandle, ezikude ngamakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini. Kunzima kumdobi ukumthola. Sidinga umhlahlandlela owazi konke ngezinhlanzi futhi, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezikhethekile, ongasiza ekutholeni indawo ethembisayo. Cishe ayikho i-beluga engabanjwa emifuleni. Iyakwazi ukugoqa izinsana ezimbongolweni, ezintanjeni zamagiya. Noma kunjalo, ukudoba okunjalo kungukuzingela okumsulwa.
Le nhlanzi ingumhlaseli wangempela futhi isithiyo esihle kunazo zonke kuso isithiyo sokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kobukhulu obukhulu be-beluga, ukhetha izinhlanzi ezincane. I-Beluga inentshisekelo kakhulu ku-hamsa, herring, roach, anchovies, nasezinkunzi. UBeluga akaboni kahle, ngakho-ke angakhohliswa ngokuthile okuqhakazile. Abantu abasha, ngaphandle kukaFry, bangakwazi ukukhonkotha iqhude.
Ukuheha i-beluga endaweni lapho kutholakala khona amagiya akho, sebenzisa isiheho. Basebenzisa izingcezu zezinhlanzi, inhlanzi eyenziwe ngengulube, igobolondo elichotshoziwe. Bahamba besuka esikebheni baye eBeluga. Kumele abe nokuqina okukhethekile. Ukuba khona kwe-hook, i-sucker, kuphoqelekile. I-Beluga ibanjwe ngaphezulu kusuka phansi, ngakho-ke udinga ukunikela ukukhetha ku-gear engezansi. Umugqa kufanele ube uqweqwe. Izingwegwe zibeka usayizi onokwethenjelwa futhi obonakalayo. Kumaikhoyili, isandisi kufanelekile. Izinduku kufanele zibe eziqinile, ezinezindandatho ezisezingeni eliphakeme, isihlalo sangemuva, futhi ungasabi amanzi olwandle.
Uma kungenzeka ngethiyithi, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-asp, roach. Beluga pecks ngokucophelela futhi ubuvila. Ungabambisa inhlanzi ngemuva kokudonsa okunamandla. UBeluga udonswa ohlangothini uthathwa ngogwegwe bese edonswa esikebheni. Masinyane usiphulula isisu sakhe phezulu. Kamuva kudingeka inhlanzi ukuthi iyeke ukushaya ngomsila wayo.
Ububanzi esikhathini esedlule nesamanje
Kudlula izinhlanzi ezihlala eCaspian, Azov naseBlack Seas, lapho zingena khona imifula lapho zidla khona. IBeluga phambilini ibiminingi kakhulu, kepha manje isisondele ekuqothulweni endle.
KuLwandle lweCaspian kwakugcwele. Ukuze uqhume, okwamanje ingena ikakhulu kwiVolga, ngamanani amancane kakhulu - e-Urals naseKura, kanye naseTerek. Esikhathini esedlule, izinhlanzi ezihlakayo zazikhuphuka zisondele kakhulu eVolga - ziye eTver nasezindaweni eziphakemeyo zeKama. E-Urals, kusatshalaliswa ikakhulu ezindaweni eziphansi neziphakathi nendawo. Iphinde yatholakala ogwini lwase-Irani eseningizimu yeCaspian futhi yatholwa emfuleni. Gorgan. Esikhathini esisuka ku-1961 kuya ku-1989. U-Beluga wakhuphuka kanye neVolga waya eVolgograd hydroelectric tata, lapho kwakhiwa khona indawo yokuhlanzela izinhlanzi ezifanele ukufuduka eVolga Hydroelectric Power Station, okuthe nokho, yasebenza ngokungagculisi. Ngenxa yalokho, emuva ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ngo-1989, iphakamisi yenhlanzi yanqanyulwa. KuKura kuphakama kumgibeli weKurinskiy weziteshi zamandla kagesi eAzerbaijan.
I-Azov beluga yokuzalanisa ifakiwe kuDon futhi imbalwa kakhulu eKuban. Phambilini, ikhuphuke phezulu e-Don, manje ifinyelela esiteshini sase-Tsimlyansk hydroelectric kuphela.
Iningi labantu abamnyama beluga le-beluga esikhathini esidlule, futhi manje lihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yolwandle, ukusuka lapho liya khona lubhekabheka ikakhulu eDanube, Dnieper naseDniester, abantu abangashadile bangene (futhi mhlawumbe bangene) kwi-Southern Bug. IBeluga oLwandle Olumnyama nayo yaphawulwa ogwini lweCrimea, lapho kwakudwetshelwa khona eduze naseYalta lapho kufinyelela kumamitha angama-180 (okuwukuthi, lapho ubukhona be-hydrogen sulfide buvele buphawulwayo), nasogwini lwaseCaucasian, ukusuka lapho kwesinye isikhathi kwaqala ukuvela eRioni, nasogwini lwaseTurkey. , lapho i-beluga eqala ukungena ingena emifuleni yeKyzylirmak ne-Yeshilirmak. E-Dnieper, abantu abakhulu (abafinyelela kuma-300 kg) kwesinye isikhathi babebanjwa eduzane nokudlwengulwa (isigaba seDnieper phakathi kwamadolobha wanamuhla eDnieper kanye neZaporozhye), futhi izindlela ezedlulele zaphawulwa eKiev nangaphezulu: eDesna, i-beluga yafika edolobhaneni laseVishenki, kanye naseSozh, ukuya eGomel, lapho ngawo-1870s umuntu ngamunye onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-295 wabanjwa.
Iningi le-beluga yoLwandle Olumnyama luya ekuhlaziyeni eDanube, lapho esikhathini esidlule izinhlobo zezilwane zazivame kakhulu futhi ziye zivela eSerbia, kuthi esikhathini esidlule zifike ePassau empumalanga yeBavaria. Ukusakazeka kweBeluga eDniester kwaqoshwa eduze kwedolobha laseSoroki enyakatho neMoldova nangaphezulu kweMogilev-Podolsky. Kwi-Southern Bug inyukele eVoznesensk (enyakatho yendawo yeNikolaev). Njengamanje, inani labantu beLwandle Olumnyama selusondele ekuqothulweni. Kunoma ikuphi, iBeluga ayikwazi ukukhuphuka ngaphezu kwesiteshi samandla kaKakhovskaya eduze kwe-Dnieper, ngaphezulu kwesiteshi samandla kagesi eDubossarskaya eduze nase-Dniester, nangaphezulu kwesiteshi se-hydherelectric se-Dzherdap eceleni kweDanube.
Kuze kube yi-70s. XX century IBeluga nayo yatholakala oLwandle i-Adriatic, lapho yaqala khona ukusakazeka emfuleni. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni engama-30 eyedlule akakaze ahlangatshezwe lapha, futhi ngenxa yalokho abantu base-Adriatic be-beluga manje sebebhekwa njengabanyamalala.
Kusukela ngo-2009, i-beluga cishe ayisazalanisi endle eRussia, ngenxa yokulahleka kwabakhiqizi kanye nokuncishiswa kwezindawo zemvelo ezivele zivele. Ukuphela kwendlela yokugcina inani le-beluga endle ukuyizalela ngobuhlakani ezindaweni zokuzivikela nokukhiqiza abasha.
Ubukhulu
I-Beluga - enye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile, ifinyelela kumathani owodwa nengxenye yamashekeli ubude nobude obuyi-4,2 m. Njengoba kwaboniswa okuhlukile (ngokusho kwedatha engaqinisekisiwe) abantu abafinyelela kumathani ama-2 nobude obuyi-9 m (uma lolu lwazi lungelona iqiniso, khona-ke i-beluga ingabhekwa njengamanzi amakhulu amasha izinhlanzi zomhlaba).
I- "Research on the State of Fisheries in Russia" (ingxenye 4, 1861) ibika nge-beluga eyabanjwa ngonyaka we-1827 eVolga ephansi, eyayinesisindo cishe ngamathani ayi-1.5 (amakhilogremu angama-90). NgoMeyi 11, 1922, kwabanjwa owesimame enesisindo esingu-1224 kg (75 amakhilogremu) oLwandle lweCaspian ngasemlonyeni weVolga, ngamakhilogremu angama-667 ngomzimba, ama-288 kg ngekhanda ngalinye nama-146,5 kg nge-caviar ngayinye. Kwaphinde kwabanjwa owesimame ofanayo, eLwandle lweCaspian endaweni yaseBiryuchaya Spit ngo-1924, amaqanda akhe ayengama-246 kg, kanti isibalo samaqanda sasibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-7,7. Owesifazane oneminyaka engama-75 ubudala unesisindo esingaphezu kwethani elilodwa nobude obungamamitha angama-4,24, lapho kwakukhona khona amakhilogremu ayi-190 (amakhilogremu ayi-12) caviar. KuMnyuziyamu kaZwelonke weRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan (Kazan), okugcwele oku-beluga 4,5 m, okutholakale ku-Middle Volga eduze kwedolobhana laseTetyusha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kuyethulwa. Isisindo saso ngesikhathi sokubanjwa sasicishe sibe yi-1000 kg, iminyaka yezinhlanzi iyiminyaka engama-60-70. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zaphinde zavunjwa eningizimu yoLwandle lweCaspian - ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka we-1836, isigaxa esinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-960 (amakhilogremu angama-60) sabanjwa eduzane naseKrasnovodsk Spit (iTurkmenistan yanamuhla).
Kamuva, izinhlanzi ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwethani azange zisabhalwa phansi, kodwa ngo-1970 icala lachazwa ngokubanjwa kwenqwaba yamakhilogremu angama-800 eBeluga eVolga delta, lapho kubuye kwatholakala khona ikhilogremu engu-112 kg, kwathi ngonyaka we-1989, iBeluga isisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-966 nobude obungu-4 yabanjwa lapho. , Amamitha angama-20 (okwamanje isilwane sakhe esigcwalisiwe sigcinwe eMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan).
Abantu abakhulu be-beluga baphinde babanjwa maphakathi ngisho nasengxenyeni engenhla yomngcele weVolga: ngonyaka we-1876, emfuleni. IMavatka eduzane nedolobha laseVyatka (iKirov yesimanje) yabanjwa isigaxa esinesisindo esingu-573 kg, kwathi ngo-1926 endaweni yedolobha lanamuhla iTolyatti, iBelluga enesisindo esingu-570 kg yabanjwa nama-70 kg e-caviar. Kunobufakazi futhi bokuthwetshelwa kwabantu abakhulu kakhulu eVolga engenhla eduzane naseKostroma (500 kg, maphakathi nekhulu le-19) naseMfuleni i-Oka eduze kwaseSassk, Isifundazwe saseRyazan (380 kg, 1880s).
IBeluga ifinyelele osayizi abakhulu kwezinye izilwandle. Isibonelo, eTemryuk Bay yoLwandle i-Azov ngonyaka ka-1939, kwabanjwa ibell besifazane enesisindo esingu-750 kg, kwakungekho caviar kuyo. Ngawo-1920s Kubikwa ukuthi kubikwe ama-belugas angama-640-kilogram e-Azov.
Ngo-2013-2015 Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-beluga ezinesisindo esingu-125-300 kg zabanjwa emfuleni i-Ural eKazakhstan.
Esikhathini esedlule, isisindo sokudoba esiphakathi kweBeluga sasingama-70-80 kg kuVolga, 60-80 kg oLwandle i-Azov, nama-50-60 kg esifundeni saseDanube oLwandle Olumnyama. U-L. S. Berg encwadini yakhe edumile ye- "Newwater fish of the USSR and emazweni angomakhelwane" kukhombisa ukuthi isisindo se-beluga "esifundeni seVolga-Caspian singama-65-150 kg ngaphezulu." Isisindo esijwayelekile sabesilisa abanjwe eDon Delta sasingama-75-90 kg (1934, idatha yabantu abathile be-1977), nabesifazane - 166 kg (isilinganiso sika-1928-1934).
