Yize i-spinosaurus yaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, ugebhezi lwasolwandle nolude, yaziwa kakhulu ngezinsalela ezachithwa, ungabali amazinyo nezinto ezisanda kutholwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela i-skull nomgogodla ezichazwe ngokuningiliziwe, futhi amathambo emilensi awatholakalanga nhlobo. Izinto zomhlathi kanye nogebhezi, ezethulwe ngonyaka ka-2005, zikhombisa ukuthi wayenesinye sezicofi ezinde kunazo zonke phakathi kwabo bonke abadayisi abasemuva, abafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.75 ubude. Isigaxa sasine-Ford emincane enemisipha egcwele amazinyo aqonde esigaxwe, angenasici. Esithanjeni esiyingqayizivele se-intermaxillary ngasohlangothini ngalunye loqobo lomhlathi ongenhla kwakukhona amazinyo ayi-6 noma ayisikhombisa, kanti ayi-12 asele ezinhlangothini zombili ezingemuva. Amazinyo esibili nawesithathu ohlangothini ngalunye ayemude kakhulu kunamanye ayesemthanjeni we-intermaxillary ongabonakali, enza isikhala phakathi kwawo namazinyo amade ngemuva ngemuva emhlathini ongenhla, futhi amazinyo amade omhlathi ophansi ayephambene nale ndawo. Isikebhe se-spinosaurus sakhiwa kusuka ezinqubweni eziphakeme eziphakeme kakhulu zomqubuko we-vertebrae ezikhula emgogodleni we-dorsal. Lezi zinqubo ze-vertebrae ziphakeme izikhathi eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyishumi nambili kunomgogodla ezikhule kuwo.
Indlela yokuphila
Ngokuphikisana nokudla kwakhe okukhethekile, kungenzeka ukuthi isipinashi sasingadli kuphela izinhlanzi. Imihlathi yayo emide emincane, efana nomhlathi wesibeletho, yahlanganiswa ngamazinyo abukhali futhi yayifanelwe kahle ukubamba isisulu esiqhuma, njengezinhlanzi ezinkulu noma ama-amphibians. I-spinosaurus yayingenalo ukuluma okuqine kakhulu, kepha lokhu kwakususwa ngokwengxenye ngosayizi nangesisindo, kanye namaphambili ezinsizakalo ezinamandla nezithuthuke kahle ezihlome ngezihlakala ezinkulu ezibukhali. Kodwa-ke, isipinashi sasingakwazi ukusebenzisa kahle izandulelangaphambili lapho sizingela inyamazane enkulu: ubude bazo obuhlobene nomzimba lwaluselincane. Imilenze yangaphambili yesigcilikisha, ikhanda layo linwetshwe ngaphambili, ayikwazanga ukufinyelela emphethweni wekhala. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwama-paws, kwakumelwe aqambe amanga ngokoqobo kulowo ohlukunyeziwe, ozimele yena. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi i-spinosaurus yathumba kanjani inyamazane nge-paws yayo yangaphambili, njengehlosi, noma ibhubesi. Ngokunokwenzeka, i-lizard ibulale inyamazane ngamazinyo ayo, mhlawumbe ilawula kancane isisindo sexhoba kanye nemilenze yangaphambili. Esikhathini sesomiso, kungenzeka ukuthi i-spinosaurus ibheke eminye imithombo yokudla, i-carrion yokuzingela nokuzingela. Izinsalela zamapinosaurs ezivela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba zinikeza umbono okhonkolo ngokwengeziwe wokudla kwazo. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2004, i-vertebra yesibeletho se-pterosaur enezinongo zesipinosaur inamathele kuyo yatholakala eBrazil. Futhi kokuqukethwe esiswini senye i-spinosauride, i-baryonyx, kutholakale amathambo ambalwa e-iguanodont encane.
08.08.2017
ISpinosaurus (lat. Spinosaurus) - uhlobo lwama-dinosaurs emndenini kaSpinosaurus (lat. Spinosauridae). Ihlukaniswe kwezinye izikhala zomzimba obomvu yi-skull ende kunazo zonke kanye nokuba khona ngemuva kwe "kuhamba" ngethambo elinobude obungaphezu kuka-1.69 m.
Lesi sidlakudla besingesibili kuphela kubishobhi nabakwa-gigantosaurus ngosayizi waso.
Ukuhlukaniswa
I-spinosaurus yaqamba igama layo emndenini wedayinaso, ama-spinosaurid, ngaphandle kwakhe okubandakanya i-baryonyx evela eningizimu yeNgilandi, isichasazi kanye no-anthaturama waseBrazil, zuhomim waseNiger e-Central Africa, futhi mhlawumbe ne-siamosaurus, eyaziwa ngezingcezwana zezinsalela eThailand. Isipinosaurus isondele kakhulu ngokunisela, nayo enamazinyo aqondile angasho lutho, futhi womabili afakiwe esizweni iSpinosaurinae.
