Isenzakalo esibalulekile “sezwe” saphawulwa nguMaria Gavrilo, isekela lomqondisi weRussia Arctic National Park. Uqhube wathi umhlambi wezinkomo ubhukuda usiya engxenyeni eseningizimu nogu wesiFunda saseNtshonalanga Federal, cishe phakathi nehlobo, lapho ososayensi babona khona "izindawo zokuhlaselwa" ezimbalwa.
Eduze noMhlaba, uFranz Joseph waqashelwa njenge-humpback.
Selokhu kutholwe iziqhingi ze-Arctic (umlando wazo obe kuqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-140), lokhu ukuhambela kokuqala kwemikhomo e-humpback emanzini asogwini we-ZPI. UMaria Gavrilo wachaza ukuthi into enjalo kungenzeka ukuthi ingahlotshaniswa nanoma yikuphi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wethu. Ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi ukubhukuda kwe-humpback kungenzeka kushukunyiswa ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda endaweni yokuhlala.
Ngokuvamile, ngokusho kukaMaria, uFranz Josef Land, kubandakanya neRussia Arctic National Park, uyindawo eyingqayizivele, ngoba kulapha lapho izinhlobo zezilwane ezingaziwa kakhulu zigcinwa khona: inani labantu baseSvalbard baseGreenland whale, minke whale, finali, beluga whale, narwhal kanye nezinye izakhamizi zasolwandle. Abasebenzi besiqiwu sikazwelonke bakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuphepha nokuphepha okuqhubekayo kwalezi zinhlobo, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kweshelufu lase-Arctic endaweni yezimboni kumanje kusaqala. Ngandlela thile, lokhu kuzothinta inani lezilwane ezihlala emanzini asogwini we-ZPI.
Kuvulwa
Yize isiqhingi sivule ngokusemthethweni engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ngisho noMV Lomonosov embhalweni wakhe esihloko esithi “Ukuchaza Okufushane Kohambo Oluhlukahlukene EmaNyakatho Kwasolwandle kanye Nenkomba Yesimo Esinokwenzeka soLwandle lwaseSiberia ukuya e-East India” (1763) siphakamise ukuba khona kweziqhingi ezisempumalanga yeSpitsbergen.
Ngo-1865, u-Admiral N. G. Schilling, isikhulu samasosha asemanzini aseRussia, esihlokweni sakhe esithi "Ukucatshangelwa Kwendlela entsha eNyakatho Polar Sea", eshicilelwe kwi-Sea Collection, ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kokuhamba kweqhwa engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Arctic Ocean, siphakamise ukuba khona komhlaba ongaziwa, itholakala enyakatho ngaphezu kweSvalbard.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1860s, udokotela wesimo sezulu waseRussia u-A.I. Voeikov waphakamisa umbuzo wokuhlela uhambo olukhulu lokuyofunda olwandle olungamakhaphethi. Lo mbono wasekelwa ngokufudumele isazi sokuma komhlaba iPrince P. A. Kropotkin. Ukuqashelwa kweqhwa loLwandle iBarents kumholele ekutheni aphethe ngokuthi:
"Phakathi kweSvalbard neNovaya Zemlya kusekhona umhlaba ongatholakali owedlulela enyakatho ngaphezu kweSvalbard futhi ubambe iqhwa ngemuva kwawo. Ukutholakala kwesimo sesiqhingi esinjalo kukhonjisiwe embikweni wakhe omuhle kakhulu, kodwa ongaziwa mayelana nemisinga e-Arctic Ocean, isikhulu samasosha aseRussia uBaron Schilling."
Ngo-1871, kwenziwa iphrojekthi eningiliziwe yokuphuma kwalolu hambo, kepha uhulumeni wenqaba imali, futhi akwenzekanga.
UFranz Josef Land watholakala ngohambo lwase-Austro-Hungary oluholwa nguKarl Weiprecht noJulius Payer ophikweni olusebenza ngomkhumbi u-Admiral Tegetthoff (waseJalimane: Admiral Tegetthoff). Lolu hambo lwenzelwa ukuvivinya umqondo wososayensi waseJalimane u-August Peterman mayelana nokuba khona kolwandle olufudumele lwaseNyakatho nePoland nezwekazi elikhulu. Igumbi lokuphuma kwenkantolo lase-Austrian lalixhaswa ngezimali nguCall Hans Wilcek. Isikena, esasiqala ngo-1872 ukuvula i-Northeast Passage, saphuka ngo-Agasti ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yaseNovaya Zemlya sabe sesiyiswa entshonalanga, ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-Agasti 30, 1873, sayiswa ogwini lwezwe elingaziwa, yabuye yahlolwa yi-Weyprecht ne-Payer, ngangokunokwenzeka, enyakatho kanye nasemaphethelweni ayo aseningizimu.
