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Imikhomo enamazinyo
Killer whale ( Orcinus orca )
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi

Umbuso:

Eumetazoi

I-infraclass:

I-Placental

Ingqalasizinda:

AmaCetaceans

I-Parvotryad:

Imikhomo enamazinyo

Igama lesayensi yamazwe omhlaba

Ama-dolphin we-Ganges (Platanistidae)
UDolphin (Delphinidae)
I-Narwhal (Monodontidae)
I-Inii (Iniidae)
Sperm Whale (Physeteridae)
I-Dwarf Sperm Whales (Kogiidae)
Imilomo (Ziphiidae)
Ama-dolphin e-Laplat (Pontoporiidae)
Porpoises (Phocoenidae)
UMfula Dolphins (Lipotidae)

Imikhomo yezinyo (lat. Odontoceti) - enye yamaphara amabili wesimanje we-cetacean. Ngokungafani nemikhomo ye-baleen, imihlathi yayo inamazinyo. Imikhomo enamazinyo iyizimfino futhi idla kakhulu izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopods kanti kwezinye izikhathi, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle.

I-Anatomy

Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo ngosayizi (ubude bomzimba ukusuka ku-1,2 m kuya ku-20 m) iphansi kakhulu kune-baleen (toothless) imikhomo. Umkhomo wodwa wesidoda kuphela ongaziqhathanisa nawo ngobukhulu bawo. Izinhlobo ezisele zibhekwa njengemikhomo emincane noma ephakathi. Omunye umehluko ukuthi emikhomeni enezinyawo kukhona kuphela okuvulwa kwamakhala okuvulwa okhakhayini lwekhanda. Umhlathi ophansi mfushane kunogebhezi futhi ungaphandle lwenhlama. Ukuzwa, ukusayina umsindo kanye nesitho sezwi elihlotshaniswa nomsele wamanxeba kukhule kahle.

Amazinyo kwezinye izinhlobo athuthukiswa aba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Iningi lazo linokuningi impela, ngokwesibonelo, cishe eziyikhulu, njengamahlengethwa athile, kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, ezinamazinyo ayi-1 kuye kwangama-240. Ku-narwhal, nokho, uhlelo lwamazinyo lunezimbumbulu ezimbili kuphela, kuthi ezingakwesobunxele zikhule zibe umchilo, osuka ngokuqondile kusukela emhlathini. Kuma-narwhals amancane, ngaphezu kwe-incisors, kuqhamuka amazinyo amancane amabili angaphambili nomshini munye phezulu, kepha ayaphela isikhathi. Akukaze kube namazinyo emhlathini ophansi.

Cishe abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abanobuthi, izindebe, amazinyo anokwakheka okungajwayelekile.

Ukuziphatha

Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo ibhukuda enhle kakhulu futhi esheshayo. Izinhlobo ezincane ezincane kwesinye isikhathi zibhukuda eceleni kwamagagasi futhi zithanda ukuhamba nemikhumbi. Ikakhulu kaningi kule ndima kunamahlengethwa aziwa ngokweqa kwawo kwe-acrobatic. Emikhawini enamanzi, amasignali anomsindo abamba iqhaza elikhulu kwezokuxhumana. Ngaphezu kwezimpempe eziningi ezisebenza ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, imikhomo enamazinyo ikhipha imisindo yokuvama kwe-ultrasonic esebenza njenge-sonar. Lapho ukuzingela, lo mqondo wesithupha ubaluleke kakhulu kubo. Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo ihlala emaqenjini ezilwane ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kuya kweziyishumi nambili. La maqembu, nawo angahlangana isikhashana namanye amaqembu futhi adale imihlambi yezinkulungwane eziningana. Imikhomo enamazinyo iyakwazi ukuhlangana nobunzima bezenhlalo kanye nezimpumelelo. Lapho bezingela izikole zezinhlanzi, bakhombisa ukubambisana okuthuthuke kakhulu. Ekuthunjweni, ezinye izinhlobo zikhombisa amandla amangalisayo nokuzimisela ukufunda, yingakho izazi zezilwane eziningi zibabheka njengenye yezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Imikhomo enezinhlungu ihlukaniswe yimindeni elandelayo:

Kunezinhlelo eziningana lapho imindeni yemikhomo enezinhlanganisela ihlanganiswa khona ukuze ibe yimindeni ephezulu kakhulu. Kuliqiniso elingenakuphikwa ukuthi amahlengethwa, ama-porpoises nama-narwhals ahlobene kakhulu. Kwezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yizingwevu ezinhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlangana kweLaplacian, i-lacustrine, ama-dolphin aseGangan kanye nokungena kuma-dolphin asemfuleni akulungile. Yize abamele yonke le mindeni behlala emanzini amasha, basukuma bakhula ngokuzimela omunye komunye. Isidoda imikhomo nemilomo imindeni yakudala kakhulu yemikhomo enezinwele futhi ayisiyisihlobo esiseduze komunye umndeni.

