I-Antarctica iyizwekazi emhlabeni nelinezimo zezulu ezinzima. Izinga lokushisa lomoya ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe alikaze libe ngaphezulu kwe-zero, futhi izwekazi lonke ligcwele iqhwa. Kepha ngokunembile ngenxa yesimo semvelo esikhethekile kangaka, izilwane ezimangalisayo eziyingqayizivele zihlala e-Antarctica, ezazikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezinzima. Ngenxa yokuthi umbuso wezilwane wase-Antarctica kuya ngesimo sezulu, zonke izidalwa ezihlala kuleli zwekazi zitholakala lapho kukhona okungenani izimila ezithile.
Cishe yonke insimu ye-Antarctica iyihlane elibandayo le-Antarctic, okuwukuthi, ingaphezulu leqhwa elinemibandela enzima yokuthuthuka kwempilo. Impilo ezwenikazi lonke itholakala kuphela esifundeni esisogwini, eziqhingini ezisebhande elingaphansi komhlaba kanye nasezingxenyeni zeqhwa ezingenamhlaba zeqhwa lomhlaba wase-Antarctic, okuhlala cishe amaphesenti amabili ezwekazi.
Iningi lezilwane zase-Antarctica ziyafuduka, ngoba isimo sezulu ezwenikazi silukhuni ukuhlala indawo yokuhlala nobusika. Kukhona nezinye izinhlobo ezitholakala kuphela e-Antarctica. Bakwazi ukujwayela indawo enokhahlo.
I-Antarctica yatholakala eminyakeni engama-200 eyedlule, izinhlobo zezilwane zasendaweni azijwayele abantu, okudala enye yezinto ezimangazayo zezilwane zasendle zakuleli lizwekazi elibandayo: abantu bayazithanda njengoba zinjalo kubantu. Kubacwaningi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinyoni zezwekazi zingafundelwa kangcono. Futhi kubavakashi abahambele uhambo oluya e-Antarctica - leli ithuba lokusondela eduze kwezilwane ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi ngeke babaleke. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izivakashi ezwenikazi kufanele zinake iqiniso lokuthi ukuthinta izilwane zase-Antarctic kuvinjelwe.
Ososayensi abafunda izilwane zase-Antarctica, bazihlukanise zibe zinhlobo ezimbili: zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, abekho abamele umhlaba bezilwane ezizwenikazi nhlobo. Lezi zilandelayo yizilwane ezivame kakhulu e-Antarctica.
I-Antarctica Mammals
I-Weddell Seal igama laso libonga kumphathi wezokuloba u-James Weddell kolunye lolwandle lwase-Antarctica. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane luhlala ezindaweni ezigudle ugu. Njengamanje, inani lezimpawu zomjaho weWeddell cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-800.
I-Weddell seal ingafinyelela kubude obungu-3.5 m. Isisindo sabantu abadala siyahlukahluka kububanzi obungu-400-450 kg. Zidla ikakhulu inhlanzi nama-cephalopods, abanjwa ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-800. Izimpawu zomshado ze-Weddell zihlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi zingaba ngaphansi kwamanzi ihora.
Ebusika, lezi ziqubu azisuki, kepha zihlale ogwini lwezwekazi elinamanzi. Bachitha yonke inkathi ebandayo emanzini, benza umgodi eqhweni abaphefumula ngalo futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bavele ngaphezu kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezindala zinamazinyo aphukile.
Isigaxa seCrabeater uhlobo oluningi kakhulu lwezimpawu zamanzi hhayi kuphela phakathi kwalabo abahlala e-Antarctica, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Ngokuqagela okuhlukahlukene, amanani abo aqala kwizigidi eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyi-40.
Naphezu kwegama lazo, lezi zinhlaka azondli kumakhalizi. Ukudla kwabo ikakhulukazi kuqukethe i-Antarctic krill. Bakulungele kahle ukubamba ukubonga kwe-krill emazinyweni abo, okwenza isixha ukubamba inyamazane emanzini. Njengoba uphawu lwe-crabeater londla kakhulu nge-krill, akudingi ukuthi ungene ngaphansi ngokujulile. Imvamisa zishona ziye ekujuleni kuka-20-30 m, futhi kuthatha imizuzu eyi-11, kepha amacala aqoshwe ekujuleni kuka-430 m.