Inkokhelo ikwazile ukufinyelela ku-82 ° 5 's w. (ngo-Ephreli 1874) bese wenza imephu yalesi siqhingi esikhulu, okwabonakala sengathi abahloli bokuqala bakhiwa iziqhingi eziningi ezinkulu. Abahambi base-Austrian banikeza umhlaba omusha osanda kutholwa igama le-Austro-Hungary Emperor Franz Joseph I. E-Russia, ngezikhathi zombuso naseSoviet, kwavela umbuzo wokuqamba kabusha lesi siqhingi: okokuqala eZweni laseRomanov, kwathi kamuva, ngo-1917, eKropotkin Land noma eNansen Land, noma kunjalo, lezi ziphakamiso azizange zisetshenziswe, futhi umhlaba kuze kube namuhla unegama langempela.
NgoMeyi 20, 1874, abasebenza e-Admiral Tegetgof baphoqeleka ukuba bawushiye lo mkhumbi basuka eqhweni baye ogwini lwaseNovaya Zemlya, lapho ahlangana khona nabasizi bokudoba baseRussia abasiza ekubuyiseleni lohambo.
Ucwaningo
UWeiprecht noPayer bahlola ingxenye eseningizimu yesiqhingi ngo-1873, kwathi ngentwasahlobo yango-1874 bayinqamula isuka eningizimu iye enyakatho ngemigwaqo. Imephu yokuqala yahlanganiswa. Njengoba ulwandle lwalumbozwe yiqhwa phakathi nohambo, uhambo lwalungakwazi ukuthola ubunzima obukhulu futhi isiqhingi sabonakala ngathi siqukethe iziqhingi ezinkulu eziningana.
Ngo-1879, umkhumbi waseDashi owawuholwa nguDe Bruyne, owathola isiqhingi saseHooker, wasondela ogwini lwesiqhingi olwalusemkhunjini "uWillem Barents".
Ngo-1881 no-1882, umgibeli waseScotland uBenjamin Leigh Smith wavakashela lesi siqhingi e-Eira yacht. Ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala, bathola iNorthbrook Island, iBruce Island, iGeorge Land ne-Alexandra Land, baqoqa amaqoqo acebile. Ohambweni lwesibili lomkhumbi, i-yacht yadilizwa yiqhwa eCape Flora (Northbrook Island) futhi iqembu labantu abangu-25 baphoqeleka ukuba nobusika kulesi siqhingi. Ehlobo, uhambo lwesikebhe lwaya eningizimu futhi lwasindiswa yimikhumbi ebasesha.
Ngo-1895-1897, umkhumbi omkhulu waseNgilandi owawuhlomele kahle waseJackson-Harmsworth wasebenza eFranz Joseph Land. Ukuphuma kwabo kufinyelele emkhunjini weWindward eCape Flora, lapho kufakwe khona isisekelo saso esikhulu. Sekuyiminyaka emithathu kwenziwa umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlaziya amamephu, izifundo ze-geological, ze-botanical, ze-zoological, zezesayensi yemozulu kwenziwa ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, maphakathi nasentshonalanga eseningizimu nesiqhingi. Kwatholakala ukuthi liqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu leziqhingi ezincane kunalokho okwakhonjiswa ekuqaleni kumephu ye-Payer. Ngesikhathi kulungiswa uhambo lokuya eJackson-Harmsworth oluya eFranz Josef Land ngonyaka we-1895, umRussia wokuqala, umbazi uVarakin wase-Arkhangelsk, naye wavakashela (uhambo olwaluhlonyelwe kuleli dolobha futhi wathatha umquba waseRussia owonakalayo).