Indaba yokutholwa
Umthambo wokuqala wesipinosaurus watholakala eGibhithe ngo-1912 ngumtholi wase-Austria nomthengisi wezinsalela zezinsalela, uRichard Markgraf. Ukutholwa kwenziwa endaweni yokuphumula yaseBaharia, etholakala ku-Giza, engamakhilomitha angama-370 eningizimu nentshonalanga yeCairo. Ngo-1915, wathola incazelo yesayensi eyi-Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Yenziwe ngudokotela wamehlo waseJalimane uKarl Stromer von Reichenbach.
Izinsalela ezazithutha zathuthwa zayiswa eMunich, lapho zazigcinwe eMnyuziyamu Wemvelo Yemlando we-Old Academy. Ngeshwa, babhujiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa komoya iAllies ngo-1944. Kugcinwe izithombe ezimbalwa, imidwebo namanothi okwenziwe nguShtromer uqobo.
Ngemuva kokuqubuka kweMpi Yezwe I, ibhizinisi likaMarkgraf lalahlekelwa kakhulu. Kwakumele ayeke ukufuna cishe iminyaka engama-20 futhi ngokushesha afe ebumpofu ngokuphelele.
Futhi, izinsalela ze-spinosaurus zaba nenhlanhla yokutholakala kuphela ngo-1996 nguDale Russell, uprofesa eYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina.
Kamuva, kwatholakala izingcezwana ezimbalwa ezihlukene ezamvumela ukuba achaze uhlobo olukhudlwana oluhlobene, iSpinosaurus maroccanus.
Kwisiko elidumile
Isipinosaurus sivela kwifilimu yango-2001 iJurassic Park III, lapho abenzi befilimu bavele khona phambi komphakathi jikelele njengomphikisi ophambili, yize umashiqela ebambe iqhaza kule ndima kumafilimu amabili edlule. Kwifilimu, i-spinosaurus yethulwe kakhulu futhi iqinile kune-tyrannosaurus: yesehlakalo, lapho empini phakathi kwezitha ezimbili, onqobayo uyi-spinosaurus, obedonsa intambo ye-tyrannosaurus. Eqinisweni, impi enjalo ayikwazanga ukuthi yingoba bobabili ama-dinosaurs aqhamuka emazwenikazi ahlukene futhi ephila ngezikhathi ezihlukile, kepha abahloli befilimu banquma ukuqoqa ama-dinosaurs esiqhingini esisodwa futhi "bahlole amandla abo." Ababhali bale filimu kungenzeka banqume ukuthi isithombe sombusi njengoba “eyisikhulu sezindlu” siphelile, futhi kukhethwe i-spinosaurus esikhundleni saso ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo okumangazayo nokubukeka okubi, nobukhulu bayo obukhulu.
Futhi, i-spinosaurus ivela kumafilimu agqwayiziwe "Umhlaba Ngaphambi Kwesikhathi XII: Usuku Olukhulu Lezinyoni", "Ice Age-3. I-Age of Dinosaurs ”(i-Rudy) nesizini yesine yochungechunge oluhle kakhulu" Primeval ".
I-Morphology
Isibungu sasinezimpawu zomzimba ezinde ezinjengengwenya, amabala amafushane, umsila omude kanye “nesikebhe” esimbozwe ngesikhumba phezu kogobolondo, okwenziwe ngalo ukuphuma okude emgqonyeni we-vertebrae. Mhlawumbe wenza umsebenzi we-thermoregulation noma wasebenza njengohlobo lwethuluzi lokuxhumana phakathi kwabameleli bale zinhlobo ngesikhathi sokuzala. Isikebhe sesikhumba esise-angle ka-90 ° somoya obandayo sakwazi ukupholisa kahle igazi elijikeleza kuso.
U-Ernst Stromer waveza ukuthi ukuphuma kwamathambo emadodeni kwakukhulu kunokwabesifazane futhi wakhonza ukuheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile.
Amacala angaphambili ayemade kunamanye ama -ropods futhi ayehlome ngezingwegwe ezibunjiweyo. Kungenzeka ukuthi zazisetshenziselwa ukuzingela, yize abacwaningi abaningana bezethemba ekusebenziseni kwabo ukunyakaza ngemilenze emine.
Ubude besigaxa esatholakala ngonyaka ka-2005 bebungama-1.75 m.
I-spinosaurus yayinamazinyo aphindwe kathathu njengezibankwakazi ezidla umgwaqo wesifunda saseTheropoda, kodwa zazinciphile futhi zinde. Phakathi kwamehlo kwakukhona i-crest encane.
Ngokungafani namanye ama-theropods asaziwa njengamanje, i-spinosaurus yayinamathambo amancane ebhande elingaphansi le-cityulum (cingulum membri inferioris) nezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo. Amathambo e-tubular akhiwa ngezicubu zomthambo obukhulu obufana nezicubu zamathambo zepenguins zenkosi esaphila njengamanje. Lokhu kubonisa indlela okungenzeka ukuthi iphilwa ngayo yilesi siqhwaga esingapheli.
