Amabhungane anemihlane emihle yemibala ehlukahlukene futhi enamathiphu egolide, ahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo, avame ukuba amabhungane angaphansi komhlaba. Bangobani? Banamagama amaningi: ama-jumpers, ama-punter, ibhungane lomhlabathi engadini. Abanye baletha izinzuzo kubalimi nabalimi, kanti abanye bazenza zesabe kakhulu ukuphepha kwezilimo. Yimaphi amabhungane emhlabathini ayingozi ezitshalweni futhi ubani ozuzayo?
Ubhungane obumnyama - luhlobo luni lwesiphazamisi futhi lubukeka kanjani?
Ubhungane obuluhlaza ungenye yemindeni emikhulu emhlabeni wezilwane. Ibalwa kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezingama-25,000 kuya kwezingu-50 000, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene. Kunemikhaya eminingana engaphansi eninginingi nokubhalwe phansi kwalesi sinambuzane esihle. Ezweni lethu, kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3,000 zohlobo lweCarabidae (igama lesiLatini).
Ukuvela kwamabhungane kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinsiza. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa izinhlobo ezintathu zezinambuzane: I-Crimean (i-Earth beetle violet), igolide futhi enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni lethu - iCaucasian.
Ngaphandle kombala, izinhlobo zamabhungane kunzima ukuhlukanisa kumuntu ongenalwazi. Ukwehlukanisa abamele bama-mabhungane womhlaba kusuka ezinambuzaneni ezijwayelekile, kwanele ukwazi izimpawu eziningana eziyisisekelo:
- ibhungane elikhulu - kufika ku-10 cm,
- Imibala emnyama ebanzi nge-sheen yensimbi,
- inhloko ebonakalayo ebonakalayo enemihlathi emikhulu,
- imilenze incane, yinde, ivumelane nokusebenza,
- izimpondo ezinde ezinamasheya angahlukaniseka kahle.
Ngabe kuhlala kuphi ibhungane lomhlabathi?
Indawo yokuhlala kwalesi sinambuzane inkulu kakhulu - kusuka eziqhingini ezishisayo kuya emihumeni yezintaba ejulile. Ngenxa yenombolo enkulu yama-subspecies, izimbungulu zisatshalaliswa cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Izinhlobo ezithile ziyakwazi ukuphila ngokungabikho kwamanzi isikhathi eside noma emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwe-zero.
E-Russia, amabhungane ahlala ezweni lonke. Bancamela izingqimba ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ezigcawini ezingadini nasemasimini. Kunezinhlobo eziphila ezihlahleni. Ezindaweni ezisezintabeni, izinambuzane zithanda imihume nemifantu.
Incazelo Nezici
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40 zalesi bug ziyaziwa emhlabeni. E-Russia kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu. Zingezinhlobo ezifanayo, kepha zinomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo: ngombala, ngosayizi, ngesinye isikhathi ngokubukeka.
Njengomthetho, umbala wamabhungane umnyama, une-tint ekhanyayo yensimbi. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi elangeni. Umhubhe ophansi uluhlaza okotshani, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, wegolide. Izithunzi ezibomvu nezibomvu azijwayelekile.
Uma ubhekisisa ithoni yensimbi, ungabona ukuthi iqukethe imivimbo emincane eminingi. Kuzoba nzima kumuntu ongenalwazi ukwahlukanisa amabhungane kusuka komunye nomunye, kodwa izincazelo ezimbalwa ezilula zizosiza ukukhomba ibhungane lomndeni wamabhungane omhlaba kusuka ezinambuzaneni ezijwayelekile.
- ibhungane lomhlabathi - inambuzane enkulu, izinhlobo ngazinye zingafinyelela amasentimitha ayishumi ubude, umzimba uvulekile,
- ngokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe komzimba webhungane, ungayibona kahle ikhanda, ihlukaniswe nomzimba yisifunda esishukumisayo, kanye nemihlathi emikhulu
- ibhungane linemilenze emide ephakeme, enezingxenye eziningi, imilenze enjalo ivumelaniswa kahle nokusebenza endaweni ehlukahlukene, ngakho-ke akulula ukubamba izinambuzane,
- amade, akhombisa amasentimitha ambalwa ngaphambili amadevu, ambozwe ngamabhulashi, amadevu asebenza njengamarali wamabhungane wasemhlabeni,
- imilenze yangaphambili ifakelwe uhlobo lwezinqe ezisebenza njengebhulashi lezinambuzane zokuhlanza imihlathi.
Ubhungane ongaphansi inamaphiko aqinile, ubukhulu bawo buxhomeke endaweni yokuhlala. Ezifundeni ezinokudla okwanele, amaphiko athuthukiswa kabi, ngoba asikho isidingo sokuhamba ibanga elide uma efuna ukudla. Akuvamile ukuthi amaphiko asetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa kabusha, futhi ngokungadingekile zivame ukukhula ndawonye.
Isici esihlukile senkathazo yensimbi ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala. Bathanda izindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu kanye nokushisa okuqinile okuzinzile. Kungakho ibhungane lomhlabathi livame ukutholakala kakhulu eningizimu yeRussia, e-Ukraine naseMoldova.
Izinhlobo zebhungane ezingaphansi
E-Russia, izinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezinkulu kunazo zonke zingabizwa ngokuphepha Ubhungane womhlaba waseCaucasian. Bahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zeCaucasus, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni. Kepha ungahlangana nabo eKrasnodar Territory. Ungesabi ukugqwala okungaqondakali ngenkathi uhleli engadini uphethe inkomishi yetiye ezandleni zakho.
La mabhungane ayephumula kahle phakathi nosuku, kuthi lapho kusihlwa aphuthume empini. Ebusuku, izimbungulu zenza umsebenzi wazo, ziqale ukuzingela izibungu kanye nama-midges amancane, futhi ungazideleli izibungu. Izindawo ezithandekayo zamabhungane emhlabathini zingadi namapaki lapho ungazingela buthule futhi akukho ukushoda kokudla.
Ubhungane womhlaba waseCaucasian ungabonakala ekuqaleni kwawo ngombala wawo ogqamile, kwesinye isikhathi umbala oluhlaza okotshani nobomvu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hlobo oluthile lwamabhungane lubhalwe kwiBhuku eliBomvu leRussian Federation njengoba lehla ngokushesha. Emuva ngekhulu le-19, ososayensi bebefuna ngentshiseko izimbungulu ezinhle ukuze bagcwalise amaqoqo abo noma bathengisele ozakwabo abangaphumeleli hhayi eRussia kuphela kepha nakwamanye amazwe.
Impumelelo engavamile kuzoba ukuthola enye inhlobo yebhungane lomhlaba - iCrimea. Igama lakhe liyazikhulumela. Ungayithola ngaphakathi peninsula yaseCrimea, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, isifiso esisodwa sokuthola isinambuzane asanele. Udinga ukubekezela nesibani esinamandla, ngoba leli bhungane lihlala ebusuku, futhi lihamba lizingela kuphela ilanga selishonile.
Ubhungane womhlaba wobelelesi - isinambuzane sikhulu impela. Amacala aqoshwa lapho ubude bomzimba wakhe bufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-6. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kanye nethalente lokuzingela, leli bhungane liyisitha esiyingozi hhayi ngezinambuzane ezincane kuphela, kodwa nezilokazana ezincane. Uyayithanda iminenke yamagilebhisi, ngakho-ke ungahlangana naye, kubandakanya namanzi, ezindaweni zokuphuma ezincane.
Ukuqapha! Lolu hlobo lwebhungane lungaba yingozi kubantu. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngemuva komzimba osondelene neBhungane lomhlaba bhungane kukhona indlala ekhethekile equkethe uketshezi lwe-caustic. Lokhu akuyona ubuthi, kepha ukwakheka kwaleli ketshezi kuhloselwe ukusabisa izitha zethu. Ibhungane lithungatha lolu ketshezi luqonde lapho lusongelwa khona.
Ubude bokudubula bungafinyelela amamitha amabili futhi bangathola kalula, ngokwesibonelo, emehlweni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, hlamba ngokushesha amehlo akho noma enye indawo ethintekile enamanzi amaningi futhi ufune usizo lodokotela. Ukubuyisa isiphazamiso akukufanele. Leli bhungane lomhlaba likuNcwadi Ebomvu njengohlobo olusengozini.
Ubhungane ongaphansi - omelele kakhulu ama-pathos ohlobo lakhe. Igama layo eliphelele linephunga elimnandi. Ubukhulu bawo obuphakathi buhlukahluka kusuka kumasentimitha amathathu kuya kwayi-4. Umzimba wesinambuzane, njengabalingani baso, uneshekeli lensimbi, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, unombala omuhle kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile lezi izithunzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezifakwa ngaphakathi kwegolide nobhedu. Ukhetha ukuhlala emahlathini acekethekileyo futhi aqobayo, emapaki nasezingadini, lapho kunomswakama omnandi futhi owanelisayo ngenxa yemikhakha yezimvemvane namacimbi ahlala lapho. Kukubo lapho bug buhle buzingela ubusuku obumnyama.
Ngokuvamile, ungahlangana nobuhle emahlathini emazweni aseYurophu, eMoldova, eBelarus, eGeorgia nakwamanye amazwe aseCentral Asia. Ubhungane ongaphansi - isinambuzane kuyaqabukela, kufakwe ku-Red Book hhayi iRussia kuphela kodwa neYurophu.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezijwayelekile zamabhungane omhlaba ziyabhekwa:
Lezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane ezigcwele kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRussia.
Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat
Zonke izinhlobo amabhungane omhlabathi kubhekwe izinambuzane zasemhlabeni. Imvamisa, bazihlomisa ngokuhlala ngaphansi kwamatshe, phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla, phakathi kwamahlamvu kanye notshani botshani. Zimbalwa izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezikwazi ukwakha amakhaya azo ezihlahleni, bese ziphansi, ukuphakama okufika kumamitha amabili.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabhungane angabadli, wona uqobo angaba izisulu zezinyoni, ngakho ahlela izindawo zawo zokukhosela emifantweni yamagxolo noma phakathi kwamagatsha. Izimo eziphambili zokuphila zingumswakama ophezulu, izinga lokushisa elizinzile nomthunzi omnyama.
