Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Ubukhulu buncane kancanyana kunejuba (ubude bomzimba 26-25 cm, isisindo 60-110 g, amaphiko angama-57-64 cm), omude omude futhi onamaphiko amade, anemilenze emifushane kakhulu futhi umlomo omncane, futhi ugobile. Ikhanda likhulu, lithambile njengensimbi, umlomo usikiwe ubanzi, amabhlogo amade ayabonakala emaphethelweni awo - "amadevu", amehlo makhulu, aqhekekile, amnyama. Kuhola indlela yokuphila yasebusuku, imvamisa ihlala ntambama, icashe phansi noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, etholakala kuzo kaningi futhi, hhayi ngaphesheya, njengezinye izinyoni. Ngenxa yombala ovikelayo ophelele, inyoni okunzima kakhulu ukuyithola; ihlangana ngokuphelele nemvelo futhi ayifani nesidalwa esiphilayo, kodwa ucezu lwamagxolo. Kwesinye isikhathi izimbuzi ezifihlayo zingakhipha amehlo amahle, kepha lapho zisengozini, imvama izimboza.

Isebenza ngokuhlwa nasebusuku, lapho izingela izinambuzane ezindizayo, imvamisa phezu kwemiphetho yamahlathi, osebeni lwamachibi, imigwaqo nezinye izindawo ezivulekile. Indiza ilula futhi ingashukunyiswa, ikwazi ukulenga emoyeni futhi yenza ukuphonsa ngokushesha ezindaweni ezingalindelekile. Ebusuku, imvamisa ihlala emagatsheni ezihlahla, ikakhulukazi amancanyana, ngendlela ejwayelekile, okungukuthi, ngaphesheya hhayi eceleni. Ukubukeka kuyingqayizivele, cishe akunakwenzeka ukukudidanisa nanoma iyiphi enye inyoni. Imbuzi ekhule ngokuzumayo ingaba yiphutha nge-cuckoo, kepha inamaphiko amade futhi abanzi, futhi umsila awugxiliwe, kepha umile fan (imvamisa ifakwa lapho kususwa). Emadodeni, ngesikhathi sokuhamba, amabala amhlophe asezimpikweni nasemsileni ahlala abonakala.

Incazelo. Umbala o-blindgated, brownish-grey, onephethini elintekenteke lemisho elincanyana kakhulu elimnyama namabala amancane. Cishe njalo imicu ekhanyayo ebonakalayo ngaphansi kweso, amabala amabili amhlophe emqaleni kanye nomucu obonakalayo wamabala akhanyayo ephikweni elisongekile. Emadodeni, amabala amhlophe amakhulu abonakala ngokucacile ezindibeni eziyinhloko nasezimpaphe zomsila owedlulele. Owesifazane akanazo izindawo ezimhlophe kanjalo. Amehlo amnyama, ebusuku kukhonkolo lwesibani noma izibani zemoto zikhanya ngokukhanyayo eduzane - ngawolintshi, nakude nakude - kumhlophe. Amathoyizi angaphansi komhlaba ambozwe ngombala omnyama ngombala ompunga omnyama onamabala amakhulu esihlabathi, izinyoni ezincane ezisindayo ziyafana nezinsikazi ezindala, kepha zimnyama ngandlela thile.

Vota. Ingoma yokuqhathanisa iyigungquthi elilungiswayo (noma i-rattling), ekhumbuza ukushayiswa kwebhere. Ekupheleni kokucula, kuvame ukuphuma, kwenziwe izingoma ezimbalwa ezizwakalayo ngamaphiko futhi (noma) ukumemeza okubukhali “ngempelasonto". Ukukhala okufanayo kwesinye isikhathi kukhipha injabulo enkulu. Lapho ekhathazekile (ngokwesibonelo, eduze esidlekeni), uvame ukukhala ethule, asengozini evele ngomsindo, evula umlomo wakhe omkhulu opinki, lokhu kuziphatha kuvame kakhulu kumachwane.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Uhla lokufuya luhlanganisa inyakatho ye-Afrika ne-Eurasia ukusuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu kuya eTransbaikalia naphakathi neChina. Yandile e-Russia yaseYurophu, ifinyelela eKarelia enyakatho, emingceleni yesifunda ebhekwe ngaseningizimu, nokho ayinakulinganiswa. Ezindaweni ezifanelekile zivame kakhulu futhi ziningi. Inyoni efudukayo, ifika entwasahlobo impela, lapho ubusuku sebeba efudumele ngokwanele ukuba kubonakale izinambuzane ezindizayo (kulayini ophakathi nendawo - imvamisa ekuqaleni kukaMeyi). Ekwindla, izinyoni ngazinye zihlala isikhathi eside kuze kube ngu-Okthoba. Ubusika e-Afrika.

Indlela yokuphila. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, imvamisa ihlala emahlathini aphayini esihlabathini noma kumabhodi aphezulu, ezindaweni ezigcwele ezindala nasezindaweni ezishisiwe, ezindaweni lapho kunamachashaza omhlaba ovulekile ongagcotshwanga ngotshani, futhi eningizimu kungabuye kudleke esigxotsheni esivulekile. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2 ogegemile agxotshwe ngqo emhlabathini ongenalutho, ingafani ngisho nesidleke. Bobabili ababambisene nabo abacashe emashinini, becashe esidlekeni sembuzi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ubone ngaphandle kokuthi uyazi indawo ngqo ahlala kuyo. Inkukhu ebambekayo ihlala inyakaza iye ethubeni lokugcina, iyasuka lapho isondela ngqo kuye ngaphansi kwezinyawo zayo. Ekuqaleni kokufakwa, imbuzi esabekayo ivama ukundizela ngokushesha futhi icashe ingabonakali, kusukela ekubumbeni okufakiwe futhi ikakhulukazi emachwaneni ingaqala "ukuphambukisa", yenze sengathi ilimele. Amakati afihla lapho esengcupheni. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ekondleni kwabo.

Izinyoni ezindala zinakekela izinyoni ezincane isikhathi eside ngemuva kokuba ziqale ukundiza. Amantshontsho kuqala ahlala eduze kwezindawo ezidleke, abese eqala ukuzulazula nokubola; ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kokuwa, izinyoni ezincane zitholakala zodwa nabazali bazo. Idla ikakhulu izinambuzane ezindizayo ebusuku, kwesinye isikhathi zibamba izinambuzane ezingenazindiza ngisho namasele, okungukuthi, iyakwazi ukukha inyamazane emhlabathini.

Imbuzi Ejwayelekile (I-Caprimulgus europaeus)

Izici ezijwayelekile nezimpawu zensimu

Usayizi ophakathi nendawo, mkhulu ngokwedlulele kune-thrush, unamaphiko amade abukhali kanye nomsila omude, onsundu omnyama ngamapayipi ahlukahlukene, anamabala amhlophe ayindilinga umphimbo, amaphiko kanye nomsila. Umnyama kakhulu kune mbuzi elihlekisayo, elihlangana ndawonye ogwadule lweCentral Asia neKazakhstan.

Umdwebo 24. Amaphiko amaKozodoys (ngemuva: Spangenberg, 1951):
a - ezejwayelekile, b - bulanic.

Isakhiwo, esinjengezinye izimbuzi, asikhululekile, nezinsimbi zaso zithambile, njengezikhova. Kusihlwa nasebusuku, i-silhouette yomzingeli wezimbuzi ezindizayo ifana nesinyamazane esincane esinemibala ebukeka njenge-derbnik. indiza yayo ilula, ithule futhi ingaqondakali kakhulu, igcwaliswa ngezitobha ezingalindelekile kanye nokujika okubukhali. Imvamisa, ngemuva kokushwabana okumbili noma kwemithathu, imbuzi ihlela ngamaphiko isahlukanisiwe, futhi ingakwazi ukulenga endaweni eyodwa, ibhentshana njengamaphiko kestrel. Iyasebenza kusihlwa. Kubamba iso lakho phakathi kosuku ngengozi kuphela, lapho ngokuzuma kusuke ngokoqobo kusuka ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho. Kunzima ukubona imbuzi ihlala phansi noma eceleni kwegatsha, ngenxa yombala ovikelayo wepayipi layo elimnyama elimnyama ngephethini lejethi kanye nomkhuba wokucasha, uhleli uthule. Ihamba ngokungajwayelekile futhi ngokunganqikazi, ayihlali otshanini obude obukhulu, ikhetha izingxenye ezingenalutho zomhlabathi noma imbozwe ngotshani obukhula buthule. Ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla, imbuzi ingatholwa endaweni yezikhukhula emigwaqweni, lapho kusihlwa ebumnyameni ekukhanyiseni kwezibani zikakhanyisa isithuthuthu noma imoto ungayibona usuka kude emehlweni ukhombisa ukukhanya. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni (ikakhulukazi ezincane) azinendaba, okuholela ekufeni kwazo ngaphansi kwamasondo okuhamba. Lesi sici sokuziphatha singasetshenziswa ukubamba izimbuzi ngezinhloso zokumaka usebenzisa umthombo okhanyayo.

Izwi lihlukile. Ingoma edume kakhulu ithayela lokuhlala, kwesinye isikhathi elibizwa nge- purr noma rumble. Ungayidlulisa njenge- "warrrerrr ... .errr". Ukushintsha kancane, iculo liyaqhubeka lifinyelela kumzuzu, noma lide. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kufana "nokucula" kwesithupha esiluhlaza. UKozodoi endiza buthule ebumnyameni ukhipha ukukhala kwamahlaya "ngempelasonto ... ngempelasonto", kwesinye isikhathi ingoma iphela ngayo. Izinyoni ezikhathazekile zigunda izindlebe zazo futhi zenze umsindo ophimayo ngosuku. Ngenkathi ezindiza ezindizayo, abesilisa ngezikhathi ezithile bopha amaphiko abo kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ngengoma yembuzi kwesinye isikhathi izwakala phakathi nosuku, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esinamafu. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzala kuthulile.

