AmaJalimane, noma izintuthwane ze-velvet (lat. Mutillidae) - iminyovu e-fluffy evela emithini yezinambuzane zeHymenoptera. Zingaba ngu-8000 izinhlobo kanye nohlobo ezingama-230 ezaziwayo emhlabeni. Kwatholakala izidumbu zezintuthwane ze-velvet ezintuthwaneni zaseDominican, ezineminyaka engama-25 kuya ku-40 ubudala.

Lezi zinambuzane ezikhanyayo ezifudumele azihlangani ngalutho nezintuthwane ngaphandle kwegama. Babizwa amagama athi izintuthwane ze-velvet ngenxa yoxhaxha lwezinwele, oluphawuleka ngezinhlobo zemibala egqamile, kufaka phakathi okumhlophe, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okugolide, omnyama, wesiliva, obomvu.

Umbala wazo ogqamile usebenza njengesixwayiso kwezinye izilwane ukuthi lezi zinhlwathi kungenzeka zingabi nobungane ngokuphelele ezitheni zazo. AmaJalimane aziwa ngokuwaluma kwawo okubuhlungu kakhulu, athi ngamahlaya athi aqine ngokwanele ukubulala inkomo. Ukusekela lokhu, singakhumbula elinye igama elingelona elingelona igama kulezi zinambuzane, elaziwa ngokuthi “ngababulali bezinkomo”. Kuyiqiniso, izinkomo azifefi ngokulunywa yile minyovu, kepha ubuhlungu buqinisekisiwe.

Njengawo wonke ama-hymenoptera, ngowesifazane kuphela okwazi ukufaka ukuluma, ngoba ukuluma uqobo kuyisitho sowesifazane esilungisiwe (i-ovipositor).

Izintuthwane ezindala ze-velvet zinobude bomzimba ongu-5 kuya ku-30 ​​mm. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunezinsikazi kangangokuba bayakwazi ukukhulisa insikazi emoyeni ukuba iphakanyiswe. Abesilisa banombala omnyama: omnyama noma onsundu onamachashaza abomvu esifubeni, kuyilapho abesifazane bependwe ngemibala egqamile - imvamisa kakhulu iba nsundu noma ibomvu. Esiswini banendlela elula.

Kepha lo akuwona kuphela umehluko wobulili: abesilisa banamehlo, kepha kwabesifazane bayancishiswa, emadodeni isisu siqukethe izigaba eziyisikhombisa, kanti kwabesifazane - kwabayisithupha.

Njengamabhishi amaningi wokuhlanza, izintuthwane ze-velvet azakhi izidleke zazo, kepha zithanda ukuhlala kubantu ongabazi. Lapho babeka amaqanda abo ku izibungu zomsingathi walesi sidleke, eziba yindawo yokudla yozibungu. Lapha, ukucaphuna kwakhe kuyenzeka. Izintuthwane zabantu abadala zidla umpe.

Kumuntu, imijovo yalezi zinhlavu ezinobuthi ibuhlungu impela. Ubuhlungu buyanyamalala ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa.

Ukukopisha okugcwele noma okuyingxenye kwezinto, kudingeka isixhumanisi esivumelekile esizeni se-UkhtaZoo.

Ama-wasps waseJalimane noma ama-fluffy wasps

Usayizi ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 ​​mm. Ama-waster waseJalimane ayathakazelisa i-dimorphism yawo ebukhali. Abesilisa nabesifazane banesimo somzimba esihluke ngokuphelele. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane. Abesifazane ngokuvamile abanazimpiko. Abesilisa banama-antennae ahlukaniswe izingxenye eziyi-13, kanti izintokazi zinezimpondo eziyishumi nambili. Amehlo athuthukiswa emadodeni, futhi ngokuvamile ancishiswa kwabesifazane. Isisu emadodeni siqukethe ama-tergites angama-7 abonakalayo nama-8 sternites, kwabesifazane - kwezigaba ezi-6, izinhlangothi zesigaba sesibili sesisu esinama-pubescent grooves, kaningi ngaphandle kwabo. Owesifazane ku-6th tergite yesisu uvame ukuba nensimu ye-pygidial. I-hypopygium (iqoqo lezitho zokuzala zesitho sangasese sowesilisa) ilula, ayifane kakhulu nezinqubo ezilandelwayo. Ophakathi nendawo ne-coxae abaxhumana naye bayathintana. Isifuba sabantu besilisa abane-sutures eyenziwe kahle, kubantu besifazane abane-sclerites efakiwe. Imishini yokusebenzisa imidweshu (ama-waster enza imisindo yabesilisa ukuthola abesifazane) ayikhokhelwa, itholakala maphakathi ne-2nd ne-3rd tergites. Abesilisa banemnyama noma nsundu, imvamisa ngama-sclerites abomvu agqamile esifubeni, izinsikazi zinemibala egqamile, imvamisa ngamabele abomvu aqinile. Umzimba unezinwele ezimnyama futhi ezikhanyayo, okuthi phezu kwe-tergite yesisu zivame ukwenza iphethini, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.