Ukubhekwa kwakamuva kwalezi zinambuzane kugcine kwenze ososayensi baveze ukuthi amabhungane omhlabathi bahlala emindenini eminingana. Amaqembu amancane ezinambuzane azivumela ukuba zizingele ngempumelelo inyamazane enkulu, ngokwesibonelo, izibankwa ezincane.
Indlela yokuphila yamabhungane ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Ebusuku, wonke amalungu omndeni asebenzayo ayahamba ayozingela, bese kuthi imisebe yokuqala yelanga ingene emthunzini kuze kuhlwe. Abanye abamele amabhungane omhlabathi bakhetha ukusebenza ngosuku futhi “baphumule” endaweni yabo yokuhlala ebusuku.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, cishe maphakathi no-Okthoba, amabhungane agobhoza ajule emhlabathini, futhi awele ekubandakanyeni, ukuze kuthi lapho kuqala izinsuku zokuqala zasentwasahlobo ezifudumele ziqhubeke nempilo yazo futhi.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwamabhungane omhlabathi kubantu
Ubhungane ongaphansi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: iyingozi futhi inenzuzo. Enye yezinhlobo eziyingozi i-Earth beet komhlaba. Kungokwesigaba esibizwa ngokuthi yizimbungulu ezinobuthi.
Kepha ubuthi abukho ngomqondo oqondile walelo gama. Ubuthi bayo yingxube yamakhemikhali ye-caustic engakwazi ukubulala umuntu, kepha ingadala ukungezwani komzimba ngendlela ye-rash ne-edema. Ukushiswa kobuthi obunjalo kungahlala esikhunjeni cishe izinsuku ezintathu.
Ubhungane womhlabathi wesinkwa ungadala ukulimala okukhulu ezitshalweni, konakalise izinto zasendlini nefenisha. Ngenxa yemihlathi yawo enamandla, ibhungane likwazi ukugaya izinto ezinzima kakhulu. Ibhungane lidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zikakolweni, impango ebunjiwe ezimpandeni ezigayiwe, futhi ifinyelela kalula ezitshalweni zemifino nezithelo zomhluzi.
Leli bhungane elingumhlaba liyisakhamuzi sasebusuku, lapho umuntu elele, lingagibela ezikhwameni, lizenze izimbobo. Bazivumela kalula ukuthi benyukele etafuleni beyofuna imvuthuluka yokudla, ngaphandle kokwesaba, bangakwazi ukungena kumuntu.
Uma kutholakala ibhungane elinjalo endlini - futhi ungaliqaphela ngombala walo omnyama we-violet - kuyasiza ukusebenzisa izinyathelo ngokushesha. Ukubhubhisa inkathazo, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo amakhemikhali anamuhla, angathengwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo se-disinitness. Uma impi yokulwa naleli bhungane ingaqalwa ngesikhathi, inani laso lingakhula kakhulu, bese kuba nzima ukuqeda izakhamizi ezingacelwanga.
Kepha futhi kunamaphuzu amahle. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane zigada ingadi. Lezi ubuhle, ubhungane womhlaba weCrimea kanye “nehlosi”. Ukudla okuthandwayo kwe-beetan komhlaba bhungane kungubhontshisi wamagilebhisi. Lesi sinambuzane sidala umonakalo ongenakulungiswa ezitshalweni zamagilebhisi namajikijolo, izithelo ezivuthiwe, zenza phansi izimpande ezingeke ziphinde zibuyiselwe bese isitshalo sifa.
Ama-Beauticians ajabule ukubona abahlali basehlobo nabalimi bezindawo zabo. Ngenxa yamakhono okubulala leli bhungane, izingadi zasekhaya nezitshalo zihlelekile ngokuphelele. Ubhungane lubhubhisa zonke izinhlobo zama-chrysalis ayingozi nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ngokuthabisako, amabhungane wephasi ngabazingeli.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane, ayikwazi ukubhubhisa izinambuzane ezinkulu, kepha zibhekana nezincane nge-bang. Enye into ethokozisayo yibhungane lomhlaba. Ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ukwakheka kwemihlana yayo kufana nomlomo wehlosi onamaphiko amakhulu abukhali.
Ngabo, wephula isisulu sakhe. Izinambuzane ezifike emihlathini yaleli bhungane zizokufa. Isinambuzane sihlala otshanini naphakathi kwamagabade omhlaba. Ufuna njalo ukudla, ngakho uma usubona kusayithi lakho, ungazola ngokuphepha kwezilimo.
Ground bhungane silwa
Ngaphambi kokuqala impi nezinambuzane, kufanelekile ukucacisa uhlala kuphi ubhungane womhlabaIncwadi Ebomvu. Yize kunjalo, izinhlobo ezithile zivikelekile kanti ukuqedwa kwazo kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. I-halo enkulu yamabhungane angavamile yi-peninsula yaseCrimea, kodwa ingahlala kunoma iyiphi indawo efanelekile izimo zezulu. Kuyafanisa ukuqhathanisa isinambuzane esitholakele nebhungane lomhlaba esithombeni futhi uqiniseke ngesimo salo "sokuphahlazeka".
Ukubhubhisa inkathazo akulula. Kuyadingeka ukuthatha lolu daba ngakho konke ukubekezelela futhi uphathe ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali amahlandla amabili kuya kwamathathu. Ngemuva kwalokho, kanye ngenyanga, thatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela izibungu ezisele ngemuva kokuhlanzwa okukhulu.
Ukubhubhisa amabhungane, izindlela eziningana zisetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye. Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, kufanelekile ukuthenga ama-dichlorvos ne-karbofos futhi uwasebenzise ndawonye nekhambi le-ammonia noma uviniga.
Uviniga kanye ne-ammonia kuyachithwa kumanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 2. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukucubungula ingadi noma ingadi, udinga ukunakekela ukuphepha komuntu siqu. Isidingo sokuthenga:
- isiphepho,
- amagilavu we-latex,
- izibuko zepulasitiki ezingalo ezibanzi
- izingubo ezikhethekile noma lezo ezingeke zihawukele ukulahlwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngemuva kokuhlanzwa komile, yonke imishini yokuzivikela kufanele igezwe ngamanzi agobhozayo, yomiswe bese isuswa ekhoneni elikude noma ichithwe. Uma impi yokulwa nezinambuzane iqala ukwakhiwa esakhiweni sokuhlala, khona-ke kungcono ukuqala ngokucubungula ukudla.
Kungcono ukubopha okusanhlamvu kuhhavini ekushiseni okungama-degree angama-75 bese ufaka izitsha zomoya. Noma ngaphansi kokholi olujulile olujulile. Onke amakhabethe, amashalofu ku-pantry namabhodi ezisekelo aphathwa ngesisombululo sikaviniga.
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-ammonia noma ama-reagents amakhemikhali kuphela kulawo makamelo lapho kunomoya omncane. Ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa, wonke amalungu omndeni nezilwane kumele kuthunyelwe ohambweni kusuka ekhaya.
Ngemuva kokubhujiswa okuphelele kwamabhungane omhlabathi akufanele kuthule. Izindlela zokuvimbela kufanele zenziwe kaningi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubhubhisa lonke ikoloni lezilokazane ngasikhathi. Landela imiyalo elula:
- ngemuva kokuthenga imikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi izithelo nemifino, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola umkhiqizo ngomonakalo,
- Hlanza njalo uviniga, ukhonkotha futhi ugeza kahle yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi emakamelweni amnyama,
- gcina okusanhlamvu ezitsheni ezivalekile,
- kwesinye isikhathi kusebenza ngefenisha yokhuni, izinambuzane zingahlala phakathi kwamabhodi.
Lapho uqala ukulwa ngebhungane, ibhungane lomhlabathi, ungalisebenzisi ngokweqile. Kuhle ukukhumbula njalo ukuthi izinambuzane ezinje zithathe isinyathelo esibalulekile kulayini wokudla. Ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwezinambuzane kungathinta kabi izitshalo hhayi kuphela izitshalo, kodwa nezilwane ezinkulu nezinyoni ezidla kulezi zinambuzane ezinhle.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Onamaphiko ibhungane lomhlabathi, incazelo umndeni omkhulu uhluka ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- usayizi,
- isakhiwo sangaphandle
- ifomu,
- imibala
- I-hetotaxia - isikhundla semabhuloki,
- ukwakheka kwezitho zangasese.
Ubhungane ongaphansi Inamanye amagama: ezejwayelekile, ingadi, ihlathi. Amasayizi ahluka ukusuka kubuncane obungama-1 mm kuya ngaphezu kwama-10 cm. Ukwakheka komzimba nakho kwehluka. Ngokungezelela kuhlamvu oluyindilinga ngelensi le-biconvex noma elakhiwe ngamaqabunga, liqukethe uhlobo olude noma oluqanda.
Ingaphezulu bushelelezi, linamafutha noma liqumbile. Uhlobo lomhume lubukeka njengentuthwane, emelelwa ngumzimba we-convex onomzimba ojulile emuva nekhanda elikhulu.
Ubhungane ongaphansi
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezihlala emabhishi anesihlabathi, ezinemidwebo yazo eyindilinga zifana ne-ladybug.
Ubulili besinambuzane bunqunywa ngokulingana komzimba nendawo yezibalo engxenyeni ye-anal. Abesilisa bavame ukuba mncane kunabesifazane. Inhloko edonswa buthaka esifubeni noma phezulu amehlo ibheka phambili, iphetha ngomhlathi oqinile, okhombe phansi naphezulu.
Ukuma kwabo kunqunywa uhlobo lokudla. Izinyamazane eziningi zibonakaliswa umhlathi omude ophezulu ngendlela yesikela (eligunyaziwe), elibamba inyamazane ngokuqinile. Ama-herbivores anemisipha emikhulu nefiphalisiwe ayashintshwa ukuze agaye isakhi sesitshalo.