Ubungako babantu abadala bezinsimbi ze-crabeater zisukela ku-2.2 kuye ku-2.6 m, isisindo - 200-300 kg. Izinsikazi zikhulu kancanyana kunabesilisa. Imizimba yabo iyaphakeme futhi ihamba kancane. Isibungu salezi zilwane zinde futhi zincane. Ngemuva kwe-molt yonyaka, uboya bezimpawu zamakhreyithi bunsundu omnyama, kepha uma sebuphelile buba mhlophe ngo-ukhilimu.
Isici esiyingqayizivele sezimpawu ze-crabeater ukuthi kuphela abangahlangana eqhweni ngamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu. Indawo yokuhlala kwalezi zilwane ulwandle olungemuva kwe-Antarctica. Ehlobo, izindikimba ze-crabeater zihlala eduze nolwandle, ekwindla zithuthela enyakatho kanye neqhwa lepakethe.
Ngesikhathi sokudla amawundlu, owesilisa uhlala esondele kowesifazane, amtholele ukudla futhi axoshe izimbangi zabesilisa. Isikhathi sokuphila kwezimpawu zamakhreyithi esise-crabeater cishe siyiminyaka engama-20. Izitha zabo ingwe yolwandle kanye nomkhomo wokubulala.
I-Ross seal yathola igama layo ukuhlonipha umhloli wamazwe waseNgilandi uJames Ross. Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zasolwandle ezivame kakhulu e-Antarctica, zimelele ngosayizi wazo omncane.
Umuntu omdala walolu hlobo angafinyelela kumamitha amabili ubude futhi abe nesisindo esingu-200 kg. I-Ross seal inengqimba enkulu yamafutha angaphansi nentamo obukhulu lapho icishe icishe idonsa ikhanda ngaphakathi. Ngakho-ke iba njengesigaxa.
Umbala ojwayelekile woboya bezimpawu unombala onsundu, ucishe ube mnyama, ukhanye ezinhlangothini nasiswini. I-Ross seal ijwayelekile ezindaweni ezikude ze-Antarctica. Lolu hlobo lwezilwane aluvamile futhi alufundelwa kangako. Isikhathi sokuphila siyisilinganiso seminyaka engama-20.
Ingwe yolwandle igama layo libonga esikhunjeni esinebala. Naphezu kwendlela ebukeka kahle ngayo inyamazane, ingumdlwane. Lezi zilwane zihlala engxenyeni yonke yeqhwa i-Antarctic. Ngokusho kososayensi, isibalo sabo singabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-400.
Izingwe zasolwandle zinomzimba olungiselelwe, ozivumela ukuba zihambe ngaphansi kwamanzi ngokushesha okukhulu kunezinye izimpawu. Ukwakheka kwekhanda kuthambile futhi kubukeka njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Imilenze yangaphambili ihlanganisiwe, futhi ethinta ijubane lokuhamba emanzini.
Owesilisa walesi silwane angafika ubude obungamamitha amathathu, izinsikazi zikhulu ngobude bomzimba kuze kufike kumamitha angama-4 Ngokuphathelene nesisindo, angama-270 kg kwabesilisa balezinhlobo, futhi cishe angama-300 kg kwabesifazane. Umbala engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba ungwevu omnyama, kanti ongaphansi umhlophe. Kukhona amabala ansundu ekhanda nasezinhlangothini.
Izingwe zasolwandle zidla ngezimpawu zasolwandle kanye namaphinifa. Bancamela ukubamba futhi babulale inyamazane yabo emanzini, kodwa noma isisulu siphuma eqhweni, mancane amathuba okusinda, ngoba laba abazondayo bazomlandela lapho. Izimpawu eziningi zamakhreyithi zinamabala emizimbeni yazo ngokuhlaselwa izingwe zasolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla kwalezi zilwane kufaka i-Antarctic krill, inhlanzi kanye nama-crustaceans amancane.
Izingwe zasolwandle zihlala zodwa. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu abasha bahlangana ngamaqembu amancane. Ukuphela kwesikhathi lapho abesilisa nabesifazane balolu hlobo behlangana khona, ukukhula komzimba kwenzeka emanzini. Emva kwalokhu, kwabesifazane, kuzalwa ikonyana elilodwa kuphela ezinsikazi, abazondla ngobisi inyanga eyodwa. Isilinganiso sokuphila isikhathi eside sezingwe zasolwandle yiminyaka engama-26.