Ngo-1895, bengazi lutho ngokuxoshwa kukaJackson-Harmsworth kusuka enyakatho, izihambi zaseNorway uFrtjtjof Nansen noHialmar Johansen babuyela esiqhingini, bebuya ohambweni lwabo oludumile, ngesikhathi bezama ukunqoba iNorth Pole. INansen ithole ukuthi lesi siqhingi asinakuqhubeka ukuya empumalanga esenyakatho, ngaphandle kweziqhingi ezincane, kanye nokuphuma komkhumbi we-Fram, kwehlela eqhweni, lapho uNansen noJohansen babehambe ngomkhumbi ngaphambili, bathola ukuthi ishalofu yezwekazi liphela enyakatho yesiqhingi bese liqala ukujula kolwandle. Ukusuka maphakathi no-Agasti 1895, abahambi bachitha ubusika eJackson Island endaweni yamatshe, base beya eningizimu ehlobo kwathi ngoJuni 1896 bahlangana nobusika beJackson-Harmsworth bafika eNorthbrook Island, ngayo babuyela ezweni labo. Lesi siqhingi esisha, esatholwa uNansen enyakatho yeziqhingi, asibona ngokunembile iziqhingi ezimbili ezihlukene, sathola igama eliphindwe kabili lika-Eve noLiv ngokuhlonipha umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe.
Ngo-1898, uWalter Wellman, intatheli yaseMelika, waya eFranz Josef Land ebusika ukuyofinyelela esigxotsheni. Isizinda esikhulu salolu hambo sasisesiqhingini saseGall. Ababili baseNorway, amalungu alolu hambo lwase-US-Norway, bachitha esiqhingini saseVilcek. Omunye wabo - oyilungu lomkhumbi waseNansen, uBernt Bentsen - ushonile phakathi nobusika. Ngentwasahlobo yango-1899, wakwazi ukuthola ama-82 ° s kuphela eqhweni. sh., ohlangothini olusempumalanga yeRudolph Island, lapho uPayer ehambele khona. Enye ingxenye yalolu hambo, eholwa uBaldwin (Eng.Evelyn Briggs Baldwin), yahlola izingxenye ezingaziwa zaseningizimu-mpumalanga yesiqhingi, okuthe, njengoba kwenzeka nje, azange ziye kude kakhulu empumalanga, ekugcineni, ehlobo zikwazile ukuvakashela ingxenye ephakathi nesiqhingi. Endleleni ebuyayo, lolu hambo luhlangane nolunye, umNtaliyane, uDuke wase-Abruzzi, okwazile ukudlula kalula ngokuphela kukaJulayi 1898 ngomkhumbi oluya eRudolph Island waze wavakashela ogwini lwayo olusenyakatho, futhi kwaba kuncane kakhulu kunalokho okwakulindelwe uPeier. Sazithela ngendawo yonke indawo lapho i-Payer yafika khona ngo-1874. Ukusuka lapha, entwasahlobo yango-1900, kwenziwa inja egwedla olwandle eqhweni eya enyakatho, ngokuyalelwa nguKaputeni Kanye. Ukwazile ukufika kuma-86 ° 33 's. sh., lolu hambo lwagcina selutholile ukuthi izindawo zasePeterman enyakatho yesiqhingi saseRudolph kanye nezindawo zeNkosi Oscar ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ezivela kumephu ye-Payer, azikho, futhi ngokuvamile akukho mhlaba obalulekile odlula esigxotsheni. Ngaso leso sikhathi, amazinga okushisa aphansi aphawuleka lapha - −52 ° C. NgoSepthemba 1900, umkhumbi we-Abruzzi owawusuka eStella Polare wabuyela ogwini lwaseNorway, futhi amalungu awo amathathu alahleka esiqhingini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kweziqhingi kuyaqala. Ngo-1897-1898, izwe likaFranz Joseph lahanjelwa ngumthengisi woboya baseScotland uT Rob Robon, cishe abazingela ama-walrus angaba ngu-600 kanye namabhere ayi-14 ahlabayo.
Ehlobo lika-1901, ogwini oluseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeziqhingi kwahlolwa ngohambo lokuqala lwaseRussia oluya e-Yermak icebreaker, eholwa yiPhini lika-Admiral S. O. Makarov. Eminye imithombo ithi kwakunguye owaqala waphakamisa ifulegi laseRussia lapha. U-Ermak waba ngumkhumbi wokuqala waseRussia osogwini lwaseFranz Josef Land, iqembu labantu lalinabantu abangama-99, kufaka neqembu lesayensi. Ukuqina nokwenyuka komhlaba kwenzeke eCape Flora eNorthbrook Island naseHochsteter Island. Amaqoqo ezitshalo, amafosili nenhlabathi aqoqiwe; endaweni engaseningizimu yesiqhingi, kutholakala amanzi afudumele eGulf Wave egeleza endaweni engaphansi kuka-80-100 m. Ukuzama ukudlulela ogwini olusempumalanga yesiqhingi akuphumelelanga.