Incazelo

Umbala. Owesilisa ngengubo yabantu abadala. Umbala ogcwele wezingxenye ezahlukahlukene eziphezulu uhluka kusuka kwesiliva grey kuya kokugqwala okukhanyayo. Njengomthetho, izihloko ezingaphezulu kwekhanda, ingubo nesemuva kunentuthu-brownish-grey enobude obungenakubonakala obudlulayo futhi nemiphongolo emnyama-nsundu. Eduze kwamehlo, izimpaphe ezimfushane ezi-brownish ezinemiphetho ensundu zakha indandatho engajwayelekile, ngaphansi kwe-pelvis - umucu okhanyayo. Izembozo zendlebe zinsundu onsundu. Umsila nomsila zimbala ofanayo nangemuva, ngemivimbo e-brown transverse sinuous. Izimbambo ezimbili zokuqondisa ngokweqile - ezinamasimu amakhulu amhlophe apical 25-25 mm ubude. Amaphiko amnandi futhi ambozayo amnyama ansundu noma ampunga, anezindawo ezibucayi emikhawulweni yezinsimbi zangaphandle. Izimpaphe ziba nsundu ngombala obomvu, zibe namabala abomvu ngokubomvu nangamabala agqamile amhlophe kuma-webs angaphakathi ama-flywheels aphambili we-I-III (e-II-III, amhlophe nawo angena kwi-webs yangaphandle). Phansi nezinhlangothi zikhanya, zibomvu grey, ngemivimbo e-brownish evamile. I-chin imhlophe, kunezindawo ezimbili ezimhlophe ezinhlangothini zomphimbo, zikhulu kunezo zabesifazane. Isikebhe esingaphansi sibucayi, sinemivimbo e-brownish e-brownish transverse. Ama-flewheel amhlophe kanye nezimpawu zomsila akha amabala akhanyayo, ahlukanise ngokuqinile emaphethelweni amaphiko nomsila, abonakala ngokucacile enyokeni endizayo ngisho noma kusihlwa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sendiza yamanje (uPiechocki, 1969, Schlegel, 1969, Korelov, 1970).

Owesifazane osekhulile uhluke kowesilisa lapho kungatholakali amabala amhlophe ekugcineni kwephiko nokubomvu, kunokuba kube mhlophe, amabala asemphakathini nasemaphethelweni we-helmsmen: laba bade babe nobude obungamamitha ayi-13- ​​29 kuphela eceleni komphedi wamapheya (uPiekocki, 1966).

I-Downy chick. Ibanjwe ngabakubonayo, ngemisele yemigqa evulekile yokuvota. Imbozwe ngogqinsi phansi: i-brownish fupi e-dorsal futhi ende, buffy-grey, ohlangothini olungaphakathi lomzimba. Umgodi womlomo ungcolile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uqhwaku lumnyama, eno "izinyo" leqanda elimhlophe okwenziwe ngedayimane. Izisekelo zeminwe emithathu yangaphambili zixhunywe ngu-membrane obonakalayo, uzipho lomunwe ophakathi lubushelelezi, alunasici. Ubude be-lug yi-10-11, ibhulashi lingu-11-12 mm.

Abantu abasha bobabili ubulili ekwindla yokuqala yokuphila bafana kakhulu nabesifazane abadala, bahluke kubo ngesikhanyayo esincane, izinsiba esimfushane nomsipha omfushane, amabele awacacile kangako kunabantu abadala, amachashazi emhlane awalukhali kangako, amachaphaza amfishane amancane anezikhonkwane ezimhlophe, kanye nomsila. izimpaphe sezivele zibukhali kunabantu abadala (Ivanov, 1953). Umehluko ocansini wezinyoni ezincane ungatholakala kwabasizi abedlulele: kwabesilisa, amasimu amhlophe qeda angena ku-5-10 mm, kwabesifazane kungabi ngaphezu kuka-4 mm (Piechocki, 1966). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abesilisa asebevele ngonyaka wokuqala banamakhesi amhlophe emaflukeni amathathu e-distal primary.

Vota

Le nyoni engaqondakali, imbuzi, yaziwa kakhulu ngokucula kwayo okungafani nalutho, ngokungafani namazwi ezinye izinyoni futhi ezwakala kahle kude ebangeni eli-1 km. Iziduna ziyahlabelela, imvamisa zihlala phezu kwesihlahla esifile emaphethelweni egaba noma ehlathini. Ingoma yakhe - eyi-trill eyisimanga "eyinqaba" - ikhumbuza ngokugquma kwamaxoxo noma ukuncipha kwesithuthuthu esincane, okuzwakala kakhulu. Ukuphindaphindeka okukhulu ngokuphazanyiswa okuncane kuyaqhubeka kusukela ekushoneni kuya ekuntweleni kokusa, kuyilapho ithoni, imvamisa nevolumu yoshintsho umsindo ngezikhathi ezithile. Inyoni eyethukile ihlala iphazamisa lo trill ngetall futhi i-extur “Furr-Furr-Furr-Furrrryu…”, kube sengathi umsindo oqondile wemoto uvele waminza. Uma isiqede iculo, imbuzi ihlala ihamba futhi ishiya amahlamvu. Esiduna siqala ukwanda izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufika futhi siyaqhubeka nokucula lonke ihlobo, sithokomele kancane engxenyeni yesibili kaJulayi.

Ukwakheka nobukhulu

Iphiko eliyisisekelo eli-10, eli-10. Indlela esetshenziselwa iphiko: II> I> III> IV. Phezulu kwephiko kwakhiwa ama-flywheel amathathu okuqala, ama-webs angaphandle e-flyworms yesibili neyesithathu enezinqe. Uqhwaku libuthakathaka, lufushane futhi lubanzi esisekelweni: ukuvezwa komlomo kubanzi kakhulu futhi kuhlukaniswe ngamabhulashi abheke phambili. Emakhaleni mancane, ayindilinga, azungezwe yizicucu ezinokubuyiselwa. I-Tarsus imfushane, ibambeke engxenyeni engaphambili engu-3/4. Umunwe wangemuva uphendukela ngaphakathi, ohlangothini lwezinkinobho zomunwe ophakathi luthuthukiswa buthaka kubantu abasha. Kunombono wokuthi ukusebenza kwalezi zinothi kungukuhlanza izinsalela ze- "brrissa" eyenziwe ngophawu lwentambo yokudla okhula ngasemaphethelweni omlomo (iSchlegel, 1969). Uqhwaku lumnyama, imilenze in nsundu, ama-iris anamehlo amakhulu kakhulu ansundu (Spangenberg, 1951, Ivanov, 1953).

Ukwehluka ngokobulili ngosayizi wezinyoni ezindala akukhulunywa (Cramp, 1985). Ubude bephiko (mm) kubantu ababodwa bama-subspecies aqokiwe (1-4) no-C. e. I-Meridionalis (5-7) yethulwe ngezansi (ubuncane kanye namanani aphezulu anikeziwe, inani eliphakathi kwamabakaki):

1. INetherlands, iJalimane, abesilisa (n = 33) 184-201 (192), abesifazane (n = 19) 184-202 (195)
2. Abesilisa baseBrithani (n = 10) 185-195 (191), abesifazane (n = 9) 184-194 (189)
3. Enyakatho-Ntshonalanga I-Europamans (n ​​= 12) 190-200 (196), izintokazi (n = 11) 187-201 (195)
4. I-Romania, abesilisa baseningizimu (n = 5) 198-208 (201), izintokazi (n = 8) 185-202 (194)
5. ISpain, abesilisa basePortugal (n = 7) 183-192 (186), izintokazi (n = 4) 185-189 (187)
6. I-Algeria, abesilisa baseMorocco (n = 12) 175-186 (181), izintokazi (n = 5) 175-186 (183)
7. Abesilisa baseGrisi (n = 7) 175-186 (180), izintokazi (n = 3) 179-181 (180)

Ubude bomsila (mm) - abesilisa (n = 34) 129-146 (137), izintokazi (n = 23) 129-144 (136)
Ubude bePole (mm) - abesilisa (n = 10) 16.1-17.8 (16.8), izintokazi (n = 12) 16.3-18.2 (17.2)
Ubude be-Beak (mm) - abesilisa (n = 12) 8.0-9.5 (8.8), izintokazi (n = 16) 7.5-9.7 (8.9).

Encane, umsila umfishane kancanyana kunabantu abadala, omunye umehluko awuthembekile (Cramp, 1985). Kulesikhungo, naseMpumalanga. E-Europe, umsila wezimbuzi ezincane umfushane ngama-11 mm ngaphezu kwabadala (uPiechocki, 1966). Imininingwane ngesisindo somzimba iboniswa ku-tafile 6.

Indawo

Isidleke se-kozoda ejwayelekile endaweni efudumele nenomswakama yasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye ne-Eurasia empumalanga ukuya eTransbaikalia, lapho kuthathelwa indawo olunye uhlobo - i-kozoda enkulu. Kutholakala cishe kuyo yonke indawo eYurophu, kufaka phakathi eziqhingini eziningi zoLwandle iMedithera, kodwa enkabeni kuyivelakancane. Okuvame kakhulu e-Iberian Peninsula naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Akekho e-Iceland nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeScotland naseScandinavia, kanye naseningizimu yePeloponnese.