Indlovu yathola igama laso ngoba nekhala le-proboscis emadodeni nasebukhulu obukhulu. Imvamisa, impumulo ifinyelela usayizi wayo omkhulu ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili wokuphila kwophawu lwendlovu bese ilenga phezu komlomo namakhala. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, lesi sicubu sandiswa futhi ngenxa yokunyuka kwegazi okusheshayo. Kwenzeka ukuthi ngesikhathi sokulwa, abesilisa abanolaka kakhulu baklebhula iziqu zabo.
Kulolu hlobo lwezimpawu zamanzi, osayizi besilisa bakhulu kaningana kunosayizi besifazane. Ngakho-ke, amaduna angaba ngamamitha ayi-6.5 ubude, kepha izinsikazi zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3,5. Isisindo sendlovu ingamathani amane.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zidla izinhlanzi kanye nama-cephalopods. Zingakwazi ukudonsa inyamazane ziye ekujuleni kuka-1400 m. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yesisindo sazo esikhulu kanye nenani elikhulu legazi, elingagcina umoya-mpilo omningi. Ngenkathi ushona ujule, umsebenzi wezitho zangaphakathi zezindlovu zasolwandle wehla, yingakho ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo kwehla.
Izindlovu zasolwandle zihlala zodwa, kepha minyaka yonke zihlangana ngamaqembu ukuze zihlangane. Ngenxa yokuthi isibalo sabesifazane sidlula kude isibalo sabantu besilisa, izimpi zegazi zokutholakala kwabesifazane zenzeka phakathi kokugcina. Isilinganiso sokuphila kwabantu besilisa ngenxa yezimpi eziningi siphansi uma siqhathaniswa nabesifazane, futhi sineminyaka eyi-14 kuphela. Abesifazane baphila iminyaka emi-4 ngaphezulu.
I-Fur seal ungowomndeni we-ered seal. Lesi isilo esihle kunokuba silingane. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu zoboya ezihlala endaweni eseningizimu ye-hemisphere.
Esifundeni sase-Antarctic kuhlala izimbambo zaseningizimu zoboya. Ngakho-ke uphawu lohlobo lweKerguelen fur lukhuphukela eningizimu ebandayo kakhulu futhi lazikhethela izindawo ezise emanzini amakhulu oLwandle Oluseningizimu. Lolu hlobo luhlala eziqhingini eziseceleni komngcele we-Antarctica. Kude kakhulu isiqhingi saseKerguelen, esisuka e-Antarctica ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-2000.
Ama-Fur seal afinyelela ubude obungu-1.9 m, insikazi afinyelela ku-1,3 m. Izilwane zinesisindo esingu-150 no-50 kg, ngokulandelana. Umbala wesikhumba onsundu. Owesilisa une-mane emnyama, enezinwele eziningi ezimpunga noma ezimhlophe.
Ehlobo, izimbotshana zoboya zisungula ama-rookeries ogwini olunamadwala, bese zichitha izinyanga zasebusika eSouthern Ocean, ziqhubekela enyakatho - eduzane nemfudumalo. Isitha esikhulu sesilwane i-whale ebulalayo. Ama-Fur seals ahlala iminyaka engama-20.
ICetacean Antarctica
Isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke Emhlabeni sihlala emanzini ase-Antarctic - luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ubude bawo bomzimba bufika kumamitha angama-30, futhi isisindo sawo singamathani angama-150. Lesi simame esikhulu sakha amanzi oLwandle Oluseningizimu njenge-liner yolwandle Ezinyangeni zasebusika, iqhubekela enyakatho futhi izithola esezindongeni zase-Australia. Entwasahlobo, lesi silwane siphuthuma eningizimu ukujabulela ngokugcwele ukupholile kwamanzi ase-Antarctic. Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka udla ikakhulukazi i-krill, ama-crustaceans amancane kakhulu, izinhlanzi ezincane nama-cephalopods.