Osayizi abahlukahlukene wamehlo, ukusuka kokukhulu ngesikhathi sasemini noma kubameleli be-twilight, kuya kancishiswa ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni zokuhlanza. Izinhlobo eziningi zomhume kanye nenhlabathi zingamasayizi aphakathi.I-whisky ethuthukisiwe ivelele.
Ingxenye yangaphambili yebunzi iqukethe okufakwayo: okokugcina - obude bangaphambili, ifushane - fossa yangaphambili. Isitho sokuzwa sitholakala maphakathi noma ngaphansi kwesihlalo se-chin.
Izimpempe zesegimenti ngesetae eyodwa noma eziningi ezinde. Emadodeni, izimpondo zinde. Isifuba simelelwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Uhlobo lwayo oluncane lukhuthaza ukuhamba kahle. Izinhlobo zokumba zihlukaniswa uhlobo lomzimba olubunjiwe.
Amabhungane amaningi andiza kabi noma awandiza nhlobo; asebenzisa amaphiko kuphela uma ehlala kabusha. Ekundizeni - i-elytra eqinile icishe isimboze ngokuphelele isisu. I-elytra eyakhiwe ngaphansi noma engatholakali kwezinye izinhlobo kwezinye izikhathi ikhula ndawonye.
Imilenze emide impela futhi emincane enemilenze ehlukaniswe ngama-5 ikulungele kahle ukugijima nokuhamba. Ukunyakaza kwe-Agile kuhlotshaniswa nempahla yokwenza buthaka noma yokulahleka kwendiza. Abesilisa bahlukile kwabesifazane kuzigaba ezikhulisiwe.
Ekubambeni abamele, bancipha kakhudlwana. I-tibia yangaphambili iqukethe i-tendloin - isitho sokuhlanza i-antennae. Kusebenzisa ingxenye yesigaxa, amabhungane anamathela kahle emgodini futhi asongele isitshalo.
Umbala wezinambuzane uhluke kakhulu nge-predominance yemibala emnyama. Imvamisa kuba khona i-rainbow tint kanye nesithunzi sensimbi. Abamele imibala enemibala egqamile kanjalo nekulu - Ubhungane womhlaba waseCaucasianifinyelela ubude obufika ku-6 cm.
Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho neCaucasus zifakiwe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kweNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia. Umzimba oblue ocwebezelayo webhungane ungaba onsomi noma ube luhlaza ngombala nge-sheen yensimbi yengxenye engezansi.
Abamele lo mndeni bane-plastiki yemvelo eyingqayizivele futhi basatshalaliswa yonke indawo ukusuka e-tundra ebandayo kuya emahlathini ashisayo nasogwadule. Ngaphandle kweRussia, imvamisa ingatholakala e-Ukraine, Moldova, eNgilandi, eSweden, ENingizimu Melika naseNyakatho Afrika.
Zihlala ikakhulu kungaphezulu kwenhlabathi noma phezu kwayo, kwesinye isikhathi ezihlahleni. Bayizakhamuzi zesimo sezulu esinomswakama omningi, njengezimo zokushisa ezilinganiselwe.
Ubhungane womhlaba waseCaucasian
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Amabhungane atholakala endleleni yokuphila yasemhlabeni. Bahlala ngamaqembu amancane aqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zomndeni. Indawo yokuhlala itholakala ezingxenyeni ezincane zenhlabathi, ngaphansi kwamatshe, phansi kwezihlahlana notshani. Ezinye izinhlobo ezincane kuphela ezithanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni.
Umsebenzi wansuku zonke wamabhungane uwahambisa ezinhlotsheni ezi-3:
Iningi lezinambuzane zitholakala endleleni yokuphila emnyama, lapho zizingela khona ukudla. Ngenxa yezitho ezinamandla nezingqongqo, zihamba ngokushesha amabanga amakhulu, lapho zathola khona amagama - abahambi nabagijimi.
Isikhathi sasemini sisetshenziswa ngokuphelele endaweni yabo yokukhosela. Ebusika, eduze nokuphela kwezulu elibandayo, bangena emhlabathini kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Ngokuqala kokushisa, akhuphukela phezulu futhi aqhubeke nomsebenzi obalulekile.
Igama lesidlaliso Bombardier Beetle Ubhungane womhlaba wobugebengu uthole ukubonga uketshezi oluvikelayo olutholakala kwi-anal gland. Amphonsa esitheni, ezwa ingozi nokushushiswa.
Ingxube enobuthi enobuthi, uma idedelwa, ifinyelela emazingeni okushisa ashisayo bese iqhuma ngokuchofoza okukhulu, ivele ivele ivele ngesimo sefu. Umhlaseli oshaqekile ngokushiswa okungabonakali uyandiza. Isitoko sama-reagents sanele kuma-vol 15 e-15-35.
Umsoco
Emndenini wesinambuzane, kunezinhlobo ezinodidi oluxubile lokudla okudla okudla okudla izitshalo nezilwane.
Clan Ground mabhungane kudla:
- izinambuzane
- imikhaza
- amacimbi
- iminenke yamagilebhisi
- Earthworms
- phytophages,
- ukudla kwezitshalo.
Isisulu silala silindele inyamazane yaso endaweni yokukhosela noma sibambe ngokushesha ngosizo lwemilenze emide yemisipha emide. Ngenxa yokugaya okungaphezulu, uyayibamba ngemihlathi enamandla, ethulula imfihlo evela emathunjini aphakathi ukuze athambise izicubu ezinzima.
Noma iyiphi ikhava ye-chitinous iboleka kalula emihlathini eqinile. Inqubo yokumuncwa nokugaya idlula ngokushesha kusuka emahoreni amabili kuya kwayi-4, iphenduka ibe yi-slurry ewuketshezi. Uma udla imnenkezo, iququda imollusk uqobo, ishiye indlu yayo ingeneme. Imboza yezinambuzane egcwele emhlabathini izinsuku eziningi.
I-Herbivorous ibhungane lomhlabathi inkathazo yesitshalo emasimini, lapho echitha khona isikhathi. Uthanda okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kakolweni, ibhali kanye ne-rye. Ebusuku uthola ezindlebeni futhi adle okusanhlamvu.
Ngemuva kokuvuna, igxila ngokuqinile ezindaweni ezinezinhlamvu ezifafazwe. Isebenzisa nokhula, idonsa amaqabunga amancane futhi ishiye imicu ethile. Ngentokozo ujabulele umpe kanye nempova ezimbali.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ubhungane ongaphansi kubhekisa amabhungane ahlala isikhathi eside - kusuka eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwengama-5. Umjikelezo wempilo wesinambuzane kancane kancane udlula ukusuka eqandeni uye ku-larva, i-pupa ne-imago. Isikhathi sokufuya siqala ngemuva kwenkathi yasentwasahlobo yokuzalanisa, imvamisa eyenzeka ngenyanga ka-Ephreli.
Ubhungane ongaphansi
Ukubekwa kwamaqanda angama-50-80 eyodwa, insikazi eyodwa ingena ngqo enhlabathini iye ekujuleni okungamasentimitha amathathu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ukhetha indawo emanzi enenhlabathi evundile. Izibungu ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-160 mg kanye nobude obufika ku-2 cm zivela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-13-14.
Inemilenze emifushane eyi-6 enomzimba omfushane. Umbala wabo omhlophe ngemuva kwamahora ayi-10 uba mnyama-mnyama. Imihlathi yezinyamazane ezincane, ngemuva kwamahora angama-40 kusukela izelwe, isivele inamandla okudla izimbaza zomhlaba. Ukubambelela ngokuqinile kohlukunyezwayo, yize enamandla futhi ecashile we-mucus ne-foam, uhlangana nalo enhlabathini futhi udle.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuqediwe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Isigaba esilandelayo senzeka - inyamazane, ehlala izinsuku eziyi-15-25. Umzimba onqunu we-pupa ufana nebhungane elidala.
Isici esibonakalayo izicholo zokuthungwa okuvela ngasolwandle ngemuva nangemuva kwengxenye yesisu. I-Pupa itholakala kakhulu kubumba olwenziwe ngomhlabathi noma substrate.
Ebusika, kungenela umuntu omdala isikhathi seminyaka engu-2-3. Ukuvela kokuqala kwabantu abasha kuncike ezimweni zezulu futhi kubhekwa ngoMeyi-Juni. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulu ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kwesilimo sokusanhlamvu.
Ukubukeka okuningi kungabonakala esigabeni sobisi sokuvuthwa kobusika. Ngo-Agasti, iwela ekuwohlisweni - ukuma kwenqubo yokwakha, bese imisele emhlabathini kuze kufike ku-40 cm.
Ungabhekana kanjani nebhungane lesinambuzane
Inonya amabhungane omhlabathi ukuthi aqeda kanjani kusuka kumhlaseli ongathembekile - le ndaba ifanelekile phakathi kwabalimi nabalimi abaningi. Ukulimala kusuka ezinambuzaneni akulethi hhayi ezindaweni zokulima kuphela, kepha nasezindlini lapho amabhungane acasulayo akwazi ukungena ngaphakathi.
Indlela ehlanganisiwe nezinyathelo zezolimo nezamakhemikhali, ngesivuno esisheshayo ngaphandle kokuchitha okusanhlamvu kunomthelela ekuvikelweni okuphezulu kusuka enkomeni.
Ubhungane womhlaba omnyama ikhaya - hhayi into ejwayelekile futhi engathandeki. Ukuhlala kwabo efulethini akukude ngenxa yokudla okwanele. Kodwa-ke, bayakwazi ukuthelela wonke amakamelo ngezibungu. Izici ezisobala zokusabalalisa amabhungane asekhaya yilezi:
- imikhiqizo yokudla: ufulawa, okusanhlamvu, amazambane, njll.
- imfucuza yokudla,
- imfucumfucu,
- izinkuni,
- izinkuni ezindala.
Isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuqeda izinambuzane sizosiza ukuqeda ukusatshalaliswa ngezinga elikhulu. Empini yokulwa nezimbungulu, izindlela ezisebenzayo yilezi:
- ukuhlanza okujwayelekile ngokusesha ngokucophelela indawo akuyo,
- ukwelashwa komhlaba ngezixazululo zesoda sokubhaka noma uviniga,
- ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo wezinambuzane ezilwelayo,
- inethi yokuvikela emafasiteleni.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukuqapha ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo yokudla kwifomu elivaliwe. Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane omhlabathi afinyelela inani elikhulu futhi zibaluleke kakhulu esimweni semvelo ne-anthropogenic ecosystem. Izinambuzane ziyinkomba yemvelo nokubakhona kokungcola okulethwa ngabantu.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Amabhungane aphansi (Carabidae) awumndeni wamabhungane, isigaba sezinambuzane, ezinjenge-arthropods, umyalo wamaphiko wezimpiko. Igama le-bugs livela egameni elithi "buzz". Izazi zesimo sezulu zazi cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-40 zezinhlobo zomhlaba mabhungane, futhi eRussia kuphela ezingabhekwa okungenani izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Zonke zingabofuzo olufanayo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye umehluko phakathi kwazo: ngosayizi, umbala, ngisho nokubukeka.
Ividiyo: ibhungane lomhlabathi
Amabhungane amnyama, njengomthetho, anombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi abe ne-tint yensimbi ekhanyayo eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka negolide. Ngesinye isikhathi, ungathola izithunzi ezibomvu nezibomvu. Uma ubhekisisa i-tint yensimbi, ungabona imichilo emincane kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba wezinhlobo ezihlukene zamabhungane omhlaba buhlukahluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-10 cm.
Izinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zamabhungane omhlaba:
- emhlabathini mabhungane Caucasian. Ihlala ikakhulu enyakatho yeCaucasus, kepha ivame ukutholakala eTrrasnodar Territory. Ubhungane basemhlabathini waseCaucasian bunemibala egqamile, kwesinye isikhathi umbala onsomi noma oluhlaza okotshani. Inani lezinhlobo lehla ngokushesha, ngenxa yokuthi kubhalwe kulo i-Red Book of Russia,
- IGarle bhungane lobugebengu. Izinhlobo zitholakala kuphela endaweni yencithakalo yaseCrimea futhi isebenza ikakhulu ebusuku. Leli bhungane likhulu impela - ubude bomzimba walo buhlala bufika ku-6 cm.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngemuva komzimba, ibhungane lomhlaba weCrimea linemizimba ene-caustic, kodwa hhayi uketshezi olunoshevu, ngosizo lolo "oluthuthukisa" ezitheni zalo ukuya kumamitha ayi-2.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ibhungane lomhlabathi?
Inhloko yazo zonke izinhlobo zamabhungane emhlabathini incane futhi imvamisa iqondiswa phambili. Kuyo kukhona imishini yokugaya umlomo enemisipha eqinile futhi ebukhali. Ukwakheka kwemihlathi kungahluka futhi kuye ngezinketho zokudla zohlobo oluthile noma kolunye.
Ukwenza isibonelo, izisulu ezihlaselayo zibonakaliswa ngama-mandibles amade abunjiwe abamba ngawo futhi abambe ngokuqina inyamazane yawo. Ubhungane obukhulu bomhlaba buphawulwa ngemihlathi emikhulu nefiphaza, efaneleke imicu yezitshalo zokugaya.
Usayizi wamehlo wamabhungane omhlabathi kuncike endleleni yawo yokuphila: ekubumbeni nasezinhlotsheni zomhume mncane kakhulu, akunakuqapheleka, ezinhlotsheni zasebusuku - zikhulu, ezinhlamvwini zamehlo nasezinsukwini zasemini amehlo azo makhulu. Izinduna zamabhungane zivame ukuba mncane, ziqukethe izingxenye eziyishumi nanye.
Isimo somzimba sobuningi singama-oval, siphakeme kancane, kepha kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezinesimo esehlukile:
- nxazonke, i-biconvex,
- emise okwamahlamvu
- i-convex nge-constriction nenhloko enkulu, efana nezintuthwane,
- umjikelezo, umugqa munye,
- isiqu.
Amabhungane aphansi, njengazo zonke izinambuzane, anemilenze eyisithupha, enezingxenye ezinhlanu. Ukuma kwabo, ukubukeka nokusebenza kwabo kuncike kwindlela yokunyakaza. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zokumba zibonisa imilenze emifushane nebanzi ngamazinyo abukhali, nakubo bonke abanye abade, abade nabanciphile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emlenzeni ongezansi wonyawo ngalunye kukhona i-notch ekhethekile lapho amabhungane ehlanza izimpondo zawo.
Izimpiko zamabhungane emhlabathini zingase zehluke ngisho nakubameleli bezinhlobo ezifanayo: ezimfishane noma ezinde, ezikhule kahle noma cha. Ama-elytra wamabhungane alukhuni, angaba ngisho noma ambozwe ngama-grooves noma amachashazi obunjwa obuhlukahlukene. Ezinhlotsheni ezingenamaphiko, i-elytra ikhula ndawonye futhi yakha indawo eqinile.
I-dimorphism yezocansi emabhungane omhlabathi iphinyiselwa kahle. Isibonelo, izinsikazi zihlala zikhulu kunezabesilisa. Futhi, emadodeni, izinduna zangaphambili kanye nezimpondo ezinde zandisiwe futhi zibhalwe kahle i-pubescent. Umbala wamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ungahluka, kepha ngokubekeka okukhulu kwamathoni amnyama, futhi kufane ne-metallic ne-rainbow tint. Izinhlobo zamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ahlala ezitshalweni nasezindaweni eziseduze kwamanzi zivame ukugqama: luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, luhlaza okotshani nokuphuzi.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ibhungane lomhlabathi libukeka kanjani. Ake sibheke lapho kuhlala khona leli bhungane.
Ngabe udlani ubhungane womhlabathi?
Isithombe: Bhungane lomhlaba wobugebengu
Njengoba uyazi, amabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ahlala emasimini, emahlathini, emapaki, ezigcawini zomuntu siqu, ezivandeni, ngokuvamile, lapho kunezidalwa eziningi ezihlukene ezigijimayo, ezinokhasa noma ezindizayo. Okuthandwa yi-mabhungane ukudla okuthandayo: iminenke, amasizi, izibungu zezinye izinambuzane, amacimbi, ama-aphid.
Ngenxa yalokhu "imenyu", mabhungane emhlabathini ahlonishwa kakhulu abalimi, njengoba benza iqhaza elikhulu empini eqhubekayo yokulwa nezinambuzane. Umgomo wokuzingela phakathi kwamabhungane omhlabathi ulula impela. Lapho ibhungane libona inyamazane yalo futhi selikulungele ukulihlasela, kuvela uketshezi olukhethekile oluvuthayo emithanjeni yalo yemihlathi. Ibhungane lifafaza inyamazane yalo ngalolu ketshezi, lilinde imizuzu embalwa, lidle.
Ukwakheka kwalolu ketshezi kuqukethe izinto ezifaka amandla kuthozame bese kuthambisa isisulu, sikuguqula kube yi-gruel ye-liquid. Ibhungane limunca leli pulp bese libuyela endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku eziningana - ukugaya ukudla nokuphumula. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ibhungane lishiya indawo yokuhlala liqale ukuzingela futhi.
Phakathi kwamabhungane enhlabathi kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye, izinhlobo zezidlo ezixubile, kanye nezinhlobo zemifino. Phakathi kokugcina, okuyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni kukhona abanye abamele uhlobo lweZabrus - mabhungane emhlabathini wesinkwa. Bondla ikakhulu okusanhlamvu okuvuthiwe kwezithelo zikakolweni: rye, ukolweni, ibhali, i-oats, ummbila, okudala ukulimala okungalawuleki kwezolimo.
Izibungu zamabhungane ezingaphansi ngokuvamile zondla cishe ngendlela efanayo neyabantu abadala, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa. Kuzibungu, ukuhlukunyezwa ku-izibungu zezinye izinambuzane nakho kuvame kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ibhungane lomhlabathi
Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane angaphansi zihola indlela yokuphila yasemhlabeni, zithanda ungqimba lwamaqabunga awile obolile noma ungqimba lotshani owomile wangonyaka odlule. Kodwa-ke, kukhona futhi amabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ahlala ezitshalweni, enhlabathini noma emafutheni.
Imvamisa, amabhungane ahlela indawo yokuhlala phakathi kwamaqabunga awile, ngaphansi kwamatshe, ezimpandeni zezihlahla, otshanini. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emagatsheni ezihlahla afinyelela kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama. Izimo eziphambili zendawo yazo yokuhlala zingukushisa okuzinzile, umswakama ophezulu, kanye nomthunzi.
Ngokusho komqondo wakamuva wesayensi, amabhungane angaphansi abhekwa njengezinambuzane ezihlala emaqenjini amancane, okuwavumela ukuba azingele ngempumelelo izinambuzane hhayi nje izinambuzane, kodwa futhi nesisulu esikhulu, ngokwesibonelo, izibankwa ezincane.
Ubhungane obuluhlaza ikakhulu ebusuku, yize kunezinhlobo zasemini kuphela. Ngokuqala kobumnyama, wonke amalungu omndeni omncane ayahamba ayozingela, futhi ekuseni, ngisho ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, wonke umuntu ucasha ethunzini.
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, emgqeni ophakathi nendawo cishe kube maphakathi no-Okthoba, lapho isilinganiso sokushisa sansuku zonke sesivele sisezingeni eliphansi, amabhungane omhlaba agxumela emhlabathini aze afike ekujuleni kwesigamu semitha bese ewa ekuzithambekeni. Cishe maphakathi no-Mashi noma ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuya ngesimo sezulu, amabhungane afike ebusweni futhi aqhubeke nomjikelezo wawo wokuphila futhi.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhungane omhlaba sehlukile, futhi kakhulu. Isibonelo, kunamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ahlala unyaka owodwa kuphela futhi anikeza isizukulwane esisodwa senzalo empilweni yawo emfushane. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo eziphila iminyaka emi-2-5 noma ngaphezulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Photo: Ground bhungane
Ukuzala kabusha emabhunganeni amabhungane omhlabathi aqala eneminyaka engu-9 kuya ku-12 ubudala.