E-Russia, ihlangana nemingcele yasentshonalanga empumalanga iye e-Onon river basin (umngcele neMongolia), ihlangana enyakatho kuya esifundeni se-subtaiga: engxenyeni yase-Europe iye esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk, e-Urals kuya cishe ku-60, e-Yenisei ukuya eYeniseisk, enyakatho yeBaikal nase ingxenye ephakathi yethafa leVitim. Eningizimu, ngaphandle kweRussia, kusatshalaliswa e-Asia Minor eningizimu kuya eSyria, enyakatho ye-Iraq, e-Iran nase-Afghanistan, empumalanga kuya entshonalanga neNdiya, ngasentshonalanga neChina kuya esifundeni esisenyakatho seKunlun nase-Ordos. E-Afrika, izidleke ezisuka eMorocco zisuka empumalanga ziye eTunisia, eningizimu ziye ePhalamende Eliphezulu.

I-Molting

Akufundwa kabi. Ezinyoni ezindala, izimpaphe ezindizayo nezomsila ziyaguquka ngesikhathi sasebusika, futhi izimpaphe ezincane zivame ukusendaweni yokwakha isidleke, ngaphambi kokundiza, kanti umolt wokugcina uqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu, umboze cishe zonke izimpaphe ze-contour ngasikhathi sinye (Neufeldt, 1958). Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuguquguquka okubalulekile ngakunye kuyabonakala, ezinye izinyoni zikwazi ukuguqula zonke izimpaphe ezincane zekhanda, izinkalo nezimpaphe zangaphakathi kakhulu (eziphakeme) ngaphambi kokusuka, ezinye ngokwengxenye kuphela, kanti ezinye zindiza zindizela, zigugile.

Ukuqanjwa kwentsha kwentsha kubantu abasha kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi-Agasti. Okokuqala, izimpaphe zomqhele, ezihlwabusayo, ezingxenye zezimpaphe ze-goiter nezinhlangothi zithathelwa indawo. Izembozo ezinamaphiko amancane namaphakathi ziyavuselelwa lapho ziya ebusika ngoSepthemba-Okthoba. Ama-molts aphambili aphambili ngoNovemba-Disemba, kamuva kunabantu abadala. Abanye abantu bagcina imicengezi emincane emincane esezingeni eliphezulu noma yangaphandle, mhlawumbe ngomunye unyaka (Cramp, 1985).

Habitat

Ihlala izindawo ezivulekile nezingenamvula evulekile enezindawo ezomile, ezifudumele kahle, ezinezinto eziyimpumelelo zokwenza isidleke ngempumelelo ukuba udoti owomile, isigaba sokubuka kanye nekhono lokundiza kungazelelwe kusuka esidlekeni kusuka ngaphansi kwempumulo yomhlaseli, kanye nobuningi bezinambuzane ezindizayo zobusuku.

Kuhlala ngokuzithandela ezindaweni ezinokushisa, izindunduma, ekukhanyeni, emahlathini aphayiniwe anenhlabathi enesihlabathi nokucaca, ekuphumeni kokucaca, amasimu, izigodi zemifula, ukubhukuda. Eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu, kuvamile ezindaweni ezinamadwala nesihlabathi sama-maquis (amathangwe ezihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza). Ezifundeni eziphakathi neYurophu, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu ezinkundleni zokuqeqeshelwa ezempi nasemigwaqweni elahliwe. Enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, izidleke emadwaleni amatshe anesihlahla esingajwayelekile. Izindawo ezihlala kuzo i-steppe ngamahlathi akhukhulayo nemithambeka yemishayo enamaqembu ezihlahla noma ezihlahla.

Imbuzi igwema ihlathi elimnyama eliqhubekayo, futhi eyodwa kuphela, C. e. plumpibes, etholakala endaweni eyihlane ye-Gobi. Njengomthetho, ihlala ethafeni, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle ihlala esifundeni se-subalpine. Ngakho-ke, ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi, izimbuzi zivamile ezintabeni ngenhla kuka-3000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, futhi ezindaweni zobusika zitholakala emngceleni weqhwa endaweni ephakeme aze afike ku-5000 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Imisebenzi yezomnotho yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokugawulwa komlilo, iba nomthelela omuhle enanini lezimbuzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imigwaqo emikhulu yobuningi ivame ukubabulala abantu balezi zinyoni.Ukukhanya kwezibane zemoto kuheha izinambuzane zasebusuku, ezizingelwa imbuzi, bese kuthi u-asphalt afudumezwe emini kuyindawo ekahle yokuzilibazisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinyoni zivame ukuwa ngaphansi kwamasondo, okuholela ekuqothulweni okuphelele ezindaweni ezinemigwaqo esindayo.

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Kunezindawo ezingama-5-6 subspecies, imingcele zazo kwezinye izimo zingaqondakali kakhulu.

I-1.Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus

I-Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, k. 193, eSweden.

I-subspecies emnyama futhi enkulu kunazo zonke. Umbala ojwayelekile wezinhlangothi eziphansi nezingaphezulu zomzimba umnyama mnyama, onsundu kakhulu kusuka phezulu ngentambo e-buffy, enempunga engaphansi kwaC. E Meridionalis. Ihlangana ne-meridionalis oLwandle Olumnyama kanye naseNyakatho. ICaucasus, ene-unwini - enyakatho. IKazakhstan, ene-dementievi - esifundeni saseBaikal.

I-2.Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis

I-Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert, 1896, Ibis, ikhasi 370, Greece.

Kusondele kwifomu lokuqokwa, kepha licace kancane, liphuzi ngokwengeziwe. Emadodeni amadala, amabala amhlophe empukeni oyinhloko akhulu kancane kuno-S. e. Europaeus.

3.Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi

I-Caprimulgus europaeus zarudnyi Hartert, 1912, Vog. I-Pal. Fauna 11.1912, 849 kk. 1912, Tarbagatai.

Ihluka ngokubhaliselwe okuqokiwe ngosayizi omncane nombala olula weplamu.

I-4.Caprimulgus europaeus dementievi

ICaprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann, 1948 (1949), Ukulondolozwa Kwemvelo No. 6, ikhasi 109, i-Orok-Nur, ukuhlwanyela. ingxenye ye-gobi.

Eduze kwe-S. e. Unwini. Uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba limpunga ekhanyayo nge-isabella hue. Imifushane emide ye-longitudinal ekhanda namahlombe anemiphetho ye-buffy. Uhlangothi olungezansi lomzimba lubunjiwe kakhudlwana, lubumba olukhanyayo.

5.Caprimulgus europaeus unwini

ICaprimulgus unwini Hume, 1871, Ibis, ikhasi 406, Abbottabad, Khazar. Ilula kakhulu kune-S. e. I-Europaeus ne-S. e-Meridionalis, uhlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba limpunga olukhanyayo, imichilo emide ekhanda namahlombe ayincane, i-grey esifubeni ne-tint ephuzi esiswini. Amabala amhlophe kwabesilisa abaphambili be-flywheel mikhulu kunale yama-meridionalis.

Amapayipi we-6.Caprimulgus europaeus

ICaprimulgus plumipes Przevalski, 1876. Przhevalsky, Mongolia kanye nezwe laseTangut II, iphe. 22, 1876. ingxenye yokugoba komfula. Umfula ophuzi.

Ngombala, isondele kakhulu kuC. E. Zarudnyi. Kwahlangatshezwa impukane ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasempumalanga yeKazakhstan (Kovshar, 1966, Korelov, 1970).

Ukubhebhetheka

Ububanzi be-Nesting. Indawo yokwakha izidleke ihlanganisa ingxenye ebalulekile ye-Eurasia: ukusuka ogwini lwe-Atlantic entshonalanga kuya e-bass. R. I-Onon ne-Ordosa empumalanga, kanye neziqhingi zoLwandle iMedithera (iCorsica, iSardinia, iSicily, iKrethe, iCyprus) neNyakatho-Ntshonalanga. I-Afrika ukusuka eMoriya empumalanga iya eTunisia, eningizimu kuya eGreat Atlas (iStepanyan, 1975). Ngaseningizimu, usakazekela eSyria, Enyakatho. Iraq, okuhlwanyelayo ugu loLwandle lwase-Arabia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya (Fig. 25).

Umdwebo 25. Indawo yokusabalalisa yobisi lwezimbuzi olujwayelekile:
a - indawo yokunikeza izidleke, b - indawo ebusika. Izihlokwana: 1 - C. e. Europaeus, 2 - C. e Meridionalis, 3 - C. e. Zarudnyi, 4 - C. e. Dementievi, 5 - C. e Unwini, 6 - C. e. Amapayipi.

Ngasenyakatho eScandinavia kufinyelela ku-64 ° N, eFinland kuze kufike ku-63 ° N, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia naseNtshonalanga. ISiberia kuya ku-60 ° N, esifundeni saseTomsk. kuze kufike ku-61 ° N, ku-bass. Yenisei kuya ku-58 ° N, ekuhlwanyeleni. IBaikal kanye nezingxenye eziphakathi nendawo zethafa likaVitim.