Izimpilo olwandle lwaseningizimu kanye umkhomo we-humpback noma i-humpback. Lathola igama laso ngenxa yempepho yangaphakathi, efana ne-hump esesimweni, noma kusuka kumkhuba wokubopha umhlane lapho ubhukuda. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-blue whale, i-humpback ifushane amahlandla ama-2 futhi isisindo siphindwe kayisi-5. Kepha kusahlukaniswa yisimo saso sobudlova, esidinga abantu ukuthi baqaphele kakhulu uma bezithola sebesondele kulesi silwane.
Ihlala emanzini ase-Antarctic futhi killer whale, okuwukuphela komphangi wamanje we-cetacean. Kulesi silwane esinamandla nesinamandla, zombili izimbotshana nemikhomo ziyahlupheka.
Ubude bomzimba emadodeni bufika kumamitha ayi-10, kanti isisindo siyehluka phakathi kwama-8. Kwabesifazane, ubude bomzimba buyi-7 m, kanti isisindo akuvamile ukuba ngaphezulu kwama-5. Lesi silwane sinekhanda elifushane nesihlobo somzimba. Imihlathi inamandla futhi inamazinyo amakhulu aqinile. Emhlane nekhanda isikhumba simnyama. Ngaphakathi komzimba ophansi kukhona umucu omhlophe. Izindawo ezimhlophe nazo zitholakala eduze kwamehlo.
Ama-Orcas ahlala emaqenjini abantu abangu-15-20. Zidla izinhlanzi ezincelisayo kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo. Zingakwazi ukungena ngaphansi kobubanzi obuyi-300 m futhi zingaphansi kwamanzi isikhathi esingaba imizuzu engama-20. Ukuzala kabusha kwemikhomo yokubulala akufundwa kancane. Isikhathi sokuphila iminyaka engama-50.
Izinyoni ze-antarctica
Amapengu adume kakhulu futhi maningi kuzo zonke izinyoni zase-Antarctica. Abazi ukuthi bangandiza kanjani, kepha bayakwazi ukuhamba bangene emanzini. Lezi zinyoni ziphila futhi zizingela ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu. Bondla izinhlanzi, i-krill, squid.
Enye yezinhlobo penguin ethandwa kakhulu i-Emperor Penguin. Akuyona nje kuphela enkulu kunazo zonke, kodwa futhi iyasinda kunazo zonke izinhlobo zama-penguin. Ukuphakama kwakhe kungafinyelela ku-1,2 m, nesisindo - 45 kg.
Eziningi kakhulu kulezi zinyoni ama-penguin ama-Adelie. Uma kuqhathaniswa ama-Emperor penguins, amancane amancane, ukuphakama kwawo kungama-70 cm, futhi isisindo sawo sifinyelela ku-6 kg. Isikhathi esiningi abasichitha emanzini noma ezintabeni zeqhwa, beza emhlabeni bezokwenza izidleke.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-penguin akhanyeka kalula futhi avumele abantu ukuba basondele kubo. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezici zesakhiwo somzimba, ukondleka, indlela yokuphila, ukuzalaniswa nezitha zamaphengwini ngokufunda i-athikili ethi "Konke Okuphathelene NamaPenguins e-Antarctica" kuwebhusayithi yethu.
I-Albatrosses - izinyoni eziqinile nezinkulu. Angandiza aze afike ku-1000 km ngosuku. Ama-Albatross inyoni yase-Antarctic. Bahlala emanzini aseduze nezwekazi elinamakhanda, kanye nesidleke eziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba.
I-albatrosses enkulu kunazo zonke i-albatross ezulazulayo. Ubude balezi zinyoni bufinyelela ku-1,2 m, isisindo singama-10 kg, futhi sinamaphiko amakhulu kakhulu kunawo - afinyelela ku-3.2 m.
Kubantu abadala, iplamu imhlophe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle komphetho omnyama ngemuva kwamaphiko. Lezi zinyoni zihlukaniswa ngomlomo onamandla. Ama-Albatross paws anombala opinki ophuzi.
