I-Biocenosis ingqikithi yezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni ethile, ehlukile kwezinye ezinkombeni eziningi. Zonke izidalwa zinezidingo ezifanayo zemvelo. Impilo ye-biocenosis ubudlelwane bendawo lapho ngamunye wabahlanganyeli edlala indima yakhe.

Izinhlobo ze-biocenosis

Ubumbano lwebhayoloji lwakhiwa phakathi kwenqubo yokubumbana kwezinto eziphilayo isikhathi eside. Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo ze-biocenosis ngayinye kuhlukile. Ukwehlukahlukana kwaso kuncike eminyakeni yobudala: mncane, izinhlobo ezincane zezinto ezikulo. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zibonwa kuma-biocenoses avuthiwe futhi avuthiwe.

Isakhiwo se-biocenosis

Isakhiwo sezinhlobo sibonisa ukwahlukahluka kanye nenani labamele amaqembu ahlukile ebunyeni obuthile bebhayoloji. Hlukanisa phakathi kwama-biocenoses acebile nabampofu. Kunoma yikuphi kwako kukhona okubusa okwakha ukubonakala kwawo. Izinhlobo zezidalwa, ngaphandle kwazo ngaphandle kokuba khona kwezinye izinto ezingenakwenzeka, zibizwa ngokuthi ama-edificators. Ngokunciphisa kwabo, i-biocenosis uqobo iyashintsha.

Isakhiwo sendawo

Isakhiwo sendawo sibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezitshalo. Amathayi ayisakhiwo esime mpo somphakathi; ngalinye lazo linezici ezihlukile. Ingqimba yesihlahla imelwe yizihlahla ezinde. Amahlamvu awo adlula kahle emisebeni yelanga, ebanjwa ihlosi lesibili lezihlahla, elingezansi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokubopha, kwakheka ungqimba olungaphansi komhlaba, abamele abanga izihlahla nezihlahla ezingaphansi. Ihlumela elingaphansi kwegobela limelelwa yizihlahla ezincane, lapho ngokuzayo zikhule zibe ihlosi lokuqala. Ama-herbs herbs kanye nama-perennials akha ungqimba lwe-bush-shrub. Inhlabathi embozwe ungqimba moss-lichen. Isakhiwo sesikhala sezitshalo sithinta ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

Ukwakheka kwe-biocenosis

Ubumbano lwebhayoloji lwakhiwa ngesisekelo sokusebenzelana kwe-phytocenosis, i-zoocenosis ne-micobiocenosis. I-Phytocenosis iyisisekelo se-biocenosis; izinqubo zokudala nokusebenza kwendaba yezinto eziphilayo ziyaqhubeka kuyo. Ukubukeka, ukwakheka, isimo sezulu, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zobunye obuthile kuncike kwi-phytocenosis. Ebunyeni obunjalo, kunokuxhumana okuhle nokubi. Izinga eliphambili le-phytocenosis ukuqina kwalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: liyakwazi ukugcina ubukhona balo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle.

Iqoqo lezinhlobo ezahlukene zezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emphakathini owodwa wezinto eziphilayo zibizwa ngokuthi yi-zoocenosis. Ubuye abambe iqhaza elibalulekile emvelweni. I-Zoocenosis ibandakanyeka ekusheshiseni ukuguqulwa kwamandla, igcina isakhiwo se-phytocenosis. Uhlobo ngalunye lwesilwane lunomsebenzi othile.

I-Microbiocenosis isho ingqikithi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingena emphakathini owodwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izidalwa zezitshalo nezilwane.

Yiziphi izinto eziphilayo eziyingxenye ye-biocenosis

I-Phytocenosis imvama kakhulu ukumelwa yizitshalo eziphakeme neziphansi. Ukunotha kwezinhlobo kunqunywa yizimo zezulu. Inani eliphelele lezinto eziphilayo lincike ezimweni zangaphandle kanye nobudala be-biocenosis uqobo. Bonke ababambiqhaza phytocenosis basebenza omunye komunye, ngakho-ke ukuhlala ndawonye kushiya uphawu lwayo ekubukekeni kwangaphandle kobunye.