I-Toothy whales ekuqaleni ibibhekwa njengesijobelelo esizimele sokuqothula i-cetacean, kepha izifundo ezengeziwe zikhombisile ukuthi ama-cetaceans avela ku-artiodactyls futhi, ngakho-ke, kufanele afakwe kumyalelo we-artiodactyl, noma-ke lokhu kuchithwa kufanele kuqashelwe njenge-paraphyletic futhi, ngenxa yalokho, akwamukeleki. Kulokhu, abakwa-cetaceans babelwa ukugcotshwa okwenziwe insimbi yezinsimbi njenge-infraorder, ngaleyo ndlela belahlekelwe yisimo sokuzikhulula esizimele, futhi izindawo ezingaphansi kwe-cetacean zahlelwa kabusha zaba amaqembu e-parietal.

Izinhlobo zezinso zomkhomo

Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo iphansi kakhulu ngosayizi kuya ku-toothless whales. Umkhomo wodwa wesidoda ungaziqhathanisa nabo ngobukhulu bawo. Izinhlobo ezisele zibhekwa njengemikhomo emincane noma ephakathi. Omunye umehluko ukuthi imikhomo enezinwele inamakhala munye kuphela.

Amazinyo kwezinye izinhlobo athuthukiswa aba ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Iningi lazo linokuningi, ngokwesibonelo, cishe eziyikhulu, njengamahlengethwa athile. Ku-narwhal, nokho, uhlelo lwamazinyo lunezimbumbulu ezimbili kuphela, okuthi kwesobunxele kukhule kube isicucu, esukela ngokuqondile kusukela emhlathini. Kuma-narwhals amancane, ngaphezu kwe-incisors, kuqhamuka amazinyo amancane amabili angaphambili nomshini munye phezulu, kepha ayaphela isikhathi. Akukaze kube namazinyo emhlathini ophansi.

Cishe abesilisa abesilisa nabesifazane abanobuthi, izindebe, amazinyo anokwakheka okungajwayelekile.

Ukuziphatha

Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo ibhukuda enhle kakhulu futhi esheshayo. Izinhlobo ezincane ezincane kwesinye isikhathi zibhukuda eceleni kwamagagasi futhi zithanda ukuhamba nemikhumbi. Ikakhulu kaningi kule ndima kunamahlengethwa aziwa ngokweqa kwawo kwe-acrobatic. Phakathi kwemikhomo enezinwele, amasignali omsindo abamba iqhaza elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwezimpempe eziningi ezisebenzela ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu, imikhomo enezinwele inamafrikhwensi e-ultrasonic abasiza endimeni yobunyoni. Ikakhulu uma ukuzingela, lo mqondo wesithupha ubaluleke kakhulu kubo. Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo ihlala emaqenjini asukela ezilwaneni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kuya kweziliqela. Lawa maqembu, nawo angahlangana isikhashana namanye amaqembu futhi adale imihlambi yemikhomo eyizinkulungwane eziningana. Imikhomo enamazinyo iyakwazi ukuhlangana nobunzima bezenhlalo kanye nezimpumelelo. Lapho bezingela izikole zezinhlanzi, bakhombisa ukubambisana okuthuthuke kakhulu. Ekuthunjweni, ezinye izinhlobo zikhombisa amandla amangalisayo nokuzimisela ukufunda, yingakho izazi zezilwane eziningi zibabheka njengenye yezilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu.

Umnotho

Imikhomo enezinhlungu ihlukaniswe yimindeni elandelayo:

Baleen imikhomo

Imikhomo yeBaleen ihlukaniswe yaba yimindeni emine:

Imivimbo engu-1 ( Balaenopteridae )
Ama-2nd Smooth Whales ( Balaenidae
Owesithathu Ompunga Ompunga ( Eschrichtiidae )
I-4th Dwarf Whales ( Neobalaenidae )

Ngenxa yesakhiwo esithile semishini yemihlathi, imikhomo ye-baleen ayikwazi ukudla ezilwaneni ezinkulu. Umphimbo wabo umncane kakhulu. Amasentimitha ambalwa nje ububanzi. Futhi ziginya ukudla ngaphandle kokuhlafuna. Njengoba engenamazinyo.