Ithanga lalifushane futhi likhulu, linenkululeko enkulu. Izikhafu emilenzeni wangemuva bezingaphansi futhi zibushelelezi. Isakhiwo esinjalo sifaka ukusetshenziswa kwabo kanye nomsila njengabahamba phambili lapho ubhukuda.
I-Spinosaurus
| † I-Spinosaurus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Igama lesayensi yamazwe omhlaba | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| † ISpinosaurus aegyptiacus bomcondvofana:
I-Spinosaurus (NgesiLatin: Spinosaurus, ngokoqobo - i-spiked lizard) - ummeleli womndeni wakwaSpinosaurids (Spinosauridae), owayehlala endaweni yaseNyakatho Afrika yanamuhla esikhathini seCretaceous (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-112-93,5 eyedlule). Ngokokuqala ngqa, lolu hlobo lwama-dinosaurs lachazwa yimfucumfucu eyatholakala eGibhithe ngudokotela wamehlo waseJalimane u-Ernst Shtromer ngo-1915, owaletha amathambo eMunich. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngobusuku bango-Ephreli 24-25, 1944, kwenziwa impango kulo muzi, ingxenye yomnyuziyamu yalimala kakhulu, futhi amathambo e-spinosaurus acekelwa phansi, yize uStromer ngaphambili ayehlongoza ukuthi kuphume lombukiso, kepha umqondisi wenqaba. Imidwebo nezithombe ezingandile zeShtromer ezisinda kuze kufike ezinsukwini zethu, ezibonisa uhlobo oluphelele lwezinhlobo ze-BSP 1912 VIII 19. Kuze kube manje, ama-paleontologists anamasampula angama-20 ama-spinosaurs. Isigamu sabo satholakala eMorocco, amane eGibhithe, amathathu eTunisia, enye isampula evela eNiger, eCameroon naseKenya. UbukhuluNgokusho kwedatha etholakalayo, ubude bomzimba we-spinosaurus babungamamitha ayi-16-16, nesisindo esingu-7-9. Iziphetho ezinjengalezi zenziwa ngesisekelo sokuthi cishe wayenomzimba ofana nokhokho wakhe owaziwa kangcono uZuhomim (Suchomimus) noma u-Tarnannosaurus rex ongumhlaziyi.
Ngo-2007, abacwaningi uFrancois Terrier noDonald Henderson bafika esiphethweni sokuthi isisindo sabamele lezinhlobo singaba uhla lwamathani ayi-12-23. Idatha enembayo ethe xaxa, ngokubona kwabo, ingatholwa lapho kutholakala izingcezu eziphelele zangaphambili. Ekuhlaziyeni kwabo, baqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane - iSpinosaurus maroccanus neCarcharodontosaurus iguidensis. Incazelo
I-spinosaurus yaziwa kakhulu ngezinsalela zayo ezonakalisiwe, ingabali amazinyo nezakhi zekhanda ezisanda kutholwa. Okusanda kutholwa eMorocco, izinsalela zemikhawulo engezansi ye-spinosaurus kungenzeka zazingezomuntu osemncane, ngoba zifinyelela ngosayizi omncane. Izinto zomhlathi kanye negebhezi, ezethulwe ngonyaka ka-2005, zikhombisa ukuthi wayenesinye sezicoco ezinde kunabo bonke phakathi kwama-dinosaurs we-grarnivorous, afinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.5 ubude. Isigaxa sasinesihlakala esincanyana emihlathini sigcwele amazinyo aqondile acobekile. Isampulaurus esaziwayo esikhulu kunazo zonke esine-spinosaurus sasinobukhulu obuhlaba umxhwele bamamitha ayi-16 ubude futhi enesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayi-7 (mhlawumbe cishe ngamathani ayi-11,7-16,7, ngoba amathambo ayo ayenezimbobo ezincane kakhulu). Kodwa-ke, amanye amafosili owaziwa kakhulu ama-spinosaurs amadala cishe acishe abe ngabantu abadala enza kube nzima ukuwuchaza njenge-theropod enkulu kunayo yonke emlandweni, ngoba laba bantu baphansi ngosayizi ngokubonakalayo ngisho ne-baryonyx encane ne-zuhomima. Enye yezimpawu ezinhle zesipinosaurus yomgogodla wayo. Izinqubo ze-dorsal kanye ne-caudal vertebrae, ngosayizi wazo nesimo sazo, zakha uhlobo “lwenqanawa”. Kwatholakala okufanayo nakwamanye ama-dinosaurs (ama-spinosaurids, ama-ornithopods), kanye nakuma-diapsid asendulo (Poposauroidea) nama-synapsids (sphenacodonts). Inhloso “yesikebhe” siyisihloko sengxoxo eningi. Enye yama-hypotheses akamuva yindima yayo njenge-hydrostabilizer. I-PaleobiologyAma-Spinosaurs ahlala kulokho manje okuyiGibhithe angaphila emihlathini futhi aphile impilo enhle kakhulu. Abagcinanga ekuzingeleni kuphela ezindaweni zasemanzini, kodwa futhi bahlasela nomhlaba njalo.