Izazi zesimo sezulu zihlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zesigqi sonyaka samabhungane omhlaba:
- isikhathi sokuza kwemvelo senzeka entwasahlobo (ukukhula kwesibungu kwenzeka ehlobo, kanti ebusika izinambuzane zithambekele esigabeni sabadala),
- isikhathi sokuzala senzeka ehlobo noma ekwindla (izibungu hibernates, akukho hibernation ehlobo),
- isikhathi sokuzala senzeka ehlobo noma ekwindla (izibungu hibernates, kukhona hibernation ehlobo),
- inkathi yokuzalela eguquguqukayo (ukuzalanisa kungaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, zombili izibungu namaqhude amadala ebusika)
- isikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthuka kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezitropiki azalela kabili ngonyaka.
Amabhungane aphansi ayizinambuzane ngokuguqulwa okuphelele, okungukuthi, ekukhuleni kwawo, adlula ezigabeni ezi-4: iqanda, izibungu, ipupa nomdala. Esimweni esiphakathi nendawo, isikhathi sokuzalela kumabhungane omhlabathi siqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi yenza ukuleleka ekujuleni kuka-3-5 cm.I-clutch eyodwa ingaba namaqanda angama-20-80. Indawo yokwakha kufanele ibe mnyama, ifudumele futhi inomswakama. Inhlabathi kumele ibe yisigwili ku-humus.
Ezinhlotsheni zamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba, abonakala ngokunakekela inzalo, amaqanda akwi-clutch mancane futhi amakhudlwana, kwezinye izinhlobo amaqanda mancane impela, kepha amakhudlwana amaningi. Ngokwesimo, amaqanda angaba ngesimo se-oval elongated noma isilinda eyindilinga emaphethelweni nge-translucent ephuzi ephuzi noma emhlophe qhwa, lapho izibungu zingabonakala khona ekugcineni kokufakwa.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamabhungane angaphansi, ukunakekela inzalo kuqukethe ekukhetheni indawo efanelekile yokubeka amaqanda, nokho, kunezinhlobo zezilwane lapho kuthatha khona izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Isibonelo, kumabhungane omhlaba wasePterostichini, insikazi ivikela i-clutch kuze kube yilapho izibungu zibopha, ukuvikela ekuthini kungenwe kwamanye amabhungane nasekuthelelekeni kwesikhunta.
EMadagascar mabhungane emhlabathini iScartini, insikazi ivikela amaqanda kuyo yonke le nkathi yokufakwa, bese kuthi okwesikhashana ihlale nezibungu, zizondle ngezinambuzane nangomhlume. Emabhungane omhlabathi waseHarpalini, insikazi ibeka igumbi lokudlela elinembewu ethile yembewu yezitshalo, edliwa yizibungu ezibunjiwe.
Izibungu zamabhungane wamabhungane enomhlaba zinomzimba ophakeme (ongafika ku-2 cm ubude) nekhanda elikhulu, umlomo omkhulu, isisu esihlukanisiwe, nama-paws amafushane. Bondla, njengomthetho, okufanayo ngezimbungulu zabantu abadala. Ngenqubo yokukhula, izibungu molt kathathu. Amapulangwe amabhungane omhlabathi anqunu, ngaphandle kwegobolondo, okukhumbuza kakhulu abantu abadala. Balala endaweni yokuqothula eyenziwe enhlabathini, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zifukamela kukhukhunathi. Isigaba se-pupal sivame ukuthatha izinsuku ezingama-7 ukuya ku-12.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhungane emhlabathini
Isithombe: Bhungane lomhlaba wezinambuzane
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ibhungane lomhlabathi lidla izinambuzane ezindala ezingadini nasezivandeni zemifino, nezibungu zazo, kuzivimbela ukuthi zande ngokushesha bese ziletha izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke uma kukhona amabhungane omhlabathi engadini, ungawabhubhisi ngoba izinzuzo zawo zibalulekile. Kwalinganiselwa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, ibhungane elilodwa lomhlaba omdala ngesizini lingabhubhisa izibungu eziyi-150 ukuya kwezingu-300, isibungu, izibungu. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zalawa mabhungane ziwokulandelana kwamahlathi, izingadi, amasimu nezingadi.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane angaphansi ziyizinambuzane ezinhle, amabhungane, amaqanda awo nezibungu, aziphikisi ukudla izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, ngokwesibonelo, izintuthwane, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezincane nezinkulu. Futhi, amabhungane asemhlabathini ayakuthanda ukudla ama-hedgehogs, amabheji, futhi kuyi-taiga ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengamabhere nezingulube zasendle azizideleli lezi zinambuzane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izintuthwane zinethuba lokugibela emakamelweni ezidleke zamabhungane omhlaba futhi zithathe amaqanda azo noma ziphila noma izibungu zivela lapho, yize kungenzeki kwesinye isikhathi ukudonsela ibhungane elidala elidala kulolu hlu. Izintuthwane azithinti izimbungulu eziphilayo, ngoba zona ngokwazo zingaba yisisulu sazo. Yize kunjalo, amabhungane asemhlabathini afafaza isisulu sawo ngoketshezi oluyiguqula ibe yimbumba iyaphila.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Ngabe ibukeka kanjani ibhungane lomhlabathi?
Ubhungane obuluhlaza ngumndeni omkhulu wamabhungane, ngokusho kokulinganisa okuhlukahlukene kochwepheshe be-entomology, uqukethe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25-50. Iningi lazo izinambuzane ezithokozisayo, okusebenza kuzo njengokuthintela ekusakazeni izinambuzane.
Naphezu kwamabhungane omhlaba amaningi ahlukahlukene, ziningi izinhlobo zezinamba zazo ezinciphile:
- amabhungane omhlabathi uShagreneva (atholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu nengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia, amabhungane abhalwe ku-Red Book of smolensk esifundeni, Chuvash Republic, Lithuania, Belarus),
- Ubhungane basemhlabathini waseCaucasian (uhlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeCaucasus, kanye naseKrasnodar Territory, obhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia, Georgia),
- Ubhungane womhlaba wobugebengu (obutholakala kuphela enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu nokubukeka okumangazayo, kudumile kakhulu kubaqoqi, ngenxa yokuthi inani labo liyancipha, libhalwe ku-Red Book of Ukraine),
- ibhungane lomhlabathi lalinephunga elimnandi (lihlala emahlathini iningi lamazwe aseYurophu, e-Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi, lesi sinambuzane sibhalwe ku-Red Book of Europe kanye ne-Red Book of Russia),
- ibhungane lomhlabathi iLopatin-Yankovsky (elitholakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussia, libhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia njengezinhlobo ezingandile kakhulu).
Ukuvikelwa kobhungane
ISITHOMBE: IBhungane elingaphansi kweNcwadi Ebomvu
Isibalo sezinhlobo ezingandile zamabhungane omhlaba sihlala sincipha kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Izici ezilandelayo zinomthelela kulokhu:
- ukugawula izingodo
- ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zokuzithokozisa,
- amandla abuthakathaka wamabhungane ukuthutha,
- ukuphathwa njalo kwamahlathi nezindawo zezolimo ngamayeza okubulala izinambuzane nezikhunta,
- ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo ezingandile zamabhungane omhlaba futhi andise inani lazo, kuyadingeka ukwethula umthetho oqinile wokuqothula izinambuzane, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindawo ezihlala amahlathi ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, futhi nokuqala ukuzalaniswa kwabantu abaningi ekudingisweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu okwenziwe kudala kwenziwa ngenhloso yokulwa nezinambuzane zezilimo zezolimo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufakwa iziqukathi ezikhethekile - amakheji (ama-aquarium) enhlabathi kanye nesendlalelo se-moss noma amaqabunga amasha. Amabhungane amaningana emhlabathini, amanzi nokudla kwawo okujwayelekile kubekwa lapho. Amabhungane aphansi ahlala lapho, ahlangana futhi aqukethe amaqanda awo ngempumelelo.
Ngemuva kokuqunjelwa, izibungu ziyasuswa bese zibekwa ngokwahlukana. Izibungu zivame ukudliwa ngeminenke, amacimbi, amasizi, iminyundu. Ebusika, ikheji elinama-larvae lifakwa egumbini elingaphansi elihlonyelwe ngokukhethekile noma esiqandisini.
Entwasahlobo, lapho izibungu zemidlwane, iziqukathi ezinazo zidluliselwa egumbini elifudumele. Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, amabhungane amadala ahlahleka engxenyeni yenhlabathi, bese ededelwa ezindaweni ezinezinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kwamabhungane emhlabathini akuyona into enkulu, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuzalanisa la mabhungane ekudingisweni.
Abalimi abaningi lapho bebona izinambuzane ezifana ibhungane lomhlabathi esizeni sabo, abasoleli noma babone ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zingasiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa ngemuva kokubabona, ngokushesha bazama ukubabhubhisa. Empeleni, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane omhlaba, futhi phakathi kwawo kukhona inhlobo eyodwa kuphela eyisidalwa esibucayi - ibhungane lomhlaba (umhlume we-humpback peun).
Izithombe ezingwevu zebhungane
Umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nohlobo lwazo, okuhlukile kwezinye. Ukuze kutholakale amabhungane, kubalulekile ukuthi unake ama-nuances amaningi - ukusuka kumbala kanye nokwakheka kwesinambuzane kuya ekwakhekeni kwezitho zangasese.
Ubhungane oluhlaza, oluhlala eRussia, esithombeni luvame ukuba nomzimba omude ongama-8 cm. Izimpiko zalesi sinambuzane azihloselwe izindiza. Amabhungane ahamba emoyeni kuphela ukuze athole indawo yokuhlala kabusha, kodwa izindlela eziphambili zokuhamba ziyashesha, imilenze emide. Amanye amalungu omndeni awanazo izimpiko.