Ngo-1901-1902, umkhumbi waseMelika uBaldwin-Ziegler wabhidliza uFranz Josef Land, kwathi ngemuva kwawo, ngo-1903-1905, umkhumbi weZiegler-Fial, owawunenhloso yokuzama ukufinyelela esigxotsheni eqhweni. Ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kuphoqe umkhumbi iZiegler ukuthi uchithe iminyaka emibili bebodwa esiqhingini ngaphambi kokulinda ukusindiswa.
Ngo-1913 kuya ku-1914, ukuthunyelwa kukaG. Ya. Sedov esigcawini "Mikhail Suvorin" ("St Fock") ebusika eBay of Tikhaya eduze kwesiqhingi saseHooker. Ezama ukufinyelela esigxotsheni, uSedov washona ngoFebhuwari 20, 1914 eduze kwaseCape Auk yaseRudolph Island, lapho angcwatshwa khona (amatilosi ayehamba nawo awahambanga kahle kumamephu, futhi indawo yokungcwaba ayitholakalanga ngemuva kwalokho). NgoMashi 1, 1914, osebeni lweTikhaya Bay, umakhenikha wokuqala wesigceke, uJ. Sanders, owashona nge-scurvy, wangcwatshwa.
NgoJuni 26, 1914 kuya entshonalanga yoMhlaba u-Alexandra wakwazi ukukhipha amalungu eqembu ayi-10 kanye no-schooner "St Anna" oshaywe ekudingisweni eqhweni. Isikebhe samanziswa eqhweni ngo-1912 ngasogwini lweYamal Peninsula, futhi, saya enyakatho, sahamba amakhilomitha angu-1540 nautical ngezinsuku ezingama-542, sagcina ngamakhilomitha angama-160 enyakatho yeFranz Joseph Land. Isidingo sokuhlupheka nendlala, amatilosi omkhumbi ahlukana - abantu abayi-14 ngaphansi komyalo wemikhumbi uValerian Albanov bangena eqhweni baya esiqhingini, abantu abangu-13 abasele emkhunjini, beholwa ngumholi wokuphuma, uLieutenant Georgy Brusilov, wanyamalala. Eqenjini le-Albanov, elihamba ngasogwini oluseningizimu yesiqhingi esisempumalanga, ukufinyelela kwisisekelo esidala sokuxoshwa kukaJackson-Harmsworth eCape Flora yaseNorthbrook Island, ngababili kuphela ababephethe - u-Albanov kanye nomatilosi uKonrad, abanye bafa noma balahlekile. NgoJulayi 17, amalungu okugcina ohambo lokuphuma kukaBrusilov ahlangatshezwa ngengozi futhi asindiswa ngesehlakalo sokuphuma kukaG. Ya. Sedov, ongenawo uphethiloli ophindela ezweni elikhulu, waphoqeleka ukuba aye ekhefini lokubhidliza izakhiwo zamapulangwe ezazisuselwa ekuhambeni kukaJackson-Harmsworth. Umagazini womkhumbi "uSt. Anne", osindiswe yi-Albanov, ngokubuka okungapheli kokuma kwezwe kanye ne-hydrological ngesikhathi sokushayela kanye nedayari yokuvakasha inikele elikhulu ekufundeni kwesifunda esingafundwanga kangako se-Arctic.
Ukumenyezelwa kwensimu yaseRussia kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesiqhingi
Ngo-Agasti 16, 1914, ngenkathi efuna ukuthunyelwa kukaG. Ya. Sedov, eCape Flora wakwazi ukugqekeza eqhweni ngomkhumbi wemoto eyayihamba ngemoto uGreta, esikebheni lapho kwakukhona inhloko yalolu hambo lokuthungatha, ukaputeni ngibeka u-I. Islyamov. Kusukela kumanothi ashiywe ku-guria, isiphetho sokuxoshwa kukaSedov noBrusilov saziwa. Kwashiywa inqwaba yokudla, izikhali nezingubo ogwini uma kwenzeka amanye amalungu ohambo lwaseBrusilov esondela. U-Islyamov umemezele insimu yaseRussia eyiziqhingi futhi wabeka ifulege laseRussia ngaphezulu kwayo, elenziwe ngensimbi yensimbi. Umdwebi uS. G. Pisakhov, owayesemkhunjini, wenza imidwebo yogu lwaseFranz Josef Land.