Lokhu kubuye kufakazelwe yindawo yamazinyo e-conical kanye namakhala okukhona engxenyeni ephezulu yekhanda. Ngokusho kwesazi saseMelika esaziwa ngokuthi yi-paleobiologist, leli bhungane, ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi, lalidla ukudla okubaningi futhi lizingele izisulu ezinosayizi abaphakathi nendawo, kodwa futhi lahlasela inyamazane enkulu, kufaka phakathi ama-pterodactyls endiza ngenkathi yesomiso. I-spinosaurus yaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100-94 edlule. Ukubukeka
Kwakhiwa kabusha iSpinosaurus kabusha Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ukutholwa kwe-spinosaurus, imibono ngokubonakala kwayo ibilokhu ishintsha njalo. Isizathu salokhu kwakuwukuntuleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Kokwakhiwa kabusha kokuqala, i-spinosaurus iboniswa njengethropodop ejwayelekile ene-gait ecishe iqonde kanye nogebhezi olufana nolgebhezi lwe-allosaurus (ngaphandle komhlathi ophansi, owaziwa ngaleso sikhathi). Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, isipinashiurus sasimelelwa njengohlobo lwe-baryonix enkulu enomkhumbi oyindilinga ngemuva kwayo. Lokhu kuthonywe ukwenqatshwa kwesikhundla esiqondile somgogodla kuma-dinosaurs adla ngokudla, kanye nokuthola umhlathi ongaphezulu. Umphenyi wezithombe wasePutukezi uRodrigo Vega uhlongoze ukuthi akhe kabusha isipinosaurus, lapho athi khona lapho echithe kathathu ukwakhiwa, isicubu esinamafutha nesiqu esincane. Ukholelwa ukuthi esilwaneni esidla kakhulu izinhlanzi (futhi ngesikhathi sesomiso ezakhiweni zesikhathi seCretaceous cishe sasingekho ngokuphelele), kubalulekile ukuvikela indawo yokugcina amandla ngendlela yesendlalelo esinamafutha, noma i-hump, ngemuva. I-spinosaurus ihlukaniswa ubukhona bezibongo ezinkulu ngokwanele, ezingasetshenziswa futhi ekutholeni isimangalo esilinganiselwe. URodrigo Vega ukholelwa ukuthi ukuma emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva kuyisimo esingenakulinganiswa ngokuphelele se-spinosaurus, ngoba isikhungo sawo samandla adonsela phansi sisondele kakhulu kugebhezi kune-vertebrae ebambekayo, njengamanye ama-theropods. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuma okunemilenze emine kungaba wusizo olukhulu lapho udoba ogwini. Ngo-2014, izazi zemishanguzo uDavid Martill, uNizar Ibrahim, uPaul Sereno noCristiano Dal Sasso bathola izingxenye zamathambo wesipinosaurus eMorocco - izingcezu zogebhezi, imiphimbo yeminwe yangaphambili, ama-caudal kanye ne-vertebrae yomgogodla ngezinqubo nangemilenze yangemuva. Iminyaka ye-FSAC-KK 11888 neotype ilinganiselwa ku-97 Ma. Lokhu kutholwa kwaguqula yonke imibono ye-paleontologists mayelana ne-spinosaurus ebheke phansi. Okokuqala, kwakuthathwa ngokomqondo ukuthi uthutha emilenzeni emine. Okwesibili, ukwakheka kwesikebhe okuguquliwe kwaguqulwa kwaba yi-trapezoidal. Okwesithathu, isiqinisekiso satholakala semanzini hhayi indlela yokuphila esekwe emhlabeni. Kudutshulwe idokhumenti ngalokhu. Kodwa-ke, kamuva ukwakhiwa kabusha kwe-spinosaurus kwe-quadropedal kwaphikiswa kakhulu.