EMpumalanga I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia, imbuzi ihlalwa yingxenye yonke yaseYurophu ukusuka emngceleni wombuso enyakatho kuye eningizimu. UKarelia kanye ne-Arkhangelsk, kuze kufike ku-60 ° N kuma-Urals (Ivanov, 1953, Stepanyan, 1975), eZap. ISiberia - indawo eyi-steppe zone, amahlathi ase-subtaiga, indawo engaseningizimu naphakathi nendawo ye-taiga, enyakatho kuya ku-bass. R. Konda, k. ULar-Egan (ophethe inkokhelo ye-Ob) no r. Umbhede wonke (Gordeev, I960, Gyngazov, Moskvitin, 1965, Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Moskvitin et al., 1977, Ravkin, 1978), usabalele eCentral Siberia esifundeni esiseningizimu yeTaiga ngasenyakatho kuya enkabeni ye-Angara (Shvedov , 1962) naphezulu. Lena. Kuphakanyisiwe nokuthi imbuzi ekugcineni izotholakala lapha kuze kufike ku-62 ° N. - umkhawulo ojwayelekile wokusabalalisa amafomu anjalo eSiberia (Reimers, 1966). Esifundeni saseBaikal, engxenyeni esenyakatho yaleli chibi, laqala ukutholakala endaweni yezidleke eduze kwaseZavorotnaya Bay (Malyshev, 1958.1960). Enyakatho-ntshonalanga Ugu lweBaikal lwatholakala ngenyanga ka-Agasti endaweni eyakhiwe eduze kwezindawo ezingamaRyty nezase Zavorotny, futhi endaweni esehlathini lesikebhe saseBarguzinsky ehlobo lika-1960, imbuzi kwakuyinyoni ejwayelekile yokuzalanisa (i-Gusev, 1962). ENingizimu ITransbaikalia ingumkhawulo osempumalanga webanga lezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izidleke zezidleke zembuzi zitholakala endaweni yaseDobe-Enhor (enyakatho-mpumalanga yedolobha lase-Ulan-Ude), eduze kwechibi. Shchuchye, nge. IKrasnoyarovo, eduze kwechibi. UGusinoe (Izmailov, 1967, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). Kule ndawo, imbuzi ikhulisa kahle ibanga layo, ihamba enyakatho-mpumalanga kanye nasezigodini zaseBarguzinsky nase-Udinsky (Gusev, 1962, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973). Ukutholwa kwehlobo kuyaziwa nangaseningizimu-mpumalanga. ITransbaikalia - kulungile. amadolobhana i-Aga, iBain-Tsagak, iTsasuchey (Gagina, 19616, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973), kepha ama-nesting awakaze afakazelwe lapho.

Sekukonke, eSiberia, umngcele osenyakatho wokusatshalaliswa kwale mbuzi unganqunywa ngamaphuzu: iTomsk, Achinsk, Yeniseisk, Baikal. Ngaphezulu kweningizimu, kuvamile eMinusinsk Territory naseZap. Sayans (Sushkin, 1914, Petrov, Rudkovsky, 1985), e-Altai (Sushkin, 1938, Folitarek, Dementiev, 1938, Kuchin, 1973, Ravkin, 1973).

Kutholakala yonke indawo eKazakhstan naseCentral Asia, kepha akuhlali emaqeleni e-Urals, e-Irgiz naseTurgay, ogwadule lobumba oluyisicaba lwe-Ustyurt neBetpak-Dala, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo kanye nasehlathini eline-spruce laseTien Shan (Zarudny, 1888, 1896, 1915, Sushkin, Ngo-1908, Ivanov, 1940, 1969, Rustamov, 1954, Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich nabanye, 1960, Stepanyan, Galushin, 1962, Abdusalyamov, 1964.1971, Kovshar, 1966, Zaletaev, 1968, Korelov, 1970, Shukurov, 1986 )

Umdwebo 26. Indawo yokuhlala yezimbuzi ezivamile eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho ye-Asia:
kanye - nobubanzi bezidleke.

Uma kwenzeka, uhla lwembuzi ejwayelekile eMpumalanga. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia emashumini eminyaka adlule ayikaze yenze izinguquko ezinkulu, ngaphandle kokunwetshwa kwemingcele yayo enyakatho-mpumalanga, esifundeni esiseduze kweTransbaikalia. Emazweni amaningi I-Europe ibone ukwehla okuthuthukayo kwensiza ezaliswayo (eCramp, 1985).

Ukufuduka

Njengoba indiza yenzeka ebumnyameni, cishe akukho mininingwane ngemvelo yayo. Kuyaziwa nje ukuthi abakwaKozodoi bandiza bodwa ebusuku noma ekuseni nakusihlwa kusihlwa, ngeke baye emhlambini. Ukufuduka kuya phambili ngaphambili - ngalesi sikhathi, izimfudu zembuzi zitholakala yonke indawo.

Entwasahlobo, bafika sekwephuzile, ngokuqala kwezinsuku ezifudumele nokubonakala kwezinambuzane ezindizayo ezisebenzayo, endaweni ephakathi nengxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia ukuphakama kokufika kwabo kuhambelana nokuqhakaza kwamaqabunga e-oki (Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968).

Engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR yangaphambili, ukubukeka kwangaphambi kokudotshwa kwembuzi kwaqoshwa eCaucasus - ngo-Ephreli 9 eLikhsky Range. (Zhordania, Gogilashvili, 1969), ngasikhathi sinye eminyakeni ethile babhaliswa kwi-Volga-Kama interfluve (Garanin, 1977). Phakathi kuka-Ephreli 14 no-17, kuvela imbuzi e-Lesser Caucasus (Jordania, 1962), eStavropol Territory (Budnichenko, 1965), eCrimea (Kostin, 1983), Moldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), eningizimu-mpumalanga nasentshonalanga ye-Ukraine (Strautman , 1963, Kolesnikov, 1976), Ehlathini leBialowieza (Fedyushin, iDolbik, 1967). Phakathi kuka-Ephreli 20 no-24, ukufika kwe-kozodoy esifundeni saseKharkov, Minsk, iPinkk Polesye, iSmolensk, iLake Ladoga kwaphawulwa. (Somov, 1897, Reztsov, 1910, Schnitnikov, 1913, Noskov et al., 1981). Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu zokugcina zika-Ephreli, abantu bokuqala bafika ezifundeni zaseTambov, Tula, Moscow naseLeningrad. (Reztsov, 1910, Ptushchenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Indiza ihlala kakhulu ngoMeyi, eBelarus iphela ngo-15, esifundeni saseMoscow. - ngoMeyi 22 (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967), kepha eSifundeni saseLeningrad. ubuyela ekuqaleni kukaJuni (uNoskov et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Imbuzi iza engxenyeni yase-Asiya yaseRussia kungekudala kakhulu kuneyaseYurophu. E-Samarkand naseTashkent kuphela, ukuvela kwayo kokuqala eminyakeni ethile kwaphawulwa phakathi kuka-Ephreli 10 no-17 (Ivanov, 1969, Korelov, 1970), kwezinye izingxenye zeCentral Asia kwavela kuphela ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli: ngomhla wama-26 ezintabeni zaseGissaro-Karategin nangaphansi . ISyrdarya (Spangenberg, Feigin 1936, Popov, 1959), 28-29th eningizimu. i-chink ye-Ustyurt nasezintabeni eduze naseZeravshan (Rustamov, 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1964). Kubonakala eningizimu yeKazakhstan ekuqaleni kukaMeyi: Meyi 7-8 - enyakatho. ezansi kweZap. UTien Shan (Kovshar, 1966), Meyi 1-8 - cishe. IBarsakelmes oLwandle i-Aral (Eliseev, 1986), Meyi 5 - ezintabeni zase-Anarkhai (Korelov, 1970). Isikhungo, nasempumalanga. izifunda zeKazakhstan zifika maphakathi noMeyi: Meyi 14 - umhlangano wokuqala phansi. I-Embe (Sushkin, 1908), Meyi 15 - eduzane ne-Almaty naphezu komfula. IBizha (emaphethelweni e-Dzhungarskiy Alatau), ngoMeyi 16 - eduze naseKaraganda, ngoMeyi 19 - eduzane nedolobha lasePanfilov (ezansi namazansi eDazhungarskiy Alatau) naseduze kwechibi. UTengiz ungene esikhungweni. IKazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Ukuqala kokufika e-Altai kungoMeyi 18 (Sushkin, 1938), kepha ezindaweni eziphansi zeChulyshman kwakuphawulwa ngoMeyi 13 (Kuchin, 1976). ENtshonalanga. ISiberia indiza eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaMeyi: ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene yabonwa eTomsk ngoMeyi 15-20 (umhlangano wokuqala kakhulu - ngoMeyi 4, 1974), eNovosibirsk - ngoMeyi 27, 1959 (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977), eningizimu taiga U-Ob, ingoma yokuqala yeGoat yalalelwa ngoMeyi 24, 1967 (Ravkin, 1978).

Ekwindla, izinyoni ezindala ziqala ukundiza. Okukodwa, ngokuvamile ekupheleni kukaJulayi, kuqala ukundiza. Ukuhamba kwenzeka ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba, kuphela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho (iLadoga) ngasekupheleni kwale nyanga, naseningizimu - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Imihlangano yakamuva kakhulu yeKozodoy engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR yangaphambili ingo-Okthoba 21 ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga ye-Ukraine (Strautman, 1963), Okthoba 28 eMoldova (Averin, Ganya, 1970), Novemba 3 eduze nase-Orenburg (Zarudny, 1888) nangoNovemba 5 eCrimea (Kostin , 1983), engxenyeni yase-Asiya - ngo-Okthoba 25 eKurgaldzhino (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952) no-Okthoba 28 ezansi ezansi kweZap. UTien Shan (Kovshar, 1966).

