Izindwangu ezithandwayo zembali ziyizinhlobo ezifana nezimbali. Umbala wazo uyisibonelo sokulingisa okunobudlova, uhlobo lokufihla lapho imibala namaphethini wesilwane esidla ezinye zenga khona. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimbali ezithandaza mantis zingezomndeni wakwaHymenopodidae. Ukuziphatha kwabo kuyahlukahluka, kepha, njengomthetho, bakhuphukela esitshalweni baze bafinyelele imbali efanelekile, bese bahlala bengashukumi kuze kufike lapho inyamazane (isinambuzane) isitholakala. Abaningi babo basebenzisa indawo esongelayo kanye nemibala yokuxwayisa ukuze isabise noma iphazamise abangahle babe nayo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezimbali mantis zithandwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
I-Orchid Mantis (iHymenopus coronatus)
Ukuziphatha
I-orchid mantis (iHymenopus coronatus) evela emahlathini emvula aseNingizimu mpumalanga ye-Asia ilingisa imbali ebomvu ye-orchid. Uhlala engashukumi ku-peduncle kuze kubonakale inyamazane, lokhu kuzifihla ngasikhathi sinye kumvikela kwizitha. Encwadini yakhe yango-1940, i-Adaptive Coloring in Animals, uHugh Cott ucaphuna umbiko kaNelson Annandale, othi lo mantis udla izimbali zerhododendron Melastoma polyanthum. UCott ubiza umbala we-nymph ngokuthi “umbala okhethekile okhethekile” (ukulingisa okunobudlova), lapho isilwane uqobo “siyinqwaba”. Lesi sinambuzane sidwetshwe ngombala opinki nomhlophe, sinemilenze emfekethisiwe, "ngokubukeka okune-semi-milky, okubukeka kufana, okunquma ukufana nezinsimbi zentyatyambo kusetshenziswa ukuhlelwa okukhethekile kwamabhola e-liquid noma amaseli angenalutho." I-mantis ikhasa ihle iye phansi emagatsheni esitshalo ize ithole enezimbali. Ubabambelela ngentambo yemilenze emibili yangasemuva. Ngemuva kwalokho ibheka ngapha nangapha, futhi ngokushesha izimpukane ezincane ezahlukahlukene zihlala phezu kwayo futhi zizungeze, zikhangwa indawo encane emnyama ekugcineni kwesisu, efana nempukane. Lapho impukane enkulu isondela eduzane, i-mantis ibamba ngokushesha bese iyayidla. Iqiniso lokuthi ukufaka imibala yama-orchid ama-mantis kungukulingisa okusebenzayo kwezimbali zasezindaweni ezishisayo kwatholakala muva nje (ngonyaka ka-2015), kwaboniswa ukuthi baheha aba pollinators (kungathi izimbali), bese bebabamba.
ICreobroter gemmatus isithombe somnyuziyamu esinamaphiko anemibala egqamile esivele sengozi ngokungazelele sengozini yokwesabisa umhlaseli.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Iningi labamele iqembu lijwayelekile emazweni anezimo sezulu ezifudumele; Ububanzi bezinhlobo eziningi bunqunyelwe ku-45 ° -46 ° latitude kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres, izidalwa ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwazi ukuhlala ngaphezu kwe-50 ° inyakatho ye-latitude, ikakhulukazi, i-mantis evamile ne-sandusa empusa. E-hemisphere eseningizimu, eningizimu kunazo zonke yiNew Zealand mantis I-Orthodera novaezealandiae. Izinhlobo ezicebile zohlobo lwe-mantis fauna yizindawo ezishisayo zase-Asia, e-Afrika, eSouth America, e-Australia.
Izidalwa ze-mantis zase-Europe zimpofu kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, cishe ziyizinhlobo ezingama-40 ezaziwayo, ezemindeni emine kanye nohlobo lwe-16.
I-morphology ye-imago
Izinyamazane eziphakathi nendawo ezinkulu noma ezinkulu ngomzimba omude, ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-10-12 kuye ku-130-170 mm. I-mantis encane kunazo zonke eyaziwayo Mantoida tenuis kusuka emahlathini emvula aseMelika, aze afike ku-1 cm ubude, amakhulu kunawo - Ischnomantis gigas kusuka kumasoso aseNtshonalanga Afrika, insikazi yawo ifinyelela ku-17 cm ubude. I-mantis enkulu enesisindo esingu-5 g ingeyohlobo IMacromantis (I-America) ne I-Plistospilota (I-Afrika).