Emhlathini ongenhla wemikhomo ye-baleen kusuka ku-360 kuya ku-800 amapuleti amade amnyama. Ubude bamapuleti bungasukela ku-20 kuye ku-450 amasentimitha. Impela, ubude buxhomeke ezinhlotsheni, futhi ngenxa yalokho usayizi womkhomo uqobo. Lawa marekhodi abizwa nge- "whalebone." Zitholakala zilandelana ngemuva kwezinsini. Ibanga ukusuka kwelinye kuya kwelinye amasentimitha angama-0.3-1.2. Unqenqema lwangaphakathi nangaphezulu kwepuleti ngalinye lihlukaniswe ama-bristles amancanyana amade. Ama-bristles akha isihlungi. Ngosizo lwayo, i-baleen whales lemifanekiso ye-plankton ephuma emanzini. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane ezincane nezidalwa zezitshalo ezintanta ngokukhululekile emanzini olwandle. Amafutha kanye nezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene nazo zingabanjwa. Ukudla okuthandayo kwama-will we-krill whale ama-crankaceans ahlukahlukene e-plankton.

Ukunyakaza kokuhamba komkhomo

Imikhomo ibhukuda ikakhulukazi ngokwenza ukunyakaza okuqondile ngomsila, futhi ngenxa yamaphinifa we-pectoral, aguqula indlela yokuhamba futhi alondoloze ukulinganisela. Amahlengethwa ashesha kakhulu angabhukuda. Ama-Sperm whales angabhukuda ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angama-37 ngehora, imikhomo ebulala umuntu ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angama-55 ngehora, namahlengethwa asheshayo - amakhilomitha angama-70 ngehora.

Imikhomo eminingi yezinyo inamazinyo amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, amanye amahlengethwa angaba likhulu.

Kunezici eziningana ngenxa yokuthi imikhomo eyezinyawo zibhukuda ngejubane eliphakeme kangaka.

Isikhumba sabo sibushelelezi kahle, ngenxa yokuthi ukumelana kuncipha futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bahambe kalula kwikholamu yamanzi. Imicu emincane ihamba emzimbeni wonke isuka ekhanda iye emsileni, nayo enciphisa ukungqubuzana, njengoba amanzi egobhoza emzimbeni womkhomo. Isikhumba semikhomo enezinwele sinomphandla, ngakho-ke sivumelana nezimo lapho sicindezelwa amanzi. Ezinye izimfundiso zikholelwa ukuthi ungqimba olungaphezulu lwamazinyo wemikhomo enamachaphazelo lukhula njalo, lusula, lwenza “okugcobisayo” okwenza ukungqubuzana kwamanzi kube ngaphansi.

Iningi lemikhomo enamachaphazelo inombono omuhle kakhulu, obasiza ukuba babone ngaphansi kwamanzi nangaphezulu kwamanzi, kepha, nokho, baqondiswa ikakhulu yi-echolocation. Ama-whales athumela uchungechunge lwezimpawu zomsindo futhi abone ukukhombisa kwawo.

Imikhomo enamazinyo iyaxhumana isebenzisa i-echolocation.

Ngenxa yalokhu, bathola inyamazane, banqume usayizi wayo, ijubane futhi bangakwazi ukwenza ukuhlaselwa ngokunembile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-echolocation ivimbela imikhomo ukuthi ihlangabezane nezingqinamba ezingaphansi kwamanzi, ezisetshenziswa ama-dolphin asemfuleni ahlala emanzini anezinkinga.

Ngokuqondene nokubona kwamahlengethwa omfula, ezinhlotsheni eziningi kuyimbudane.

Isici esiyingqayizivele semikhomo yomgogodla ubukhona bekhanda lomcamelo omkhulu wamafutha, ngaphakathi kukhona okukhona okubizwa ngokuthi yi-spermaceti. Isisindo sale nto sifinyelela kumathani amaningana. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-spermacet iyaqhuma, futhi ivolumu yayo iba yincane. Akukacaci kahle ukuthi kungani imikhomo yesidoda idinga imikhomo yesidoda.

Ekhanda lama-sperm whales kukhona umcamelo omkhulu wamafutha lapho kufakwa khona lesi okuthiwa ispermaceti bag.

Mhlawumbe ithuthukisa imisindo eqondisiwe neyakhutshwayo. Mhlawumbe kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ucwilisa isilwane ekujuleni. Lapho isidoda somkhomo sishona phansi ekujuleni okukhulu futhi sibambe isikhathi esingaba ihora, umoya-mpilo ugcinwa endaweni yespermaceti, ukuvikela isidalo somkhaza ekukhuleni kwesifo esiwohloka. Futhi kunenguqulo yokuthi le nto ilawula inqubo yokuntywiliselwa komgogodla. Lapho i-spermaceti ifudumala, isilwane siyakhuphuka, kuthi lapho esepholile, isikhumba somkhomo sicwile.

Ukudla kwamazinyo whale

Yonke imikhomo enezinwele ingabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Ukudla kwabo kuvame ukuqukethe ama-cephalopods nezinhlanzi.