Izilwane ekwakhekeni kwe-zoocenosis zihlala zimelelwa yizizukulwane eziningana. Ngezenzo zakhe, umuntu angaphazamisa noma abhubhise ngokuphelele lesi sakhi se-biocenosis. I-Microbiocenosis ihlanganisa amagciwane, isikhunta, kanye ne-algae ephansi.

Ngabe i-biocenosis ihluke kanjani ku-agrocenosis naku-ecosystem

I-Agrocenosis uhlelo umuntu alwenzele izidingo zakhe. Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ku-biocenosis zakhiwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ku-agrocenosis, ukukhethwa kokufakelwa kuhlala kuvame. Abantu bakha ubumbano lobuhlakani ukuze bakhule izilimo noma izilwane. Ama-biocenoses athola kuphela amandla elanga avela ngaphandle, umkhiqizo we-agrocenosis ungahlala uthuthuka ngokuvuselelwa komhlaba, uhlelo lomanyolo.

Izincwadi zesayensi zinikeza incazelo efanayo yamagama athi "biocenosis" ne "ecosystem", ngakho-ke zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana. Umsebenzi obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo ku-ecosystem ngayinye unokwenzeka ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo. Hlukanisa phakathi kwemvelo elula, eyinkimbinkimbi neyenziwe ngemvelo.

Izibonelo ze-biocenosis

Indabuko evele ngokwemvelo inokukhululeka okufanayo. Izidalwa ezivelele kuzo ngamakhambi. I-tier yokuqala imelelwa ama-perennials asemuva, kufaka phakathi i-clover, i-budra, i-peas yegundane. Izilimo zokusanhlamvu zikhula esihlokweni sesibili: i-bluegrass, i-timothy utshani, i-yarrow, i-rump engenamafutha.

Izitshalo eziningi izitshalo zoju, ngakho emasimini ehlobo kunenqwaba yezinyosi, izimvemvane kanye nezimbungulu. Izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi amacimbi, izintethe nezinambuzane, zidla ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Ama-Amphibians nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zisebenza njengomthombo wokudla kwezinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu.

Indima ye-biocenosis

Imiphakathi yemvelo ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamandla okuhlala ihlinzeka umjikelezo wezinto ezintweni zemvelo. Ama-biocenoses amakhulu angumthombo we-oksijini, adonsa amagesi ayingozi nothuli. Ama-biocenoses omzimba wamanzi ayimithombo yokuphuza amanzi. Umsebenzi we-anthropogenic uholela ekubhujisweni kobunye bemvelo bemvelo. Amakhulu eminyaka athola ukululama kwabo. Umuntu uhlushwa inhlekelele enjalo kwasekuqaleni.

Ithiyori:

Lezi zinhlaka zithuthukisa ngokuya ngemithetho yazo. Eminye yemisebenzi ebalulekile yemvelo ukuhlonza le mithetho, ukuthola ukuthi ubukhona obuzinzile kanye nentuthuko yemiphakathi kusekelwa kanjani, futhi nokuthi yiluphi ushintsho ezintweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo oluba nazo.

Iqiniso lokuthi imiphakathi akuyona indlela eyakhiwe ngokungahleliwe ifakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi imiphakathi efanayo ivela ezifundeni ezifanayo ezindaweni ezikuyo nendawo yezemvelo.

Umsuka wethemu

Umqondo lo waqale wasetshenziswa ngudokotela wezazi zomzimba odumile waseJalimane uKarl Moebius ngonyaka we-1877. Walisebenzisa ukuchaza ingqophamlando nobudlelwano bezinto eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni ethile, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-biotope. I-Biocenosis ingenye yezinto eziphambili zokutadisha zemvelo yesimanje.