Ikhanda livame ukungxantathu, ngamehlo amakhulu ayindilinga noma anamehlo, ahamba kakhulu. Amehlo asetshenzisiwe kwizithako kungenzeka abe nokuphuma okungahambisani nomsebenzi obonakalayo, ngoba awunayo i-aomatidiosis, kepha enza njengengxenye yokugoqwa komzimba jikelele. Ikhanda alimboziwe yi-adotum, lihamba ngokukhululeka kuzo zonke izinkalo “entanyeni” eyinqayizivele, futhi engeza ukubukeka kwesithomo "somkhuleko". Ngaphezu kwamehlo anzima emqheleni, kuvame ukuba nama-3 alula. Phezu kwekhanda kuvame ukuphuma izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphuma ngaphandle. Ama-Antennas ngaphandle kokunye acishe ahlunge. Gnawing umlomo imishini nge mandibles enamandla jagged. Ama-palp ase-mandibular ahlukaniswe iziqephu ezi-5, ama-palps palial enezingxenye ezi-3. Izitho zomlomo ziqondiswa phansi.
I-pronotum imvamisa ayimbozi ikhanda, kepha inwebeki engxenyeni yesithathu ephezulu. I-concotum imvamisa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi inwetshwa nangaphandle, okunganikeza lesi sinambuzane ukwakheka kweqabunga noma ihlumela. I-keititinalinal keel ihlala ikhona kwi-expression. Isisu yinde futhi iyisicaba, iqukethe ama-tergites ayi-10 kubo bobabili ubulili. Isisu esakhiweni sangaphakathi saso sifana kakhulu nesisu samakhaza. Ama-sternites emadodeni yi-9, kwabesifazane - 7. Ingxenye yokuqala yakha inguquko eya kwi-thorax yangemuva, eyokugcina ithwala i-telson engahlukanisiwe. Ekupheleni kwesisu kukhona i-cerci eveziwe, kanti abesilisa nabo bane-stylus (i-jozi lezithasiselo ezincane eziveziwe).
Imilenze iqukethe ubheshi, i-skewer, ithanga, umlenze ophansi kanye nonyawo. Ama-paws ngobuningi bezinhlobo aqukethe izigaba ezi-5, kwesinye isikhathi inani lawo ancishiselwa ku-3-4 (kuhlobo lwe-mantis IHeteronutarsus) Amabili amabhulukwe emilenze imvamisa ukuhamba ibanga elide, okuvumela lesi sinambuzane ukuba sibambe umzimba uphezulu ngokwanele ngaphezulu kobuso uma kunesidingo. Isici esijwayelekile sazo zonke i-mantis zangaphambili zikhethekile zenzelwe ukubamba nokubamba inyamazane. Ama-forelegs ayaqonda. Ekuphumuleni, zisesimweni esigoqiwe, kuyilapho i-shin ifakwa egreyini ethangeni, njengepenknife. Ithanga nomlenze ophansi kunemigqa yezibambo ezibukhali namazinyo. Lezi zibungu ezinamazinyo zivumela i-mantis ukuba ibambe inyamazane yayo ngokuqinile. Indawo nenani lameva emaphethelweni angaphambili kuyisici esibalulekile se-taxonomic yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-mantis futhi siyasetshenziswa ekuzimiseleni kwabo. Hlukanisa umugqa wangaphakathi wameva (i-anteroventral), otholakala eduze nomzimba we-mantis, umugqa wangaphandle (posteroventral), futhi okude kakhulu, yomibili imigqa isemilenzeni nasezinkalweni, nasemithanjeni ye-discoid, etholakala kuphela ngaphansi kwephansi. Kwezinye izinhlobo, imilenze yangaphambili nayo isetshenziselwa ukunyakaza.
Amaphiko ama-2 ngazimbili. Izimpiko zangaphambili ze-mantis zigqinsiwe, zinwebekile, zisebenza njenge-elytra, zivikela eziyizingemuva. Izimpiko zangemuva zivame ukuba mncane futhi zibanzi, zivame ukubonakala, kwesinye isikhathi zinephethini elikhanyayo. Ezinye izindwangu zindiza zindiza kahle (ikakhulukazi abesilisa abakhaliphile), kwezinye izinhlobo amaphiko afushane noma ancishiswe ngokuphelele kuhlangene ne-elytra.