UmnothoIsipinosaurus yaqamba igama layo emndenini wedayinaso, i-spinosaurus, okubandakanya imindeni emibili engezansi - iBaryonychinae neSpinosaurinae. Okunye okwaziwayo yizinsalela zamadayinaso angadalulwanga avela e-Australia - i-vertebra efana ne-baryonyx vertebra. ISpinosaurus isondele kakhulu kuhlobo Sigilmassasaurusngenxa yalokho ababehlangene engcebweni yeSpinosaurini. Ngezansi kwe-cladogram ekhombisa isikhundla se-phylogenetic setekisi: UkubukekaLe dinosaur yayinoku “hamba ngomkhumbi ”okumangazayo okukhona phezu kwesiqongo sethongo langemuva. Bekuqukethe amathambo acwebezelayo ahlanganiswe ungqimba lwesikhumba. Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi ekwakhiweni kwe-hump kwakukhona ungqimba lwamafutha, ngoba ezimweni lapho lezinhlobo zaziphila khona kwakungeke kwenzeke ukuba ziphile ngaphandle kwesimba lamandla ngesimo samafutha. Kepha ososayensi namanje abaqiniseki nge-100% ukuthi kungani i-hump enjalo yayidingeka. Mhlawumbe yayisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukushisa komzimba.. Ephenduka isikejana ebheke elangeni, wayengafudumeza igazi lakhe ngokushesha kunezinye izidalwa ezibandayo ezinegazi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhamba ngesikebhe esikhulu esinjalo mhlawumbe kwakuyisici esibonakalayo esiveleleka salomdlangi weCretaceous futhi sikwenze kwengezwa okungajwayelekile emndenini we-dinosaur. Kwakungabonakali njengesikebhe se-dimetrodon, esasiphila emhlabeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-280-265 edlule. Ngokungafani nezidalwa ezinjenge-stegosaurus, amapuleti ayo aphakanyiswa esikhunjeni, isikebhe se-spinosaurus sathola izandiso ze-vertebrae ngemuva komzimba wakhe, zibabopha ngokuphelele emthanjeni. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, lezi zandiso ze-vertebrae yangemuva zakhula zafika kumitha eyodwa nesigamu. Izakhi ezihlanganisa ndawonye zazifana nesikhumba esiminyene. Ngokubukeka, kungenzeka ukuthi, lezo zingxube zazibukeka njengama-membranes phakathi kweminwe yabanye abantu base-amphibians. Akungabazeki ukuthi izinhlungu zomgogodla zazinamathiselwe ngqo ku-vertebrae, kodwa imibono yososayensi iyahluka ekwakhiweni kwezitho ngokwazo, zibaxhume kudoti olulodwa. Ngenkathi abanye be-paleontologists bekholelwa ukuthi ispinosaurus isikebhe sifana ne-dimetrodon, kukhona abanjengoJack Bohman Bailey, owayekholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bezikhala, kungenzeka ukuthi sasisihle kakhulu kunesikhumba esijwayelekile futhi sasibukeka njengolwelwesi olukhethekile . U-Bailey uphakamise ukuthi isihlangu se-spinosaurus sakhiwe futhi singqimba lwamafutha, noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwaso akusaziwa ngokuthembekile ngenxa yokungabikho ngokuphelele kwamasampula. Ngokuqondene nenhloso yesici esinjalo somzimba njengokuhamba ngomhlane we-spinosaurus, imibono nayo ihlukile. Imibono eminingi ibekwa phambili ngale ndaba, okuvame kakhulu ukuthi kungumsebenzi we-thermoregulation. Umbono wendlela eyengeziwe yokupholisa nokufudumeza umzimba uvame kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izakhiwo eziningi ezihlukile zamathambo kuma-dinosaurs ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-spinosaurus, i-stegosaurus ne-parasaurolophus. Izazi ze-Paleontologists ziphakamisa ukuthi imithambo yegazi kuleli ridge ibisondele kakhulu esikhunjeni kangangokuba ibuyisa ngokushesha ukushisa ukuze lungabandi lapho kubanda kakhulu ebusika. Ezinye izazi zinombono wokuthi isipinashi se-spinosaurus sisetshenziselwa ukujikeleza igazi ngemithambo yegazi eseduze kwesikhumba ukuvumela ukupholisa okusheshayo ezimweni sezulu ezishisayo. Kunoma yikuphi, womabili la “makhono” angaba wusizo e-Afrika. I-Thermoregulation ibukeka iyincazelo ebonakalayo yohambo lwe-spinosaurus, noma kunjalo, kuneminye imibono ebangela ukungabi nandaba komphakathi.
Abanye abasebenza nge-paleontologists bakholelwa ukuthi umkhumbi we-spintebral we-spinosaurus wenze umsebenzi ofanayo nensumpa yezinyoni ezinkulu namuhla. Ngokufanelekile, kwakudingeka ukuze kukhange umlingani wokuzala kanye nokubona ukuqala kokuthomba komuntu. Yize umbala wokukhipha lesi fan ungaziwa, kukhona iziphakamiso zokuthi wawukhanya, amathoni ahehayo, eheha ukunakwa kwabobulili obuhlukile kusuka kude.
Uhlobo lokuzivikela nalo luyabhekwa. Mhlawumbe wayisebenzisa ukuze ibonakale inkudlwana lapho ebhekene nesitha esihlaselayo. Ngokwanda komkhumbi womgogodla, isipinashi sibukeka sikhulu ngokwengeziwe futhi sinamandla okukhohlisa emehlweni alabo abakubona “njengokudla okusheshayo”. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi isitha, singafuni ukungena empini enzima, sabuya, sifuna inyamazane elula. Ubude bawo babuba ngamasentimitha ayi-152 nesigamu. Imihlathi emikhulu, ebihlala iningi lale ndawo, ibinamazinyo, ikakhulukazi abumbeke esimilo, ebilungele kahle ukubamba nokudla izinhlanzi. Kukholelwa ukuthi i-spinosaurus yayinamazinyo angaba ishumi nane, zombili emhlangeni ongaphezulu naphansi, kanye nezihlakala ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu ohlangothini ngalunye. Umhlathi we-spinosaurus akusona ukuphela kobufakazi bokuthi ikusasa lawo lihle kangakanani. Wayenamehlo futhi ayephakanyiselwe emuva kusheyili, kumenza abukeke njengengwenya yesimanjemanje. Lesi sici sihambisana nombono wabathile abasebenza nge-paleontologists mayelana nokuthi okungenani wayeyingxenye yesikhathi sokuchitha emanzini. Njengoba imibono yokuthi ngabe iyisilwane ezincelisayo noma isilwane esasemanzini iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Thola UmlandoIsipinosaurus sasiyidayinaso enkulu kunazo zonke eyatholakala.