Umnyombo wobuhlobo

I-Biocenosis ubudlelwano obuvele ngesisekelo somjikelezo we-biogenic. Nguye oyinikeza ezimeni ezithile. Yini isakhiwo se-biocenosis? Lolu hlelo olunamandla noluzisebenzelayo luqukethe izinto ezilandelayo ezixhumene:

• Abakhiqizi (ama-aftotrophs), abangabakhiqizi bezinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-inorganic. Amanye amagciwane nezitshalo lapho inqubo ye- photosynthesis iguqula amandla elanga futhi ihlanganise nezinto eziphilayo ezidliwayo yizinto eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-heterotrophs (abathengi, abahlaziyi). Abakhiqizi babamba umoya wekhabhoni ovela emkhathini, ovela kwezinye izidalwa futhi ukhiqize umoya-mpilo.
• Okufanelekile, okungabathengi abaphambili bezinto eziphilayo. Ama-Herbivores adla ukudla kwesitshalo, wona, abe yisidlo sakusihlwa sabazingeli abahle. Ngenxa yenqubo yokugaya, abathengi benza ukugaya okuyisisekelo kwezinto eziphilayo. Lesi yisigaba sokuqala sokuwa kwaso.
• Ama-reducers, ekugcineni abola izinto eziphilayo. Baphinde bavusele imfucuza nezidumbu zabakhiqizi nabathengi. Ama-reducers amagciwane kanye nesikhunta. Umphumela womsebenzi wabo obalulekile yizinto zamaminerali, ezibuye zidliwe ngabakhiqizi.

Ngakho-ke, zonke izixhumanisi ezikwi-biocenosis zingalandelelwa.

Imiqondo eyisisekelo

Onke amalungu omphakathi wezinto eziphilayo abizwa ngamagama athile asuselwa kumagama esiGreki:

• ingqikithi yezitshalo endaweni ethile, - phytocenosis,
• zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni efanayo - zoocenosis,
• wonke amagciwane ahlala ku-biocenosis yi-microbocenosis,
• umphakathi we-amakhowe - i-mycocenosis.

I-Biotope ne-biocenosis

Ezincwadini zesayensi, amagama athi "biotope", "biocenosis" ajwayele ukusetshenziswa. Baqonde ukuthini futhi bahluke kanjani komunye nomunye? Eqinisweni, iqoqo lonke lezinto eziphilayo ezakha uhlelo oluthile lwendalo imvelo lubizwa ngokuthi umphakathi we-biotic. I-biocenosis inencazelo efanayo. Leli iqoqo lezinkumbi zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni ethile. Ihlukahluka kwezinye izinkomba zamakhemikhali (inhlabathi, amanzi) nezomzimba (imisebe yelanga, ukuphakama, usayizi wendawo). Isiza sendawo ehlala abiotic ehlala i-biocenosis ibizwa ngokuthi yi-biotope. Ngakho-ke yomibili le miqondo isetshenziselwa ukuchaza imiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngamanye amagama, i-biotope ne-biocenosis cishe ziyinto efanayo.

Isakhiwo

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo ze-biocenosis. Bonke bayibeka ngokwezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• Isakhiwo semvelo se-biocenosis, esihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-2: ovundlile (omile) no mpo (tiered). Kubonisa izimo zokuphila zezinto eziphilayo ezimweni ezithile zemvelo.
• Isakhiwo sezinhlobo ze-biocenosis, esibhekele ukwahlukahluka okuthile kwe-biotope. Limelela ingqikithi yabo bonke abantu bakha ukwakhiwa kwawo.
• Isakhiwo sethrophic ye-biocenosis.

UMose futhi ohlisiwe

Ukwakheka kwendawo kwe-biocenosis kunqunywa indawo yezidalwa eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene komunye umkhombandlela oqondile nma mpo. Ukuhlelwa kuhlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwemvelo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokweqiniso. Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhiqizo wabo omkhulu uyatholakala. Ngakho-ke, kunoma yiliphi ihlathi amahlosi alandelayo ahlukaniswa:

• umhlabathi (ama-mosses, ama-lichens),
• herbaceous,
• umdwayizi
• izinkuni, kufaka phakathi izihlahla zobukhulu bokuqala nezesibili.

Ilungiselelo elifanele lezilwane ligaxwe esihlokweni. Ngenxa yesakhiwo esime mpo se-biocenosis, izitshalo zenza kakhulu ukukhanya kwe-flux. Ngakho-ke, izihlahla ezithanda ukukhanya zikhula emahlathini aphezulu, futhi zibekezelele umthunzi emahlathini aphansi. Izinsimbi ezihlukene zibuye zihlukaniswe emhlabathini, kuya ngezinga lokugcwala nezimpande.