Imikhomo yokubulala eyingozi ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-10. Yibona bodwa abamele ama-cetaceans abamba izilwane zasolwandle ezinegazi elifudumele, ngokwesibonelo, izihlambi namabhubesi olwandle. Bazingela emaphaketheni. Azihlaseli nje kuphela inhlanzi, igobolondo, izimfudu, ama-penguin, kodwa namanye ama-cetaceans, ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Amahlengethwa azingela emaphaketheni.

Imikhomo yeKiller ingabazingeli abahlakaniphile; ingaphenduka i-ice floes ngama-penguin ukuyiphonsa emanzini bese ibabamba lapho kudideka. Lapho bezingela amabhubesi olwandle emanzini aseningizimu yeArgentina, imikhomo ebulala abantu isebenzisa amaqhubu. Bayakwazi nokujaha izisulu emanzini angajulile.

Amahlengethwa nawo avame ukuzingela emaphaketheni. Azungeze izikole zezinhlanzi futhi aziphakamisela phezulu, futhi lapho abantu abathile bezama ukucasha ezindaweni ezijulile, amahlengethwa abamba futhi adle.

Ukudla Kwama-Sperm Whale

Izindlela zokondla imikhomo enezinyawo zingamelwa yisibonelo somkhomo wesidoda. Isidoda whale sidinga inani elikhulu lokudla. Ngakho-ke, uchitha isikhathi esiningi efuna inyamazane. I-Sperm whale ihamba eduze kwamanzi olwandle, ngezikhathi ezithile kwenza i-dive. Itholakala ekujuleni okungaphezu kwehora. Lapho-ke iyavela ukuze ithole umoya omusha ungene emaphashini. Futhi uphumule isikhathi eside ebusweni.

Uthola umhlambi wama-squid, uyamsukela. Kuyi-dive elandelayo, iginya inani elikhulu le-shellfish, ilihlwitha ngaphandle kwephakethe. Lapho usuthisa, imikhomo ye-sperm ingasebenza emaqenjini ahlelwe kahle abantu abayishumi, abangamashumi amabili. Bahlangana ama-squid bebonke babe yiqembu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ama-sperm whales abonisa izinga eliphakeme lokuxhumana.

Ukuzalaniswa kwamazinyo whale

Imikhomo enezinhlungu ihlala emihlambini yezinkomo. Ukuhlangana kwezinsikazi nabesilisa, njengomthetho, kwenzeka nabalingani abaningana. Isibonelo, emhlanjini wesidoda semikhomo, owesilisa oyinhloko avundisa izinsikazi eziningana. Imikhomo yendoda enamachashazi avame ukulwa bodwa, ngenkathi ilimaza kakhulu abaphikisi bayo ngamazinyo abukhali.

Isikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngokuya ngezinhlobo ze-cetacean, zingahlala izinyanga eziyi-10-16.

Bonke abantu besifazane baletha ingane eyodwa kuphela. Amakhebuli azalwa umsila kuqala. Imvamisa makhulu kakhulu, ubude bomzimba wosana olusanda kuzalwa bungaba yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba womama.

AmaCetaceans awanazindebe, ngakho-ke, amawundlu awakwazi ukuncela ubisi. Ingono iphuma emphethweni wesikhumba lapho ifihla khona, kanti nobisi lufakwa ngqo emlonyeni wengane. Ebisini lwawo wonke ama-cetaceans, iphesenti eliphakeme kakhulu lamafutha, ngenxa yalokhu, amawundlu akhula cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Iningi lemikhomo enamazinyo londla izingane ngobisi izinyanga ezi-4, kepha ukugaya kuyinto eyehlukile, zondla amawundlu iminyaka eminingana.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Uhlelo lokuphefumula

Ukwakheka kohlelo lokuphefumula kwemikhomo enamazinyo

Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

I-Killer whale (i-Orcinus orca)

Ukudla

Zonke “izinhlanzi” zingabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Ukudla kwalezi carnivores ikakhulukazi kuqukethe izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopods nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Iningi le-toothy whales lingaziqhayisa inani elikhulu lamazinyo; kwamanye amahlengethwa, inani lawo lingafinyelela ikhulu. I-Orcas efinyelela kumamitha ayi-10 ubude yibona bodwa abameleli be-cetaceans abazingela izilwane zasolwandle ezinempilo efudumele ezinjengezimpawu zamanzi zasolwandle, kanye nemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

I-Heaviside Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii)

[hlela] Umsuka

Imikhomo enamazinyo yaqhamuka ezincelisayo ezinemilenze emine ezazizulazula emanzini angajulile emifuleni emikhulu eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu edlule. Kancane kancane, izilwane zaqala ukuchitha isikhathi esengeziwe emanzini. Amakhala walezi zilwane athuthela emqheleni wekhanda, izitho zomzimba wasemuva zancishiswa, kanti ezingaphambili zajika zaba ngaphendle. Umsila uphenduke inhlawulo.