NgoSepthemba 20 (Okthoba 3), 1916, uMnyango Wezangaphandle Wezwe LaseRussia wakhipha incwadi esemthethweni yezimpahla zobumbano zoMbuso WaseRussia, lapho uhulumeni wabala khona indawo eyaziwa futhi esanda kuthola i-Arctic Lands yi-Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean, ethathwa njengengxenye yombuso engafinyeleleki. Kwashiwo futhi isinyathelo sika-Islyamov asitholanga ukwesekwa okusemthethweni yizikhulu zikahulumeni.
NgoSepthemba 1923, iCape Flora yahlela ukufinyelela kulolu hambo lwasePlavmornin, ithatha isigaba se-hydrological kanye nomgwaqo oyi-41 wokuhlangana nomkhumbi wokucwaninga wePerseus, kepha ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezimbi ezazibangela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalahle namanzi ahlanzekile, inhloso ayizange ifinyelelwe.
Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1920s, amasu wokufunda ngezindawo eziphakeme ngendiza esebenzisa izindiza kanye nemikhumbi yomoya aqala ukwanda emazweni ehlukene. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezindiza nokuhamba ngezindiza kusho ukuthi maduze nje abantu bazofinyelela kuzo zonke izindawo ze-Arctic okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo futhi ezazingakaze zitholakale ngaphambili. Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, uFranz Josef Land, ngaphambili owawuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu ngokwesayensi ngenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwayo kanye nokuntuleka kwemithombo ecebile yemvelo, ngokuzayo yaqala ukubhekwa njengenye yamaphuzu abalulekile endlela yokuxhumana kwe-transarctic yesikhathi esizayo kanye nesizinda sokucatshangelwa okubalulekile kwesimo sezulu kanye ne-hydrological. ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu esinembile esifundeni sase-Arctic.
Ngo-Ephreli 15, 1926, i-ECC Presidium, ngesimemezelo esithi “Lapho kumenyezelwa insimu ye-USSR njengeziqhingi neziqhingi ezise-Arctic Ocean,” kumemezele amalungelo eSoviet Union kuwo wonke amazwe naseziqhingini ezingaziwa ezingafinyeleleki eziphethwe emkhakheni we-Arctic phakathi kwabadayisi abasuka entshonalanga ngokwedlulele. amaphuzu omngcele osenyakatho (umngcele we-USSR neFinland 32 ° 4'35 at. d.) kanye naphakathi kweBering Strait (168 ° 49'30 h. e.) empumalanga kuyiwa eNorth Pole. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uFranz Josef Land umenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kokuphathwa okugcwele kwe-USSR. Ngokuphatha, lesi siqhingi sifakiwe esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk. Isimemezelo saziswa ngesikhathi kulungiswa uhambo lokuqala lwe-transpolar kwi-airship "Norway".
NgoSepthemba 1927, isikebhe esihamba ngomkhumbi iSoviet "sasesikhundleni sokudoba esiseNyakatho Yezomnotho saya eCape Flora, ngenxa yokuqothuka okukhulu kweqhwa ephukile ogwini, akuzange kwenzeke.
Kusukela ngo-1928, isimo esizungeze iziqhingi saqala ukwanda. Ngemuva kwendiza ephumelele ka-Umberto Nobile noRaul Amundsen esikhumulweni sezindiza saseNorway, amalungiselelo ohambo oluzayo lwe-Arctic oluzayo e-Italy airship yaqala e-Italy, kulokhu, imibono ivezwa emaphephandabeni ase-Italiya mayelana nokuqanjwa okungase kube khona kukaFranz Josef Land esikhundleni E-Italy. I-airship "Italy", indiza isuka ezansi eSvalbard, idlule esiqongweni esisenyakatho yesiqhingi ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga maphakathi noMeyi 1928, ngesikhathi indiza yayo yesibili ye-Arctic. Kodwa-ke, kwenzeka inhlekelele endizeni yesithathu eya esigxotsheni.ISoviet Union yabamba iqhaza ekuphenyweni okwalandelwa i-airship, isebenzisa amakhefu eqhwa nemikhumbi eqhwa iqhwa.