Izindwangu ezithandazayo zivame ukuba nombala ovikelayo noma ozivikelayo, ozisiza ukuthi zihlangane nohlaza oluzungezile. Ama-cuticle akhula ngendlela yama-lobes, izimpondo, izikhala ezifana namaqabunga, amagatsha noma izikhala zezitshalo nazo zinomthelela kulokhu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinambuzane zabantu abadala zingaba namabala akhanyayo emilenzeni, esifubeni nasemaphikweni, ezizikhombisa kumaphikisi noma kwezinye izithambiso ezithandazayo, zibasuse. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-mantis zilingisa ikakhulu esigabeni sezibungu ngaphansi kwezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu ze-hymenopteran, imvamisa, izintuthwane, iminyovu omvame kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezimbili zemessis zohlobo lwaseNingizimu Melika I-Vespamantoida ((ubude bomzimba cishe ngamamitha ayi-12) alingisa ngaphansi komeva esiteji se-imago ..
I-Anatomy kanye ne-physiology yabantu abadala
Amagama okuthandaza abonakala ngezindlala ezinkulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi zamathe. Kukhona nezindlala ezincane ze-mandibular ezikhipha i-enzyme ye-amylase, inani elincane le-lipase ne-proteinase, kepha hhayi i-inlocase, ngokungafani nezindlala ze-salivary. Isisu semisipha sincane, sinamazinyo. Amathumbu aphakathi anezinqubo eziyi-8 ezingaboni. Isistimu ye-tracheal iqala ngamabhuzu ama-dykhalets ayi-8 ohlangothini lwesisu esiswini. Izindwangu zokuthandaza zenza ukunyakaza kwengcindezi, ukunqunyelwa kanye nokuphumula kwemisipha yesisu ukuze kusheshiswe ukushintshanisa ngegesi elifinyelela ku-trachea. Esikhathini se-nerve yesisu sezinzwa kukhona ama-7 ganglia (ama-nerve node).
Umbono ubalulekile kuma-mantis. Iso elilodwa le-mantis eliyinkimbinkimbi liqukethe ngokwesilinganiso ama-9000 omatidia, ngalinye linamaseli ayi-8 e-photoreceptor. Amehlo e-mantis amboza insimu yokubuka okungaba ngu-270 ° endizeni ebheke phezulu kanye nama-240 ° ovundlile. Futhi banenkambu enkulu yokubukwa kwe-binocular phambi kwabo. Engxenyeni ephakathi yale nsimu ye-binocular indawo encane ibizwa ngokuthi "indawo yokwebiwa kwezilwane". Lapho into encane ihamba ngokushesha ngokuqondile kule ndawo noma ngaphansi kancane kunayo (ingabi ngaphezu kwama-24 ° ukusuka kuyo), isikhungo esibonakalayo sobuchopho sidlulisela izibonakaliso kuma-motor neurons emisipha, enikeza inkontileka, kanye ne-mantis ekhombisa ukuphonsa inyamazane.
Imvamisa ezingxenyeni ze-thoracic kukhona izikhala zezitho zokuzwa.
I-Biology kanye ne-Ecology
Imidwebo yokuthandaza ihola indlela yokuphila yokuphanga futhi inyamazane ikakhulukazi kusuka ekuqamekelweni. Imvamisa udla ezinye izinambuzane, ama-arachnids nama-arthropods. Izinhlobo ezinkulu nazo zidla izinyamazane ezincane, izinyoka, amasele, izinyoni, ngisho namagundane. Ezincwadini zesayensi, kuchazwa cishe izehlakalo ezingama-150 zokudla kwama-mantis (izinhlobo eziyi-12) zezinyoni zezinhlobo ezingama-24. Iningi lawa kwakunguMantis angeniswa eNyakatho Melika I-Tenodera sinensis nokubuka kwendawo I-Stagmomantis limbata, futhi izisulu zabo zaziyizinhlobo ezihlukile zohlobo lwe-hummingbird. Futhi kunencazelo yokuzingela kwe-mantis okuphumelelayo. IHierodula tenuidentata on izinhlanzi guppy.
Imidwebo yokuthandazela ingamakhosi okufihla futhi isebenzisa imibala yokuzivikela ukuze ivumelane ngamahlamvu, ukugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zibambe izisulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivela e-Afrika nase-Australia ziyakwazi ukushintsha umbala wazo ube mnyama ngemuva kwemililo ukuze zivumelane nesimo sendawo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuguqulwa, bazivumelanisa hhayi nokuxuba amahlamvu, kodwa futhi nokulingisa, benza sengathi bangamaqabunga, isiqu sotshani, noma ngisho nembewu. Imidwebo yokuthandaza yomndeni iMetallyttidae ivelele kubo bonke abanye ngombala wabo ogqamile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka one-sheen metallic.