Ukukhula nokuzala
I-Beluga yinhlanzi ehlala isikhathi eside efinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100. Ngokungafani ne-Pacific salmon efa ngemuva kokuhluma, ama-beluga, njengamanye ama-sturgeon, angabonakala kaningi ezimpilweni zawo. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, ibuyela olwandle.
I-Caviar phansi, inamathele. Amafry avela endaweni yokudlela yaseVolga ngoJuni - ubude bawo buyi-1.5-2.4 cm.Ngokushesha zingena kuFry kuLwandle lweCaspian, noma kunjalo, ama-typimens angodwa angahlala emfuleni aze afike eminyakeni engu-5-6 yobudala.
Abesilisa baseCaspian baseBeluga bafika esikhathini sokuthomba beneminyaka engu-13-18 ubudala, nabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-16-27 (ikakhulukazi eneminyaka engama-22-27). Ukuzala kwe-beluga, ngokuya ngosayizi sowesifazane, kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500 kuya kwesigidi (ezimeni ezihlukile, kuze kufinyelele kwizigidi ezingama-5) amaqanda. Kunobufakazi bokuthi amakhulu (2,5-2,59 m ubude) ama-Volga females aqabula amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-937, kanti izintokazi ezingamaKurino ezinobukhulu obufanayo - isilinganiso samaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-686. Esikhathini esedlule (ngokusho kwedatha yango-1952), isilinganiso esiyingqayizivele seVolga beluga eqhubekayo yayingamaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-715.
Phakathi kokudla kwe-beluga olwandle oluseNyakatho yeCaspian, ama-67% anqoba abantu abanobude obungama-70 kuye kuma-145 cm, anesisindo esingama-19 kg, nangaphansi kweminyaka eyi-13. Izinhlanzi ezisukela eminyakeni eyi-11 kuye kwengama-37 zitholakele ekubambeni kwezentengiso. UKurin beluga ukhula kancane uma eqhathaniswa neVolga. Okuqondisisa kunazo zonke i-Azov beluga: abesilisa bayo bavuthwa beneminyaka engu-12 kuya ku-12, abesifazane beseminyakeni yobudala eyi-16-16.
Ukufuduka
I-Beluga inyuka ibuyele emifuleni (ukusuka kuLwandle lweCaspian kuya eVolga, ama-Urals, inani elincane ukuya eKura naseTerek, ukusuka kuLwandle Olumnyama kuya eDnieper, eDanube, kusukela e-Azov kuya eDon naseKuban). Ukugijimela ukugijimela eVolga kuqala ngoMashi ngamazinga okushisa wamanzi ayi-6 - 7 ° C, bese kuphela ngo-Okthoba. UBeluga uya kuDon kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuDisemba, naseDanube - kusuka ngoMashi. Inhlanzana yasentwasahlobo iqhuma ngonyaka wokungena emfuleni. Abantu benkambo yasehlobo-ekwindla ebusika emfuleni emigodini. Inani elincane kuphela labantu ebusika emifuleni. Olwandle, izindawo zobusika zitholakala ekujuleni kuka-6 kuya ku-12m. Ngemuva kokuhluma, ama-belugas ehla iVolga esuka ekuqhekekeni kweqhwa iye ekwakhiweni kweqhwa (ngokwengxenye ebusika), e-Urals kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuJuni nango-Agasti kuya kuNovemba.
Umsoco
Ngendlela yokondla, i-beluga yisilwane esidla ezinye izinhlanzi. Kuqala ukwenqabela ngisho nefry emfuleni. Olwandle, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi (i-herring, i-tyulka, i-gobies, njll.), Kepha ayizinaki i-shellfish. Eziswini zeCaspian beluga kwatholakala nezimpawu (namawundlu) zophawu.
I-beluga egijima kuyiVolga delta kanye nasemfuleni uqobo, njengomthetho, ayondli. Izimbangi zokudla zaseBeluga olwandle zi-sturgeon ezithile ne-stellate sturateon, emfuleni kukhona i-pike perch, i-asp, i-pike.
Ukusebenzisana kwabantu
Esikhathini esedlule, izinhlanzi eziwusizo zentengiso. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, ukudotshwa kwe-beluga bekulokhu kuvinjelwe eRussia; kusukela ngonyaka we-2016, isimilo samazwe omhlaba besilokhu sinqenqema ukuvimbela ukudotshwa kwe-beluga (nezinye izinhlobo zama-sturgeon) kuwo wonke amazwe aseCaspian. Ukubanjwa kwezentengiselwano kweVolga Beluga ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-70s bekuyizinga lamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,1,5,5 ngonyaka, okuyi-10-11% yokukhiqizwa kwe-sturgeon minyaka yonke esisekelweni saseVolga-Caspian. Eminyakeni yama-90 yekhulu le-XX, kwakukhona ukwehla okungapheli (t): 1993 - 311, 1995 - 154, 1997 - 127, 1998 - 78, 1999 - 40, 2000 - 44. Ngo-1995-1996, ukudotshwa kwe-beluga oLwandle Olumnyama kanye ne-Azov kwakuyitoni elilodwa kuphela. I-Beluga yafunzwa ngamanetha.
Inani le-Azov beluga lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokulahleka ngokuphelele kwezindawo zemvelo ezihlakazekile, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-hydro, inani elincane lokuphamba kwabantu, ukusebenza okuncane kokukhiqizwa okufakwayo ngenxa yokushoda kwabakhiqizi, okushaya amanzi womabili emifuleni nasolwandle, okwenziwa kwaze kwaba maphakathi nama-80s iminyaka Eminyakeni yama-70s. ICaspian beluga caviar evundisiwe yathuthwa yathunyelwa olwandle lwase-Azov. Kusukela ngo-1956, iphinde yenziwa kabusha emafektri ama-sturgeon eDon naseKuban. Njengamanje, cishe sonke isibalo sabantu sivela efektri. Kusukela ngo-1986, ukudotshwa kweBeluga e-Azov kuvinjelwe; abakhiqizi kuphela abavunyelwe ukubanjiswa ngokuzalaniswa efektri. I-Cryopreservation of genomes iyadingeka, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuhlonza abantu be-Azov kanye neCaspian subspecies ukuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokukhululwa kokugcina eLwandle lwe-Azov, ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-biotechnology ngokuzalanisa okwenziwe ngokubandakanyeka kokukhulisa okwenziwa ngenkani kwamajuba emachibini kanye nokungenisa ukukhululwa kwawo minyaka yonke kwizigidi eziyi-1 noma ngaphezulu. Kubiyelwe emapulazini e-aquaculture (ukuzalanisa i-sturgeon), ukuze kutholwe i-caviar emnyama.
I-International Union for Conservation of Natural inikeze izinhlobo zezilwane ukuthi zilondoloze kanjani “Izinhlobo Ezisengozini Yokuhlala”. Ngokudoba ngokungemthetho kwama-sturgeons eRussia, kunikezwe isikweletu sobugebengu (kuze kube iminyaka emithathu ejele) nezinhlawulo zokuphatha zinikezwe.
Beluga caviar
Beluga females toss caviar.Amaqanda ama-Beluga makhulu, ububanzi bawo afinyelela kumamilimitha ayi-2,5, isisindo sethole 1 / 5-1 / 4 kwesisindo somzimba. I-Beluga caviar ithathwa njengeyabaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwayo yonke enye insiza ye-sturgeon caviar. Inombala ompunga omnyama nge-tint yesiliva, iphunga elinamandla nokunambitheka okunempilo komoya. Ngaphambi kwenguquko, izinhlobonhlobo eziphekwe kahle ze-granular beluga caviar zabizwa nge- "Warsaw redistribution", ngoba iningi lempahla yayo yaqala ukusuka e-Astrakhan iya eWarsaw eMbusweni waseRussia, nokusuka lapho phesheya. Ekupheleni kuka-2005, i-1 kg ye-beluga caviar yabiza cishe ama- € 620 emakethe yabamnyama eRussia (ngesivumelwano esinqatshelwe ngokuthengiswa kwale caviar) kanye no- € 7,000 phesheya, ngo-2019 imbiza enesisindo esingu-250 amagremu we-beluga caviar emakethe emnyama 42 - Ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45. Ngokusho kweWWF, ama-80% ezithelo zomdabu ezimnyama ezathengiswa eRussia ngonyaka wezi-2015 zazivela emndenini wokuzingela, kuphela yi-caviar emnyama ekhulwe emapulazini asemanzini evunyelwe ukuthengiswa.
Beluga Roar
E-Russian, kukhona i-phraseology "i-beluga ebhongayo", kepha engahlobene nale nhlanzi futhi ihlotshaniswa nemisindo ephakeme eyenziwe ngumkhwezeli wezinyawo beluga whale. Ngekhulu le-19, ukupela okubili kwegama lesilwane ezincelisayo kwakujwayelekile: "beluga whale" kanye "beluga". NgesiRussia sanamuhla, igama elithi "beluga" linencazelo eyinhloko - inhlanzi ye-beluga, kodwa libuye lisetshenziselwe isilwane esinyanyisayo.
I-Beluga yisakhamuzi sesikhathi eside phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezinamanzi amasha
I-Beluga yisakhamuzi eside phakathi kwezinhlanzi futhi ingaphila iminyaka eyi-100. Kungaba nezikhathi eziningi, ngokungafani nesalimoni esikanye nabo ePacific esivele kanye empilweni yabo yonke, bese bafa ngemuva kokuhluma.
Zilungiselelwe ngokuphelele ukuzalaniswa, lezi zikhulu ziba cishe njengabantu. Yebo, ukwahlulela abesilisa uqobo lwabo kuvuthwa ngeminyaka engu-15-18, kanti izintokazi hhayi ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-16-27. Inani eliphakathi lamaqanda athosiwe kubhekwe ukuthi angaba amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-715. Ukuzala kwe-beluga kuncike ngosayizi sowesifazane, nasendaweni okuhlala kuyo. KwiVolga Beluga, le nombolo isukela ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500 iye kwisigidi, kanti amaKurinsky ngosayizi ofanayo anika amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-640. Konke kuncike endaweni yokuhlala nezimo zokuhlala.
I-caviar ebiza kakhulu yiBeluga
Ngokuqondene ne-caviar uqobo. Amaqanda ama-Beluga makhulu impela ama-1.4-2,5 mm. Isisindo seCaviar sicishe sibe yingxenye yesisindo sowesifazane. Ine ukunambitheka okumnandi okunempilo okunempilo.
Umbala ompunga omnyama, umthunzi ogqamile, iphunga elinamandla, konke lokhu kwenza i-caviar yamnandi kakhulu kangangokuba emakethe yabamnyama eRussia umthengi ulungele ukukhokha cishe ama-euro ayi-620 ngekhilogremu wezimpahla ezinjalo ngaphandle kwezingxoxo. Kwelinye izwe, cishe i-7000 eureka ingatholakala nge-beluga caviar. Intengo enjalo ivela ekunambithekeni kwale caviar futhi iqiniso lokuthi ngokusemthethweni eRussia awukwazi ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa i-beluga caviar noma kuphi. Konke okwenziwayo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwefulegi elimnyama.
Namuhla eRussia kunqatshelwe ukubanjwa kwe-beluga, njengoba isisondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni. Futhi i-beluga ibhalwe ku-Red Book. Leli yibhizinisi eliyingozi ukubamba i-beluga. Njengoba isikhathi sikhulu.
Nambitha izimfanelo zenyama ye-beluga
Inyama yeBeluga, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwama-sturgeon, ayinamafutha futhi inamaphesenti amancane kakhulu wokuqukethwe kwamafutha. Kepha naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezikhathini ze-tsarist iBeluga yayingaphezulu kakhulu manje, amakhosi wezikhulu nabafana kuphela abangayinambitha inyama yayo emnandi. Njengoba ubona, futhi bahlela inyama ngaleso sikhathi, futhi babheka inyama yeBeluga okuthile okungajwayelekile futhi okumangalisayo.