Izinhlobo zeSpinosaurusKukhona kuphela inhlobo eyodwa ejwayelekile neyaziwayo ye-spinosaurus - S. aegyptiacus. Isichazamazwi iSpinosaurus marocanus. Igama lezinhlobo linikezwa ngegama lezwe lapho izidumbu zatholakala khona okokuqala. I-holotype ye-spinosaurus yayiqukethe amathambo amabili anamazinyo kanye ne-lamellar, isiqeshana somhlathi, amazinyo angamashumi amabili, isibeletho, ubuhlalu abayisikhombisa, ama-vertebrae amathathu, izimbambo ezine zepistriya, i-gastralia (izimbambo zesisu) nezinqubo eziyisishiyagalolunye eziphakeme kakhulu zesiponji somgogodla we-dorsal (ophakeme kakhulu - 165 cm). Isakhiwo se-Skeleton
Ngenxa yokungatholakali kwamathambo emilenzeni ekuqaleni kwe-spinosaurus, yakhiwa kabusha ngokuhamba ngemilenze emibili. Lokho bekungaphambi komsebenzi kaNizar Ibrahim nababhali ababambisene nabo ngonyaka ka-2014, lapho kuchazwa khona amathambo emile futhi kwahlaziywa ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedayinaso enezinyawo ezine. Indawo yokunamathiselwa komsila wethanga lemisipha ethangeni le-dinosaur likhulu futhi lide (¹ / ₃ ubude bethanga). Ukuguquguquka komsila we-spinosaurus kanye nokwakheka kwezinqubo ezixubile ze-caudal vertebrae I-spinosaurus yathutha emilenzeni emibili yangemuva enamandla. Ngamunye wabo wayeneminwe emi-4 enemikhono emide ebukhali. Ngokungafani namanye ama-theropods, izinzwane zokuqala zinobude futhi zinde. I-phalanx yokuqala yale minwe yinde kakhulu, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye i-phalanges ezingezona izipikili, ibekwe emuva. Emhlabeni, isipinosaurus sasihamba ngemilenze emine kuphela, ngoba ukusekelwa komzimba nge-forelimbs kwakudingekile ngenxa yesikhungo sokudonsa amandla adonsela phansi. Isakhiwo segebhezi
Amazinyo e-spinosaurus ayengaphambili (6-7 ohlangothini ngalunye) nangemuva komhlathi (12 ohlangothini ngalunye). Amazinyo okuqala e-spinosaurus mancane, owesibili nelesithathu wona makhulu, amabili alandelayo ahlukaniswe ngokushelela futhi ahlukaniswe abanye ngezikhala. Phakathi kwezinyo lesithupha nomhlathi womhlathi kunegebe elihlukile ohlangothini ngalunye. Amazinyo anobubanzi obungaphansi kwama-35 mm ayindilinga futhi ahlanganisiwe, futhi amazinyo amakhulu aseceleni kwesobunxele bese elesibili nelesithathu ngakwesokudla, i-oval ngaphesheya, i.e. icindezelwe kancane eceleni kophahla. Ama-recesses amathathu amakwe ezinhlangothini zezikhala zamathoyizi. Ingxenye yangaphambi komhlathi wesidina ibanzi kakhulu kunengxenye efanayo naleyo engenhla, okusho ukuthi amazinyo aphansi amakhulu (2-5) abonakala lapho umhlathi uvalwa, uwela kulawo okopelayo. Ukuxhumeka kwamathambo we-maxillary kanye nemihlathi ye-spinosaurus kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngasohlangothini ngalunye lomhlathi kunamazinyo ayi-12 ayindilinga, anempilo. Ubukhulu bawo bukhuphuka kakhulu ukusuka kokuqala kuya kwesine (isilinganiselo siyakhuphuka sisuka ku-42 siye ku-146 mm), kepha ukusuka kwesihlanu kuye kweleShumi nambili siyehla kancane kancane. Amazinyo amakhulu kunawo wonke (kusukela kwesithathu kuya kwelesihlanu ngakwesokudla nokusuka kwesithathu kuye kwesine ngakwesobunxele) angamobukhulu obukhulu.