EPeru, kwatholakala i-prehistoric whale-leviathan. Ososayensi baqagela ukuba khona kwalesi silwane ngaphambilini emafosheni owodwa, noma kunalokho, ngamazinyo amakhulu. Izinsalela zomkhomo omkhulu wesidoda zibhalwe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12 kuya kwezi-13. Isilwane singokwesizukulwane esisha nohlobo, manje olusenyama, futhi sibizwa ngeLeviyatani melvillei.

[hlela] Ukubukeka

Isizinda sihlanganisa izilwane ikakhulu ngosayizi omncane naphakathi. Okuwukuphela kokuphela kwemikhomo yesidoda yowesilisa, ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-16-18 m. Iningi labamele isizinda esingaphansi lincane, ubude bawo ngokuvamile abudluli ku-4.5 m. Akukho zinwele ekhanda. Umlomo nolimi lincane.

Umzimba wemikhomo enamachashazi uvame ukuba mnyama ngenhla futhi ukhanye ngezansi, ubenze bangabonakali kangako emanzini. Uma ubheka umkhomo ovela ngezansi, isisu saso esikhanyayo sihlangana nokukhanya kwelanga phezu kwamanzi. Uma ubukwa usuka phezulu, emuva emnyama kwesilwane kuyahlangana nobumnyama bokujula.

[hlela] Ukuhlelwa kwesiga

Ugebhezi lwemikhomo enezinwele lubanzi kakhulu, kepha ezinyangeni zokuqala ze-embyogenis lubonakala ngazo zonke izici ezifakwayo kugebhezi lwezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba. Izizathu ze-asymmetry azikasungulwa ncamashi.Kungenzeka ukuthi isimilo se-asymmetry sikakhanda siphume maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamadolo kanye namadivayisi okusayina umsindo, lapho izindinyana zamakhala ngaphezulu kogwayi lukhethekile: enye njengendlela yomoya, enye yokukhiqiza imisindo.

Amathambo emakhaleni akakhiwa kahle futhi awambozi ngemuva kokuvulwa kwamakhala. Izimbobo ngokwazo ziguqulwa kwesobunxele zivulekele egumbini elivamile. Amathambo amakhulu, ama-intermaxillary namakhala asendlini aqhutshelwa ngokuqinile ngaphambili futhi acishe azimboze ngokuphelele. Ungebhezi unezici zesakhiwo zakudala,

Emikhombeni eminingi enamazinyo, imihlathi iphakanyiselwe esifubeni se-coracoid, ngenhla ebunzini likhuphuka ngephedi ekhethekile yamafutha.

[hlela] Amazinyo

Lezi zilwane zinamazinyo phezulu, phansi, noma emihlathini yomibili, yize ezinye zakhiwe ngaphansi. Amazinyo kusuka ku-1/1 noma ngo-1/1 kuya ku-65/58

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamazinyo.

Amazinyo alula abunjiwe isikhonkwane anendawo egcwele ngokuqinile yamapulpiti nezendlalelo ezacile zesimende noqweqwe lwawo ezilwaneni ezindala. Lolu hlobo lohlelo lwamazinyo lutholakala ku-dolphin-white-barrel, i-porpoise ejwayelekile, ukugaya nabanye. Ngaphezu kokugaya, wonke anenqwaba yamazinyo asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo.
Okwamazinyo ohlobo lwesibili, ukuthuthukiswa okuqinile kwesendlalelo sosimende nokungabikho koqweqwe lwawo emazinyweni abantu abadala kuyisici. Abancane bane-ungqimba elincanyana loqweqwe lwawo emqheleni. Amazinyo alula, amise isikhonkwane, makhulu kunohlobo lokuqala, inani lawo lifinyelela ku-30-50. I-pulp cavity ithuthukiswe kahle noma ayikho. Lolu hlobo lwamazinyo lune-sperm whale kanti, ngokusobala, luhlobo lwesidoda esidlekayo, i-beluga whale, i-dolphin engwevu, umkhomo obulala omfushane, i-Irrawaddy dolphin, nomkhomo omncane wokubulala.
Amazinyo aklanyelwe ukwakheka okwenziwe ngohlobo lwe-Flat wedidi lesithathu anengqimba eyenziwe ngoqweqwe oluthuthukisiwe nosimende egcwalisa ubamba futhi ngaleyo ndlela amboze lonke izinyo, ngaphandle komqhele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungqimba wesimende luthi gqwa gqwa ngesendlalelo se-koqweqwe lwawo engxenyeni ephakathi yezinyo. Inani lamazinyo lincane, futhi atholakala kuphela emhlathini ophansi.