Ngaphansi kwethonya lezimila, ihlathi le-biocenosis lakha eyalo imvelo. Akubhekwa nje kuphela ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa, kodwa futhi nokushintshwa ekwakhiweni komoya. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwesimo semvelo esincanyana kuthanda ukwakheka nokwakheka kwezilo, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane, izilwane nezinyoni.

Ukwakheka kwendawo kwe-biocenosis nakho kunephethini ye-mosaic. Leli gama libhekisela ekuguquguqukeni okuphelele nokuvundlile kwezitshalo nezilwane. UMoseya endaweni kuncike ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo nobungako bazo. Kuyathinteka nawomhlabathi kanye nesimo somhlaba. Imvamisa, abantu bakha amaphethini okufakelwa okwenziwe ngobuningi ngokugawula amahlathi, ukubhukuda kokudonsa, njll. Ngenxa yalokhu, imiphakathi emisha iba kulezi zindawo.

UMose ngokwemvelo cishe kuwo wonke ama-phytocenoses. Amayunithi alandelayo wesakhiwo ahlukaniswa ngaphakathi kwawo:

• I-Consortia, okuyiqoqo lezinhlobo ezihlanganiswe ngokuxhunyaniswa kwe-topical ne-trophic futhi kuya ngomgogodla waleli qembu (ilungu eliphakathi nendawo). Imvamisa, isisekelo sayo isitshalo, futhi izakhi zayo zingama-microorganisms, izinambuzane, izilwane.
• I-Sinusia, okuyiqembu lezinhlobo zezilwane ku-phytocenosis, elingezindlela zokuphila ezisondelene.
• Amaphasela amele ingxenye yesakhiwo se-biocenosis evundlile, ehlukile kwezinye izinto ekwakhiweni kwayo nasezakhiweni zayo.

Ukwakhiwa Kwendawo Yomphakathi

Isibonelo esihle sokuqonda isihla mpo sezinto eziphilayo izinambuzane. Phakathi kwabo kunabamele abanjalo:

• abakhileyo emhlabathini bangama-geobias,
• izakhamizi ezingaphezulu komhlaba - herpatobia,
• ngihlala e-moss bryobia,
• etholakala enkombeni ye-phyllobia,
• izihlahla ze-aerobic nezihlahlana.

Ukwakheka okuvundlile kubangelwa izizathu eziningi ezahlukahlukene:

• i-abiogenic mosaicity, efaka izinto zesimo esingaphili, njengezinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingaphili, isimo sezulu,
• i-phytogenic, ehlotshaniswa nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo,
• i-aeolian-phytogenic, okuyi-mosaic ye-abiotic ne-phytogenic factor,
• i-biogenic, ehambisana kakhulu nezilwane ezikwazi ukugaya umhlaba.

Izinhlobo zezakhi ze-biocenosis

Inani lezinhlobo eziku-biotope ngokuthe ngqo lincike ekumeni kwesimo sezulu, isikhathi sokuphila nokukhiqizwa kwe-biocenosis. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ehlathini elishisayo, isakhiwo esinjalo sizoba banzi kakhulu kunasehlane. Onke ama-biotopes ahlukile komunye ngesibalo sezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuzo. Ama-biogeocenoses amaningi kakhulu abizwa kakhulu. Kwezinye zazo, kumane kungenzeki ukuthola inani eliqondile lezinto eziphilayo. Njengomthetho, ososayensi banquma inani lezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganiswe endaweni ethile. Lesi sikhombisi sibonisa ukuceba kwezinhlobo ze-biotope.

Lesi sakhiwo senza ukuthi sikwazi ukubona ukwakheka okuhle kwe-biocenosis. Lapho uqhathanisa izindawo zendawo efanayo, ukuceba kwezinhlobo ze-biotope kunqunywa. Kwisayensi, kunombandela obizwa ngokuthi yi-Gusing kanuni (ukususa ukuncintisana). Ngokuhambisana nakho, kukholelwa ukuthi uma endaweni enabantu abaningi kunezinhlobo ezi-2 zezinto ezifanayo eziphilayo ndawonye, ​​khona-ke ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafani njalo enye yazo izokhipha okunye esikhundleni salokho. Ngasikhathi sinye, banobudlelwano bokuncintisana.