Lapho uhlasela isitha noma uhlangana nomuntu oyimbangi yakhe, izigqoko zokukhuleka kuqala zithathe indawo emangazayo: amaphiko anwebeka njengonqenqemeni, imilenze yangaphambili yokubamba iqondiswa phambili, ukuphela kwesisu kuyadonswa phezulu. Uma lokhu kungasebenzi, izinambuzane zigijimela empini. Uma isitha sinamandla kakhulu, bakhetha ukundiza. Kepha uma inzuzo isisohlangothini lwabo, khona-ke bayaphuma empini ngabawinile.
Ukuzala
Imidwebo yokuthandazela ingeyezinambuzane ngokuguqulwa okungaphelele futhi ibonakala ngokudlula kwezigaba ezintathu kuphela - amaqanda, izibungu nabantu abadala. Izibungu ziyafana ngokubonakala kubantu abadala futhi, njengasekupheleni, zinamehlo ayinkimbinkimbi, afana nalawo kubantu abadala, izitho zomlomo futhi, esemdala, izimbambo zangaphandle ezichazwe kahle zamaphiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu zihola indlela efanayo yabantu abadala.
Ngemuva kokuzalela, insikazi ibekela amaqanda (kusuka kwezingcezu eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-400) kuketshezi olukhethekile olugwebu, olugcinwa yizinduna ezisizayo zohlelo lokuzala. Lesi sigaxa esinamachaphaza siqukethe uhlobo lwamaprotheni kasilika we-fibroin, lapho i-alpha helices, i-calcium oxalate predominate futhi ikhulise khona umoya, yakha ikhebula elivikelayo elizungeze amaqanda - i-ooteca. Ama-Ootek ajwayelwa ukunamathela endaweni engaphansi komhlaba endaweni ecashile: emifino, ngaphansi kwamatshe, emifantweni yegxolo lezihlahla, emagatsheni. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo ezithile ze-mantis (Photininae) zivikela ama-ootek nezibungu ezincane. Ezifundeni ezinobusika obubandayo impela, ama-ootek ayisigaba sobusika.
Ngokuya ngosayizi we-mantis, ama-larvae molt asuka ku-5-6 kuya ku-8-10 ukufinyelela ebudaleni. Izibungu zezigaba zokuqala zidla izinambuzane ezincane ngosayizi, yize izibungu zeminyaka yokuqala yezinhlobo ezincane ze-mantis zidla ku-aphid ethile. Ngobukhulu obandayo, izibungu ziyakwazi ukubamba inyamazane enkulu ngokwengeziwe.
I-cannibalism yezocansi
Imidwebo yokuthandaza yaziwa ngokuba ngundabamlonyeni. Owesifazane uvame ukudla owesilisa ngemuva, noma ngisho naphakathi kokuzala, njengoba kuchazwe ezincwadini ezithandwayo nezingamanga.
Insikazi iqala ukudla owesilisa kusukela ekhanda (njengoba, noma kunjalo, noma iliphi inyamazane), futhi uma ukuqala kokuzala sekuqalile, ukunyakaza kowesilisa kungaba namandla ngokwengeziwe, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise inani lesidoda elethiwe. Abaphenyi bakudala bacabanga ukuthi izintokazi zenze lokhu ngenhloso, ngoba ukunyakaza kokuzala kulawulwa yizinzwa ezisesiswini, hhayi ekhanda. Ukuchazwa kwesimanje ukuthi kunesidingo esikhulu samaprotheni ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kweqanda ukuthi owesimame kufanele asithole ngale ndlela.
Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-mantis, imvamisa ye-cannibalism ihluka kakhulu: kusuka cishe ku-46% wamacala e-mantis yase-Australia Pseudomantis albofimbriata ngokungabikho ngokuphelele kokugcwala kwabantu phakathi kwama-mantis ICiulfina. Male mantis, ikakhulukazi mantis Chinese (I-Tenodera sinensis), yenza imizamo yokugwema ukudla ngowesifazane. Abesilisa bavame ukusondela kowesifazane ngokucophelela, behamba kancane, bagcine ibanga labo futhi banakekela kakhulu uma insikazi ilambile noma owesilisa engena endaweni eyingozi yokuhlaselwa ngowesifazane. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinsikazi futhi azinikezi izibonakaliso zamanga zokuheha abesilisa, kuphela ukuzilungiselela kokuzalela, okunciphisa izinga lokuya ocansini. .
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-mantis inokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwaseChinese. Inakekela insikazi, owesilisa wenza umdanso oyingqayizivele, ezama ukushintsha uhlobo lwenzalo yowesifazane kuye kusuka kuntshisekelo njengezisulu ukuya kuntshisekelo njengozakwabo. Kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kwenzeka kwezinye iziqubulo zeqiniso zokuthandaza.