Iningi labamele abaphethe imichilo yezinyawo libonakaliswa ngokuhlukahluka ngakunye kwenombolo yamazinyo. Kweminye imikhomo, inani lamazinyo emhlathini ongenhla lingaphansi kunelezansi, kwezinye, kunalokho, emhlathini ongenhla inani lamazinyo likhulu kunelangaphansi, ngokwesithathu inani lamazinyo emihlathini engenhla nangaphansi kuyefana.

[hlela] Uhlelo lokugaya

Uhlelo lokugaya lubonakala ngokuhlukaniswa okuphelele nokuhlala njalo kwipheshana lokuphefumula. Inezimpawu eziphambili ezilandelayo.

Ulimi, ngokungafani nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba, zinomsebenzi ohlukile. Njengoba isiselula kakhulu, ithambisa inyamazane ebanjiwe emgodleni womlomo, iwusunduzelele emphinjeni futhi ivimbele amanzi ekungeneni kuwo.
Isibhakabhaka esithambile silahlekile.
Izingxenye zokuqala zendlela yokugaya imbozwe ngaphakathi nge-epithelium ehlanganisiwe, okusobala ukuthi ibavikela emonakalweni yizingxenye eziqinile zokudla okugwinyiwe.
Isisu yigumbi elinamakamelo amaningi. Izingxenye zokugcina zesisu, ngokusobala, zibandakanyeka enqubweni yokucwilisa ukudla, ngoba ukwakheka kwazo kuyafana nokwakheka kwesisu.
I-cecum ayikho ezinhlotsheni eziningi, futhi amathumbu akahlukaniswa ngokusobala komunye.

[hlela] i-dimorphism yezocansi

I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kakhulu ngosayizi wezilwane. Abesilisa bezinhlobo eziningi bakhulu kunezinsikazi.

Ezinye izinhlobo zinokunye ukwehluka. Isibonelo, emadodeni wemikhomo ebulala, i-dorsal fin is ephakeme kunabesifazane, kwabesilisa besimanje, isimangalo sici.

[hlela] Ukuhamba

Imikhomo ihamba ikakhulu ngokunyakaza okuma mpo kwe-caudal. Amaphini we-pectoral asebenza ukushintsha indlela yokuhamba, kanye nokugcina ibhalansi.

Imikhomo enamazinyo ibhukuda kahle. Amahlengethwa ashesha ukubhukuda. Isibonelo, umkhomo we-sperm whale ungafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-37 km / h, i-killer whale engafika ku-55 km / h, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zamahlengethwa zifinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-70 km / h.

Kunemibono eminingana echaza ukuthi kungani ama-cetaceans engafinyelela isivinini esikhulu kangaka.

Isikhumba sezilwane ezincelisayo lezi zibushelelezi kahle, futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekunciphiseni okukhulu kokumelana futhi kuzisiza ukuba zihambe ngokukhululeka ngokusebenzisa ikholomu yamanzi. I-Friction iphinde incishiswe ngemifantu ethambile isuka ekhanda iye emsileni ngokuhambisana nendlela eya lapho amanzi egobhoza emzimbeni wezilwane zawo. Abanye ososayensi bathi ingaphezulu lomzimba wemikhomo limbozwe ungqimba lwesikhumba esincanyana, livumelana nezimo nengcindezi yamanzi.

Ngokomqondo wabanye abacwaningi, ungqimba olungaphezulu lwamaseli esikhumba sabo luhlala lukhula futhi lusula, lwenze "okugcobisayo" okunciphisa ukungqubuzana kwamanzi emzimbeni wesilwane.

[hlela] Ukudla okunempilo

Bonke abamele imikhomo enezinwele, ngokungafani ne-baleen, bondla inyamazane. Ukubamba inyamazane kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokudonsa, okubavumela ukuba badonse izinhlanzi noma i-shellfish emilonyeni yabo ngasikhathi sinye. Ukudla kwabo izinhlanzi, ama-cephalopod, nama-crustaceans.

Imikhomo enezinwele eziningi ingabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Zivame ukuzingela ngamaqembu, inyamazane ezungezile, njengoba kwenza amabhubesi noma izimpisi. Kunezimo lapho iqembu labulala imikhomo lizingela ngempumelelo ibhere elisolwandle ngisho nomkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Cishe yonke imikhomo enamachashazi abhukuda asheshayo, ngenxa yemikhuba yawo yokudla. Ezinye ziyakwazi ukudonsa ngokujulile futhi isikhathi eside.

[hlela] Ukuzala kabusha inzalo

Imikhomo enamazinyo igcinwa emihlambi. Abesilisa nabesifazane bavame ukushada nabalingani abaningi, ngokwesibonelo, emhlanjini wesidoda semikhomo, owesilisa owesilisa ovelele onabesifazane abaningi. Ukuxabana okunamandla kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kwemikhomo yeduna, lapho izilwane ezinamazinyo zilimaza kakhulu izimbangi zazo.