Isimo sezinhlobo ze-biocenosis sifaka imiqondo emi-2: “ingcebo” kanye “nokwehluka”. Bahluke kancono komunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, ukuceba kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuyisethi evamile yezinhlobo ezihlala emphakathini. Kuboniswa uhla lwabo bonke abamele amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kuyisibonakaliso esibonisa hhayi kuphela ukwakheka kwe-biocenosis, kodwa futhi nobudlelwano obuningi phakathi kwabameleli bayo.

Ososayensi bahlukanisa phakathi kwama-biotopes abampofu nabacebile. Lezi zinhlobo ze-biocenosis ziyehluka phakathi kwazo ngenani labamele umphakathi. Kulokhu, iminyaka ye-biotope idlala indima ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi emisha, eyaqala ukwakheka kwayo muva nje, ifaka iqoqo lezinhlobo ezincane. Njalo ngonyaka inani lezidalwa eziphila kulo likhuphuka. Abampofu kakhulu yi-biotopes eyenziwe ngumuntu (izingadi, izingadi, amasimu).

Isakhiwo se-Trophic

Ukusebenzisana kwezinto eziphilayo ezinendawo ethile emjikelezweni wezinto eziphilayo kubizwa ngokuthi isakhiwo se-trophic se-biocenosis. Siqukethe lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Abakhiqizi yizinto eziphilayo ezikhiqiza izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izitshalo eziluhlaza ezinikeza ukukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo namagciwane ahlukahlukene. Cishe 99% yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezingaphezulu komhlaba wethu zibalwa ngabakhiqizi. Bakha isixhumanisi sokuqala kulayini bokudla. Abakhiqizi bayisisekelo sanoma iyiphi iphiramidi yemvelo.
• Abathengi yizinto eziphilayo ezi-heterotrophic ezidla izinto eziphilayo. Leli qembu lifaka izilwane nezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Kubandakanya izitshalo zokuhlanza ezingenayo i-chlorophyll.
• Ama-reducers - izidalwa ezonakalisa umbandela we-organic wabathengi abafileyo kanye nabakhiqizi.

Izici ze-biocenoses

Inani labantu kanye nama-biocenoses ayisihloko sokutadisha ngokucophelela.Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bathole ukuthi iningi lezinto zasemanzini futhi cishe zonke izidalwa zomhlaba eziphila emhlabeni zinezinto eziphilayo, izitshalo nezilwane. Basungula lesi sici: kukhulu umehluko kuma-biocenoses amabili angomakhelwane, lapho izimo zemikhawulo yazo ziphakeme kakhulu. Kwasungulwa futhi ukuthi ubukhulu beqembu lezinto eziphilayo ku-biotope kuncike ngosayizi wabo. Ngamanye amagama, okuncane umuntu ngamunye, kukhulu inani lale zinhlobo. Kusungulwe nokuthi amaqembu izidalwa eziphilayo ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ahlala ku-biotope ezikalini ezahlukahlukene zesikhathi nendawo. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokuphila se-unicellular esithile senzeka ngaphakathi kwehora elilodwa, nesilwane esikhulu kungakapheli amashumi eminyaka.

Inani lezinhlobo

Ku-biotope ngayinye, iqembu lezinhlobo eziyinhloko liyahlukaniswa, iningi kakhulu esigabeni ngasinye sosayizi. Kukuxhumeka phakathi kwabo okubalulekile ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwe-biocenosis. Lezo zinhlobo ezihamba phambili ngamanani nokukhiqiza zibhekwa njengezikhulu kulo mphakathi. Bayayilawula futhi bangumgogodla wale biotope. Isibonelo ngotshani buluhlaza obuluhlaza, obuhlala endaweni ephezulu yedlelo. Ungumkhiqizi ophambili walo mphakathi. E-biocenoses acebile, cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nasezindaweni ezishisayo, endaweni eyodwa encane, izihlahla eziningana ezifanayo azitholakali. Njengoba ama-biotopes anjalo ahlukaniswa ngokuqina kwawo okuphezulu, ukuqubuka kokuvela kabusha kweziningi zabamele abanye bezitshalo nezilwane akuvamile ukutholakala kuzo.