Incazelo yebhungane engaphansi
I-Ground mabhungane - omele amabhungane anenani elikhulu lezinhlobo nofuzo, incazelo ingamelwa ngesimo sezinto eziyimpawu:
- umbala omnyama ophethe insimbi,
- ukwakheka komzimba okuhlukaniswe
- imigqa eguqukayo ngemuva kwesizinda esimnyama, ukudala umphumela womnyama,
- ukwakheka komzimba kusuka koyindilinga kuya kobude, obunjwe besiqu,
- osayizi bomzimba ukusuka ku-1 mm kuye ku-10 cm,
- imilenze emide nemincane yokuhamba okusheshayo,
- amaphiko ane-carboid venation,
- i-elytra kanzima isimboza ngokuphelele isisu.
Ukuhlonza uhlobo oluthile lwebhungane lomhlaba, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake ama-nuances amancane kakhulu wesakhiwo sezitho namalungiselelo omhlathi, umbala nosayizi womzimba.
Ukuhlukaniswa nendawo yokuhlala
Izazi zesifo semvelo zithi: isinambuzane esinjengamabhungane omhlaba sinenqwaba yezakhi zofuzo nezinhlobo zazo, okubenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa. Ukuze ukwazi ukunquma uhlobo olunembile, ososayensi banquma ukuhlukanisa ngezigaba:
- imibala
- ukwakheka komzimba
- ukwakheka komhlaba
- isakhiwo sangaphandle
- osayizi
- ukwakheka kwezitho zangasese.
Izinambuzane zinombala ohlukile, zinamathoni amnyama nomthunzi wensimbi. Umuntu ngamunye uhlukaniswa ngesimo esikhethekile somzimba, okuyisici esithile samabhungane angaphansi komhlaba.
Amabhungane aphansi ahlala ogwini anomumo oyindilinga, kanti lawo ahlala otshanini noma izimbali adlulisiwe, afana nesiqu. Izinhlobo ezihlala emihumeni zibukeka ngokufana nezintuthwane, ngoba zinesakhiwo se-convex nekhanda elikhulu.
Iningi lalezinambuzane lihlala lapho inhlabathi inomswakama. Bakhetha isiza esinezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ama-phytophages angahlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama onganele, ngoba ayakwazi ukukunciphisela ngezicubu zezitshalo. Okufanayo kusebenza kuma-parasitoids, asakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ezindaweni ezine-salinization ezinzima (i-salt marsh, ichibi likasawoti). Inani elikhulu liyabasiza ukuba bahlale kuzo zonke izindawo eziphakeme ngokweqile - ukusuka ezindaweni ezishisayo nezikhathi eziwugwadule kuya kwi-tundra ebandayo.
Ikhanda
Ikhanda selulelwe phambili. Amabhungane anemisipha enamandla futhi ebukhali. Umumo wazo uhlukile, kuya ngokuthi kufakwe ekudleni kwesinambuzane. Izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlaselayo zinomhlathi omude obude obufana nobuso, okusiza ukubamba inyamazane ngokuqinile. Futhi izinambuzane ezidla ezitshalweni zinemihlathi emikhulu futhi emfushane.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-whisky zihlukaniswa ngokucacile, futhi ikhanda lincishisiwe. Ibunzi ligaxwe kancane ngaphambili. Uma ingxenye ecindezelwayo imfushane futhi ibanzi, ibizwa ngokuthi i-fossa ebunzini, uma ingxenye ende iyinkatho. Ngaphambili, imifino iwela ku-clypeus, nangemuva - ku-whisky.
Amehlo amabhungane anamasayizi ahlukahlukene:
- kukhulu (kuyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini nasekuseni),
- aphakathi nendawo (abe nendlela yokuphila yobusuku),
- omncane noma engekho (uhlala emihumeni nangaphakathi kwenhlabathi).
Izindebe ezingenhla ziyakwazi ukucasha ngaphansi kwe-clypeus. Eduze kwezindebe eziphansi ezisekelweni ze-chin kunezimbobo ezi-2 ezisiza umuntu ukuzwa. Izimpondo zifana nentambo futhi zibonakala kahle. Izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zinikezwa ngama-bristles. Ezinye izintuthwane azinazinwele, kanti ezinye zinezinwele ezincane.
Izibungu zebhungane elingaphansi
Amabhungane aphansi anesikhathi sokuphila esingaba seminyaka emithathu. Ngenqubo yokuthuthuka kusuka eqandeni kuya kumuntu omdala, kudlulela ezigabeni ezimbili eziphakathi - i-pupa kanye ne-larva.
Abesifazane babeka ubumbeko ezweni elivundile, inani lamaqanda abushelelezi lapho lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-250. Izibungu zivele ngosuku lwe-14. Banombala omhlophe namabhangqa ama-3 wezimila eziluhlaza okotshani. Ngemuva kwamahora ayi-10, umzimba wezibungu uthola umbala omnyama ngombala onsomi, kuthi ngosuku lwesibili bakha imihlathi enamandla. Ground mabhungane amaqhubu izibungu ekugcineni kwentwasahlobo bese iphenduka umuntu omdala ovuthiwe ngokocansi.
Ingxenye yesifuba
Kuya ngokuthi ibhungane lomhlabathi lihlala kuphi, ukwakheka kwe-expression yayo kuzobukeka ehlukile. Uma i-pronotum igxiliwe esisekelweni, khona-ke ingaphambili lomzimba lisebenza kakhulu. Ubhungane olwehlisayo lunesimo somzimba we-taut, njengesintuthwane. Ingemuva langemuva lakhiwe kahle. Kwezinye izinhlobo ezihlala emihumeni, isihlangu singaba sincane noma singekho.
Ukulimala kwebhungane elingaphansi
Ingabe ibhungane lomhlabathi liyingozi ezitshalweni, liyingozi kubantu? Ukubaluleka okusebenzayo kwezinambuzane kunqunywa indlela yempilo nohlobo lokudla. Umonakalo oyinhloko wezitshalo ezitshaliwe ubangelwa ama-phytophages amabhungane angaphansi:
- IBhungane lommbila elingumhlaba lingumuntu onombala omnyama nobude obude bufika ku-1.5 cm. Isinambuzane sidla okusanhlamvu, amaqabunga amancanyana ezinhlobo zasebusika, impova kanye nompe, sidale umonakalo omkhulu ekubambeni kwezolimo.
- Izibungu zamabhungane ezingaphansi zikhetha ijusi lembewu emisha emasimini e-rye, kakolweni nasebhali. Ziphinde zidle i-leek, oats kanye nommbila.
Ensimini yaseRussia ungathola amabhungane-entomophages awusizo womhlaba. Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu yibhungane lomhlabathi (inhlabathi engadini). Izici ezihlukile:
- izimpondo ezinde
- umzimba kuze kube ngu-3 cm ubude ngombala onsundu noma omnyama wegrafiti nensimbi yensimbi,
- amabhlogo egolide emafulethini asezindongeni endaweni eshaywayo,
- imihlathi enamandla eyenziwe ngesikela yokubamba isisulu,
- yathuthukisa izitho eziqinile zokunyakaza okusheshayo nokuphishekela isisulu.
Ukuze ulondoloze inqwaba yamabhungane enhlabathi engadini, kufanele kulandelwe izincomo ezilandelayo:
- Vikela ingadi kusuka kuzinyoni, izinyoni ezidla inyama, izimvukuzane nezinye izilwane ezidla amabhungane anempilo,
- khetha ngokucophelela amakhemikhali ukuvikela izitshalo ezinambuzaneni.
Ukucekela phansi amabhungane enhlabathi yesinkwa nezinye izinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane, umuntu uvame ukwehlisa inani labamele abamele amabhungane. Ukuvimbela imiphumela enjalo, kungcono ukuphathisa ukukhetha kwendlela yomzabalazo ochwepheshe abafanelekayo benkampani yeDes Group. Abasebenzi bazokhetha umuthi omuhle kakhulu wokususa izinambuzane zezitshalo ezitshaliwe, bacubungula masinyane insimu ngosizo lwezinto ezisebenza ngochwepheshe.
Izimbotshana
Lezi zinambuzane zivumelaniswa nezindlela zokuhamba nokugijima okusheshayo, ngakho-ke imilenze yinde, iphakeme ngokulingana. Izinhlobo ze-Burrowing zinemilenze eminyene futhi ine-notches. I-acetabulum ithuthukiswe kahle. Swivels ngesinye isikhathi yinde kunezinqe. Izintuthwane ziyahlanzwa ngokusika emihlathini engaphambili. Abantu be-Epiphytic bane-notch ejulile emilenzeni, lapho kugxiliswa khona ingxenye yomugqa. Uyabasiza babambe izitshalo. Abantu abasesigangeni kule ngxenye banenqubo esiza ekusizeni izindonga zemihume.
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane
Imihlathi nezinyawo kuzosiza ukukhomba ibhungane lomhlaba eliwusizo kusuka kubhungane lesinambuzane. Kwizisulu ezinamandla, zinamandla kakhulu futhi zinde. Imilenze yebhungana lomhlaba imfushane, futhi umzimba ucishe waba mnyama.
Ukuvikela amasimu ngempumelelo kuma-mabhungane angaphansi, kunconywa ukuthi uvune ngaphambi kwesikhathi esifushane. Kuthinta kahle ukwehliswa kwesibalo sezinambuzane - ukususwa kotshani emasimini, ukutshala izinhlanga, ukulima kwenhlabathi ekwindla.
Ukubhubhisa izibungu, kungenzeka ukwelapha imbewu yezitshalo ngezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kokusanhlamvu - ngama-insecticides.
Ukususa ibhungane yomhlaba engadini, ochwepheshe beluleka ukuthi bagcine le mithetho elandelayo:
- Tshala izitshalo esizeni esingekho isikhathi esingaphezu kwesingu-1 eminyakeni emi-2,
- ukuphatha okufika ngesikhathi ngama-pesticides anomthelela olimazayo kwizibungu zamabhungane,
- ngesikhathi sokukhula kokusanhlamvu, sebenzisa amakhemikhali avikela okusanhlamvu namahlamvu ezitshalo kubantu abadala.