Habitat

Isidingo esikhulu se-biotope esidlekayo yinhlanganisela yezimila ezinamapulangwe ezinotshani ezinezikhala ezivulekile kanye nokuba khona okungenani kwezingxenye ezincane zenhlabathi engenalutho noma izimila ezikhula kancane. Esimweni sehlathi, lezi zidingo zihambisana kakhulu namahlathi kaphayini, imbuzi ekhetha ezindaweni ezinkulu ezingxenyeni esenyakatho yobubanzi bayo - ukusuka eBelarus, eBaltic ithi naseKarelia kuya eNtshonalanga. Sayan naseningizimu mpumalanga. ITransbaikalia (Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1973, Garanin, 1977, Moskvitinidr., 1977, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Petrov. Ezindaweni ezingaseningizimu emahlathini anqobayo ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: kumaCarathiathi, ikakhulukazi ikakhulukazi - endaweni yamahlathi e-beech ngaphansi kwezihlahla (iStrautman, 1954), eMoldova - emahlathini ama-oki anezihlahla ezindala ezikhulayo futhi nezakhiwe ngaphansi kwenhlabathi (i-Averin, Ganya, 1970), eCrimea - emahlathini ama-oki angavamile futhi anamafu ezinyawo zehlathi (Kostin, 1983). Esifundeni esisehlathini, kuvame ukuhlala emaphethelweni ezinkungu zehlathi kanye nangamabhande okuhlala kuwo ehlathi (Budnichenko, 1965). S. e. Zarudnyi noC. E. Unwini abahlala eKazakhstan naseCentral Asia, bazinza e-steppe nasehlane, khetha izindawo ezinamahlathi (ikakhulukazi amahlathi e-saxaul esihlabathini), nasezintabeni - emadwaleni amatshe ane-juniper, i-pistachio, i-walnut kanye namanye amahlathi (ngobuningi obukhulu be-spruce yasezintabeni, i-fir kanye ne-mesophilic metadows abade bengekho). Esikhathini esidlekeni ezintabeni sikhuphuka sifinyelele emjondolo wasemijunipha futhi sifinyelela kumamitha angama-2 800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Kovshar, 1966), futhi nasezintabeni zaseGissaro-Darvaza kuhlangatshezwane nakho ngezikhathi zasehlobo endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3,100 ngaphezu kolwandle .m. e-juniper woodlands moraine ye-Muzgaz glacier (Popov, 1959).

Ukuba ne-eurytopic kakhulu kune, ngokwesibonelo, imbuzi enkulukazi, yona evamile ayikuvikeli izindawo eziguquliwe futhi impela ikhetha ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuchithwa kwamahlathi endaweni eyihlathi (Somov, 1897, Promtov, 1957, Neufeldt, 1958a, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), and in i-steppes ingotshalo lwamahlathi; ihlala futhi ngokuzithandela ezingadini, ekhishini izingadi, emaphethelweni ezindawo zokuhlala, kwesinye isikhathi izidleke ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu, isibonelo, iVilnius (Idzelis, 1976).

Inombolo

Kukholakala ukuthi eNgilandi nase-Ireland, izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3-6 zezimbuzi zidla isidleke, eFrance zinezinkulungwane eziyisithupha, eJalimane - ezinkulungwaneni ezi-5, eFinland - izinkulungwane ezingama-4,3 (Merikallio, 1958, Sharrock, 1976, Glutz , Bauer, 1980, Cramp, 1985). Inani eliphelele eMpumalanga. I-Europe kanye neNyakatho. I-Asia ayaziwa, ayibalwa ezifundeni ezithile ze-USSR yangaphambili. Ubuningi babantu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zobubanzi buhluka ngokuthile kweshumi; yindawo ephansi kunazo zonke emahlathini aseSiberia aseSiberia futhi aphakeme kakhulu emahlathini aphakeme ekhanyayo (Ithebula 7).

Ezindaweni eziningi, eminyakeni yamuva, kuye kwehla inani lezimbuzi - kwiVolga-Kama interfluve (Garanin, 1977), eLatvia, lapho ngokusho kukaK. Wilks, kusukela ngawo-1930s. inani lezimbuzi ezidlekayo lincipha njalo (iStrazds, 1983), ezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseKharkov. eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala, ezindaweni zokuzithokozisa ngobuningi (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Krivitsky, 1988). Isimo esifanayo siyabonakala emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga. I-Europe - i-England, i-France, i-Belgium, i-Netherlands, i-Denmark, i-Germany, i-France, i-Czech Republic, i-Slovak, i-Switzerland, i-Italy (i-Cramp, i-1985). Izizathu ezibalulekile ukwehla kokuhlinzekwa kokudla ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kokubulala izinambuzane, into ephazamisayo, nokufa ngokuqondile kwemfuhlumfucu namachwane.

Umsebenzi wansuku zonke, yokuziphatha

Imbuzi iyasebenza kusihlwa, futhi isilinganiso sezikhathi zokuphumula nokuphaphama kuya ngomqondo wokuma komhlaba wesikhathi sendawo nesikhathi sonyaka. Emgqeni ophakathi nendawo, izimbuzi zisebenza kakhulu kusihlwa nasekuzeni kokusa ekuseni: ngoJuni - kusuka emahoreni angama-21 kuye emahoreni angama-22 imizuzu engama-50. nokusuka ku-1 h. 30 min. kufika emahoreni amabili imizuzu engama-50, ngoJulayi - kusuka emahoreni angama-20 kuye kwangama-22 futhi kusuka emahoreni ayi-2 imizuzu eyi-10 kuze kube yi-3 h. 40 min., esikhathini esimnyama kakhulu sobusuku, bayeka ukucula futhi bondle amaphuphu. ECarelia, phakathi kobusuku obumhlophe (ngoJuni), izimbuzi zazisebenza amahora angama-23 kuye kwayi-2, ekupheleni kukaJulayi kusuka emahoreni angama-22 imizuzu engama-20. kufinyelela emahoreni angama-3, kepha ngekhefu phakathi kwamahora angama-24 kuye kwayi-2, kwathi ngo-Agasti, isithombe somsebenzi wabo besicishe sifane nasolayini ophakathi ekuqaleni kwehlobo (Neufeldt, 1958a). Kuzo zonke izimo ezaziwayo, isikhathi somsebenzi omkhulu wezimbuzi singamahora angama-3-4. KuZap. I-Europe isungule ukuthi umsebenzi wezwi we-Kozodoy awuqali ngaphambi kwemizuzu eyi-11 ngaphambili futhi kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-26 ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, ingoma yokuqala imakwe ngokukhanya kusuka ku-2.25 kuye ku-40 lux, futhi ijika lomsebenzi licishe lifane nejika lokukhanyisa le-10 lux ( Schlegel, 1969).

Ezimweni ze-European North, imisebenzi yansuku zonke yedamu lembuzi incike kakhulu ezimweni zezulu: abesilisa abaculi ngesimo sezulu esinamafu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semvula nomoya (Neufeldt, 1958a). Kodwa-ke, esimweni sezulu esishisayo saseCentral Asia, isembozo samafu sivuselela umsebenzi wamazwi, kukhona ngisho nenkomba yokucula emvuleni enkulu (Schnitnikov, 1949). Abesilisa S. e-Unwini ngoMeyi-Juni baqala ukucula imizuzu engama-30 kuya kwengama-40 ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga, ama-troll abo amafushane azwakala ngezikhathi ezithile naphakathi nosuku (Eliseev, 1986).

Umsoco

In bird engakubambisi izinambuzane ezindizayo ezisebenza ngokuhlwa nobusuku. Ukudla kuthathwa hhayi emoyeni kuphela, kodwa futhi ebusweni bomhlaba, amanzi (ngokwesibonelo, imitha yamanzi), utshani nezihlahla. Iqoqo lezisulu lihluke kakhulu - emahlathini amaSalal kuphela abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-114 zemindeni engama-25 ezitholakele ekudleni kwe-kozodoy (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954) - kepha amabhu amabhungane angumthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunempilo.

Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kwezisu zezimbuzi ezindala, izimvemvane ngenani lezinto ezifinyelela ku: 62% kuKarelia, 47% endaweni yeVolga-Kama, akukho ngaphezulu kwe-2% emafinyelela aphansi e-Dnieper, no-12%, 86%, no-97% wamabhungane, ngokulandelana (Neufeldt, 1958a, Garanin, 1977, Kolesnikov, 1976). Kukho konke amathuba, ingxenye yeLepidoptera ayibukelwa phansi ngenxa yokulondolozwa okungekuhle kwezidumbu zazo esiswini sezinyoni ezifile (uGaranin, 1977). Izinkomba zeqiniso ezingaphezulu zatholakala ekuhlaziyweni kwamasampula e-nestling atholakala ngendlela ye-cervical ligature (Malchevsky and Kadochnikov, 1953); e-Savalskaya cottage, butterflies accounted for 64%, mabhungane - 25%, eJalimane - 62 no-8, ngokulandelana, ezindaweni ezingezansi ze-Dnieper - 98 kanye. 2 (Malchevsky, Neufeldt, 1954, Schlegel, 1969, Kolesnikov, 1976).

Imvamisa, abadla izimbuzi badla kusuka kuma-lepidopteran scoops, amabhu, amabhungane amaqabunga, i-hawthorn, izimpukane zomlilo, izikhwama zemikhaza, ezivela kumabhungane e-plate-mabhungane (kaningi ngoMeyi noJuni chives), ama-weevils, amabhungane amaqabunga. Emahlathini, kudliwa izinambuzane ezingama-coniferous: ubusika be-scoop, amabala nama-coniffort burrowworms, uphondo Hornwort, June okusajingijolo, uphayinaphu kanye nezimpande zezingodo zamabibi (Prokofieva, 1976). ENingizimu, ukwakheka kokuphakelwa kwezimbuzi kwehluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, cishe. Izinto zeBarsakelmes kwezingu-1498 ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezingama-107 zokudla kwamantshontsho embuzi, ezingama-33% kwakuyizimvemvane, ezingama-20% zazingamabhungane, ama-15% zazizimele, 14% zazinamaphiko, ezingama-8% zazinamaphiko, futhi ezingama-32 zaziqoshwa imindeni. Isilinganiso samaqembu okudla ngamanye ahluka kakhulu ngezinsuku ezahlukahlukene: uma ngoJuni 15-17 ngaphezulu kwengxenye yezinto zokudla bekungama-orthopterans, kwathi ngoJulayi 7-8 ayengamabhungane, bese kuthi ngoJulayi 17-19 angamaphaphu angama-80-90%. Ukuqhathaniswa kwale datha nemiphumela yokubanjwa okufana kwezinambuzane kukhanye kubonakala kukhombisa ukungabi bikho kokukhethekile ekudleni kwembuzi (Eliseev, 1986).