Yiziphi izimfihlo nezinkolelo uBeluga azungezwe
Kepha kwakungeyona inyama ne-caviar kuphela eyayibalulekile nge-beluga kulezo zikhathi ezikude. Isibonelo, cishe wonke umdobi wayekholelwa ezimangalisweni zamatshe aseBeluga. Ngosizo lwaleli tshe eliyisimangaliso ungaphilisa abantu, uphilise yonke imizana. Kwakukholelwa nokuthi uhlobo lwe-amulet luletha injabulo nokubanjwa okuhle kulabo abanalo leli tshe.
Yayiyindilinga futhi ibushelelezi ngesimo, futhi yayilingana neqanda lezinkukhu. Ingatholakala ezinsobeni ze-beluga enkulu. Ingathengiswa futhi eqolo noma ithathelwe okuthile okubizayo.Kepha la mahlebezi awatholanga nse ukuqinisekiswa. Kodwa ngokuvumelana amatshe ezinjalo, kwakuwukuphela kwendawo ukuba cishe base eliphezulu elinegazi ka ngezisebenzi. Kukhona labo abasakholelwa kwizimangaliso zaleli pebble, nokuthi lelo tshe elinjalo likhona ngempela.
Kepha izimfihlo zeBeluga azigcini lapho
abadobi abaningi ayefana ngombono ukuthi Beluga kuyinto inhlanzi enobuthi kakhulu. Le nkolelo nayo ayitholanga isiqinisekiso. Kepha abadobi babenesiqiniseko sokuthi inhlanzi enjalo ingathola amarabi njengenja noma ikati. Kwakuthinta ayekholelwa nawukuthi indawo isibindi Beluga kwaba anobuthi. Kepha akunandaba ukuthi okhokho bethu bebengakholelwa kuphi, noma kunjalo abaningi bathambekele emcabangweni wokuthi wonke la mahlebezi asakazeka bazi.
Ngakho-ke ukuthi abavamile abayidli inyama yokudla futhi ababambanga i-beluga in proc. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu ukuzwa esikhathini esidlule, le Beluga akhule 2 x amathani isisindo 9 amamitha ngobude.
I-Beluga ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Phambilini bekuyizinhlobo ezijwayelekile, kepha ngenxa yesimo esinyantisayo semvelo, kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sokuzingela, i-beluga yaqashelwa njengohlobo olusemngceleni futhi ibhalwe ku-Red Book.
Inzuzo enkulu yenhlanzi efana ne-beluga izindleko zayo. Noma inhlanzi ihlukaniswa yinyama elukhuni, ibiza okungaphansi kakhulu (okungekho ngaphezulu kwe- $ 15 ngekhilogremu) kunabameli abaningi be-sturgeon, hhayi abaphansi kunabo ngesikhathi esifanayo ngezimpawu zabo zokunambitha.
Njengoba i-beluga caviar ingenye ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni, inani labantu abasebenza nge-beluga ezimweni zemvelo lincane kangangokuba lisekelwa kuphela ngokufuya izinhlanzi emapulazini ezinhlanzi nasezindlini zokugcina ezizimele.
Sturgeon umndeni: incazelo
Izinhlanzi zingamalungu omndeni wama-sturgeon, abameli bokuqala babo abavela emakhathini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ngezimpawu zokubonakala kwazo, isici esiyinhloko sayo okuyimigqa emihlanu yemikhawulo yamathambo etholakala nomzimba we-beluga.
Njengazo zonke sturgeons, le Beluga has a ikhanda side ubude, kanti ingxenye yalo ephansi zikhona 4 izimpondo ukufinyelela umlomo Beluga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekwakhiweni kwama-sturgeons kunezici zama-cartilage asendulo esakhiweni, noma kunjalo, isici esiyingqayizivele esiyingqayizivele se-sturgeons ukuthi isisekelo samathambo abo siyindlela ye-cartilaginous eyindilinga, ngenxa yokuthi inhlanzi ikhula ngokuphelele icabanga nokuthi ayinayo i-vertebrae esakhiweni sayo.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-sturgeon zifaka izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-sturgeon, i-stellate sturgeon, kuluga, i-beluga ne-sterlet. Lawa izinhlanzi mikhulu, phakathi lapho ngobukhulu iyona Beluga. Izinhlanzi zingafinyelela ubude obufika kumamitha amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo sabantu abathile ezimweni ezingavamile sidlula ithani elilodwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Beluga kutholakala inqwaba ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi iCaspian kanye Black Sea, lapho isakazeke cishe kuyo yonke indawo, ngesikhathi zidala sikhathi, Beluga ngokoqobo igcwalisa angenasawoti nemifula emikhulu.
Beluga: incazelo yezinhlanzi
I-Beluga ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi ahlanzekile. Kuye indawo yemvelo, isisindo sayo sifinyelela kusuka 50 kg 1 t. Isisindo esivamile Beluga izinhlanzi ubanjwe ngezinga amabanga zezimboni kusukela 50-80 kg. Le nhlanzi efudukayo iyisibindi sangempela, ngoba iminyaka yabanye abantu ifinyelela ikhulu leminyaka.
Eqinisweni, i-beluga yisilo esidla ngokuzingela esigabeni sama-fry. Abantu bachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabo amanzi olwandle zidla khona ikakhulu izinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emvelweni, i-beluga ingakha izinhlobo ezixubile (ezihlanganisiwe), lapho iziphambano zivame kakhulu:
- Nge-sterlet - bakha inhlanzi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-bester, eyi-hybrid evame kakhulu ye-beluga. Simila njengoba umthombo oyinhloko ukudoba Sturgeon ngezinga ezimbonini.Lena ngokuyinhloko ngenxa izici ezinhle inyama yayo etholwe phakathi kwenqubo, kanye oqondile umsoco, ngenxa okuyinto izinga imikhiqizo wadala kusukela le nhlanzi evumela ukuba silondoloze funa njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu.
- I-Stellate sturgeon.
- Izinhlanzi zeSpike.
- Sturgeon.
Lezi nzalo ze-beluga zidlangile ngaphakathi koLwandle i-Azov nakwezinye izindawo zokugcina.
Habitat
Izindawo eziphambili ze-beluga: uLwandle Olumnyama nolweCaspian nayo yonke imifula egeleza ingene kuyo. Eqinisweni, Beluga kuyinto izinhlanzi ukuthi uhlala isikhathi esiningi emanzini, bese engena emifuleni kuphela uma ifinyelela ubudala efanelekayo kokuqala zokukhiqiza.
Emva kwalokho, ubuyela olwandle, noma kunjalo, sekuvele kuhlangene kanye nefry. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uncamela ukungayi kude, noma ngabe kunjalo, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuhlaba umxhwele, akakwazi ukwesaba ukuhlaselwa abanye abahlaseli bamanzi amnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Beluga kwaqeda cishe ngokuphelele ukukhiqizwa kabusha zayo zemvelo, nezinto eziningi kusekelwa ikakhulu amapulazi izinhlanzi kanye amadamu yangasese.
Iphonsa i-caviar
Ukuphonswa kwe-caviar kosayizi abahlukahlukene kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kodwa-ke, kubantu abancane kakhulu, le nkathi iwela maphakathi nentwasahlobo futhi iyaqhubeka kuze kube ekwindla kakhulu. izimbotshana Deep nge zamanje okusheshayo, lapho evelele enamadwala noma cartilaginous phansi, bakhonza njengamaphayona endaweni isikhathi sokuphonsa caviar. Abanye babantu abahlwanyelayo baya ezindaweni ezijulile nezibandayo emfuleni, abanye babuyela olwandle.
I-Beluga caviar inkulu impela futhi ifana nophizi ngosayizi wayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umuntu oyedwa kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha ngevolumu amaqanda ezakha 1/5 zomzimba wayo. Inani lamaqanda lifinyelela ezigidini eziningana. Izinhlanzi ezincane zisuka ziye olwandle, lapho zihlala khona kuze kube yilapho sezifikisa.
Izici eziphilayo
I-Beluga ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
Le nhlanzi ihola kuphela indlela yokuphila ephansi-pelagic.
At sea, igcinwe ikakhulukazi wedwa. Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwenzeka emadodeni eneminyaka eyi-12-15 ubudala, nakwabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi, njengoba i-beluga iyinhlanzi ehlala isikhathi eside, abantu abaneminyaka yobudala babo engaphezu kweminyaka engama-50-60 balahlekelwa ngokuphelele ikhono lokukhiqiza inzalo.
Beluga, okuyinto ezifuywa e ekuthunjweni, eveza ngu insemination yokufakelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yale ndlela, iningi lama-beluga nzalo etshalwe ezindaweni zokudoba ayakwazi ukufuywa.
Basho ukuthi le yinkosi-beluga. Futhi i-intanethi MEM entsha isivele kwabheduka wafana ikati kabi futhi impungushe nenkani - inhlanzi edabukisayo. Ake sibheke okuningi ngaye ...
Lesi iMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan we-Local Lore.
I-Astrakhan Museum ine Beluga amabili irekhodi - imitha elilodwa-4 (mncane kunaleso obukade uNicholas II wethulwa Kazan Museum) kanye ngobukhulu - imitha 6. i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke, amamitha ayisithupha. Bambamba ngasikhathi sinye njengemitha eyimitha elilodwa, ngonyaka we-1989, abaPhoyisa babamba imbokodo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, amaqanda asesiswini, base bebiza imnyuziyamu bathi lapho bangayithatha khona "inhlanzi" enobukhulu beloli elikhulu.
Ekhona iminyaka kwezigidi ezingu-200, sturgeons - namuhla zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. E-Danube, esifundeni saseRomania naseBulgaria, esinye sezilwane zasendle ezisebenza kahle eYurophu sisindile. I-Danube sturgeon ingenye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlelo lwezemvelo olunempilo. Isikhathi esiningi bahlala oLwandle Olumnyama futhi uthuthe up iDanube ngoba zidala. Bafinyelela amamitha ayi-6 ubude futhi baphila iminyaka eyi-100.
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho nokuqothulwa kwe-barbaric, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-caviar, kungenye yezingozi ezinkulu ezisongela ama-sturgeon. Ukuncisha ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo kanye ukubhidliza imizila Sturgeon ukuthuthela kwenye olukhulu lolu hlobo esiyingqayizivele.Njengoba wasungula Umhlaba + Nature Fund (WWF) iqhaza i-European Community, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) iye ukusebenza ngalezi zingqinamba eminyakeni yamuva ngokusekelwa nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.
Thayipha Nomsuka
Izinhlobo ze-Sturgeon zifaka: i-beluga, i-sturate sturgeon, i-sturgeon, i-sterlet. Esimweni sefossil, ama-sturgeon aziwa kuphela evela kwi-Eocene (85.8-70.6 yezigidi zeminyaka edlule). Ngamagama zoogeographic, abameleli lokwela-like subfamily, etholakala kulolu hlangothi e-Asia Ephakathi futhi ngakolunye eNyakatho Melika, ezithakazelisa kakhulu, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubona izinsalela zezilwane ngaphambilini chithi saka zinhlobo yanamuhla uhlobo lwe. Sturgeon ingenye kwezinhlobo eziningi eziyingqayizivele kanye ezikhangayo zezinhlanzi lasendulo. Bakhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200, futhi baphila lapho ama-dinosaurs akha umhlaba wethu. Ngokubonakala kwazo okungajwayelekile, ezingubeni zawo zamapuleti amathambo, asikhumbuza ngezikhathi zakudala, lapho kwakudingeka izikhali ezikhethekile noma ikhareji elinamandla ukuze siphile. Basinda ezinsukwini zethu, cishe ezingashintshiwe.
Maye, namuhla zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zama-sturgeon zisengozini noma zisengozini enkulu.
ISturgeon - inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke zamanzi amasha
Beluga Book of Amarekhodi
Beluga akuyona kuphela kunazo zonke kwezingu-sturgeons, kodwa futhi izinhlanzi ngobukhulu ukuthi ababanjwe amanzi aqabulayo. Kunezimo lapho izimo zafika kumamitha ayi-9 ubude nesisindo esifinyelela ku-2000 kg. Namuhla, abantu abanesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angaphezu kwama-200 abatholakali;
Ngo "Ucwaningo isimo ukudoba eRussia," ngo-1861, kwabikwa mayelana Beluga sabanjwa 1827 ku iVolga engezansi, okuyinto esingamathani angaba 1.5.