Lapho silwa namabhungane angaphansi ahlala endlini, imisebenzi elandelayo izosiza:
- ukunqunywa kwendawo yokuqongelela izinambuzane, ukucubungula kahle kwale ndawo,
- yokuhlanza ngesikhathi ukudla etafuleni, ukulahlwa kukadoti,
- ukuhlanza ekhishini kufakwa ngamakhemikhali noma ngesisombululo esisuselwa kushukela noma ku-acetic acid.
- okusanhlamvu kugcinwa kuhhavini emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-100 imizuzu engama-30,
- inqwaba yokudla okusele elangeni amahora amaningi,
- isitsha esinezinhlamvu zibekwa efrijini amahora amaningi.
Uma amabhungane enhlabathi yesinkwa noma ezinye izinambuzane ezihlukumeza uhlasela ingadi yakho noma ikhaya lakho, thinta ongoti beDez Group ukuthola usizo. Bazohlaziya lesi simo bese bekhetha indlela efanelekile yokulawula izinambuzane. Ukubonisana, thintana nommeli wenkampani ngocingo.
Amaphiko kanye ne-elytra
Izinga lokuthuthuka kwamaphiko lincike ezinhlotsheni. Ukwakheka kwamaphiko kungahle kuncike ekutheni yiluphi uhlobo lohlobo lobukhosi. Abantu abangenazindiza abanamaphiko amafushane bahlala eziqhingini, ezintabeni nasemhumeni. Ama-Wings asebenzisa ngempumelelo amabhungane e-thermophilic nawokhuni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo. Iningi lazo lindiza kahle kakhulu kangangokuba le yimodi yazo yokuhamba eyinhloko. Izimbungulu ezisele ezindiza kabi zisebenzisa amaphiko azo kuphela ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlala kabusha.
I-elytra enzima icishe ihlanganisa ngokuphelele ingxenye yesisu. Ezinhlotsheni ezingenamaphiko, zikhula ndawonye. Phezu komhlaba - imifino engu-9 yobude obude.
Ubhungane ongaphansi
Lesi bug singesamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba wangempela avamile eYurophu, eRussia naseCaucasus. Ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-35 mm. Umuntu ngamunye engadini unombala wethusi onentambo ekhanyayo. U-Elytra uhlotshiswe ngamachashazi egolide akhanyayo.
Leli bhungane lihamba ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenxa yemilenze yalo ethuthukisiwe. Ingadi yomhlaba ibhungane liyisidleke esinemisipha enamandla. Bazingela ebusuku, kuthi phakathi nosuku bacashe ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, amatshe, amagxolo esihlahla. Bayoba abagadi bangempela bokulinda abalimi nabalimi, njengoba bebhubhisa izinambuzane zasengadini (ama-slgs, iminenke, amacimbi).
Lapho izinambuzane zibamba inyamazane yaso, ibamba imihlathi yayo bese ifafaza uketshezi olonakalisa ukwakheka kwezicubu zesisulu. Izinzuzo zesinambuzane ezinjalo zisobala: phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, umuntu owakhiwe wabhubhisa izibungu eziyi-100 ukuya kwezingu-200.
Ubhungane bomhlaba obumnandi obukhulu
Ziyanyamalala minyaka yonke, yingakho zivikelwe yiNcwadi ebomvu. Zitholakala enyakatho yeRussia naseNyakatho Yurophu (kwesinye isikhathi endaweni ephakathi nendawo).
Ubude bhungane elikhulu eliqhakazile ngu 12-18 mm. Umzimba unombala omnyama, inhloko ne-pronotum zibomvu, zine-tint yegolide, i-elytra iluhlaza, inemiphetho ebomvu onsomi.
Le nhlobo ithanda inhlabathi enomswakama, ngakho-ke ihlala osebeni lwemifula, amachibi, eduze nezixhaphozi. Bazingela ngesikhathi sasemini, bondla izibungu nama-invertebrates.
Ubhungane womhlaba wezinwele
Lolu hlobo lonakalisa ukuvuna okusanhlamvu nemidumba. Itholakala eYurophu nasenyakatho ye-Afrika, kanye naseRussia, Kazakhstan nase-Asia Ephakathi.
Ubude bomzimba omnyama buyi-11-16 mm, onamadevu abomvu amnyama. Ikhanda lifinyeziwe. Izinwele ezimfushane zegolide zikhula engxenyeni engenhla ye-elytra. Ama-Edeagus (isitho sowesilisa) amatshekela phezulu, mancane futhi ububanzi ngamapharamitha. Ikhanda ne-pronotum zingumbala onsundu okhanyayo ngombala.
Ubhungane obunesihlabathi obumnandi buhlala ezindaweni ze-anthropogenic. Kuyasebenza kusukela ngoMashi kuya ku-Okthoba.
Ubhungane womhlaba waseCaucasian
Iqiniso elithandekayo: nazi izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eRussia. Usayizi wamabhungane omhlabathi aze afike ku-55 mm. Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-elytra simile ngokuqinile. Faka umbala okhanyayo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi ube nelineni eliluhlaza okotshani. Umhlane unwetshwe ngaphambili, futhi ingaphezulu igqamile. Umzimba ophansi umnyama.
Ubhungane basemhlabathini waseCaucasi usebenza kakhulu ebusuku. Ungumhlaseli ogijima ngokushesha. Idla kuma-mollusks, eminyungundlovu kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ukuphila ezindaweni ezomile zamahlathi, amapaki nezingadi. Indawo yokuhlala yiCaucasus.
IGarle bhungane lobugebengu
Ubude bomzimba bufika kuma-52 mm. Leli bhungane lihlala entshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCrimea, yingakho igama laso. Ukuphila ezindaweni ezinezintaba, amahlathi aqabayo, amapaki nezivande.
Umbala: luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umbala obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, omnyama. I-Elytra granular, yangaphandle ifana nemibimbi. Idla ikakhulu iminenke yamagilebhisi. Umuntu udla imollusk ngaphandle kokugedla ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemuva kokuba ibhungane selidlile, limboza ngaphansi komhlaba izinsuku ezingama-1-2. Esimweni esiyingozi, bonke abantu basebenza ngokohlelo olulodwa: bakhipha into e-caustic enephunga eliphunga esiswini.
Ubhungane ongaphansi
Leli bhungane lilimaza okusanhlamvu nezinsimbi. Udla ebusuku, udla ukolweni, i-rye, ibhali, ummbila. Kuguqulwe kwisimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo. Alilimazi hhayi kuphela ibhungane, kodwa futhi nezibungu ezondla amaqabunga ezitshalo. Uma lesi sinambuzane silindela usongo, singakuluma. Kumuntu, ukuluma akuyona ingozi, kepha kuzodala ukungaphatheki kahle.
Ubude bhungane lomhlaba buyi-20-25 mm, umzimba umnyama ngokuphelele. I-concotum engxenyeni engenhla iyamangalisa. Isakhiwo se-Elytra siqukethe imicu engu-9 yobude obude. I-Antennae ngamafuphi, ibomvu. Ikhanda likhulu. Itholakala eningizimu yeYurophu naseRussia. Umsebenzi wethonya ubonakala ekupheleni kukaJuni.
Impilo yamabhungane aphansi emvelweni
Abantu abadala kuphela abawela ekubandakanyeni, kepha, ezimweni ezingandile, izibungu. Uma ubheka imilenze yangaphambili yale bhungane, ungabona ukuthi kungowesilisa noma ngowesifazane. Izingxenye ezisezinyaweni zangaphambili zowesifazane zibanzi kunasemilenzeni yangemuva. Kepha kukhona okuhlukile: intokazi yaseCrimea neyaseCaucasi ingabonakala kuphela ngesikhombisi esikhomba esiswini.
Ngabe kudlani?
Amabhungane amaningi omhlabathi adla ezinye izinambuzane. Kepha imvamisa kunezinhlobo ezidla ngokudla okuxubile (ukudla kwezitshalo nezinambuzane). Phakathi kososayensi be-herbivorous bahlukanisa izinambuzane eziningana.
Izilwane ezifuywayo zinokugaya okungaphezulu kwamathumbu. Ngenxa yokuthi zingenazindlala ezithambile, ukuphuma kwamathumbu aphakathi kusebenza njengejusi yokugaya ukudla. Izicucu zesisulu zigcinwa kwi-goiter yebhungane amahora angama-2-3, bese-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya loketshezi olusuka emathunjini ophakathi, ziphenduke zibe ngamagruel. Abanye abamele uhlobo lweCarabus, ngaphambi kokudla isisulu, bayibambe emihlathini isikhathi eside, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthululelwa phezu kwayo ukukhipha kwamathumbu aphakathi. Lapho inyamazane iphenduka isisindo esinjengejelly, ibhungane limane limunce.
Ubhungane ojwayelekile womhlaba uvame ukudla:
- imikhaza
- slugs
- izibungu
- izibungu zamakhaza,
- amacimbi, njll.
Ukudla kuncike ezinhlotsheni. Ngamunye wabo unezintandokazi zakhe ekudleni.
Izalela kanjani?
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siwela ngo-Ephreli. Ngesinye isikhathi, insikazi iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaphezu kwama-70. Ukuze uwavikele, ubopha amaqanda ngaphansi komhlaba noma awimboze ngeqabunga. Uma umhlaba umanzi, khona-ke ukubukeka kwama-larva kuzoba nezithelo. Ukuvuthwa kweqanda kwenzeka emavikini amabili. Ngonyaka owodwa, ibhungane lomhlabathi liyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda kanye kuphela.
Izigaba zokuthuthuka
Esimweni sezulu esibandayo noma esimweni esibi, mabhungane basemhlabathini abanaso isikhathi sokuqedela ukuthuthuka ngenkathi ethile, khona-ke le nqubo ithatha iminyaka emibili.
Ubhungane ngamunye womhlaba unomjikelezo wokuphila:
- iqanda (igama lokukhula kombungu lihambisana nokushisa),
- izibungu (iqala ukondla ngokushesha ngosuku lwesi-7-13, usuku lokuqala idla igobolondo leqanda)
- i-pupa (lesi sigaba sithatha izinsuku eziyi-12-14),
- umuntu omdala.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti, izibungu zidla ngendlela efanayo namabhungane emhlabathini wabantu abadala. Zinemihlathi eqinile kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, izibungu zimba umgodi emhlabathini bese zibhula lapho. Ihlala kulesisimo inyanga. Ukuguqulwa kube umuntu mdala kwenzeka entwasahlobo.