Zonke izinhlobo zomphakathi zakha ukuhlukahluka kwazo. I-biotope inemigomo ethile. Njengomthetho, uqukethe izinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko, ezinesibalo esiphakeme, nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezingandile, ezinenombolo encane yabameleli bazo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kuyisisekelo sesimo sokulingana sohlelo oluthile lokuphila kwemvelo nokuqina kwalo. Ngiyabonga kuye, umjikelezo ovaliwe wama-biogens (izakhi zomzimba) wenzeka ku-biotope.

Ama-biocenoses Artificial

Ama-biotopes akhiwa hhayi ngokwemvelo kuphela. Empilweni yabo, abantu bafunda isikhathi eside ukuthi bangayakha kanjani imiphakathi enezakhiwo eziwusizo kithi. Izibonelo ze-biocenosis ezenziwe ngumuntu:

• imisele eyenziwe ngabantu, amadamu, amachibi,
• amadlelo namasimu ezitshalo,
• ukubhukuda okungamanzi,
• izingadi ezingavuseleleka, amapaki nezikhula,
• ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.

Umqondo we-biocenosis

Izinto eziphila ngazinye kanye nenqwaba yabantu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezihlukahlukene ngeke zibe khona ngendalo ngokwehlukile. Bonke baxhumene nohlelo lonke lobudlelwano obahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunemiphakathi - lokhu kungamaqembu athile ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu. Njengomphumela wokwakhiwa kwalobudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlala endaweni ethile enezimo zemvelo eziningi noma ezingatheni, kwakheka ama-biocenoses.

I-Biocenosis - Leli iqoqo lezidalwa eziphilayo ezixhumene nobudlelwano obuhlukahlukene futhi zibambe ingxenye yemvelo enezimo zokuphila ezifanayo.

Leli gama liphakanyisiwe ngo- $ 1877 $ ngu-Germany hydrobiologist K. Mebius. Isisekelo, isisekelo se-biocenoses sakhiwa yizinto ezinamaphotosynthetic. Lezi izitshalo ikakhulukazi eziluhlaza. Bakha i-phytocenosis futhi banqume imingcele ye-biocenoses. Ngakho-ke, singakhuluma nge-biocenosis, isibonelo, yehlathi likaphayini noma i-steppe. Ama-biocenoses we-Aquatic atholakala ezingxenyeni ezingenamanzi zemizimba yamanzi.

Izici Zezimpawu Zokuphilayo

I-biocenosis ngayinye inezici ezithile. Lezi yizinkomba ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezingakanani lapho wenza khona umbono nge-biocenosis. Lokhu kufaka: ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, i-biomass, umkhiqizo, ubungako babantu, indawo okuhlalwa kuyo kanye nevolumu.

Ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo - Leli iqoqo labantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezakha i-biocenosis.

Kukhona ama-biocenoses anokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lezi yizindawo ezinezimo ezinzima zezemvelo. Lokhu kufaka hlangana ne-tundra, ugwadule olushisayo nolwe-arctic, nezindawo eziphakemeyo. Futhi kukhona ama-biocenoses anokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amahlathi amvula noma amadwala asolwandle olwandle olushisayo. Ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo nakho kuthinteka isikhathi se-biocenosis uqobo. Esigabeni sokubumba kanye nentuthuko ye-biocenosis, lesi sikhombisi, njengomthetho, siyanda.

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Biomass biocenosis- lesi isamba senani labantu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngeyunithi yendawo noma ivolumu.

I-biocenosis ngayinye iyakwazi ukwakha inani elihlukile le-biomass. Kuya ngezici eziningi.

Inani le-biomass ekhiqizwa yi-biocenosis yunithi yesikhathi ngayinye ibizwa ngokuthi umkhiqizo we-biocenosis.

Kuyisisekelo kanye nesekondari. Ukukhiqiza okuyisisekelo kwakhiwa i-biomass isikhathi ngasinye esiyunithi ngama-autotrophs, futhi okwesibili ngama-heterotrophs.

Umqondo we-biocenosis

Imvelo igcwele izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Izilwane noma izimbali azikwazi ukuba zodwa. Yonke into ephilayo ixhumana nezinhlobo ezihlukile noma ezifanayo. Lokhu kuhlangana kukhethwe yisayensi njengento enezinto eziphilayo ezihlala imvelo.