NgoMeyi 11, 1922, kwabanjwa owesimame enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-1224 oLwandle lweCaspian, ngasemlonyeni weVolga, ngamakhilogremu angama-667 awela emzimbeni wakhe, amakhilogremu angama-288 ekhanda ngalinye, namakhilogremu angama-146,5 nge-caviar (bheka isithombe). Kwaphinde kwabanjwa owesimame ofana nosayizi ofanayo eLaspian Sea endaweni yeBiryuchaya Spit ngo-1924, kwakukhona amakhilogremu angama-246 we-caviar kuye, futhi isibalo samaqanda sasicishe sibe yizigidi eziyi-7.7.
A empumalanga kancane, phambi emlonyeni Urals ngo-May 3, 1926, insikazi oneminyaka engu-75 ubudala, ubanjwe enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angaphezu 1 ton namamitha 4.24 eside, lapho kwakukhona 190 khilogremu caviar. Emnyuziyamu kaZwelonke weRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan eKazan, kwethulwa isigaxa esingamamitha angu-4,17 esigcotshwe kusuka kuVolga ephansi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Isisindo sakhe ngesikhathi sokubanjwa kwakungamakhilogremu ayi-1000, iminyaka yezinhlanzi iyiminyaka engama-60-70.
Ngo-October 1891, lapho umoya weba amanzi kusukela eTaganrog Gulf yoLwandle Azov, lohamba ongumlimi kanye ogwini oyinyumba, wathola Beluga kwelinye amaxhaphozi, okuyinto wadonsa amakhilogremu 20 (327 kg), zazo 3 amakhilogremu (49 kg) babe caviar.
Onke ama-sturgeon athuthela amabanga amade ukuze anwebeke futhi afune ukudla. Abanye bafuduka phakathi kukasawoti namanzi amasha, kanti abanye - impilo yabo yonke baphila kuphela emanzini amasha. Zizalela emanzini amasha, futhi zibe nomjikelezo wokuphila isikhathi eside, njengoba zidinga iminyaka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amashumi eminyaka, ukuze zifinyelele ekuvuthweni, lapho zizokwazi ukuzala okokuqala ngqa. Ngenkathi ukusatshalaliswa ngempumelelo kwonyaka kucishe kucatshangelwe, futhi kuye ngobubanzi obutholakalayo, indawo efanelekayo yamanje kanye namazinga okushisa, izindawo ezithile ezikhipha umdlandla, imvamisa nokufuduka kuyabikezelwa. Iziphambano zemvelo zinokwenzeka phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ze-sturgeon. Ngaphezu inkambo entwasahlobo emfuleni ngoba zidala, Sturgeon ngezinye izikhathi ufake emfuleni futhi ekwindla - ubusika. Lezi zinhlanzi zigcinwa kakhulu phansi.
Ngendlela yokondla, i-beluga yisilwane esidla ezinye izinhlanzi, kepha futhi nama-mollusks, izibungu nezinambuzane. Kuqala ukwenqabela ngisho nefry emfuleni. Olwandle, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi (i-herring, i-tyulka, i-gobies, njll.), Kepha ayizinaki i-shellfish. Eziswini zeCaspian beluga kwatholakala nezimpawu (namawundlu) zophawu.
Beluga inakekela inzalo yayo
Beluga - inhlanzi ehlala isikhathi eside ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100.Ngokungafani ne-Pacific salmon efa ngemuva kokuhluma, ama-beluga, njengamanye ama-sturgeon, angabonakala kaningi ezimpilweni zawo. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, ibuyela olwandle. Abesilisa baseCaspian be-beluga bafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engu-13-18, kanti abesifazane bangu-16-27 (ikakhulukazi baneminyaka engama-22-27). Ukuzala kwe-beluga, ngokuya ngosayizi sowesifazane, kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500 kuya kwesigidi (ezimeni ezihlukile, kuze kufinyelele kwizigidi ezingama-5) amaqanda.
Emvelweni, i-beluga yizinhlobo ezizimele, kepha ingakwazi ukwenza inzalo nge-sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike kanye ne-sturgeon. Ngosizo lokufakelwa kokufakelwa, kwatholakala inzalo esebenzayo - i-beluga-sterlet (bester) -. Ama-Sturgeon nzalo akhule ngempumelelo emapulazini echibini (e-seacac).
I-Beluga ihlotshaniswa nezinganekwane nezinsumansumane eziningi. Isibonelo, ezikhathini zasendulo, abadobi babekhuluma ngetshe elifile eliyisimangaliso, elingephilisa umuntu kunoma yisiphi isifo, elivikele ebangeni lesiphithiphithi, lisindise umkhumbi esivunguvungwini futhi lihehe ukubanjwa okuhle.
Abadobi babekholelwa ukuthi leli tshe lingatholakala ezinsweni ze-beluga enkulu, futhi ubukhulu balo bunjengeqanda lezinkukhu - isicaba nokugoqa okumi ngomumo. Umnikazi wetshe elinjalo angalishintshisa ngomkhiqizo obiza kakhulu, kodwa namanje akukacaci - ngempela kwakukhona amatshe anjalo, noma izingcweti zibathole. Ngisho nanamuhla, abanye abasiki bengqephu bayaqhubeka bekukholelwa lokhu.
Enye inganekwane ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye yazungeza i-beluga nge-halo esabekayo - ubuthi be-beluga. Abanye babheka ubuthi isibindi senhlanzi encane noma inyama ye-beluga, engahlanya njengekati noma inja, ngenxa yalokho inyama yayo yaba nobuthi. Abukho ubufakazi balokhu abutholile.
Beluga licishe lishabalale manje. Hhayi isilo esikhulukazi salolu hlobo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezedlule nezamanje ze-sturgeon
Ukwanda kwabo kukhawulelwe endaweni esenyakatho, lapho bahlala khona imifula nolwandle eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
Ngaphandle kokuthi emhlabeni wonke kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 ezihlukile ze-sturgeon, ezinezidingo ezihlukile ezimweni zokuphilayo kanye nezemvelo, zonke zinezici ezifanayo.
Kudlula izinhlanzi, ezihlala eCaspian, Azov naseBlack Seas, zingena imifula ukuze zidlule. Phambilini, i-beluga yayiminingi, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amasheya ayo aba mpofu kakhulu.
IDanube kanye nolwandle olumnyama ngasikhathi sinye sasiyisifunda esisebenza kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-beluga - kufika ezinhlotsheni ezi-6. Njengamanje, enye yezinhlobo isilahlekile ngokuphelele, kanti ezinhlanu ezisele zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
KuLwandle lweCaspian, i-beluga inobuhlakani obukhulu. Ukuze uqhume, ingena ikakhulu kwiVolga, ngamanani amancane kakhulu - e-Urals naseKura, kanye naseTerek. U-Amur sturgeon uhlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Cishe zonke iziqiwi eziseRussia zilungele indawo yokuhlala kwe-sturgeon. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ngisho nababulali babanjwa eNeva.
Ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nemakethe emnyama ye-caviar
Ukudoba ngokweqile - ngasikhathi sinye kwezomthetho, futhi manje akukho emthethweni - kungenye yezinsongo eziqondile ekusindeni kwe-stanugeon yaseDanube. Ngenxa yomjikelezo wabo wokuphila isikhathi eside nokuvuthwa sekwephuzile, ama-sturgeon asengozini enkulu yokubamba ngokweqile, esizweni sakhe sithatha iminyaka eminingi ukululama.
Ngo-2006, iRomania kwaba yizwe lakuqala ukumemezela ukuvinjwa kokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon. Ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka eyishumi kuzophelelwa yisikhathi ekupheleni kuka-2015. Ngemuva kwesikhalazo se-EU, iBulgaria iphinde yamemezela ukuvalwa kwezokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, ukuzingela kubukeka sengathi kusabanzi kuso sonke isifunda saseDanube, yize kunzima impela ukuthola amaqiniso athile okudoba ngokungemthetho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imakethe ye-caviar emnyama iyanda. Isizathu esisodwa sokudoba ngokweqile yintengo ephezulu ye-caviar. I-caviar evunwe ngokungemthetho eBulgaria naseRomania nayo ingathengwa nakwamanye amazwe e-EU. Ngenxa yokucwaninga kokuqala kwezimakethe ze-caviar ezimnyama okwenziwe eBulgaria naseRomania ngonyaka ka-2011/2002, ochwepheshe abavela kwiWorld Wide Fund for Nature bakwazile ukulandelela ukwabiwa kwezimpahla ezithungisiwe eYurophu.
UDanube Beluga, ubudala obufanayo nama-dinosaurs
I-Iron Gate Dam iphazamise imizila yokufuduka
Ukufuduka kokuhlwaywa kungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomjikelezo wempilo yemvelo yazo zonke izinhlansi eDanube. Esikhathini esedlule, i-beluga yenyukela emfuleni yaya eSerbia, futhi esikhathini esedlule yaze yafika ePassau empumalanga yeBavaria, kepha manje indlela yayo isavinjelwe ngokwenziwe maphakathi neDanube maphakathi.
Itholakala ngaphansi kweSango le-Iron, eJardap Gorge emincane, phakathi kweRomania neSerbia, iHydroelectric Power Station kanye ne-Iron Gate Reservoir yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke kulo lonke elaseDanube. Kwakhiwa isiteshi samandla kagesi kumakhilomitha angama-942 nama-863 omfula ongaphezulu kweDanube Delta. Njengomphumela, ngokukhawulela indlela yokufuduka kwezinhlanzi ezi-sturgeon ukuya kumakhilomitha angama-863, nokusika ngokuphelele indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ese-Danube maphakathi. Njengomphumela, abakwa-sturgeon bavaleleke ekunwebeni komfula phambi kwedamu, futhi manje abasakwazi ukuqhubeka nendlela yabo yemvelo, yeminyaka eyikhulu, ababeyijwayele, eya endaweni yokuqhuma. Kukhiywe ezimeni ezinjalo ezingezona ezemvelo, inani labantu abanjenge-sturgeon libona imiphumela emibi yokuzalanisa futhi ilahlekelwe ukwahlukahluka kofuzo.
Ibanga leBeluga eDanube lilahlekile
Ama-Sturgeons abucayi kakhulu ezilingweni ezibanga. Lezi zinguquko zithinta ngokushesha ukuqhekeka, ubusika, amandla okufuna ukondleka kahle, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekushabalaleni kohlobo. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-sturgeon zivele emaphethelweni amatshe ahlanzekile eDanube engezansi, lapho zibeka khona amasende awo ngaphambi kokuba zibuyele oLwandle Olumnyama. Ukusakazeka okuphumelelayo kufanele kwenziwe ekujuleni okukhulu ngokushisa okungenani kwama-degree angu-9-15.
Inani labantu base-sturgeon bathinteka kancanyana ngokulahleka kwangempela nokuhambelana nale hlobo lwendawo yokwabiwa kwezinhlanzi eDanube. Ukuqinisa amabhange nokuhlukanisa umfula emiseleni, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezinamandla ezivikela ezikhukhuleni, kunciphise izikhukhula zemvelo kanye namaxhaphozi okuyingxenye yohlelo lomfula ngo-80%. Ukuzulazula nakho kungenye yezinsongo ezibucayi kuhlu lwe-sturgeon, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlanganisa ukujula nomsebenzi wokumba emfuleni. Ukudonswa kwesihlabathi nogwebu, ushintsho lomhlabathi olwenziwe yingxenye engaphansi kwamanzi yomkhumbi nalo lunethonya elonakalisayo kubantu be-sturgeon eDanube.