Amafomu angenazintambo afana nezintuthwane, lapho kuvela khona igama elidumile elithi “velvet izintuthwane”.

Ibhayoloji

Ama-washer waseJalimane awazakheli izidleke zawo uqobo futhi ahlakaze izidleke zezinyosi, ama-spheroid kanye nama-waspping angweqiweyo, njalo kwezinye izinambuzane (izimpukane IDiptera, Coleoptera, I-Lepidoptera, I-Blattodea) Imfumba yensikazi yaseGerman ingena isidlekeni esiyinqaba futhi ibeke amaqanda esihlahleni sabasingeli, esidla izibungu zabo. Bethola ukudonsa isikhathi eside, amaJalimane azivikela ngokuphumelelayo ku-wasp nezinyosi futhi angagwaza umuntu kakhulu (izinhlungu ziphela ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa).

Ukusatshalaliswa

Hlasela ezindaweni eziwugwadule nezomile. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-500 ezivela emikhayeni engaphansi kwe-9 kanye nohlobo lwe-54 genera zitholakala ePalearctic (Lelei, 2002). Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-170 nezinhlobo ezingama-27 kuhlobo lwe-USSR yangaphambili (Lelei, 1985). Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanye amazwe: I-Italy - izinhlobo ezingama-60 (i-Attrea, ngo-1964), eSpain - izinhlobo ezingama-37 (iGiner, 1944), iJapan - Izinhlobo eziyi-17 (i-Tsuneki, 1972), iChina - izinhlobo eziyi-109 (uChen, 1957), iMongolia - izinhlobo ezingama-26 ( ILelei, 1977), Afghanistan - Izinhlobo ezingama-31 (uLelei, Kabakov, 1980).

Phylogeny

Njengengxenye yomndeni, u-A. S. Lelei noP. G. Nemkov (1997) bakhomba ama-mutillides aphansi (Myrmosinae, Kudakrumiinae, I-Pseudophotopsidinae, I-tonicina) nama-mutillides aphezulu ngamagatsha ama-2 [(Myrmillinae + Mutillinae) + (Rhopalomutillinae + Dasylabrinae + Ephutinae + Sphaeropthalminae)].

I-cladogram engezansi ikhombisa ubudlelwane be-phylogenetic yemindeni engezansi kuleli qembu lama-hymenopterans ahlabayo.

Ukubukeka kwabesifazane baseGerman

Lawa ma-va ashubile futhi anemibala ekhanyayo. Iminyovu yezintuthwane ayihlangene ngalutho nezintuthwane; zinganegama elifanayo. Bayiqamba ngegama ngenxa yoxhaxha lwezinwele olufudumele. Imibala yabesifazane baseJalimane ingahluka ngokuphelele: igolide, okwesibhakabhaka, okumhlophe, okumnyama, obomvu nesiliva.

Iminyovu yaseJalimane (Mutillidae).

Umbala ogqamile walezi zinhlwathi ezinhle uxwayisa izilwane ezizingelayo ukuthi zinobuthi.

Ubude bomzimba bezintuthwane ezindala ze-velvet buyahluka kusuka kumamilimitha ama-5 kuye kwangama-30. Kwezinye izinhlobo, izinsikazi azinamaphiko, kanti ezeduna zikhulu kakhulu kunazo, kangangokuba kuthi lapho sezikhulisa zikwazi ukuphakamisela izibungu zazo ezindizayo emoyeni.

Iminyovu yaseJalimane iyizinambuzane ezingejwayelekile.