Izitha, izici ezingezinhle

Izilwane ezidla inyama enabantu abadala zivame ukubanjwa yizinyamazane ezinamabala ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi, isikhova, isikhova esinezintambo (i-Zarudny, ngo-1888), isikhova esidlekayo, isikhova - undlunkulu kanye nesigcwagcwa, i-European caplet kanye ne-buzzard (Piechocki, 1966). Ucwaningo olunemininingwane yombhali wokugcina wezimbangela zokufa kwezimbuzi eYurophu luveze ukuthi isabelo sezimbuzi ekwakhiweni kwezinyoni zezinyamazane lincane kakhulu: ngabantu abangama-46 kuphela ngamacala ayi-148 103 okubhaliswa okuqondile kwezisulu (0.03%). Kepha esikhathini esiningi bafa emigwaqweni, lapho bathanda ukuphumula noma ukuzingela izinambuzane zasebusuku ezindaweni zokukhanyisa okwenziwe ngobuciko: kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuJuni bathola izidumbu eziyi-12 zezinyoni ezindala, kusukela ngoJulayi kuze kube nguNovemba - abadala abangu-14 nabancane abangama-56, banda ngokushona kwezilwane ezincane emigwaqweni kwaphawulwa futhi esifundeni saseLeningrad (UPiechocki, 1966, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Kwezinye izici ze-anthropogenic, ukuhlangana kwabantu abaningi ehlathini (ekufuneni amakhowe, amajikijolo) ngesikhathi sokuzalelwa kwezinyoni kuyabulala udodobhu lwembuzi; kusuka ezindaweni ezinje emadolobheni amakhulu, amadombolo ezimbuzi avele anyamalale kancane kancane (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ngokungangabazeki, umthelela omubi esisekelweni sokudla sezindlela zokwelapha zamakhemikhali ezilwa nezinambuzane, noma kunjalo, ubukhulu bawo abaziwa.

Emgodleni wamakhala wembuzi ejwayelekile, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezi-2 zezinambuzane ezithile-ama-rinonissids: I-Vxtznissus scotornis Fain neVitznissus caprimulgi (Fain), eyokugcina yatholakala ezinyonini ezitholwe e-Azerbaijan, esifundeni saseRyazan. kanye neTatarar (Butenko, 1984).

Inani lezomnotho, ukuvikelwa

Ukucekela phansi isibalo esikhulu sezilokazane zasehlathini, ezibuye zibe sematheni futhi ngenxa yalokho zingafinyeleleki kuzinyoni zasemini, imbuzi kufanele, ngokubheka kwemibono yangaphambilini ngokubaluleka kwezinyoni, ibizwa ngokuthi inyoni ewusizo emahlathini, ezingadini nasezindleleni zasemadolobheni. Ngenxa yezimpawu zokudla kwakhe, akungabazeki ukuthi wenza umsebenzi wenye yezinto zokukhethwa kwemvelo emiphakathini yezisulu. Ifanelwe ukuvikeleka nxazonke futhi ihehe kumapheshana amahlathi omhlaba wanamuhla wasemadolobheni, lapho kudingeka khona ukudala izindawo zokuphumula zokuzala le nyoni yomhlaba.

Kubhalwe ku-Red Book of Latvia, and in the Russian Federation - ku-Red Book of the Arkhangelsk Region, Sev. I-Ossetia neTatarstan.

Isilwane esidala esinobuthi sasinokuhlolwa kwezinyo

Abaphenyi baqinisekisile ukuqondisisa kwemvelo enobuthi besilo i-Euchambersia, ngokuhlola ukwakheka kwamazinyo ayo. Kwavela ukuthi ngenhla kwamafangs ayo angenhla kwakungumgodi onesigaxa esinoshevu, ukusuka lapho ubuthi bugeleza phansi emiseleni ye-bony. Imiphumela yocwaningo.

Ukuzala

Izinhlobo zohlobo oluphambili emhlabathini emahlathini zikaphayini kanye nezikhonkwane ze-birch. Izindlebe azeneliswa. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-ellipsoidal ama-2 ellow-grey on udoti ohlanganayo, enhlabathini engenalutho noma ematsheni. Zombili lezi zinyoni zifukamela ukwenziwa komzimba izinsuku eziyi-16-18. Amakati avela embozwe ku-fluff obukhulu. Amachwane wesibili aqandeka kamuva ngaphezu kokuqala kosuku. Ziqala ukundiza zineminyaka engama-26 ubudala, futhi abazali bazo bazondla isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto amabili. Engxenyeni yesibili kaJulayi, izinyoni ezincane ngokuzimela zizingela izimvemvane namabhungane, ezibanjwa endiza ngemilomo yazo ebanzi.
Izinyoni zindiza ngo-Agasti ziphele ngoSepthemba.

Imvelaphi yegama

Le nyoni yathola igama layo ngoba ezikhathini zasendulo bekukhona insumansumane yokuthi imbuzi indiza ebusuku iye emhlambini futhi inikeze ubisi ezimbuzini nasezinkomeni. Ngakho-ke, wayevame ukuxoshwa emhlambini, futhi kwesinye isikhathi abulawe. Kepha inzalo ye-kozodoy ayikho ebisini lezilwane, kepha ezinambuzaneni ezithela ngezihlakala ngaphezulu kwazo - zidla imbuzi. Ukubhubhisa inani elikhulu lezinambuzane eziyingozi, imbuzi ejwayelekile inosizo olukhulu emahlathini nezolimo.

Ukuhlukaniswa nezigaba ezingezansi

Imbuzi ejwayelekile yachazwa ngokwesayensi nguCarl Linnaeus ohlelweni lwe-10 lweHlelo Lakhe Lwezemvelo ngo-1758. Igama elejwayelekile I-Caprimulgus, elihunyushwe lisuselwa kwelesiLatini ngokwezwi nezwi elisho "imbuzi" noma "ubisi lwezimbuzi" (lisuselwa kumagama esiLatin umgibeli - Imbuzi, futhi mulgeō - Ubisi), ibibolekiwe ku-Natural History (Liber X 26 Ivi 115) UPliny Omdala - lo mlobi ongumlando odumile waseRoma ukholelwa ukuthi izinyoni ziphuza ubisi lwembuzi ebusuku, zinamathela kumbele wezilwane, okuthi kamuva zihambe zingaboni futhi zife. Impela, izinyoni zivame ukutholakala cishe ezinyaweni zezinkomo ezidliwayo, kepha lokhu kungenxa yobuningi bezinambuzane, eziphazamiswa yizilwane noma ukuthuthelelwa iphunga lomquba. Igama, lisuselwa embonweni oyiphutha, belingagcinwanga kwisayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi lathuthelwa ezilimini eziningana zaseYurophu, kufaka phakathi isiRussia. Buka igama i-europaeus ("European") ikhombisa ngqo isifunda lapho uhlobo lwenhlobo lwaluchazwa khona ekuqaleni.

Ukubhalwa kwesithupha kwembuzi kuyahlukaniswa, lapho kuvezwa khona ukwahlukahluka ngosayizi ophelele nokuhlukahluka ngombala ovamile weplamu:

• C. e. i-europaeus ILinnaeus, ngo-1758 - enyakatho nephakathi kweYurophu kwasempumalanga eBaikal, eningizimu kuya cishe ku-60 ° C. w.
• C. e. meridionalis Hartert, 1896 - Enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, i-Iberian Peninsula, inyakatho yeMedithera, iCrimea, iCaucasus, i-Ukraine, inyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Iran nezindawo ezisogwini loLwandle iCaspian.
• C. e. sarudnyi IHartert, ngo-1912 - e-Asia Ephakathi kusuka eKazakhstan nasogwini olusempumalanga yeCaspian kuya empumalanga kuya eKyrgyzstan, eTarbagatai nasezintabeni zase-Altai.
• C. e. unwini I-Hume, ngo-1871 - i-Asia isuka e-Iraq nase-Iran empumalanga iye emithambekeni asentshonalanga yeTien Shan nedolobha laseChina iKashgar, kanye neTurkmenistan ne-Uzbekistan.
• C. e. amapayipi IPrzewalski, ngo-1876 - enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, entshonalanga nasenyakatho nentshonalanga yeMongolia.
• C. e. dementievi IStegmann, ngo-1949 - iTransbaikalia eseningizimu, empumalanga neMongolia.

Imbuzi, noma imbuzi ejwayelekile (lat.Caprimulgus europaeus)

Imbuzi ejwayelekile, ebizwa nangokuthi yimbuzi (iCaprimulgus europaeus), iyinyoni ebusuku. Ummeleli womndeni izidleke ze-True Kozodoi ikakhulukazi enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, nasezintabeni ezishisayo zase-Eurasia. Incazelo yesayensi yalolu hlobo yanikezwa uKarl Linnaeus emakhasini ohlelo lweshumi lohlelo lweNdalo emuva ngo-1758.