Usongo lokuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi zaseDanube sturgeon zikhulu kangangokuba uma ungathathi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo nezinhle, khona-ke ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka le nhlanzi yesiliva ebabazekayo ingabonakala kuphela eminyuziyamu. Kungakho i-International Commission for the Protection of Danube, kanye neWorld Wide Fund for Natural ne-European Commission, njengengxenye ye-European Community Strategy for the Danube Region, yenza amaphrojekthi amaningana kanye nezifundo zomhlaba wonke ngenhloso yokuqhamuka nezindlela zokusindisa izinyathelo zeDanube beluga.
Abadobi baseBeluga kufanelekile ukubiza inkosi - izinhlanzi ngosayizi wayo omkhulu . Izilwandle eziMnyama nezaseCaspian ziyindawo yokuhlala yaphakade ye-beluga; zitholakala e-Adriatic naseLwandle iMedithera. Le nhlanzi ing isibindi eside, ekwazi ukuphila iminyaka eyi-100 futhi ibekele amaqanda kaningi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. I-Beluga idla ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi.
Lesi sidlova. Amadada ezinhlanzi, uphawu lwezingane lwatholakala esiswini . Lapho sesifinyelele ebusheni, i-beluga iyahamba ihlume emfuleni wamanzi amasha. Isikhathi se-Beluga spawning kukholakala ukuthi sihla ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni futhi sihlala inyanga eyodwa. I-Caviar ifakwa emifuleni yolwandle ejulile enesivinini esisheshayo nesamatshe phansi. Njengoba ingatholanga indawo efanelekile, i-beluga ngeke iphonse amaqanda, okuyogcina kuncibilike ngaphakathi kwezinhlanzi. Ukuze uthathe indawo yokuqhuma kwentwasahlobo, izintokazi zaseBeluga zihlala ubusika emifuleni, zikhala futhi zikhula ngemichilo. Owesifazane oyedwa angathwala ama-caviar afinyelela kuma-320 kg.
Amaqanda enziwe ngophizi amnyama grey. I-Beluga caviar idliwa ezinye izinhlanzi, zithwalwa yile zamanje. Kumaqanda ayi-100,000, kusinda ongu-1 . Omncane, esechithe inyanga yonke endaweni yokunwabuluka, wehlela olwandle.I-Beluga caviar inenani elikhulu lokudla okunempilo. Lokhu kwaba yisizathu sokuthi izinhlanzi zabanjwa ngamanani amakhulu, okuholele ekunciphiseni kwesibalo sazo.
Manje ukuthengiswa kwe-beluga caviar kunqatshelwe ngumthetho . Ngemuva kokusaphaza, i-beluga elambile imatasa ifuna ukudla. Izinsikazi ezindala ziginya izinto ezingangeneki: i-driftwood, amatshe. Bahlukile kubantu abasha abanekhanda elikhulu nomzimba ophelelwe ngamandla. Okhokho bethu abazidlanga izinhlanzi ezinjalo.
Ukubamba i-beluga, abadobi baya olwandle, behamba ngesikebhe ngamakhilomitha ayi-3 ukusuka ogwini . Usebenzisa isigxobo, udinga ukuthola indawo lapho kunedwala eliningi lamagobolondo ezansi, okukhombisa indawo yokudlela ye-beluga. I-nozzle i-roach, i-asp, i-herring. Ukudonsela izinhlanzi ekubanjeni esikebheni, umuntu kufanele aqaphele, ngoba bekuba nezikhathi lapho inhlanzi enkulu iguqula isikebhe bese umdobi ezithola esemanzini. IBeluga ibhalwe ku-Red Book futhi iyinto yokudotshwa kwezemidlalo. Umdwebo obanjiwe kufanele ukhululwe.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-beluga kwakuyinhlanzi ejwayelekile yokuhweba. Amathani ale nhlanzi abanjwa eDanube naseDnieper, eVolga. Ngemuva kokulahleka kwezizathu zemvelo ezinwebekayo, inani le-beluga lehle kakhulu.
Abadala abatholakali, ama-98% angamajaha . I-hybrid ye-beluga ne-sterlet - i-bester ikhule ngokuthile.
Kunezindaba ezaziwayo ukuthi ama-belugas abanjwa enesisindo esingu-1.5, amathoni ama-2, kepha amaqiniso awaqinisekisiwe. Ngo-1922, uLwandle lweCaspian lwaluyi-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enesisindo esingu-1224 kg . Imnyuziyamu yaseKazan yabukisa nge-beluga egcwele ama-4.17 m, eyabanjwa ekuqaleni konyaka wama-20 kwiVolga ephansi. Lapho ebanjwa, inhlanzi yayisisindo esingu-1000 kg. UMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan ugcina i-beluga egcwele, ebanjwe endaweni eseVolga delta futhi inesisindo esingu-966 kg.
Konke lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sibize iBeluga inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke zamanzi amasha. Kunamaqiniso amaningi ngokubanjwa kwe-beluga enesisindo esingu-500, 800 kg . Zonke ziwela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Namuhla, isisindo sale nhlanzi sisuka ku-60 siye kuma-250 kg.
Izitshalo zamandla ze-Hydroelectric, izindawo zokwelapha, amadamu - konke lokhu kuyaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha, ukukhula nokusinda kwezinhlanzi.
Sethula ividiyo ye-beluga enkulu ebanjwe e-Atyrau.
I-Beluga yinhlanzi engowomndeni wama-sturgeon, i-oda le-sturgeon. Kuwuhlobo oluyigugu lokuthengisa, selubanjwe ngobuningi isikhathi eside, ngenxa yokuthi ubuningi balo seluncishiswe kakhulu, futhi manje seluyizilwane ezisengozini.
Lolu hlobo lwenhlanzi enkulu kunamanzi amhlophe avela ku-sturgeon. Ukudotshwa kwabantu abafinyelela kubude obufika kumamitha angama-4,2 kwaqoshwa. Isisindo esikhulu ngamathani ayi-1.5. Abadobi bathi lapho kubanjwa i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke, ifinyelela ku-9 m ubude futhi isisindo esingaphezu kwamathani amabili, kepha lawo maqiniso ayiqinisekisiwe ngalutho. Isilinganiso senhlanzi sincane: kuvame ukuqhamuka i-beluga, isisindo sakhona singeqi kuma-300 kg.
Ukuvela kwalesi sakhamuzi esingaphansi kwamanzi kufana nokuvela kwabanye abamele ama-sturgeons: umzimba uphakeme, ubanzi, uyindilinga. Umzimba we-beluga uncipha ubheke emsileni. Isikali sinombala ompunga. Isisu silula, sicishe sibe mhlophe, kungenzeka ukuthi ukubambeka okuphuzi kungenzeka.
I-Beluga ne-beluga akufanele kudideke: lokhu kokugcina kuwuhlobo lwemikhomo enezinwele. Phambilini, womabili la magama ayechaza isilwane esinyamazana, manje igama elithi “beluga” sisho inhlanzi, kanti elithi "beluga" lisho umkhomo.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Loluhlobo alunazo cishe izitha zemvelo. Amaqanda, nokho, angadla ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidlayo. Ezinye izinyamazane ezingaphansi kwamanzi nazo zibhubhisa izibungu kanye nefry. Ukukhula okusha kwalolu hlobo lwe-sturgeon kungadliwa yi-fry esekhulile yale nhlanzi enkulu eyizidlayo.
Kukhona isibalo esikhulu sezakhamizi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, okumelwa abameli bezinhlobo zamanzi amakhulu ahlanzekile we-sturgeon - kanti ama-beluga adla kulabo abancanyana. Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane, izihlobo ezincane, ama-mollusks, ama-crustaceans, ngisho ne-waterfowl. Kuvele imibiko lapho kutholakala izidumbu zamathole amancane esiswini sabantu ababanjiwe. Fry udla izibungu zesinambuzane, zooplankton.
Izinzuzo zenyama ye-beluga
Le nhlanzi inenyama elukhuni kunabanye abamele abomndeni we-sturgeon. Okuncane nokuqukethwe kwayo kwamafutha. Ngalesi sizathu, umkhiqizo ungasetjenziswa ekudleni. Amaprotheni aqukethwe kuwo adonswa kalula ngumzimba womuntu. Inamavithamini A, D, PP, E, C, iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, molybdenum, potasium, fluorine, sodium. Ukwakheka kwe-pulp kuhlanganisa nama-omega-3 fatty acids, ama-amino acid, kufaka phakathi abalulekile. Ubisi luyadliwa futhi: lungadliwa lusha noma ngesimo sokunameka.
I-Beluga ithenda emnyama caviar nayo iyasiza. Lo mkhiqizo obizayo uqukethe inani elikhulu lezakhi zomzimba. Kubhekwa njengento yobudlova.
Inyama yeBeluga akufanele idliwe izifo ezithathelwanayo, ukungezwani komzimba, izifo zezinso, isifo sikashukela, i-gastritis, i-edema. Kulezi zimo, kungalimaza umzimba.
Ukuzalanisa okwenziwe nge-Beluga
Ngenxa yokuncipha kwenani labantu, isimo sezinhlobo sesishintshile saba "sengozini". UBeluga kudala wabhalwa kuRebhu eBomvu ukuze avikeleke kubazingeli. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukudoba kukhawulelwe kakhulu; kwamanye amazwe kwenqatshelwe ukubamba laba bantu abangaphansi kwamanzi. Ukubuyisela ubuningi bezinhlobo, kunezinye izindlela futhi ezisetshenziswayo: abantu bazalanisa i-beluga ezimweni ezenziwe ngobuciko.
Ngosizo lokufakelwa kokufakelwa, i-hybrid ekwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo iye yavinjwa eDon naseVolga. Ukuyithola, i-beluga yayiwela ngesitaki. Abantu ababesebenza kabusha baphinde bafakwa eLwandle lwe-Azov. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindawo zokugcina zazakhiwe ngabantu.
Ukufuya okwenziwe ngengozi kuyabandakanyeka nakwamanye amapulazi asemanzini.
Amaqiniso Ahehayo
- Isisindo sokuhweba se-beluga siqala kumakhilogremu amahlanu, kepha inhlanzi enkulu ye-beluga ifinyelele kubude bamamitha ayi-7 futhi idlula isisindo sethani elilodwa nengxenye.
- Inhlanzi, ezokhula, izama ukuzitholela indawo ekahle, uma ingatholakali, kungenzeka ingavelisi nhlobo.
- Ukuqala ukuvela, i-beluga igqekeza phansi futhi ibekele amaqanda azungezwe inani elikhulu lezingodo nomhlanga.
- Geza amaqanda afinyelela esigidini, anconywe kakhulu ngababusi abavela emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukubukeka
IBeluga inkulu ngosayizi: isisindo sayo singalingana nethani elilodwa nengxenye, futhi ubude bayo bungaphezu kwamamitha amane. Abanye ofakazi bokuzibonela baze babona ama-belugas afinyelela kubude bamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye. Uma bonke lobu bufakazi obungenabufakazi buyiqiniso, khona-ke i-beluga ingabhekwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Unomzimba omningi futhi omkhulu.
Isigaxa sesimo se-beluga kanye nesimo saso sifana nengulube: isicubu saso, esifana nengulube, sifushane futhi sibuthuntu, nomlomo omkhulu, onobuhle, ohlala cishe yonke ingxenye engezansi yekhanda, uzungezwe yizindebe ezinde, unesimo esifana nesigaxa. Ama-beluga Fry kuphela anamazinyo, futhi ngisho nangemva kwesikhashana ayanyamalala. Izimpondo ezilengiswe phansi zisuka ezindebeni eziphakeme futhi zifike emlonyeni zithotshisiwe kancane phansi. Amehlo ale nhlanzi mancane futhi athambile, ukuze aqondiswe ikakhulu ngosizo lomqondo owakhiwe kahle wephunga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kusuka kwigama lesiLatini elithi Beluga (Huso huso) lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ingulube". Futhi, uma ubhekisisa, ungabona ngempela ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezimbili ziyafana ngokuthile futhi nangobungqabavu bazo.