Emadodeni, ama-velvet fluffy wasps anombala omnyama: onsundu ngombala obomvu esifubeni noma emnyama. Kwabesifazane, umbala unombala ogqamile - ovame ukubomvu noma onsundu. Futhi esiswini sowesifazane kunomdwebo olula.

Ama-wasps waseJalimane abizwa nangokuthi ama-velvet wasps.

Kepha konke lokhu ngumahluko wobulili phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa. Abesilisa, njengayo yonke iminyovu, banamehlo, nabesifazane banciphile. Isisu kwabesifazane sinezingxenye ezi-6, kuthi kwabesilisa - kwezingu-7.

Indlela yokuphila yaseJalimane yokungcola

Njengama-washer amaningi wokuhlanza, iminyovu yaseJalimane ayakhi izidleke zayo. Bahlala ezidlekeni zabanye abantu. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ezinqolobaneni zezinambuzane, eziba yisisekelo sokudla kwazo. Esidlekeni senkosi yaso, izibungu zezidleke zezintuthwane.

Iminyovu yeVelvet iyizimuncagazi.

AmaJalimani amadala abantu besifazane adla umpe wezimbali.

Ukuluma iminyovu yaseJalimane kubuhlungu kakhulu. Lawa maxhama abizwa nangokuthi "ababulali bezinkomo" ngokungafanele, ngoba ukuluma kwabo kubuhlungu kangangokuba kuthiwa angayibulala inkomo. Vele, izinkomo ngeke zife ngokulunywa yi-fluffy wasp, kepha ubuhlungu buqinisekisiwe.

Ukuluma kungatholakala kuphela kumnikazi wasemazweni waseJalimane.

Kulezi zinhlwathi kuphela ziluma abesifazane. Njengoba ukugwaza kungu-ovipositor oguquliwe. Kubantu, lokhu ukulunywa nakho kubuhlungu kakhulu - izinhlungu ngemuva kokulunywa yintuthwane velvet kuphela ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa.

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IZINGOMA ZEVELVET ANTS

I-dimorphism yezocansi (umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane) kumaJalimane inkulu kakhulu, abamele ubulili obuhlukile kulula ngisho nokuthatha izinhlobo ezihlukile. Ahlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ngokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwamaphiko, kodwa futhi nokwakheka komzimba nosayizi. AmaJalimane anabesilisa abakhulu, ngokuvamile abamnyama noma ansundu, avame ukuba namabala abomvu okugqamile ezifuyweni zawo. Zine-antenna ende - izingxenye eziyi-13, hhayi eziyi-12, njengakwabesifazane. Abesifazane bayakhanya: isifuba sibomvu, futhi esiswini kunephethini lezinwele ezimnyama namhlophe, ezinamabala akhanyayo aqhakazile. Zilahlekelwe ngamaphiko azo, izinsikazi zathola amandla okwenza imisindo ukuze izinqola zazo ezikwazi ukundiza zithole inkosikazi yenhliziyo emabhalekwini esidleke somunye umuntu (yize, ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesidleke). Umsindo ukhishwa usebenzisa i-stridulation - ingxabano yezakhiwo ezikhethekile enye ngokuchasene nenye (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ezinsinini nakwezinye izicabucabu). Isitho esingakhokhelwa sitholakala endaweni ephezulu yesisu, phakathi kwengxenye yesibili neyesithathu.

Izinsikazi ezingenazintambo zezinsikazi zomsikazi zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe ngama-12, isisu sihlangane impela kunabesilisa, namehlo anciphile.

Izinsikazi ezingenazindiza zifana nezintuthwane, amaJalimane ayebizwa nangokuthi “izintuthwane ze-velvet” (elihunyushwe egameni lesiNgisi elithi velvet ants). Ukufana kwezintuthwane akumangazi, ngoba zonke izinyosi, izintuthwane, kanye neminyovu yesimanje yaqhamuka kukhokho othile ojwayelekile onjenge-wasp. Kodwa-ke, uchwepheshe uzophawula ngokushesha umehluko ekwakhekeni kwezintuthwane: ezintuthwaneni, okuthiwa izintuthwane ezisontekile zibekwa ngendlela engazwakali maphakathi ne-engela ebukhali, futhi kumaJalimane acishe aqonde, yize enokugoba okuthile.