Yini eyingozi ezitshalweni ezweni nasefulethini?
Amabhungane omhlabathi we-Herbivorous alimaza izitshalo eziningi, konke kuya ngohlobo lwebhungane. Ukuvuna kungabhubhisi abantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi nezibungu. Lokhu kusebenza ku-mabhungane wesinkwa nozinwele. Yilezi zinhlobo ezi-2 eziyingozi ezitshalweni ezweni nasefulethini. Ngokungafani namabhungane omhlabathi ajwayelekile, la awadli izinambuzane zasengadini, kepha izitshalo. Mabhungane abadala bagedla izindlebe zommbila, okusanhlamvu kuwele phansi, bese bekudla. Kwisigamu senyanga, ibhungane elilodwa labantu abadala lingabhubhisa okusanhlamvu okuyi-30 kuye kwangama-40.
Efulethini, amabhungane asemhlabathini akhangwa ukudla okushiywe etafuleni, kanye nezinhlamvu ezinhlobonhlobo. Ezinye izimbungulu zingangena endlini ngephunga lokudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo.
Izeluleko zokulahlwa
Esiqeshini sengadi noma esivandeni, kufanele ususe kuphela isinkwa nama-mabhungane enhlabathi enoboya, ngoba ezinye izinhlobo zinenzuzo. I-Ground bhungane isaba amakhemikhali asuselwa ku-organophosphorus compounds kanye ne-pyrethroids. Banezelwa engxube ekhethekile ephenya amasimu nezingadi.
Ukwenza ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali, udinga ukususa ngokuphelele isivuno esedlule, ulandele ukulandelana ekushintsheni kwezilimo, ulima inhlabathi ngokujulile futhi uhlanza ngokuphelele izinsalela zezimpande. Kuyadingeka ukudala izimo ezikahle zokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo nokukhula kwazo. Uma izinambuzane zitholakele efulethini, kufanele ziphathwe ngokushesha.
Izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa nalokhu:
- Ukuhlanzwa kwentwasahlobo. Okokuqala, udinga ukuthola indawo yokuqongelela amabhungane. Yonke imfucumfucu, okusele ekudleni etafuleni kufanele kulahlwe ngokushesha. Phatha ingaphezulu laphansi, amatafula nezihlalo nge-ejenti yamakhemikhali (Dichlorvos). Inketho yesabelomali ishukela noma uviniga ojwayelekile, oxutshwe namanzi. Ama-cereals kanye nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo wokudla osendaweni efinyelelekayo kumele ugcwale emaphaketheni we-airtight.
- I-Boric acid. Cishe zonke izinambuzane ziyafa ngebheyili elinjalo. Ibhungane lomhlabathi, elidle i-acid, lizosulela abanye abantu bese lizifela ngemuva kwesikhashana.
- Imodi yokushisa. Uma inqwaba yamabhungane enhlabathi igcwele okusanhlamvu, indlela enhle yokubhekana nawo kungaba ukubhaka kuhhavini. Kwanele ukubeka okusanhlamvu nezinambuzane lapho imizuzu engama-30 ekushiseni kwama-100 degrees. Enye indlela esebenzayo yokushisa yiqhwa. Beka ama-groats afanayo kufriji futhi uqiniseke ukuthi amazinga okushisa yi-15 degrees.
Izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zamabhungane omhlabathi azibandakanyi abantu abalimazayo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinenzuzo. Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukulwa nabo, kufanele uthole ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinhlobo oke wahlangabezana nazo, nokuthi yini okunye kwalokho: ukulimaza noma ukuzuzisa.
Amabhungane aphansi ahlala kuwo wonke amagumbi oMhlaba. Isakhiwo somzimba sinokuhlukahluka okumbalwa, kepha ukubukeka (umbala, ukwakheka) kwezinhlobo ngakunye kukhethekile. Amabhungane ahamba ngokujikeleza kwempilo ngezigaba ezi-4. Amabhungane amaningi emhlabathini angukuqapha engadini. Kepha zonke izinhlobo zamabhungane emhlabathini ziyingozi kubahlali basefulethini, ngakho-ke kudingeka ukuthi uqhubeke nokuhlanzeka endlini futhi uqaphe nezitshalo ezifuywayo.
Ngabe kudlani lokhu?
Iningi lezimbungulu zalolu hlobo lwezilwane ezidla izitha. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane angaphansi komhlaba ziyakwazi ukudla okuxubile (i-maksofag, ngokwesibonelo, ikakhulukazi inyamazane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi idla uhlaza). Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla izimbaza kutholakala.
Ezinambuzaneni ezidla ukudla kwezitshalo, imihlathi iyabukeka futhi ayibuthuntu. Izimbadada ziyafana ngokufana nezintuthwane: imilenze emide ethuthukisiwe, inhloko ekhonjisiwe, umzimba wesimo esifushane noma esinendilinga. Ama-phytophages afinyezile, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezizingela, imilenze, ijamo lomzimba eliyindilinga.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zeqembu lama-entomophages:
- ibhungane eliphansi komhlaba
- I-Ermak,
- ILopatin,
- I-Gebler,
- I-Crimean (violet),
- Caucasian
- kuyamangaza
- ibhungane lomhlaba wegolide,
- eshisiwe
- nabanye abaningi.
- isinkwa,
- umgijimi,
- granvorous
- abantulayo
- ezinye izinhlobo.
Ukulimala kwamabhungane omhlabathi wezitshalo nabantu
Izinhlobo ezivamile zomdanso azilimazi isivuno noma abantu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, asiza ukuqeda izinambuzane ezidala umonakalo omkhulu emnothweni. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane azondli ezinambuzaneni kuphela, kepha futhi nama-mollusks (iminenke), izibungu kanye namacimbi. Imvamisa esivandeni ungathola amagobolondo angenalutho weminenke yamagilebhisi. Yilokhu kanye okwenziwa umsebenzi wamabhungane omhlaba ekutholeni ukudla - inkungu ngokwayo inyamalala ohlelweni lokugaya lomhlaseli, futhi igobolondo layo alinalutho.
Uma ama-entomophages engeyona insongo ezitshalweni nasekulinyweni, khona-ke ama-phytophages angolunye udaba. Bayakwazi ukubhubhisa isibalo esikhulu sosanhlamvu ngesizini. Abantu abadala babukela phansi iziqu zezinhlamvu ezitshaliwe nezikhulayo zasendle, okubenza baphuke. Amabele awela phansi, lapho ibhungane liwabuna futhi lizidle.
Elinye igama lebhungane lomhlabathi yi-humpback peun. Ingahlukaniswa kubazalwane abasebenzisayo ngombala wayo omnyama ogcwele satini nge-metallic tint, izimpondo ezimfushane zohlobo oluhlaza obomvu. I-Peune incane kuneyokuqala. Ubukhulu obumaphakathi obungu-1.5 cm.
Inani eliphakeme lokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane livela ekuqaleni kwehlobo. NgoMeyi-Juni, inani lamantongomane we-humpback ezindaweni ezinezitshalo liphezulu.
Izindlela zokulawula nezindlela zokuthibela
Asikho isidingo sokuqothula izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kufanelekile ukuheha kubo engadini nasengadini ukulawula izinambuzane. Ubhungane luzosiza ekugcineni isivuno - ngeke usebenzise amakhemikhali alimazayo.
Ngepune ye-humpbacked, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Iyondla ekudleni kwesitshalo futhi iyakwazi ukuqeda izindlebe ezintathu kuya kwezine ezinsukwini eziyi-7 kuye kwezili-10. Lolu hlobo luhlala emindenini emincane, futhi ukulimala kwemisebenzi yabo kuyabonakala.
Ungabhekana kanjani ne-bhungane emhlabathini omnyama? Ubhungane luzwela izinhlobo ezithile zama-insecticides:
- neonicotinoids,
- i-organophosphorus compounds
- ama-pyrethroids.
Amagama wezidakamizwa ezejwayelekile asiza ekulweni: Bishka, Boundary, Cruiser 350 P5, Yunta Quadro. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha imbewu ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Ngokufafaza izitshalo esezitshaliwe, diazinon, Pirinex 48, Nurel D, Shaman kuyasetshenziswa.
Ngokungeziwe ekwelashweni ngamakhemikhali, abalimi bazokwazi ukusiza ukuqeda inkathazo futhi bavikele ukubonakala kwayo emasimini ngokuzayo ngezinyathelo ezilula:
- ukukhetha okuyikho kwendawo okuhlalwa kuyo lapho okuhlwanyelwe khona (musa ukutshala okusanhlamvu endaweni efanayo),
- ukukhetha imbewu esezingeni eliphakeme yokuhlwanyela,
- iphathwe ngemikhiqizo yokukhula kwezitshalo kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali,
- ukuvuna okusheshayo (zama ukunciphisa ukuncipha kokusanhlamvu ngasikhathi sinye),
- ngenisa ngaphandle izitshalo notshani ngaphandle kokuchithela okusanhlamvu emaphethelweni enkambu,
- ngemuva kokuvunwa, inhlabathi kumele ilalwe ijule ukuze isuse isigaqa,
- yenza okutshalekile okwengeziwe lapho uhlela ukuhlwanyela kabusha.
Kwesinye isikhathi ibhungane lomhlabathi liza hhayi emasimini, kodwa ezindlini nasezindlini. Ukususa isivakashi esingamenyiwe, kwanele ukuqhuba ukuhlanza okuvamile esakhiweni ngokushaqeka ngokuphelele kukadoti kuwo wonke amagumbi, kufaka phakathi okungatholakali. Ukudla akumelwe kushiywe kuvulekile ngaphandle kwesiqandisi. Ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo kufanele kuvalwe ngokuqinile. Ukususwa ngesikhathi udoti, ukuhlanza nokulungisa inhlanzeko (ikakhulukazi ekhishini) ngeke kunikeze izimbungulu ithuba lokuhlanganyela endlini.