Abesilisa nabesifazane be-beluga bahluke kakhulu ngokubonakala futhi kuwo womabili umzimba umbozwe ngezikali ezinkulu ngokulinganayo. Isikali sibukeka njengezimbumbulu futhi asizimbozi ndawo kwenye indawo. Lolu hlobo lwesikali lubizwa ngokuthi i-ganoid. I-Beluga inomgogodla onsundu, isisu silula.
Habitat, indawo yokuhlala
UBeluga uhlala oLwandle Olumnyama, e-Azov naseCaspian. Yize kuncane kakhulu, kuyenzeka naku-Adriatic. Igqekeza kuVolga, Don, Danube, Dnieper naseDniester. Kaningi, kepha ungahlangana naye ku-Urals, Kura noma Terek. Kukhona nethuba elincane kakhulu lokubona i-beluga ku-Upper Bug futhi ugu lwaseCrimea.
Kwakunesikhathi lapho iBeluga ihamba neVolga iya eTver, ngaphesheya kweDnieper kuya eKiev, ngasemfuleni i-Ural kuya e-Orenburg, kanye neKura kuya eTbilisi uqobo.Kepha okwesikhashana manje le nhlanzi ayikaze ithathwe ikhuphuke kangako. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-beluga ayikwazi ukukhuphuka ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwezitshalo ze-hydropower. Phambilini uvele emifuleni efana ne-Oka, Sheksna, Kama kanye neSura.
Ukudla kweBeluga
Fry elisanda kuzalwa, elinesisindo esingadluli kumagremu ayisikhombisa, lidla emapulankini omfula, kanye nezibungu zezimayamane, izimpukane zecaddis, i-caviar kanye nefry yezinye izinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi ukungadeleli nezinhlobo zazo ezihlobene ne-sturgeon. I-beluga ekhulile idla i-sturgeon encane ye-stellate ne-sturgeon. Ama-Belugs amancane ngokuvamile aboniswa yi-cannibalism. Njengoba iBelluga encane ikhula, ukudla kwayo nakho kuyashintsha.
Ngemuva kokufudlwa kweminwe kusuka emifuleni iye olwandle, idla ama-crustaceans, ama-mollusks kanye ne-trifles yezinhlanzi, njengama-gobies noma ama-sprats, kanye nefry ye-herring nama-cyprinids, aze abe neminyaka emibili. Lapho ifika eminyakeni emibili, ama-beluga aba izisulu. Manje cishe ama-98% wokudla kwabo okuphelele izinhlanzi. Izintandokazi zokudla kwaseBeluga ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini nezindawo zokudla. Olwandle, le nhlanzi idla unyaka wonke, yize ekuqaleni kwenkathi yamakhaza, idla okuncane. Ishiywe ebusika emifuleni, nayo iyaqhubeka nokudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukudla kwama-sturgeon amaningi amadala kuyizilwane ezincane ezihlala phansi, futhi ezikhulu kunazo zonke zazo - i-beluga ne-kaluga - zidla izinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwezimbangi zezinhlanzi, amanye ama-sturgeon ngisho nezimpawu zamanzi ezincane zingaba yizisulu zawo.
Kwatholakala esiswini senye ye-belugas ebanjiwe. Futhi enye insikazi yalolu hlobo yabamba i-carp emibili enkulu, okungaphezulu kokubhanqwa okungaphezulu kweshumi nambili nokubhula okuthathu. Futhi, i-pikeperch enkulu yaba inyamazane yayo ngaphambili, amathambo ayo atholakala esiswini konke kusuka ku-beluga efanayo.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-belugas amadala cishe awanazo izitha zemvelo. Kodwa amaqanda abo, kanye nezibungu kanye nefry ezihlala emifuleni, kudliwa izinhlanzi ezinamanzi amnyama.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokuxakayo, enye yezitha eziyinhloko zemvelo ye-beluga yile nhlanzi uqobo. Iqiniso ngukuthi i-beluga ikhule yafika ku-5-8 cm ngentokozo idla i-caviar yezihlobo zabo ezindaweni ezihlakazekile.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, inani le-beluga lase lehle kakhulu, futhi le nhlobo uqobo lwayo yathathwa njengeyisengozini futhi yabekwa ohlwini lweRussia ne-International Red Book.
Emvelweni yemvelo, ngenxa yenani elincane lezinhlobo zayo, i-beluga ingahlangana namanye ama-sturgeon ahlobene nayo. Futhi ngo-1952, ngemizamo yososayensi, i-hybrid yokufakelwa ye-beluga kanye ne-sterlet, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-bester, yavalwa. Kuyabiwa, njengomthetho, ezindlini zokugcina, ngoba emvelweni, lapho kutholakala ezinye izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, i-bester ayidedelwa ukuze kugcinwe imvelo yemvelo yezinye izinhlobo ihlanzekile.
I-Beluga yinhlanzi eyingqayizivele ehlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi iminyaka yayo ephezulu ingafinyelela amakhulu eminyaka. Ikwazi ukwanda amahlandla angaphezu kwesisodwa empilweni yayo, futhi ngemuva kokungena kalula olwandle. Ukuzala kwezinsikazi kuya ngosayizi wazo futhi kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela amaqanda angaba ngu-500,000.
Emvelweni, i-beluga, isithombe sayo esingabukwa ngezansi, siyisidalwa esizimele, noma kunjalo, singasebenza nge-sturgeon, i-sterlet, i-spike ne-stellate sturgeon. Ama-Sturgeon nzalo akhula kahle amapulazi akhethekile amachibi.
Ixhumene nale nhlanzi emangalisayo izinganekwane eziningi nezinganekwane . Isibonelo, abadobi basendulo bathi itshe laseBeluga livikela kakhulu umuntu esivunguvungwini ngenkathi ehamba olwandle futhi edonsela ekubambeni. Leli tshe, ngokusho kwabadobi, lingatholakala ezinsweni ze-beluga, futhi libukeka njengeqanda lezinkukhu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, umnikazi wayo wayengashintshanisa itshe nganoma yiziphi izimpahla ezibizayo. Basakholelwa kule ndaba, yize kungekho imininingwane eqondile ngokoqobo kwaleli tshe.
I-Beluga ihlukile kwamanye ama-sturgeon umlomo omkhulu omkhulu ngesimo se-crescent, njengoba kufakazelwa izithombe eziningi.Ubuye amadevu amfekethisiwe ezinhlangothini. Egejeni elingaphakathi kune-fold elakhiwe kusuka kulwelwesi oluhlanganiswe ndawonye.
Emuva kukhona izimbungulu, ezokuqala zazo zitholakala ekhanda futhi zinosayizi omncane uma uqhathaniswa nezinye. Kumadevu amade, kufakwa izengezo ezincane, ezahlukahlukene ngesimo, njengeqabunga.
Umzimba ulingene ngendlela emangalisayo, nekhala lifushane kakhulu, lapho kuqhathaniswa nengulube. Umzimba upendiwe emjondolo oyimpunga yomlotha, kanti isisu saso sikhanya kancane. Isisindo esiphezulu singaba cishe ngamakhilogremu ayi-1,500 ubude besiqu esingafika kumamitha ayisithupha.
I-Habitat kanye nokufuduka kwezinhlanzi
Ayikho indawo ethize ye-beluga ngoba ubhekwa njengodlulayo . Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi angenayo lapho izinhlanzi zingena khona zivela olwandle. Umuntu omkhulu uthola ukudla olwandle kuphela (Okumnyama, eCaspian nase-Azov). Muva nje, inani lezinhlanzi belilikhulu futhi nokudoba kwalo akuzange kume. Ukuqoqa i-caviar eyigugu, abesifazane babevame ukubanjwa.
OLwandle lweCaspian, i-beluga itholakala cishe yonke indawo, futhi ekusakazeni kwayo kubhukuda kwiVolga, Ural, Terek naseKura. Kwenzeka futhi ukuthi kusuka ngo-1961 kuya ku-1989, izinhlanzi zagwadla zaya ngisho naseVolgograd, lapho kwakhiwa khona indawo yokwakha izinhlanzi, izithombe ezindala zazo ezingabukwa kwi-Intanethi.
Beluga wabonwa eLwandle Olumnyama eduze nogu lwaseCrimea kulezo zindawo lapho kukhona i-hydrogen sulfide. Baningi abantu ababonwa eduzane naseZaporozhye naseDnepropetrovsk - isisindo sabo sasingamakhilogremu angama-300.
Ngabe udlani uBeluga?
Njengomthetho, inhlanzi enkulu idinga ukudla okuningi, futhi akukho ukudla okwanele kuyo emfuleni. Kungakho, eyofuna ukudla, uya olwandle. Le nhlanzi ihlala itholakala kwikholamu yamanzi kunoma yikuphi ukujula. Into esemqoka ukuthi kufanele kube nezidalwa ezanele ezilungele ukudla. KuLwandle Olumnyama, abantu bodwa bahlala ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-180, kanti oLwandle lweCaspian - kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-140. Abantu abasha basebenzisa ama-invertebrates avela phansi kolwandle njengokudla. Lapho nje iBolugat ifinyelela usayizi wamasentimitha ayishumi, baqala ukuzingela abafowethu abancane. Ungabona ukuthi inqubo yokudla kwabo komzimba iqhubeka kanjani esithombeni nakwividiyo ku-Intanethi.
Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke lezo ezidla izinhlanzi ezincane, njengokuthi:
- Ukuhamba kolwandle,
- I-Anchovy,
- I-herring,
- Abantu bomndeni we-carp.
Izindlela zokufuywa kwezinhlanzi
Abesilisa baseBeluga bavuthwa ngokugcwele kwezocansi beneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, nabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Inhlanzi, lapho isifinyelele ekukhuleni, ibhukuda isuka olwandle iye emizimbeni yamanzi angenamanzi ahlanzekile ngezinhloso zokuzalela. Kuya ngesikhathi lapho i-beluga ingena emfuleni, hlukanisa phakathi komjaho wasekwindla kanye nentwasahlobo:
- Intwasahlobo iwela umfula ukusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari futhi ilapho kuze kube uMeyi. Uqala ukuhluma ngoJuni,
- I-Autumn ingena endaweni yokugcina amanzi ngo-Agasti futhi ihlala lapho kuze kube nguDisemba. Njengomthetho, ugcwala emigodini ejulile yomfula, bese uqala ukuzala entwasahlobo.
Ukufakwa kwamaqanda ama-beluga kwenzeka ngendlela efanayo nakwezinye izinhlobo zamathambo - ngaphandle. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, abadobi babona inhlanzi iphuma emanzini, futhi abaningi bathwebula lokhu esithombeni. Ochwepheshe baphakamisa ukuthi wenza lokhu ukwenza lula ukukhishwa kwe-caviar. Inani lamaqanda liyahlukahluka esifundeni sezingcezu ezingama-200,000 - 8,000,000. Njengoba amaqanda anamathela, anamathela kahle ematsheni. Ekushiseni komoya okungama-degree angama-12,6-13,8, isikhathi sokufukelwa sihlala cishe izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili, lapho ukuthosa kushibilika ngokushesha nje bese kungena phakathi olwandle.
I-Beluga yinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke
Le nhlanzi eyingqayizivele ibanjiwe isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngakho-ke akuyona eyizeyabiza inkosi ngokuthi inhlanzi . Inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke ebanjiwe ingamamitha angama-4,17 ubude futhi inesisindo esingamathani ayi-1. Ivezwa emnyuziyamu weTatarstan. Labo abangenalo ithuba lokujabulela lesi "simangaliso" bukhoma bangabona izinhlanzi esithombeni.
Vele, le beluga ayiyona enkulu kunazo zonke, ngoba amacala okudoba umuntu ongamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye anesisindo esingamathani amabili.Namuhla akunakwenzeka ukubamba inhlanzi enkulu kangako, ngoba ijubane lokudoba kwayo ayivumeli i-beluga ukuthi ithole ngokushesha inqwaba enjalo.