NgoJulayi 31, 1928 bakhipha isimemezelo soMkhandlu Wabantu AbakwaCommissar mayelana nokuqiniswa kocwaningo lwesayensi ezintweni ezise-Arctic ze-USSR. Uhlelo lokuqala lokucwaninga lweminyaka emihlanu lwalusungulwa, ngokusho kwalo, kuFranz Josef Land, njengakwamanye amazwe ase-Arctic, kwahlelwa ukuthi kwakhiwe ama-geophysical observatories. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali komsebenzi wesayensi kwenziwa ngokudonswa kwemali eyi-1.5-2.25% yemali etholwayo evela ekudobeni nakwezokuhweba e-Arctic. Ama-Expeditions anenhloso yokuthola izindawo ezihlaselwe kakhulu (iNovaya Zemlya kanye noFranz Josef Land) ayehlome ngaphambi kweshedyuli, engalindele ukuvunywa kokugcina kohlelo.
Ngo-Agasti 1928, njengengxenye yokuthungatha kwabasebenzi base-Italiya, indawo ebalulekile ngasogwini oluseningizimu yeFranz Josef Land yahlolwa inyanga ngumakhi weqhwa uGeorgy Sedov, enza ukubonwa okukhulu kwe-hydro- and meteorological.
NgoSepthemba 1928, umkhumbi weqhwa waseKrasin wasondela ogwini lwe-Alexandra Land naseGeorgia Land. EMhlabeni kaGeorge, kwenziwa umzamo wokwakha indlu uma kungabonakala amalungu enhlangano engasebenzi yomkhumbi, kodwa ngenxa yeqhwa elisondelayo, ingxenye yokudla neyokwakha kuphela engagezwa ogwini. ECape Nile, iqembu labasiki bengqimba beqhwa liphakamisele ifulegi lase-USSR ngaphezulu kwesiqhingi okokuqala.
NgoDisemba 19, 1928, uhulumeni waseNorway, eqinisekisa ukutholwa kwesimemezelo seKomidi Eliphezulu Lase-USSR ngo-Ephreli 15, 1926, wenza isimangalo maqondana noFranz Josef Land: “Uhulumeni Wasebukhosini awazi ukuthi ezinye izinhloso ezingezona ezomnotho zazaziwa ngeFranz Josef Land Izintshisekelo zaseNorway ... " Abezindaba baxoxa ngezinhlelo zokwakha indawo yokuhlala yaseNorway engapheli kulezi ziqhingi ngo-1929, imikhumbi yaseBallerosen neTornes-1 yalungiswa ngokuxoshwa kwabasebenzi baseNorway, kanti nezikhulu zasolwandle zaseNorway zabamba iqhaza kulolu hambo.
Ngasohlangothini lweSoviet, amalungiselelo okuphuma kwalolu hambo aqala. Iphrojekthi le yathuthukiswa yiKhomishani ye-Polar Commission ye-Academy of Science futhi yavunywa nguhulumeni we-Arctic Commission ngoMashi 5, 1929. I-SNK, ngemuva kwemvume yephrojekthi, yabela imali edingekayo, i-Institute for the Study of the North yabandakanyeka ngqo enhlanganweni yokubhukuda. U-Yu. Schmidt uqokwe waba yinhloko yalolu hambo, u-R. L. Samoilovich kanye no-V. Yise. Amaphini ayengamaphini, ukaputeni u-V. I. Voronin wayala umgibeli weqhwa “uGeorgy Sedov”, kwathi ifulegi lase-USSR lanikezelwa ekudingisweni e-Arkhangelsk.
NgoJulayi 21, 1929 umkhumbi "uGeorge Sedov" wasuka e-Arkhangelsk kwathi ngoJulayi 29, bedlula eqhweni elinzima, wasondela eCape Flora. Ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokusondela kule cape, iqembu elihlanjululwe lafika kulo, selibeke ifulegi lapho, kwanqunywa ukuba kwakhiwe i-observator eTikhaya Bay yeziQhingi zaseHooker, endaweni okwakuzobusika kuyo uhambo lweSedov lwango-1914. Kuze kube ngu-Agasti 12, iTikhaya Bay ibilayisha imishini nokudla, izindlu nesiteshi somsakazo zakhiwa ogwini, bese uGeorgy Sedov enza izifundo ze-hydrological ku-British Channel, wedlula enyakatho waya ku-82 ° 14's. w. Izakhiwo ezintathu zomkhumbi wase-Italy "Stella Polare" zatholakala eTeplitz Bay yaseRudolph Island, kwenziwa imizamo yokuthola ithuna likaSedov esiqhingini saseRudolph Island. Ngo-Agasti 29, umkhumbi ubuyela eTikhaya Bay.