Ama-Albatross ayizinyoni ezihlala zodwa. Emakholoni, ahlala kuphela ngesikhathi sokudalwa. Sonke isikhathi sesikhathi sichithwa olwandle. Lezi zinyoni zidla izinhlanzi, ama-mollusks ahlukahlukene, nama-crustaceans. Ama-Albatrosses nawo adla udoti oshiywe yindawo yokuhlanza yezinhlanzi ezintantayo. Phezulu kwamanzi akubandi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-15. Lezi zinyoni zinamandla okundiza ngokumelene nomoya.
Skuas - Inyoni enkulu ehlala esifundeni esisogwini lwe-Antarctica kanye neziqhingi eziseduze nayo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-skuas. Ama-South Polar skuas ukuphela kwezinyoni ezindiza ziqonde e-Antarctica, zifinyelela eSouth Pole.
Ubude bomzimba wenyoni bufika kumamitha ayi-0.5. Izimpiko zenyakatho ne-skuas yaseningizimu zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,4. Uqhwaku lwenyoni luqinile, lunemiphetho ebukhali egoqwe ekugcineni. Umbala wempaphe ku-skuas umnyama, kepha kwesinye isikhathi umnyama ngombala onsundu.
Ama-Skuas adla izinhlanzi, i-Antarctic krill namanye ama-crustaceans, kanye ne-carrion, amaphuphu e-penguin, namaqanda egobela. Futhi uma kunesiteshi esiseduze sase-Antarctic, lezi zinyoni zikujwayela ukudla imfucuza yokudla kwabantu, noma zikuthatha nokudla ngqo ezandleni.
Izidleke ze-Skuas ngqo ezwekazini elinamanzi noma eziqhingini eziseduze. Izindawo zokugcina izinzwa zingamakholoni aqukethe izinyoni eziningana. Izimbangela zezinyoni ezivelayo zivame ukuhlala iminyaka eminingi futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Bobabili abazali bazibandakanye ekufukweni kwamaqanda ngokushintshana. Futhi, hlanganisa futhi ukondle amaphuphu.
Amapharele - Inyoni inyamazane edla u-carrion. Ezwenikazi elinomhlwenga ungahlangana nezinhlobo eziningana zezilwane ezifuywayo. Inyoni eseningizimu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni, enezindawo zayo ezidlekayo ezingaba sekujuleni kwe-Antarctica ebangeni elingafika kumakhilomitha angama-325 ukusuka ogwini, yigobongo leqhwa.
Ekugcineni, le nyoni ifinyelela kumamitha angama-0.4. Isisindo somzimba wepulishi leqhwa alikho ngaphezu kwama-0.5 kg. Izimpiko zenyoni zingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-0.9. Umbala umhlophe ngokuphelele, lapho amehlo amnyama noqhwaku kuqhakazile.
Igobolondo leqhwa lidla ezinhlanzini ezincane, ezinhlanzini nase crustaceans. Ibuye idle izidumbu zamaphawu kanye namaphinifa. Le nyoni idla imini nobusuku ikakhulukazi emanzini asolwandle asolwandle, imvamisa phakathi kwamaqhwa apakisha, akuvamile ukuthi ondle ogwini.
Izingulube zeqhwa zidla zombili emakoloni nasemakhayeni ahlukene. Iziza zobunikazi bezisetshenziswa yizinyoni iminyaka eminingana. Izindlovu zihlelwe emithambekeni yamatshe ezintabeni, emaweni, emadwaleni. Yizinto ezincane ezifakwa phansi emhlabathini futhi zivikelwe kahle emoyeni. Omunye uzakwethu ubamba iqanda elilodwa ngasikhathi. Izitha zemvelo zesigaxa seqhwa zingama-skuas, aqhuma izidleke zawo futhi ahlasele namachwane.
I-Antarctica izwe lokubanda laphakade, iqhwa, iqhwa nomoya onamandla. Izilwane ezihlala endaweni yalo ziyamangaza futhi azijwayelekile ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezinzima. Izilwane zase-Antarctica zinamandla kakhulu, kepha yize kunjalo, ukuhlala kule ngxenye yomhlaba kusho ukuthi kulwa nokusinda. Izisulu ezihlala lapha zibambene ezimpini ezinamandla nezitha zazo, kepha ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo zinomusa futhi ziyakhathalelana. I-Antarctica isebenza njengendawo yokuhlala yezilwane eziningi, naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima bezimo zokuphila.
Kugcine ukubuyekezwa: 08.12.2019