Abahlukile Beluga inhlanzi
IBeluga - inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke zamanzi ahlanzekile, manje isengcupheni yokubhujiswa. Indoda imshaya ngokungemthetho nge-caviar ebalulekile, ishintsha izindlela ezijwayelekile zokusakaza, zichithe futhi zingcolise izindawo zokuhlala. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi okule, le Beluga iyingqayizivele ngempela. Kungani lokhu kunjalo, futhi iyiphi i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - funda ngakho esihlokweni.
Qopha abanikazi
Ezinye zezinhlobo wabanjwa kukhona amazing ngempela ngosayizi yabo. Abaningi babo banamarekhodi aqinisekisa usayizi wabo nesisindo. Ubani ongumpetha phakathi kwe-beluga:
- Kukhona nobufakazi Belugs nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani 2 nokufinyelela 9 m, kepha bodokotela,
- Ngo-1827, ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweVolga, kwabanjwa isigaxa esinesisindo esingamaphawundi angama-90 / 1.5m / 9 m ubude, ngokusho "Ucwaningo ngesimo sokudoba eRussia" kusuka ngo-1861,
NgoMeyi 11, 1922, kwabanjwa owesifazane onesisindo esilingana no-1224 kg oLwandle lweCaspian, kwatholakala kuwo amakhilogremu angu-146,5 kg, ikhanda lakhe linesisindo esingu-288 kg, kanye nomzimba wakhe - kwakungu-667 kg.
Beluga ubanjwe yoLwandle iCaspian ngawo lowo nyaka ngo-1924, 246 kg nezibiliboco atholakele kulo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ibellade engu-4,5 m ubude, enesisindo sethani, yavinjwa kwiVolga engezansi. Iminyaka yakhe yayibalelwa eminyakeni engama-60-70. Isilwane eyayigcwele manje egcinwe ku-National Museum yaseTatarstan Kazan,
Enye i-beluga egcwele, enesisindo esingu-966 kg futhi ikhula ibe ngu-4 m 20 cm, ivezwa emnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan Le nhlanzi yaphinde yabanjwa eVolga Delta ngo-1989, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngabazingeli. Ukuba amaqanda lakhishwa, bona ngokungaziwa kubika inyamazane abavelele kangaka. Kwakudingeka iloli lokuhambisa isidumbu. Iminyaka yakhe yayibalelwa eminyakeni engama-70-75.
Ekupheleni XIX - ekuqaleni XX eminyaka kukhona eziningi ubufakazi mayelana bamba izinhlanzi enesisindo 500-800 kg. Njengamanje, ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene ezimbi, iBeluga kuyaqabukela ifinyelela ngaphezu kwama-250 kg. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi wonke amabelegi amakhulu kunabesifazane. Beluga kwabesilisa zihlale mancane kakhulu kunalawo nabesifazane.
Muva nje, ukuhweba ngale nhlanzi akuvunyelwe, futhi kubhalwe kuNcwadi Ebomvu yezinhlobo ezisengozini. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, abazingeli abazingeli banciphisela yonke imigwaqo, ngoba intengo ye-beluga caviar emakethe yabamnyama eRussia ifinyelela ku- $ 600 ngekhilogremu, nakwamanye amazwe - $ 7000!
Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho lungaphezu iyingozi kakhulu kunokuba abantu izimboni ezidobayo, njengoba akusho acabangele noma seasonality noma ukongiwa labantu, futhi cishe esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu kungenziwa kohlobo nesiyingqayizivele aqothulwe ngokuphelele nenzalo ngeke ukwazi kuphela kusuka ubufakazi endaweni yokugcina.
Basho ukuthi le yinkosi-beluga. Futhi kwi-intanethi i-MEM entsha isivele iqhume ngokufana kwekati elidabukisayo ne-fox enenkani - inhlanzi edabukisayo. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani okunengi ngaye ...
Lesi iMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan we-Local Lore.
UMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan unama-beluga amarekhodi amabili - owodwa ngamamitha ama-4 (amancane kancane kunalawo uNicholas II awethula eMnyuziyamu waseKazan) futhi omkhulu kunayo yonke - amamitha ayi-6. the beluga ngobukhulu,-imitha eziyisithupha. Bambamba ngasikhathi sinye njengemitha eyimitha elilodwa, ngonyaka we-1989, abaPhoyisa babamba imbokodo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, amaqanda asesiswini, base bebiza imnyuziyamu bathi lapho bangayithatha khona "inhlanzi" enobukhulu beloli elikhulu.
Njengoba ikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200, ama-sturgeon - namuhla asondele ekuqothulweni. Esikhathini iDanube, esifundeni yeRomania futhi Bulgaria, omunye iphila zasendle Sturgeon imiphakathi eYurophu liye lasinda. I-Danube sturgeon ingenye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zohlelo lwezemvelo olunempilo. Iningi lazo lihlala oLwandle Olumnyama futhi lifudukela phezulu eDanube ukuze lisebenze. Athatha 6 metres ubude aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-100.
Ukudoba ngokungemthetho nokuqothulwa kwe-barbaric, ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-caviar, kungenye yezingozi ezinkulu ezisongela ama-sturgeon. Ukususa indawo kanye nezindlela eziphazamisayo zokufuduka kwe-sturgeon kungenye ingozi enkulu kulolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele. Njengoba wasungula Umhlaba + Nature Fund (WWF) iqhaza i-European Community, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) ubelokhu esebenza ku lezi zinkinga eminyakeni yamuva ngokusekelwa nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.
Thayipha Nomsuka
Izinhlobo ze-Sturgeon zifaka: i-beluga, i-sturate sturgeon, i-sturgeon, i-sterlet. Esimweni sefossil, ama-sturgeon aziwa kuphela kwi-Eocene (85.8-70.6 yezigidi zeminyaka edlule).Ngamagama we-zoogeographic, abamele ifosholo efana nefosholo, etholakala ngakolunye uhlangothi eCentral Asia nakwelinye eNyakatho Melika, bayathakazelisa kakhulu, okwenza sikwazi ukubona izinsalela zezilwane ezazikhona ngaphambili ezinhlotsheni zanamuhla zalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zasendulo. ISturgeon ingelinye lezinhlobo zasendulo nezinhle ezithandekayo. Bakhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200, futhi baphila lapho ama-dinosaurs akha umhlaba wethu. Ngokubonakala kwazo okungajwayelekile, ezingubeni zawo zamapuleti amathambo, asikhumbuza ngezikhathi zakudala, lapho kwakudingeka izikhali ezikhethekile noma ikhareji elinamandla ukuze siphile. Basinda ezinsukwini zethu, cishe ezingashintshiwe.
Maye, namuhla zonke izinhlobo ezikhona zama-sturgeon zisengozini noma zisengozini enkulu.
ISturgeon - inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke zamanzi amasha
Beluga Book of Amarekhodi
I-Beluga ayiyona kuphela enkulu kunazo zonke kuma-sturgeon, kodwa futhi nenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke ezibanjwe emanzini amasha. Kunezimo lapho bekukhona ama-sampling afinyelela kumamitha ayi-9 ubude futhi enesisindo esifinyelela ku-2000 kg. Namuhla, abantu abanesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-200 kuyaqabukela, ukuguquguquka ekulimaleni kube yingozi kakhulu
Ku "Ucwaningo ngesimo sokudoba eRussia," ngonyaka we-1861, kwabikwa nge-beluga eyabanjwa ngonyaka we-1827 eVolga ephansi, eyayinesisindo esingamathani ayi-1.5.
NgoMeyi 11, 1922, kwabanjwa owesimame enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-1224 oLwandle lweCaspian, ngasemlonyeni weVolga, ngamakhilogremu angama-667 awela emzimbeni wakhe, amakhilogremu angama-288 ekhanda ngalinye, namakhilogremu angama-146,5 nge-caviar (bheka isithombe). Kwaphinde kwabanjwa owesimame ofanayo, eLaspian Sea endaweni yeBiryuchaya Spit ngo-1924, kwakukhona amakhilogremu angama-246 we-caviar kuye, kanti isibalo samaqanda sasicishe sibe yizigidi eziyi-7.7.
Impumalanga encane, phambi komlomo we-Urals ngoMeyi 3, 1926, intokazi eneminyaka engu-75 ubudala yabanjwa inesisindo esingaphezu kwethani elilodwa namamitha angama-4,24 ubude, lapho kwakukhona amakhilogremu ayi-190 e-caviar. KuMnyuziyamu kaZwelonke weRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan eKazan, ubude obungamamitha angu-4,17, otholakala kwiVolga ephansi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, wethulwa. Isisindo sakhe ngesikhathi sokubanjwa kwakungamakhilogremu ayi-1000, iminyaka yezinhlanzi iyiminyaka engama-60-70.
Ngo-Okthoba 1891, lapho umoya weba amanzi eTaganrog Bay yoLwandle i-Azov, umlimi owayehamba ogwini olungenamanzi, wathola i-beluga kwelinye lamapulangwe, owadonsa ngamakhilogremu angama-327, kuwo ongamakhilogremu amathathu (49 kg) wawungumhlanga.
Onke ama-sturgeon athuthela amabanga amade ukuze anwebeke futhi afune ukudla. Abanye bafuduka phakathi kukasawoti namanzi amasha, kanti abanye - impilo yabo yonke baphila kuphela emanzini amasha. Zizalela emanzini amasha, futhi zibe nomjikelezo wokuphila isikhathi eside, njengoba zidinga iminyaka, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amashumi eminyaka, ukuze zifinyelele ekuvuthweni, lapho zizokwazi ukuzala okokuqala ngqa. Ngenkathi ukusatshalaliswa ngempumelelo kwonyaka kucishe kucatshangelwe, futhi kuye ngobubanzi obutholakalayo, indawo efanelekayo yamanje kanye namazinga okushisa, izindawo ezithile ezikhipha umdlandla, imvamisa nokufuduka kuyabikezelwa. Iziphambano zemvelo zinokwenzeka phakathi kwanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ze-sturgeon. Ngaphezu kwenkambo yasentwasahlobo emfuleni lapho iqhuma khona, kwesinye isikhathi i-sturgeon ingena emfuleni futhi ekwindla - ukulungiselela ubusika. Lezi zinhlanzi zigcinwa kakhulu phansi.
Ngendlela yokondla, i-beluga yisilwane esidla ezinye izinhlanzi, kepha futhi nama-mollusks, izibungu nezinambuzane. Kuqala ukwenqabela ngisho nefry emfuleni. Olwandle, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi (i-herring, i-tyulka, i-gobies, njll.), Kepha ayizinaki i-shellfish. Eziswini zeCaspian beluga kwatholakala nezimpawu (namawundlu) zophawu.
Beluga inakekela inzalo yayo
Beluga - inhlanzi ehlala isikhathi eside ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100. Ngokungafani ne-Pacific salmon efa ngemuva kokuhluma, ama-beluga, njengamanye ama-sturgeon, angabonakala kaningi ezimpilweni zawo. Ngemuva kokusaphaza, ibuyela olwandle. Abesilisa baseCaspian be-beluga bafinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engu-13-18, kanti abesifazane bangu-16-27 (ikakhulukazi baneminyaka engama-22-27). Ukuzala kwe-beluga, ngokuya ngosayizi sowesifazane, kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-500.kufinyelela esigidini esisodwa (ezimeni ezihlukile, kuze kufinyelele kwizigidi ezingama-5) amaqanda.
Emvelweni, i-beluga yizinhlobo ezizimele, kepha ingakwazi ukwenza inzalo nge-sterlet, stellate sturgeon, spike kanye ne-sturgeon. Ngosizo lokufakelwa kokufakelwa, kwatholakala inzalo esebenzayo - i-beluga-sterlet (bester) -. Ama-Sturgeon nzalo akhule ngempumelelo emapulazini echibini (e-seacac).
I-Beluga ihlotshaniswa nezinganekwane nezinsumansumane eziningi. Isibonelo, ezikhathini zasendulo, abadobi babekhuluma ngetshe elifile eliyisimangaliso, elingephilisa umuntu kunoma yisiphi isifo, elivikele ebangeni lesiphithiphithi, lisindise umkhumbi esivunguvungwini futhi lihehe ukubanjwa okuhle.