Ngo-Agasti 30, 1929, kwavulwa isiteshi sokuqala samaphephelo kuFranz Josef Land, ngo-13: 30 ifulegi lase-USSR lathunyelwa ngenhla kwesiteshi kwathi i-radiogram yokuqala yathunyelwa ezweni. Kusukela ngalowomzuzu, iziqhingi zivakashelwa minyaka yonke ngezindawo zaseSoviet ezaziphenya.
NgoJulayi 1931, kwaba nomhlangano phakathi kwesikhumulo sezindiza saseJalimane uGraf Zeppelin kanye nomgibeli ohamba ngeqhwa waseSoviet Malygin. Kwathunyelwa nge-imeyili kusuka e-airship kuya kweqhwa elalihamba ngeqhwa.
Ngo-1936, isisekelo sokuphuma komoya wokuqala waseSoviet saya eNorth Pole kwenziwa esiqhingini saseRudolph. Ukusuka lapho, ngoMeyi 1937, izindiza ezine ezinamandla ezinenjini ezingama-ANT-6 zayiletha iPapanin esiqongweni somhlaba. Futhi kulesi siqhingi waqala ukusebenza esiteshini se-polar.
Ngesikhathi sempi enkulu ye-Patriotic War, abamele i-Third Reich bavele kuFranz Josef Land. Ngo-1944, kwahlelwa isiteshi sezempilo saseJalimane lapha, lapho kwakusebenza khona abantu abangu-10-15 (isizini eyodwa), okwakudingeka badle inyama eboshwe emaceleni baphume ngokushesha, beshiya nemibhalo ethile (uhlangothi lweSoviet lwathola ngalesi siteshi kuphela ngawo-1950, lapho ngiyithola isasele).
Ngeminyaka yama-1950s, “amaphuzu” amaButho Wezokuvikela Ezomoya wezwe adalwa eFranz Josef Land. Batholakala eGraham Bell Island (inkampani ye-radar ye-Graham Bell ehlukile engama-30 kanye nomkhuzi womoya ohlukile okhonza i-ice airfield), nase-Alexandra Land Island (31st Nagurskaya Separate Radar Company). "Amaphoyinti" lawo abeyingxenye yomkhosi wesithathu wobuchwepheshe besigaba sesine (ikomkhulu nenhlangano, kanti ukuhlukana kwakusendaweni yaseBelushya Guba eseNovaya Zemlya) lamasosha e-10 ahlukene amabutho ezokuvikela umoya wezwe (ikomkhulu lalise-Arkhangelsk). Ukuxhumana nalawa maphuzu kwagcinwa ngeDikson, ikheli elisemthethweni lalise- “Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island, yunithi yezempi YuY 03177”. Lawa “maphuzu” ayeyizingxenye zamasosha enyakatho yeSoviet Union. Baqedwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s.
Kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ku-2010, iMaritime Arctic Complex Expedition (MAKE) yeRussian Institute Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage D. S. Likhachev ngaphansi kwegunya kanye nokuphathwa kwesayensi kukaP. V. Boyarsky. I-MAKE, ngohlaka lwezinhlelo zayo: "Ucwaningo Olunzulu lwe-Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Arctic" kanye ne "Ukulandela Ukulandelela kwe-Arctic Expeditions", ikhombe, icwaninga futhi ichazwa emisebenzini yayo yesayensi inqwaba yezindawo zamagugu amasiko esiqhingini sekhulu le-19 kuya kwele-20, futhi yashicilela uhlelo olubanzi lwe- “Franz Land- UJoseph ”(M., 2013), imephu yokuqala nethasisele kuyo,“ Franz Josef Land Archipelago. Amasiko namagugu emvelo. Izikhomba kumephu. Isimo Sezwe LikaFranz Josef Land ”(M., 2011), sihlelwe nguP. V. Boyarsky.