Ukukhulelwa, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane, kungahlala izinyanga eziyishumi kuye kweziyishumi nesithupha. Isikhathi ngasinye, insikazi izala eyodwa kuphela. Uzalelwa umsila kuqala. Ubude be-cub buvama ukufinyelela usayizi omkhulu ngokwanele, kungaba yingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yobude bomzimba womama.

Onke ama-cetaceans awanazindebe, ngakho awakwazi ukuncela. Lapho ingane ilambile, ingono idonswa ekhweni lesikhumba, lapho ihlala ifihlekile, nobisi lufakwa emlonyeni wengane.

Ubisi lwawo wonke ama-cetaceans aqukethe amanoni amaningi, ngakho-ke amawundlu awo akhula ngokushesha. Izinhlobo eziningi zondla ubisi lwezinsana zazo izinyanga ezine, kuphela ama-grind ngezinye izikhathi azondla wona iminyaka eminingana.

Imikhomo ezinamazinyo ifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala emi-2-6.

Ukudla okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Umkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ungummeleli oshisayo weqembu le-baleen whale. Futhi inendlela elandelayo yokudla. Umkhomo uthola inqwaba enkulu ye-krill. Noma ezinye izinqwaba ezikhangayo zezinto eziphilayo ze-planktonic ngaye. Ubhukuda eqonde ngakubo, avule umlomo ngamandla. Umlomo whale okhonhliwe unesakhiwo esithile. Ngakho-ke ingalulwa kakhulu. Ngenxa yenhlanganisela ehambisekayo yamathambo emihlathi. Kanye nama-creases akhethekile umphimbo. Umlomo ovuleke kakhulu whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka udlula amamitha angama-30 cubic. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu le-krill lingena emlonyeni. Vele ngesilinganiso esifanele samanzi. Ukuze uvale umlomo wayo omkhulu, umkhomo uvame ukugoqa emhlane wakhe. Ukuze ivalwe ngaphansi kwesisindo sayo. Lapho-ke umkhomo, nolimi lwawo olungamathani amane, ukhipha amanzi emlonyeni wawo. Amanzi ayaphuma, futhi ama-crustaceans asala ngaphakathi. Njengoba ihlungwa ngaphandle komkhomo whale.

Ngenxa yokuthi isisindo somkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka singadlula amathani ayi-150, kufanele sidle kakhulu. Ukugcina impilo emzimbeni wakhe omkhulu. Isibonelo, imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka idla amathani amathathu kuya kwayi-8 kirill ngosuku. Inani lama-crustaceans kulesi sisindo ngamashumi ezigidi zezingcezu. Cishe ithani elilodwa le-krill lingakhishwa emanzini ngesikhathi.

Ividiyo mayelana nokuthi i-whale plankton ibanjwe kanjani

Siyabonga ngokuvakashela isiteshi nokufunda inothi.

Ungabhalisela isiteshi futhi usithande. Uma ufuna ezinye izinto ezifanayo ku-Yandex Zen feed

Izici Ezihlangene Zomnenga

Imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo mincane: ubude bawo abudluli kumamitha ayi-4,5. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, imihlathi idluliselwa esifubeni se-coracoid, ngenhla ebunzini likhuphuka ngephedi ekhethekile yamafutha.

Njengoba igama labo lisho, imikhomo enamazinyo inamazinyo ngaphezulu, ephansi, noma emihlathini yomibili, yize eminye ingekho ngaphansi. Kulokhu bahluke ezihlotsheni zabo - imikhomo ye-baleen, abathi esikhundleni samazinyo babe nenqwaba yamapuleti ezimpondo emilonyeni yabo - lokho okubizwa nge- "whalebone" (lapho bahlunga khona ukudla okuvela emanzini olwandle). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhomo enezinhlanzi, idla kakhulu izinhlanzi kanye nama-squid, azibamba futhi zibambe emihlathini yazo, ihlome ngamazinyo amaningi.

Ngenkathi imikhomo enezinwele ihlukaniswa nokhokho bokuqala abangamazimuzimu, amathambo ezigebhezi zawo aguqulwa ngendlela enobuchopho akha “umlomo” omude omfishane, nomhlathi wangemuva wathuthela engxenyeni ephezulu yecala. Lezi zinguquko zihambisana nokukhula kwamakhono we-echolocation kanye nokuguqulwa kwamazinyo okubamba inhlanzi. Amazinyo okhokho bomkhomo obudaluliwe, njengezilwane ezidla zanamuhla, ahlukaniswe phakathi kwabafaka incisors, fangs kanye molars, kodwa esilwaneni esidla izinhlanzi kulula kakhulu ukuba nomugqa wamazinyo afanayo ohlobo oluthile, obonwa emikhombeni yesimanjemanje yanamuhla.