Abadobi babekholelwa ukuthi leli tshe lingatholakala ezinsweni ze-beluga enkulu, futhi ubukhulu balo bunjengeqanda lezinkukhu - isicaba nokugoqa okumi ngomumo. Umnikazi wetshe elinjalo angalishintshisa ngomkhiqizo obiza kakhulu, kodwa namanje akukacaci - ngempela kwakukhona amatshe anjalo, noma izingcweti zibathole. Ngisho nanamuhla, abanye abasiki bengqephu bayaqhubeka bekukholelwa lokhu.
Enye inganekwane ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye yazungeza i-beluga nge-halo esabekayo - ubuthi be-beluga. Abanye babheka ubuthi isibindi senhlanzi encane noma inyama ye-beluga, engahlanya njengekati noma inja, ngenxa yalokho inyama yayo yaba nobuthi. Abukho ubufakazi balokhu abutholile.
Beluga licishe lishabalale manje. Hhayi isilo esikhulukazi salolu hlobo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezedlule nezamanje ze-sturgeon
Ukwanda kwabo kukhawulelwe endaweni esenyakatho, lapho bahlala khona imifula nolwandle eYurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.
Ngaphandle kokuthi emhlabeni wonke kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 ezihlukile ze-sturgeon, ezinezidingo ezihlukile ezimweni zokuphilayo kanye nezemvelo, zonke zinezici ezifanayo.
Kudlula izinhlanzi, ezihlala eCaspian, Azov naseBlack Seas, zingena imifula ukuze zidlule. Phambilini, i-beluga yayiminingi, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amasheya ayo aba mpofu kakhulu.
IDanube kanye nolwandle olumnyama ngasikhathi sinye sasiyisifunda esisebenza kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-beluga - kufika ezinhlotsheni ezi-6. Njengamanje, enye yezinhlobo isilahlekile ngokuphelele, kanti ezinhlanu ezisele zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
KuLwandle lweCaspian, i-beluga inobuhlakani obukhulu. Ukuze uqhume, ingena ikakhulu kwiVolga, ngamanani amancane kakhulu - e-Urals naseKura, kanye naseTerek. U-Amur sturgeon uhlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Cishe zonke iziqiwi eziseRussia zilungele indawo yokuhlala kwe-sturgeon. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ngisho nababulali babanjwa eNeva.
Ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nemakethe emnyama ye-caviar
Ukudoba ngokweqile - ngasikhathi sinye kwezomthetho, futhi manje akukho emthethweni - kungenye yezinsongo eziqondile ekusindeni kwe-stanugeon yaseDanube. Ngenxa yomjikelezo wabo wokuphila isikhathi eside nokuvuthwa sekwephuzile, ama-sturgeon asengozini enkulu yokubamba ngokweqile, esizweni sakhe sithatha iminyaka eminingi ukululama.
Ngo-2006, iRomania kwaba yizwe lakuqala ukumemezela ukuvinjwa kokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon. Ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka eyishumi kuzophelelwa yisikhathi ekupheleni kuka-2015. Ngemuva kwesikhalazo se-EU, iBulgaria iphinde yamemezela ukuvalwa kwezokudotshwa kwama-sturgeon Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, ukuzingela kubukeka sengathi kusabanzi kuso sonke isifunda saseDanube, yize kunzima impela ukuthola amaqiniso athile okudoba ngokungemthetho. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imakethe ye-caviar emnyama iyanda. Isizathu esisodwa sokudoba ngokweqile yintengo ephezulu ye-caviar. I-caviar evunwe ngokungemthetho eBulgaria naseRomania nayo ingathengwa nakwamanye amazwe e-EU. Ngenxa yokucwaninga kokuqala kwezimakethe ze-caviar ezimnyama okwenziwe eBulgaria naseRomania ngonyaka ka-2011/2002, ochwepheshe abavela kwiWorld Wide Fund for Nature bakwazile ukulandelela ukwabiwa kwezimpahla ezithungisiwe eYurophu.
UDanube Beluga, ubudala obufanayo nama-dinosaurs
I-Iron Gate Dam iphazamise imizila yokufuduka
Ukufuduka kokuhlwaywa kungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomjikelezo wempilo yemvelo yazo zonke izinhlansi eDanube. Esikhathini esedlule, i-beluga yenyukela emfuleni yaya eSerbia, futhi esikhathini esedlule yaze yafika ePassau empumalanga yeBavaria, kepha manje indlela yayo isavinjelwe ngokwenziwe maphakathi neDanube maphakathi.
Itholakala ngaphansi kweSango le-Iron, eJardap Gorge emincane, phakathi kweRomania neSerbia, iHydroelectric Power Station kanye ne-Iron Gate Reservoir yizona ezinkulu kunazo zonke kulo lonke elaseDanube. Kwakhiwa isiteshi samandla kagesi kumakhilomitha angama-942 nama-863 omfula ongaphezulu kweDanube Delta. Njengomphumela, ngokukhawulela indlela yokufuduka kwezinhlanzi ezi-sturgeon ukuya kumakhilomitha angama-863, nokusika ngokuphelele indawo ebaluleke kakhulu ese-Danube maphakathi. Njengomphumela, abakwa-sturgeon bavaleleke ekunwebeni komfula phambi kwedamu, futhi manje abasakwazi ukuqhubeka nendlela yabo yemvelo, yeminyaka eyikhulu, ababeyijwayele, eya endaweni yokuqhuma. Kukhiywe ezimeni ezinjalo ezingezona ezemvelo, inani labantu abanjenge-sturgeon libona imiphumela emibi yokuzalanisa futhi ilahlekelwe ukwahlukahluka kofuzo.
Ibanga leBeluga eDanube lilahlekile
Ama-Sturgeons abucayi kakhulu ezilingweni ezibanga. Lezi zinguquko zithinta ngokushesha ukuqhekeka, ubusika, amandla okufuna ukondleka kahle, futhi ekugcineni kuholele ekushabalaleni kohlobo. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-sturgeon zivele emaphethelweni amatshe ahlanzekile eDanube engezansi, lapho zibeka khona amasende awo ngaphambi kokuba zibuyele oLwandle Olumnyama. Ukusakazeka okuphumelelayo kufanele kwenziwe ekujuleni okukhulu ngokushisa okungenani kwama-degree angu-9-15.
Inani labantu base-sturgeon bathinteka kancanyana ngokulahleka kwangempela nokuhambelana nale hlobo lwendawo yokwabiwa kwezinhlanzi eDanube. Ukuqinisa amabhange nokuhlukanisa umfula emiseleni, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezinamandla ezivikela ezikhukhuleni, kunciphise izikhukhula zemvelo kanye namaxhaphozi okuyingxenye yohlelo lomfula ngo-80%. Ukuzulazula nakho kungenye yezinsongo ezibucayi kuhlu lwe-sturgeon, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlanganisa ukujula nomsebenzi wokumba emfuleni. Ukudonswa kwesihlabathi nogwebu, ushintsho lomhlabathi olwenziwe yingxenye engaphansi kwamanzi yomkhumbi nalo lunethonya elonakalisayo kubantu be-sturgeon eDanube.
Usongo lokuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi zaseDanube sturgeon zikhulu kangangokuba uma ungathathi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo nezinhle, khona-ke ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka le nhlanzi yesiliva ebabazekayo ingabonakala kuphela eminyuziyamu. Kungakho i-International Commission for the Protection of Danube, kanye neWorld Wide Fund for Natural ne-European Commission, njengengxenye ye-European Community Strategy for the Danube Region, yenza amaphrojekthi amaningana kanye nezifundo zomhlaba wonke ngenhloso yokuqhamuka nezindlela zokusindisa izinyathelo zeDanube beluga.
IBeluga yinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke yomndeni wama-sturgeon, ehlala olwandle lweCaspian, iBlack ne-Azov futhi ubiza ukuthi kusatshalaliswe emifuleni eseduze. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, angaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ngokungafani nezihlobo zakhe zasePacific, akafanga ngemuva kokuhluma. Ngokunjalo-ke, bekulokhu kukhula sonke lesi sikhathi, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi wonke umuntu uzoba nentshisekelo yokwazi ukuthi yiluphi usayizi we-beluga omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni oye wafinyelela.
I-beluga enkulu kakhulu ingeyowesifazane, ngoba owesilisa cishe acishe kabili kathathu. Inhlanzi ifinyelela ekukhuleni isuka eminyakeni eyi-16, kodwa imvamisa ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20. I-caviar emnyama yakha cishe ama-20% omzimba wonke futhi iqukethe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500 (ngobukhulu - izigidi ezingama-5-7). Futhi ukusatshalaliswa akwenzeki ngasikhathi sinye, kepha ngokuhamba kwezinyanga ezintathu zasentwasahlobo. Kungakho i-beluga ihlala yamukeleka kubazingeli be-caviar - ayikhokhela.
Manje le nhlanzi ibhalwe ku-Red Book ngenxa yenani layo - i-caviar emnyama, ubumnandi obuphambili. Ngeke uyithole ekuthengisweni okusemthethweni, kepha emakethe yabamnyama eRussia, ikhilogremu yezindleko ze-caviar kusuka ku- $ 600, nakwamanye amazwe - kusuka ku- $ 7,000.
Noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu, ama-90% amaqanda awakhuli kubantu abadala. Futhi, abantu ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule "banakekela" ukuthi kwezinye imifula i-beluga inyamalale ngokuphelele (ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwamadamu eDnieper, yakhuphukela eZaporozhye futhi ezinye izinkomba zabanjwa ngisho naseKiev) manje isimo sesidabukisa yonke indawo.Kepha i-beluga bekulokhu kuyinkomba yempilo yemvelo.
Abazingeli kanye neziteshi zamandla kagesi awavumeli izinhlanzi ukuba zikhule, futhi umuntu omkhulu kakhulu owabanjwa eminyakeni engu-50 edlule kwakuyinhlanzi enesisindo esingu-800 kg ngo-1970 no-960 kg ngo-1989. I-scarecrow, eyokugcina engu-4.2 m ubude futhi icishe ibe nama-70 ubudala, manje igcinwa eMnyuziyamu wase-Astrakhan. Lezi zinhlanzi zabanjwa ngabazingeli, i-caviar gutar kanye nocingo olungaziwa zaziswa ngale ndondo, eyayidinga iloli ukuyithutha. Kuze kube manje, i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni nevidiyo ngalokhu ongayithola ku-YouTube, lapho bakhombisa ikhophi enesisindo esingama-500 kg.
Incwadi ethi “Research on Fisheries in Russia” ibika ukuthi i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke eyabanjwa eVolga yayingamamitha ayi-9 ubude futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1,440. Umuntu onjalo uthi yiyona nhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke enamanzi amnandi Emhlabeni, kuyadabukisa ukuthi isithombe se-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke asigcinwanga ukuqinisekisa irekhodi, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1827.
Ngo-1922 nango-1924, izinhlanzi ezifanayo zabanjwa eduze komlomo weVolga naseCaspian - amakhilogremu angama-75 lilinye (ama-1224 kg), lapho cishe isisindo esingu-700 kg somzimba, ama-300 kg ekhanda, nakwezinye ezinye - i-caviar. I-National Museum of Kazan igcina inhlanzi enamamitha amane ebanjwe kwiVolga engezansi. Iminyaka yakhe iyiminyaka engama-60-70.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-beluga enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yiyona eyabanjwa futhi yaqoshwa ngokusemthethweni. Kepha abadobi bahlangana nezinhlobo zabo ezazingenalo igiya namandla, futhi bafa ngokuphepha phakathi kwabo, okwenza kwaba nezinganekwane eziningi ngezilo zasemfuleni. Yikuphi, okuyindlela, enazo zonke izizathu, ngoba esiswini sabahlaseli ababanjiwe baseCaspian kaningana lapho bethole ama-seal pups (ubude - kusuka kumitha) ..