Emakhaleni e-dinosaur mancane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi ongaphambili we-spinosaurus namanye ama-theropods. Zidonswa ngokuqinile emuva futhi zitholakala ezingeni le-9-10 alveoli lomhlathi womhlathi. Amakhala awekho okusaqanda, kepha yakha i-angle eyingozi ngaphambili. Imodeli ye-3D yesigaxa se-spinosaurus (imodeli ingabukwa ngokujikeleza ngegundane).
Ngokwenkolelo-mbono ethize esekwe kumodeli wedijithali onobukhulu obuthathu be-spinosaurus (umsebenzi kaDonald Henderson ngonyaka we-2018), ezinye theropods nezilwane zesimanje ezinamanzi wasemanzini, wayengeyena umdanso wasemanzini okhethekile kakhulu. Lapho ebhukuda ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwamalunga, wayedlulela eceleni kwakhe. Ayikwazanga ukuntweza ungene ngaphansi kwezinga lamanzi. Isizinda sokudonsa inyamazane sasiguqulwe siseduze okhalweni. UmsocoISpinosaurus eyondliwa emfuleni Ngokwemibono yakamuva, wasebenzisa ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe esemhlabeni, nasemanzini ayizingela emanzini angajulile. Ukusindisa amandla omzimba wakhe omkhulu, idayinaso iyaphoqelelwa ukuba ichithe isikhathi esiningi ilele ogwini. Ubehlasele izisulu zakhe lapho abaqamekele futhi waluma intamo yabo. Imvamisa wayezingela eyedwa. Umlando wokutholwaOkuningi okwaziwayo nge-spinosaurus, ngeshwa, kususelwa ekuqageleni, ngoba ukuntuleka kwamasampula aphelele akusishi elinye ithuba lokucwaninga. Izidumbu zokuqala ze-spinosaurus zatholakala eSigodini saseBahariya eGibhithe ngo-1912, yize zazinganikezwanga kule hlobo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, udokotela wezikhumba waseJalimane u-Ernst Stromer wabaxhumanisa ne-spinosaurus. Amanye amathambo ale dinosaur atholakala eBaharia futhi akhonjiswa njengohlobo lwesibili ngonyaka we-1934. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yesikhathi sokutholwa, ezinye zazo zalimala lapho zibuyiselwa eMunich, kwathi ezinye zabhidlizwa ngenkathi kuqubuka impi yamasosha ngo-1944. Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziyisithupha zokutholwa kwe-spinosaurus zitholakele, futhi akukho okuphelele noma okungenani okuphelele okutholakele. Okunye ukubonwa kwesipinosaurus okwatholakala eMorocco ngo-1996 kwakuhlanganisa i-vertebra yesibeletho ephakathi nendawo, i-anterior dorsal neural arch, kanye ne-anterior and middle dental. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkomba ezimbili ezatholakala ngo-1998 e-Algeria nase-2002 eTunisia zaziqukethe izingxenye zamazinyo emihlathini. Enye isampula, eyatholakala eMorocco ngonyaka ka-2005, yayiqukethe izinto ezikhulukazi ze-cranial.. Ngokweziphetho ezitholwe ngokwesisekelo salokhu kutholakala, ugebhezi lwalesi silwane olutholakele, ngokwezibalo zeMyuziyamu Yomlando Wezemvelo eMilan, lwalungamasentimitha angama-183 ubude, okwenza lesi sibonelo se-spinosaurus saba ngobukhulu kunamanje. Ngeshwa, kubo bobabili isipinashiurus kanye ne-paleontologists, azikho izibalo eziphelele zamathambo alesi silwane ezitholakele, noma izingxenye eziseduze kakhulu noma ezingaphansi kakhulu kakhulu zomzimba. Lokhu kungabi bikho kobufakazi kuholela ekudidekeni kwemibono yemvelaphi yomzimba walesi dinosaur. Akukaze kutholakale amathambo ezitho zomzimba wesipinosaurus, okunganikeza ama-paleontologists umbono wesakhiwo sangempela somzimba nesikhundla sakhe emkhathini. Ngokwe-theory, ukutholakala kwamathambo wethambo le-spinosaurus ngeke kubuye kunikeze isakhiwo esiphelele sempilo, kodwa futhi kusize i-paleontologists ukuthi ihlanganise umbono wokuthi lesi sidalwa sahamba kanjani. Mhlawumbe bekuyikho ngqo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathambo emilense ukuthi kube nempikiswano engapheli yokuthi ngabe i-spinosaurus yayiyisidalwa esinemilenze emibili noma emilenze emibili nezine.