AmaKozodoi anombala omuhle kakhulu wokuvikela, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni ezinjalo zingamakhosi wangempela wokufihla. Ukuba yizinyoni ezingabonakali ngokuphelele, izimbuzi zaziwa ngokucula kwazo okungajwayelekile, ngokungafani nedatha yezwi lezinye izinyoni. Isimo sezulu esihle, imininingwane yezwi lembuzi iyazwakala ngisho noma ikude ngamamitha ayi-500-600.

Umzimba wale nyoni unokwelulwa okuthile, okufana nokwakhukhunathi. AmaKozodoi anamaphiko amade futhi abukhali, futhi anomsila ophakeme kakhulu. Uqhwaku lwenyoni lubuthakathaka futhi lufushane, lumnyama ngombala, kepha isigaba somlomo sibukeka sikhulu impela, sinama-setae amade futhi anzima emakhoneni. Izinyawo azinkulu, ngomunwe omaphakathi ophakathi. I-plumage ithambile, ihlobo oluvulekile, ngenxa yokuthi inyoni ibukeka ikhudlwana futhi inkulu kakhulu.

Umbala we-plumage ujikeleza ngokujwayelekile, ngakho-ke kunzima ukucabanga ngezinyoni ezihlala zingagudluki emagatsheni ezihlahla noma ngamahlamvu awile. Ukuxhumana okuqokiwe kuhlukaniswa yingxenye engenhla ye-brownish-grey enezinto eziningi ezishintshashintshashintshashintshi zemoto noma imitheshana yemibala emnyama, ebomvu nebomvu. Ingxenye engezansi ine-brown-buffy, lapho kukhona iphethini emelelwa ngemishayo emincane enqamula emnyama.

Kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomndeni, izimbuzi zinamehlo amakhulu, umlomo omfishane nokusikwa komlomo “wesele,” futhi ziyahlukahluka ngemilenze emifushane, efanelwe kahle amagatsha okubamba futhi ahambahamba emhlabeni.

Ubukhulu obuncane benyoni bubonakala ngomzimba omuhle. Isilinganiso sobude bomuntu ojwayelekile siyahluka phakathi kuka-24.5-28.0 cm, sinamaphiko angeqi ngamasentimitha angama-52-59. Isisindo esijwayelekile sowesilisa asidluli ngama-51-101 g, kanti isisindo sowesifazane sicishe sibe ngu-67-95 g.

Izimbuzi zibonakaliswa kalula futhi zinamandla, kepha indiza ethule. Phakathi kokunye, izinyoni ezinjalo ziyakwazi "ukulengiswa" endaweni eyodwa noma ipulani, zigcina amaphiko azo ehlukene bodwa. Phezu komhlaba, inyoni ihamba ngokunqikaza futhi ithanda izindawo ezincishwe izimila. Lapho kusondela inyamazane noma abantu, izinyoni eziphumayo zizama ukuzifihla endaweni ezungezile, zifihle futhi zinamathele emhlabathini noma emagatsheni. Kwesinye isikhathi imbuzi isuka kalula futhi isule amaphiko ayo ngokuzwakalayo, ihamba ibangana elifushane.

Abesilisa bahlabelela, imvamisa bahlala emaceleni ezihlahla ezifile ezikhula emaphethelweni ehlathi noma emiseleni. Ingoma imelelwa ngumbhali wethayela owomile futhi oyisidina, ofana nokugquma kwethadi noma ukusebenza kogandaganda. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-Monotonous kuhambisana nekhefu elifushane, kepha ubukhulu bethoni nevolumu, kanye nemvamisa yemisindo enjalo kuguquka ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, amaKozodoi aphazamisa ukusebenza kwawo ngo "Furr-Furr-Furr-Furrryu ..." ophakeme. Ngemuva nje kokucula, inyoni ishiya lesi sihlahla. Amaduna aqala ukuganana ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa efikile futhi aqhubeke nokucula kwawo ehlobo.

I-Kozodoev ayesabi kakhulu izindawo ezinabantu abaningi, ngakho-ke lezi nyoni zivame ukundiza eduze kwamabhizinisi ezolimo nawokulima, lapho inani elikhulu lezinambuzane likhona. AmaKozodoi ayizinyoni zasebusuku. Emini, abameleli balezi zinhlobo bancamela ukuphumula emagatsheni ezihlahla noma behle bangene otshanini obuluhlaza obumanzi. Ngokuqala kobusuku kuphela lapho izinyoni ziphuma zizama ukuzingela. Endizeni, ashesha abambe inyamazane, ayakwazi ukusebenzelana kahle, futhi aphendule ngokushesha manjalo ekubukekeni kwezinambuzane.

Ngenkathi indiza, uKozodoi osekhulile uvame ukukhala kakhulu “ngempelasonto… ngempelasonto”, futhi ama-alamu ahlukahlukene ngokuhlukahluka okulula kokukhonkotha noma uhlobo lwezwi elishayekile.

Isilinganiso sokuphila okujwayelekile esibhalisiwe esisemthethweni sobisi olujwayelekile lwezimbuzi ezimweni zemvelo, njengomthetho, asidluli iminyaka eyishumi.

Kukhona umucu omenyezelwe okhanyayo wombala omhlophe ngaphansi kwamehlo okwembuzi, futhi amabala amancane abonwa ezinhlangothini zomphimbo, lapho abesilisa benombala omhlophe omhlophe, kuthi kwabesifazane babe nombala obomvu. Abesilisa babonakala ngezindawo ezimhlophe eziqhakazile emaphethelweni amaphiko nasemakhondweni ezimpaphe zomsila wangaphandle. Abantu abasha bafana nabesifazane abadala ngokubukeka.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Izidleke zezimbuzi ezijwayelekile endaweni efudumele nenomswakama endaweni yasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika ne-Eurasia. EYurophu, abamele izinhlobo zezilwane zitholakala cishe yonke indawo, kubandakanya neziqhingi eziningi zaseMedithera. Izimbuzi ezivame kakhulu zaba emazweni aseMpumalanga Yurophu naseNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. E-Russia, izinyoni zidla ukusuka emngceleni osentshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Enyakatho, abamele le zinhlobo zitholakala kufinyelela esifundeni se-subtaiga. I-biotope ejwayelekile yokudonsa yi-moorland.

Amathafa avulekile futhi angavulekile anezindawo ezomile nezifudumele kahle ezihlala izinyoni. Isici esiyinhloko sokuthola isidleke esiyimpumelelo ukuba khona kwezibi ezomile, kanye nomkhakha omuhle wokubuka kanye nobuningi bezinambuzane ezindiza ebusuku. AbakwaKozodoi bahlala ngokuzithandela ezindaweni ezingenahlane, bahlala ukukhanya, amahlathi okaphayini amachibi enhlabathi enesihlabathi nokucaca, indawo yokuphuma kanye nezinsimu, izindawo ezisogwini zezixhaphozi kanye nezigodi zemifula. Eningizimu mpumalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, izinhlobo zezilwane zivame ezingxenyeni ezinesihlabathi namadwala ama-maquis.

Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke labantu libonakala enkabeni ye-Europe, ezindaweni ezishiywe dengwane kanye nezindawo zokuqeqeshelwa ezempi. Enyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika, abamele izinhlobo zezidleke emithambekeni enamadwala agqunywe izihlahla ezingandile. Izindawo eziphambili endaweni eyi-steppe zone imithambeka yemishayo kanye namahlathi wezikhukhula. Njengomthetho, izimbuzi ezijwayelekile zihlala emathafeni, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, izinyoni zingakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwendawo engaphansi kwendawo.

Imbuzi ejwayelekile iyinhlobo ejwayelekile yokufuduka eyenza ukuthutha okude kakhulu ngonyaka. Izizathu eziphambili zobusika zabamele abamele izikhungo zokuqokwa zaba yindawo eningizimu ne-mpumalanga ye-Afrika. Ingxenye encane yezinyoni iyakwazi nokuya entshonalanga yezwekazi. Ukufuduka kwenzeka endaweni ebanzi ebanzi, kepha abahlali bezimbuzi abajwayelekile kule mpukane bakhetha ukuhlala bodwa, ngakho abazakhi imihlambi. Ngaphandle kwebanga lemvelo, izindiza ezingahleliwe eziya e-Iceland, ziye e-Azores, e-Faroe naseCanary Islands, kanye naseSeychelles naseMadeira zibhalwe phansi.

Imisebenzi yezomnotho yabantu, kufaka phakathi ukugawulwa okukhulu kwezindawo ezisehlathini kanye nokuhlelwa kwemizila yomlilo, kube nomthelela omuhle enanini lezimbuzi ezijwayelekile, kepha imigwaqo eminingi kakhulu ilimaza inani labantu jikelele bezinyoni ezinjalo.

Izimbuzi ezijwayelekile zidla ezinambuzaneni ezinhlobonhlobo ezindizayo. Izinyoni zindiza ekuzingeleni kuphela uma kumnyama. Ekudleni kwansuku zonke kwabamele le nhlobo, amabhungane namabhu kunqotshwa. Abantu abadala bahlala bebamba ama-dipterans, kufaka phakathi ama-midges kanye nomiyane, futhi baphinde bazingele izimbungulu, imayflies nama-hymenopterans. Phakathi kokunye, amatshe amatshe amancane nesihlabathi, kanye nezinto ezisalayo zezitshalo ezithile, kuvame ukutholakala esiswini esinemibala.