Amahlengethwa omfula

Owokuqala kunabo bonke abaphila ngokudla kwama-cetaceans angomndeni wakwaPlatanistoidea (amahlengethwa omfula). Lezi yizakhamizi zaseYangtze, Ganges, Indus, Amazon, naseLa Plata Bay. Zonke izinhlobo ze-5 zalo mndeni azinayo imvelaphi efanayo, kepha ziye zafanana ngenxa yomcabango ofanayo wemvelo.

Zinamehlo amade futhi anamehlo amancane, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziyimpumputhe ngokuphelele futhi ziqondiswa yi-echolocation.

I-Amazon River Dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)

Isidoda imikhomo

Umndeni wasePhyseteridae (sperm whale) uhlanganisa omelele kakhulu womkhomo we-toothed - i-sperm whale. Ingafinyelela ubude bamamitha ayi-18.

I-Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)

Izihlobo zakhe - imikhomo emincane futhi emincane yesidoda - mincane, inekhanda elikhulu.

I-Dwarf Sperm Whale (i-Kogia breviceps)

Ama-sperm whales angabahlali bamanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nabanomoya ophansi; ububanzi bawo bunqunyelwe ku-40º yezindawo eziseningizimu nasenyakatho. Amadoda amadala kuphela angafinyelela emaphethelweni eqhwa. Zihlala ikakhulu emanzini ajulile kude nemiphetho yeshelu yezwekazi.

Imilomo

Umndeni uZiphiidae (ubuhlalu) waba negama ngokuhlwitha isikhathi eside, ovelele.

Okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-20 zalezi zilwane ziyaziwa. Amalungu amaningi omndeni ayivelakancane, futhi amanye ngokuvamile aziwa kuphela ngezilwane ezifile ezigezwe ogwini.

INyakatho Swimmer (Berardius bairdii) - enye yezindebe ezinkulu kunazo zonke

Zishubile kulo lonke ulwandle, zithanda amanzi ajulile eduze komngcele weshelufu welizwekazi, ishelufu leshelufu, unyawo lweshalofu.

Iziqongo

Abamele lo mndeni (uPhocoenidae) bangene ezindaweni ezishisayo bangena emanzini athambisayo womabili ama-hemispheres eMiocene nasePliocene (cishe izigidi eziyisikhombisa ezedlule). Namuhla zitholakala kuwo wonke olwandle.

Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-cetaceans, ama-porpoise mancane kakhulu: alikho lamalungu ayisithupha omndeni adlula amamitha ayi-2,5 ubude. Amazinyo abo ayancibilika kamuva futhi afana ne-chisel esesimweni.

I-porpoise yaseCalifornia (i-Phocoena sinus) - izinhlobo ezisengozini

Amahlengethwa

Umndeni wamahlengethwa (iDelphinidae) yiqembu elincane elingahle libuyele emuva eMiocene, okungukuthi, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi eyedlule. Lezi ziningi futhi zinhlobonhlobo zazo zonke i-cetaceans. Kuze kube manje, okungenani izinhlobo ezingama-36 zamahlengethwa ziyaziwa.

Iningi lamalungu omndeni linamazinyo emihlathini yomibili, isigaxa se-coracoid, ibunzi lesigaxa kanye ne-crescent dorsal fin.

I-bottlenose dolphin ikhombisa isimilo esifushane salolu hlobo lwenhlobo.

Ilungu elikhulu lomndeni yi-whale ebulalayo. Lesi sidlakudla saziwa ngesimo esiyindilinga samaphiko angaphambili nokungabi bikho kwesihluthu.

I-Killer whale (Orcinus orca) iphuma emanzini

Amanye amahlengethwa ahlala emanzini we-hemispheres, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezishisayo, ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emanzini ashisayo.

Njengeminye imikhomo enamazinyo, amahlengethwa axhumana kakhulu ngemisindo.

Beluga whale ne narwhal

Abameli ababili bomndeni uNarwhal (Monodontidae) - i-beluga whale ne-narwhal - bahlala kuphela olwandle olusenyakatho, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwe-Arctic. Lezi zilwane azinkulu kakhulu, azinayo inhlawulo yedolobha.

Ukwakheka komzimba wama-narwhals kanye ne-beluga whales kuyafana, kepha okwedlule kuncane. Lezi zinhlobo zombili zinobubanzi obukhulu bamafutha ukuzihlukanisa namanzi olwandle.

INarwhal itholakala enyakatho yeRussia neCanada, endaweni yesiqhingi saseSvalbard.

INarwhal (iMonodon monoceros) - ine-tusk emangalisayo. Leli izinyo elikhulisiwe, eligoqiwe ngesibalo esikhaleni