Imvelo ye-biocenotic ingumthamo wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezizungeze umzimba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abameli abahlukahlukene bayo yonke impilo eMhlabeni bakha imiphakathi futhi baphila kuphela nalezo zinhlobo zezilwane ezidinga izimo ezifanayo zokuphila okuhle.

Ngamanye amagama, i-biocenosis yakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi izitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta kanye nama-microorganisms alula ahlala endaweni eyodwa, edinga izimo ezifanayo zemvelo. Izinto eziphilayo ngokwazo nazo ziyingxenye yohlobo oluthile lwemvelo.

Insimu ethile engenangqondo yabizwa ngokuthi i-biotope. Okusho ukuthi, isigaba sanoma yisiphi isikhala (indawo yokugcina, umhlaba, ulwandle) esinokuchayeka okuqinile ezimeni zezulu nakwimo yangaphandle.

I-Biocenosis ihlukaniswe yaba yimiphakathi eminingana: i-zoocenosis (umphakathi wezilwane), i-phytocenosis (umphakathi wezitshalo) kanye ne-micobiocenosis (umphakathi wama-microorganisms).

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalomqondo. Kafushane nje lokho abakushoyo kukhonjisiwe kuthebula:

Umqondo we "biocenosis" waphakanyiswa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1877 nguK. Mebius (udokotela oyi-hydrobiologist waseJalimane). Usosayensi wenza ucwaningo njengengxenye yokubuka indawo yokuhlala kwama-oysters eNyakatho yolwandle. Ucwaningo luqinisekisile ukuthi ama-oyster aguqulwa kuphela ezimeni ezithile zangaphandle. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngokubambisana nabo ungabona ezinye izinhlobo zezakhamizi - ama-mollusks noma ama-crustaceans.

Isakhi ngasinye se-biocenosis sinomphumela oqondile emsebenzini obalulekile wesinye. Ukuhlangana ndawonye nemiphumela ezuzisayo yezinto eziphilayo kwenye indawo endaweni eyodwa kuthathe amakhulu eminyaka.

Biocenosis yehlathi (oki okhula)

IDubrava ibe khona amakhulu eminyaka, izinzile futhi ihlalwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ihlathi ligubungela insimu ethile enobukhulu obukhulu enezinto ezinzile ze-abiotic.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo kunobudlelwano obusondelene obuzinzile, umjikelezo ozinzile wokuzibusa. Ukwakheka kwama-oki okhula kufaka wonke amaqembu amathathu wemvelo adingekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye namandla sekusunguliwe, futhi nokuzithiba sekuzinzile. Indlela yokuzilawula, okuyingxenye eyinhloko ku-biocenosis enjalo, isho ukuqoqwa kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokudla.

Ubuningi bezinhlobo ngayinye buyagcinwa, ukubhujiswa okugcwele akwenzeki. Izinto eziphilayo zihambisana nazo zonke izici zemvelo.

Isingeniso

Isihloko salesi sifundo sithi "Biocenosis". Inhloso yesifundo ukunikeza incazelo ye-biocenosis, ukubheka ukuhlangana kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwawo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo ze-biocenoses.

I-Biocenosis iyiqembu elisungulwe ngokomlando lezinto eziphilayo ezihlala endaweni yokuhlala engenampilo. Isikhala sokuphila esingenamsoco ingcebo yendawo noma idamu. Okusho ukuthi, i-biocenosis ayifaki izitshalo kuphela, kepha nezilwane, isikhunta, iprotozoa, amalangabi namagciwane ahlala endaweni ethile.

U-fig. 1. Isikimu sobudlelwano be-ecotope ne-biocenosis

Ipond biocenosis

Utshani be-algae kanye nogu lolwandle olugudluzayo ludlulisela imali ekhokhwa elangeni kwezinye izidalwa.

Inhlanzi, igobolondo, izinambuzane zidlala indima yabathengi. Futhi amagciwane ahlukahlukene, izimbungulu zisebenza njengokwehlisa futhi zidonsa izinto ezifile.

Izinhlobo zama-biocenoses

Ama-biocenoses angokwemvelo noma awobuciko.