Imbuzi ejwayelekile ikhombisa umsebenzi ngokuqala kobumnyama nangaphambi kokusa, hhayi kuphela endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yidlelo, kepha futhi idlula kude nemingcele yesiza esinjalo. Ngokudla okwanele, izinyoni zithatha ikhefu ebusuku futhi ziphumule, zihleli emagatsheni ezihlahla noma emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile izinambuzane zibanjwa zibaleka. Kwesinye isikhathi inyamazane ivikelwe ngaphambi komqando, ongasetshenziswa ngamagatsha ezihlahla ngaphandle kwendawo evulekile noma kwenye indawo evulekile.

Phakathi kokunye, kunezimo lapho ukudla kudonswa ngembuzi ngqo kusuka emagatsheni noma ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngemuva kokuphela kokuzingela ebusuku, ngesikhathi sezinyoni zilala, kepha zingazifihli emihumeni noma emigodini yale nhloso. Uma zifiswa, izinyoni ezinjalo zingatholakala phakathi kwamaqabunga awile noma emagatsheni ezihlahla, lapho izinyoni zitholakala khona egatsheni. Imvamisa, izinyoni eziphumayo ziyaqhuma uma umhlaseli noma umuntu ezesabisa kude.

Isici esihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimbuzi ezinama-falcons amaningi nezikhova yikhono lezinyoni ezinjalo ukuqhuma izimicibisholo eziyindilinga ngendlela yokugoqwa kokulahlwa kokudla okungafakwanga.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Imbuzi ejwayelekile ifinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi inezinyanga eziyishumi nambili. Abesilisa bafika endaweni yezidleke cishe amaviki ambalwa ngaphambili kunabesifazane. Ngalesi sikhathi, kushiya kuqhakaza ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni, kanye nenani elanele lezinambuzane ezindizayo ezahlukahlukene. Izinsuku zokufika zingahluka kusuka ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli (enyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye nentshonalanga nePakistan) kuya eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaJuni (Isifunda saseLeningrad). Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu nezesimo sezulu maphakathi neRussia, ingxenye enkulu yezinyoni ilele kumasayithi okudlela kusukela cishe phakathi no-Ephreli kuya eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMeyi.

Abesilisa abafika ezindaweni zokuthola izidleke baqala ukukhula. Ngalesi sikhathi, inyoni icula isikhathi eside, ihleli eceleni kwegatsha eliseceleni. Ngezikhathi ezithile, abesilisa bashintsha isikhundla sabo, bakhetha ukusuka emagatsheni kwesinye isitshalo baye emagatsheni kwesinye isihlahla. Owesilisa esebonile owesimame, uphazamisa ingoma yakhe, ukuze adonse amehlo, ukhala kakhulu nangokushaywa kwamaphiko okukhulu. Inqubo yokuthandana kwabantu besilisa ihambisana nokufutheka kancane, kanye nokuqandeka okuvunguza emoyeni endaweni eyodwa. Okwamanje, inyoni igcina umzimba wayo ucishe ume nkqo, futhi ngenxa yokugoqwa kwamaphiko okwenziwe nge-V, amaphawu amhlophe wesiginali abonakala kahle.

Abesilisa bakhombisa kwabakhethiweyo izindawo ezingaba yizindawo zokuqothuka esikhathini esizayo. Kulezi zindawo, izinyoni zihlala futhi zikhiphe i-trill eyinqaba. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsikazi ezindala zikhetha indawo yazo yesidleke. Kulapha ukuthi inqubo yokuzalela izinyoni. Izimbuzi ezijwayelekile azenzi izidleke, kanti ukubekwa kweqanda kwenzeka ngqo ebusweni bomhlaba, embozwe udoti wephepha lokugcina, izinaliti ezi-spruce noma uthuli lokhuni. Isidleke esinjalo esiyingqayizivele simbozwe ngotshani obumisiwe noma ngamagatsha awile, okuqinisekisa ukubukelwa okugcwele kwendawo ezungezile kanye nekhono lokusuka kalula lapho kwenzeka ingozi.

I-Oviposition ivame ukwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMeyi noma ngeviki lokuqala likaJuni. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-ellipsoidal ngesimo segobolondo elimhlophe noma elimpunga, lapho kukhona iphethini lemabula elinombala onsundu. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala isikhathi esingaphansi kwamasonto amathathu. Owesifazane uchitha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi enqubweni, kepha kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu, owesilisa angakwazi ukukubuyisela. Inyoni ehleli phansi ibhekana nendlela yokuhlaselwa izilwane ezidla ezinye noma abantu ngokunciphisa amehlo asengozini yokuhamba ibheke ngasesidlekeni. Kwesinye isikhathi, imbuzi ikhetha ukwenza sengathi ilimele noma izisulu zayo, ivula umlomo wayo kakhulu futhi inamaphaphu esitheni.

Amachwane azalwa ngesikhashana sansuku zonke acishe ambozwe ngokuphelele yi-fluffy brown-grey fluff phezulu nomthunzi ocher ovela ngezansi. Izithombo zisheshe zisebenze. Isimanga samachwane embuzi ejwayelekile yikhono lawo, ngokungafani nabantu abadala, ukuhamba ngokuzethemba.Ezinsukwini ezine zokuqala, izinsana ezinamazinyo zondliwa kuphela ngowesifazane, kepha owesilisa naye ubamba iqhaza ekwenziweni kokondliwa. Ngobusuku obubodwa, abazali kufanele balethe izinambuzane ezingaphezu kwekhulu esidlekeni. Emavikini amabili eminyaka ubudala, inzalo izama ukuhamba, kepha amachwane amboza amabanga amafushane kuphela lapho efinyelela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwamane.

Inzalo yokusalela kwembuzi ejwayelekile iba ngokuzimela ngokuphelele lapho ineminyaka engaba mahlanu kuya kwayisithupha, lapho lonke lolu hlaka lusakazeka ezifundeni eziseduze futhi lulungiselela uhambo lwazo lokuqala olude ebusika e-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara.

Izimbuzi ezijwayelekile phakathi kobubanzi bemvelo azinazitha eziningi kakhulu. Abantu abazizingeli izinyoni ezinjalo, futhi phakathi kwabantu abaningi, kubandakanya namaHindu, amaSpain kanye nezizwe ezithile zase-Afrika, kukholakala ukuthi ukubulala umbulala ngembuzi kungadala inkinga enkulu impela. Izitha eziphambili zemvelo zalolu hlobo zezinyoka ezinkulu kakhulu ngosayizi, ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyamazane nezilwane. Kodwa-ke, umonakalo ophelele obangelwa inani lezinyoni ngabahlaseli abanje mncane.

Ukukhanya okuvela kwizibani zezimoto akugcini ngokuheha inani elikhulu lezinambuzane zasebusuku, kodwa futhi nokuzingela izimbuzi okujwayelekile, futhi ukuthwala kakhulu kwezimoto kuvame ukudala ukubulawa kwezinyoni ezinjalo.

Inani labantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziyisithupha zembuzi ziyahlukaniswa, ukwahlukahluka kwazo kuboniswa ekushintsheni kombala ophelele nobukhulu bebonke. Ama-subspecies uCaprimulgus europaeus europaeus Linnaeus ahlala enyakatho nasenkabeni yeYurophu, kanti abameleli beCaprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hartert bavame ukutholakala eNyakatho Ntshonalanga Afrika, e-Iberian peninsula nasenyakatho yeMedithera.

Indawo yokuhlala yeCaprimulgus europaeus sarudnyi Hartert i-Asia Ephakathi. I-subspecies iCaprimulgus europaeus unwini Hume itholakala e-Asia, kanye naseTurkmenistan nase-Uzbekistan. Ibanga lokusatshalaliswa kwamapayipi weCaprimulgus europaeus Przewalski limelwe yiChina esentshonalanga esentshonalanga, kanye nentshonalanga esentshonalanga eseningizimu nentshonalanga, kanti izingosi ezingaphansi kweCaprimulgus europaeus dementievi Stegmann zitholakala eningizimu yeTransbaikalia, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMongolia. Njengamanje, ohlwini oluchaziwe lwezilwane ezinqabile, ezingapheli nezisengozini, imbuzi ejwayelekile inikezwe isimo esingaxakekanga kangako.

"Amakhowe omlingo" kanye ne-LSD kwavela iminyaka efanayo nama-dinosaurs

Ama-Dinosaurs angaba yizidalwa zokuqala eMhlabeni ukuzama i-LSD - lokhu kusekelwa iqiniso lokuthi iziqu zotshani ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ze-amber kusukela esikhathini seCretaceous zazinezinsalela "zamakhowe omlingo," kusho ososayensi.

Ososayensi bathole ukufana okungajwayelekile emalungeni wezingane ezincane nakuma-primates

Ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseSt Andrews bathola ukuthi izingane ezineminyaka ephakathi konyaka kuya kwemibili zisebenzisa ukushukuma komzimba okwenziwa ngama-52, ngaphezu kwama-95% zazo ezisebenzisa ama-chimpanzee ngama-gorilla. Lo msebenzi ushicilelwe ephephabhukwini lesayensi i-Animal Cognition. Abaphenyi bazibandakanya ekuxhumaneni nezinye izinhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu.

I-Maxillary (Gnathostomata)

I-infratype: UMaxillary (Gnathostomata) Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi Akukho sikhundla: Esesibili (i-Dheuterostomia) Uhlobo: I-Chordata (Chordata) I-Subtype: Vertebrate (Vertebrata) I-infratype: I-Maxillary (Ghathostomata) I-Overclass: Inhlanzi enemilenze emine (iTetrapores) izilwane 2. Umsuka wezilwane zeMaxillary 3. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane zeMaxillary 1. Imininingwane eminingi mayelana nezilwane zaseMaxillary iMaxillary (Gnathostomata) Maxillary (Latin Gnathostomata) - enye yama-infratypes (amaqembu) ...