Hhayi PARASIS, EMNYE I-Predator

AmaJalimane athela izidleke zezinyosi ezahlukahlukene ezihlala zodwa (ngokwesibonelo, izinyosi zobumba ezakhiwe zodwa), iminyovu eyedwa (iminyovu yokumba, noma ama-sphycid, kanye nemichilo yemigwaqo, noma ama-pompilides), kanye neminyovu womphakathi onamaphiko. Ngokweminye imibiko, ama-mutilides angabuye ahlanganyele emindenini yezinyosi zezinyosi kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinyosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamele eminye imiyalo yezinambuzane bayabikwa. Lokhu kuluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwamabutho. Iqiniso ngukuthi amaJalimane awanendaba nokuhlinzekwa okugcinwe ngumniniyo, kodwa enzalweni yawo, kudliwa yizibungu zezinambuzane. Ngokokukhuluma ngokuqinile, abesifazane baseJalimane babizwa ngokungafanele ngama-parasites, ngoba empeleni bangabadli ababulala izisulu zabo. Owesifazane usesha isidleke somnikazi futhi ungena kuwo ngesango lokungena noma ehlisa imink ehlukile eholela esitokisini esinokuhlinzekelwa kanye nenzalo. Owesifazane unesifo esinamandla, okukholakala ukuthi usiqala lapho ehlangana nesinambuzane asiphethe. Kodwa-ke, ezincibeni ezivalekile zenyosi eyodwa kanye neminyovu, kukhona izibungu kuphela kanye ne-pupae, okungakhombisi noma yikuphi ukumelana nesigebengu, kanye nasezidlekeni zezinambuzane zomphakathi, lapho kunabasebenzi abaningi abanjengempi, ngisho nokugwaza okunamandla akunakusiza ekushayisaneni namabutho aphezulu ezitha. Owesifazane waseJalimane uthatha idiphu esidlekeni sendawo, futhi uma kwenzeka encibilika, udoti omncane wenza indlela yokuziyela emhlabathini.

AMANZI NAMAKHAYA

Abesilisa baphuma kuqala epungwini bese bezungelezela ngaphezu komhlaba befuna izintombi. Zidla umpe ezimbali futhi zikhothe amashukela ahlukahlukene ezitshalweni. Abesifazane nabo batholakala ezitshalweni, kepha kaningi kakhulu. Owesifazane osemdala waseJalimane unezinsizakusebenza ezanele zangaphakathi ezigcinwe esigabeni samavungu amasonto amabili. Kubikwa ukuthi izinsikazi zincela izidumbu zezinambuzane futhi zimunca ucezwana lokuphakelayo lo feed kusuka kumpe naphansi okugcinwa yizinyosi ezizihambile.

Amaqiniso ATHANDAYO

I-Parasitism yande kakhulu phakathi kwezinambuzane ze-hymenopteran ezakha izidleke futhi zigcinela ukudla kuzo. Umuzi onamasheya ngaphakathi kwawo uqobo uheha amasela nabaphangi - kungaba kuhle, kepha kukhona abazingeli kuwo. Kukhona izimuncagazi phakathi kokumanzana naphakathi kwezinyosi. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3000 zezinhlobo, izinyosi ezihlakazayo ezihamba ngezinyawo, noma ama-nomadin, - Izinhlobo eziyi-1200 emhlabeni fauna zezimonyo ezinhle kakhulu ezinhle kakhulu, ezihlakazisa izidleke zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlavu nezinyosi ezingashadile. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphambuki futhi bathambekele ekwebiweni. Ngakho-ke, ngasekupheleni kwehlobo - ekwindla yakuqala, lapho kunezitshalo ezimbalwa eziqhakaza izimbali, imindeni eqinile yomakhelwane ingaphanga lo mndeni obuthaka wezinyosi zezinyosi endaweni yezidleke ngokuhudula lonke uju kulo. Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlanzana zezinyosi nezinyosi zivame ukufakwa imibala ngesithunzi, zikhanya kakhulu kunezilwane eziba khona, ezidla uhlaka.

ISIHLOKO ESIFANELEKILE

• Iklasi: izinambuzane.
• Oda: iHymenoptera.
• Umndeni: AmaJalimane.
• Igama lesi Latin: I-Mutillidae.
• Ubukhulu: kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 ​​mm.
• Umbala: owesilisa onsundu noma umnyama enamabala abomvu agqamile esifubeni, izinsikazi ezinamabele abomvu kanye nephethini emnyama nomhlophe esiswini.