U-fig. 2. Uhlelo olubonakalayo lwe-biocenosis

Ama-biocenoses wemvelo yilawo azakhela wona, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Izibonelo zifaka umfula, ichibi, umfula, i-steppe, ihlathi noma i-tundra. Ukuqanjwa kwezakhamizi ku-biocenosis ngayinye yemvelo akuyona ngephutha. Zonke zijwayela impilo kulezi zimo. Izici zezemvelo ezisebenza ku-biocenosis ethile zifanelana nazo zonke.

Ama-biocenoses ayahluka ngokwakhiwa kwezakhamizi. Isibonelo, ku-tundra, izimila ikakhulukazi zimelelwa ngama-mosses nama-lichens.

Ema-steppes - izitshalo ezahlukahlukene ze-herbaceous.

Nasehlathini lemvula elinama-multi-tiered kufaka phakathi izihlahla ezinkulu.

U-fig. 5. Ihlathi Lezulu

Ukuceba kwezitshalo nezilwane ezikuwo ama-biocenoses ahlukahlukene nakho akufani. Ku-tundra, ukwakheka kwezinhlobo kuyinto empofu, futhi emahlathini emvula kunothile kakhulu.

Desert Biocenosis

Izitshalo zasogwadule zibonakaliswa izihlahla eziyizihlahla ezinama-xerophilous nezihlahlana ezinamahlamvu amancane, kwesinye isikhathi amaqabunga, kanye nohlelo lwezimpande oluthuthukiswe kakhulu (saxaul, acacia).

Izitshalo ezivuthayo zivame kakhulu, izakhiwo zazo okungukuqongelelwa kwemithombo yolondolozo lwamanzi (i-cactus).

Ukuthatha ebusuku - le ndlela yokuphila ilungele kakhulu izidalwa ze-invertebrate, ngakho-ke zivikelekile ekushiseni ngokweqile. Enye indlela yokuphila ungqimba lomhlabathi, lapho kunezindawo ezinkulu zokudla ngesimo sezitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Izinhlobo ezincane zihlala futhi zidle ku-mink of rodents. Kunezinambuzane eziningi ogwadule - amabhungane, amabhungane obulongwe, ama-scarabs, izintuthwane, izimbungulu.

Izimo zokuphila kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo zibanzi. Ukushisa okuphezulu kudlala indima encane lapha. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukwanda kweziqubu zamadwala nezinyoka, okuthi iningi lazo zingabekezeleli amazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-40 degrees isikhathi eside, akuzange kukhanselwe.

I-Biocenosis Artificial

it ingqikithi yezinto eziphilayo, eyakhiwa futhi yesekwa ngokuqondile ngumuntu. Phakathi kwazo, ama-agrocenoses ayaziwa - imiphakathi edalwe ngumuntu ukuze ithole noma yimiphi imikhiqizo.

Lokhu kufaka phakathi: amadamu okugcina amadlelo, amadlelo, amahlathi okwakha amahlathi okwenziwa, njll.

Imiphakathi enjalo ayimetheki ngokwemvelo, idinga ukubhekwa njalo, ibonakala ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo, ukungabi namandla okuzilawula kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukungenela komuntu njalo kuyadingeka (inkathazo, ukhula, umanyolo).

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-biocenosis ne-biogeocenosis

Abantu abaningi badida ukubaluleka kwe-biocenosis ne-biogeocenosis. Le micabango emibili ifana kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, umqondo we "biogeocenosis" wakhiqizwa uSukachev ngo-1942.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemigomo ngukuthi i-biocenosis iyingxenye yemvelo ehlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi ubudlelwane buphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenkathi i-biogeocenosis ifaka izici zesimo esingaphili.

Lokho wukuthi, kukhona ku-biogeocenosis kunobudlelwano hhayi phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nokuphila ngokungaphili (izakhi ze-organic kuxhunyaniswe ngokungalingani ne-inorganic).

Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukucabanga ukuthi ukufana okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-biocenosis ne-biogeocenosis ubudlelwane obuzinzile phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nemvelo sekuphelele. Kufanele kukhunjulwe futhi kwatiswe ngemvelo, kuvikeleke futhi kulondoloze nemvelo.