Kuze kube manje, zonke izimo ze-spinosaurus ezitholakele zakhiwe ngezinto ezivela emgogodleni kanye nogebhezi. Njengasesimweni esiningi, ngokuntuleka kwamasampula aphelele, ama-paleontologists ayaphoqelelwa ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo zedayinaso nezilwane ezifanayo. Kodwa-ke, esimweni se-spinosaurus, lo msebenzi onzima kunalokho. Ngoba ngisho nalabo dinosaurs, okuthi, njengoba ama-paleontologists akholelwa, ayenezici ezifanayo nesipinosaurus, akekho noyedwa kubo ofana ngokusobala nalokhu okuhlukile futhi ngasikhathi sinye isilwane esidla ubhedu. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bavame ukuthi i-spinosaurus kungenzeka ukuthi yaqhuma kakhulu, njengabanye abahlaseli abakhulu, njenge-Rex tyrannosaurus. Noma kunjalo, lokhu ngeke kwaziwa ngokuqinisekile, okungenani kuze kutholakale izinsalela eziphelele noma okungenani ezingekho, zalolu hlobo.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezisele zalesi silwane esinezinyamazane ezinkulu kakhulu njengamanje nazo zithathwa njengezingenakufinyeleleka ekumbeni. Ugwadule olunoshukela kwakuyindawo yokutholwa okukhulu ngamaphethini we-spinosaurus. Kepha isimo sendawo ngokwayo senza kudingeke ukuthi kusetshenziswe imizamo ye-titanic ngenxa yesimo sezulu, kanye nokunganele kokungaguquguquki kokungaguquguquki kwenhlabathi yokugcina izinsalela zezinsalela. Kungenzeka ukuthi noma yiziphi izinhlobo zokutholwa ezitholwe ngengozi ngenkathi yezivunguvungu zonakaliswa yisimo sezulu nokuhamba kwesihlabathi kangangokuba zimane nje zinganakwa ukuze zikwazi ukuzitholela nokuzazi. Ngakho-ke, ama-paleontologists anelisekile ngokuncane okuvele kutholakale ethembeni lokuthi ngolunye usuku kuzokhubeka amasampula amaningi aphelele angaphendula yonke imibuzo enentshisekelo futhi aveze izimfihlo ze-spinosaurus. Iminyuziyamu enezinsalela zesipinosaurus
Yisho kumafilimu
I-spinosaurus imelwe ngumphikisi ophambili wabalingiswa abaphambili, ivele kaningana ngesikhathi sefilimu futhi ibesabisa, ibaphoqa ukuba babaleke. Kule ndima, uthathe isikhundla sokudla okuyisisekelo kwamafilimu amabili wangaphambilini we-franchise - i-tyrannosaurus. Ukufakazela ukuphakama kwakhe, ekuqaleni kwefilimu, ispinosaurus ibulala iT-Rex.
Yisho emakhathuni
Isisho Sencwadi
Yisho Umdlalo
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Isilo sesibili sedayinaso satholakala ngonyaka we-1996. Kuze kube ngu-2002, ubeseYunivesithi yaseChicago. Womabili la amasampula achazwa ngo-2005 nguCristiano Del Sasso et al.
I-dorsal vertebrae ye-spinosaurus yayinezinqubo eziphakeme kakhulu zesipinashi, ezazicindezelwa kamuva, kepha zazikhuphuka zangaphezulu lapho ziqonde khona. Ezinye zazo zithambekele ngokuqinile, izicubu ezinemisipha eqinile kanye nama-ligaments anamathele kuzo. Lezi zici zezinqubo zokusakazeka esidlangalaleni zibonisa ubukhona be-hump enamafutha, njengebhison, kunokuhamba ngomkhumbi, njenge-dimetrodon. Isikebhe se-spinosaurus sambozwa ngesikhumba futhi senzelwe izinjongo zokubonisa, ngoba lokhu kukhonjiswa indawo engaphezulu yezinqubo, imiphetho yazo ebukhali, kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi esiminyene. Izinqubo ezihlwabusayo ze-caudal vertebrae yedayosaur zimfushane.
Ugebhezi lwe-spinosaurus lwalunomumo omncane. Ingaphambili lesigaxe lincane, lakhiwa ngamathambo e-premaxillary. Emaphethelweni obanzi, oyindilinga, ophethe emuva, kunokuvuleka okukhulu kwemithambo yegazi. Ngaphezulu nangaphansi lokhu ukuphela kuyindilinga. Ohlangothini lwangemuva, amathambo wangaphambi kwama-dinosaur amancane kakhulu. Ezingeni lamakhala, ububanzi bawo bungama-29 mm. Kwakunamazinyo ayi-6 kwithambo ngalinye lamakhulu e-spinosaurus.
Isipinosaurus sithathwa njengesilwane esingemanzini, emfuleni, ngoba amathe omdanso asuselwa emuva enkabeni yekhanda, ikhanda ngokwalo liyindilinga, lishonile, intamo nomzimba ziphakanyisiwe, isikhungo sobugqaxekile asisusiwe futhi sibekwe phambi kwe-pelvis namadolo kude ibanga elingaphezu kobude bethanga. Ibhande lezandla ezingemuva ze-spinosaurus liyancishiswa, imilenze imfushane, namathambo aqinile, aminyene, amabala angaphambili aqinile. I-femur imfushane kune-tibia futhi inamandla, njengasekuqaleni kwama-cetaceans kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamuhla zasemanzini. Amathambo wonyawo lwe-spinosaurus mude, aphansi futhi ayicaba. Amacala afana nobuningi bezinyoni zasogwini.