Ngemuva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, izinto eziningi esiqhingini, kanye nemishini nokugcina uphethiloli kwashiywa. Ngokwezibalo zango-2010, imigqomo kaphethiloli engaba ngu-250,000 (engafika kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 yemikhiqizo kawoyela) agcinwe eziqhingini zaseFranz Josef Land, zigcinwe zisesimweni esingafanele futhi zisongela isimo semvelo seziqhingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphongolo engenalutho eyi-1 million yahlakazeka ezizungeze iziqhingi. Ngo-2012, kwaqala uhlelo lokuhlanza i-Arctic.
Ngo-2008, ngesikhathi sokuya e-Yamal ephulazwe umkhumbi onqenqemeni lweqhwa, kwatholakala isiqhingi esisha, esihlukaniswe nesiqhingi saseNorthbrook. Le ndawo entsha inikezwe igama elithi "Yuri Kuchiev Island", lapho kukhunjulwa ukaputeni we-Arctic uYu. S. Kuchiev. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngo-Agasti 1, imbandezelo ephelele yelanga yadlula kwezinye iziqhingi ezisentshonalanga yesiqhingi.
NgoSepthemba 10, 2012, ukuphuma kwe-AARI esikhumulweni semikhumbi seqhwa laseRussia kwathola esinye isiqhingi esihlukanise iNorthbrook Island.
Ngo-Okthoba 12, 2004, kwafakwa itshe lesikhumbuzo eMhlabeni ka-Alexandra "njengesibonakaliso sokuthi lapha eNagurskaya, eFranz Josef Land, kuzokwakhiwa isizinda sokuqala saseRussia lapho kuzoqala khona ukwakhiwa kwe-Arctic ngekhulu lama-21". Iqembu labenzi bezicelo lifaka i-Federal Security Service yaseRussia, i-Arctic Regional Border Administration, i-Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, i-Association of Polar Explorers Interregional Public Organisation, Polar Fund, Polus Fund Center for Arctic and Antarctic, kanye ne-G. Ya. Sedov Institute.
Ngo-2016, uMnyango Wezokuvikela eRussia waqala ukwakhiwa kwenkundla yezindiza yaseNagurskoye e-Alexandra Land. Ubude bomgwaqo kakhonkolo buzoba ngama-2500 m, ububanzi bube ngamamitha angama-46, okuzokwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukwamukela zonke izinhlobo zezindiza ezihlome ngeRussia Aerospace Forces. INagurskoye izoba isikhungo esiseduze kakhulu neNorth Pole; kuhlelwa ukuthi IL-78, A-50, A-100, Il-38 nabanye basuselwe kulesi siqhingi. Futhi eNagurskoye aerodrome ngokuqhubekayo kuzoba nabaculi bakaSu-27 nabakwaMiG-31, omsebenzi wabo kuzoba wukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okugcwele kwemingcele yomoya waseRussia esifundeni se-Arctic.
Ukuma komhlaba
IFranz Josef Land ingenye yezindawo ezisenyakatho neRussia nezomhlaba. Iqukethe iziqhingi eziyi-192, indawo iyonke eyi-16,134 km².
Ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu:
- empumalanga, ihlukaniswe nezinye yi-Strait of Austria, kanye neziqhingi ezinkulu, iWilcek Land (2.0,000 km²), uGraham Bell (1.7,000 km²),
- maphakathi - phakathi kwe-Strait of Austria kanye neBritish Channel, lapho iqembu lamaqhingi elibaluleke kakhulu likhona, liholwa cishe. I-Halle (974 km²),
- entshonalanga - nentshonalanga kwesiteshi saseBrithani, okubandakanya nesiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke esiqhingini esikhulu - iGeorge Land (2.9,000 km²), esinye isiqhingi esikhulu cishe. I-Alexandra Land (1044 km²).
Ingxenye yeziqhingi eziningi zeziqhingi zeFranz Josef Land ifana nethafa. Ukuphakama okuphakathi kufinyelela ku-400-490 m (indawo ephezulu kakhulu yesiqhingi - 620 m).
Ugu olusentshonalanga kweCape Fliegeli esiqhingini saseRudolph Island luyindawo esenyakatho ekude neRussia neFranz Josef Land.
ICape Mary Harmsworth iyindawo esentshonalanga nesiqhingi esiseduze nesiqhingi; iLamon Island iyona eseningizimu kakhulu; i-Olney Cape e-Graham Bell Island isempumalanga.