Izitha zemvelo nezifo
Izitha zemvelo zingama-microorganisms we-pathogenic ahlukahlukene, ama-invertebrates angama-parasitic kanye nama-invertebrates. Imidwebo yokuthandaza futhi ingukudla kwezilwane eziningi (ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo). Kulezi zinambuzane, kufanele kuphawulwe izikelemu zokuhlanza ezivela eqenjini lezinwele, ezithinta izimbungulu nabadala be-mantis.
Kukhona iqembu lezinto eziphilayo ezikhula ngenxa yamaqanda nezibungu ze-mantis, kepha akuzona izibungu zangempela, ngoba ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo obalulekile izitho ezihlangene ziyafa nganoma yisiphi isimo. Igama elenzelwe kwisayensi labamele iqembu elinendlela echaziwe yobudlelwano bezinto eziphilayo yi-parasitoids. Kunezinhlobo zabagibeli beqembu le-chalcidid abavela kuma-oda e-Hymenoptera abeka amaqanda abo engubeni yengubo ye-mantis, lapho izibungu zidla amaqanda ama-mantis. Amanye ama-sphecid wasp, ngokwesibonelo Tachysphex isembathogqugquzela izibungu zemantis bese uzondla ngezibungu zazo.
I-Phylogeny kanye ne-taxonomy
Kanye ne-Orthoptera (Orthoptera), izindlebe zezindlebe (Dermaptera), Freckles (Plecoptera), okubi (Embioptera), Ghostbirds (Phasmida), amaphela I-Polyneoptera.
Inani elincane kakhulu lemidwebo yokumbiwa kwezinto eziphilayo okwatholakala ukuthi lalingezikhathi zeCretaceous, Neogene nezikhathi ze-Quaternary. Ezincane Ezincane Ambermantis wozniaki, Burmantis burmitica kanti abanye babefana kakhulu nabamele imindeni yanamuhla iMantoididae ne-Amorphoscelidae, kuyilapho ngasikhathi sinye ngezindlela eziningi isafana namachaphaza. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha etholakalayo, kungabhekwa ukuthi i-mantis yokuthandaza yenzeka njengeqembu elihlukile kwi-Cretaceous, yize ukuthuthukiswa kwabo okuyinhloko (njengamashubhu) kwenzeka kakade kwiQuaternary. I-Mantis yiqembu lesikhumbuzo, eliqhamuka kukhokho ojwayelekile namanye amaqhude. Izinambuzane ezifana nezimbumbulu zesimanje ziyaziwa kusukela kwaCretaceous wasekuqaleni. Kodwa-ke, abanye ababhali babheka izinambuzane Mesoptilus dolloi protobogomol, bese umsuka wokukhishwa ungokwesikhathi sokuqala seCarboniferous. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okutholakele kuyizingcezu futhi akunakwabelwa ngokuthembekile emithandazweni yokuthandaza. Abamele imindeni emithathu emincane babhekwa njengento elula futhi esondele kakhulu emaqenjini amadlozi phakathi kwezingubo zanamuhla zokuthandaza: iMantoididae, Chaeteessidae, Metallyticidae. Eminye yale mindeni emithathu ifaka uhlobo olu-1 kuphela;Imibhalo yamandulo yasendulo ye-mantis, okuthiwa iMantoididae noChaeteessidae, baziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kukaPaleogene (60-55 Ma edlule). Ngokungafani nezindlela zokufundisa zesimanje, abamele la maqembu bebengenazo izitho zokuzwa, abacwaningi bachaza ukubukeka kwamalulwane emlandweni wezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene.
Zonke ezinye izithandazi ezithandazayo zihlelwe zaba yimindeni eyi-9-15, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlelo eziphakanyiswe uShopar ngo-1949, iBeer 1964 ne-Ehrmann neRua 2002. Phakathi kwazo, enkulu kunazo zonke umndeni wakwaMantidae, okuthi ngonyaka ka-2018 ube nemindeni engaphansi kwe-17, izinhlobo eziyi-149, izinhlobo ezingama-1016, kepha izinqubo zomndeni ziphinde zabuyekezwa, eminye imindeni yababhali abaningana yathathwa njengemindeni ehlukile. Umndeni uhlanganisa cishe isigamu sezinhlobo zanamuhla ze-mantis, ezihluke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili umndeni uqobo kanye namaqembu awo amancane kubhekwa njenge-polyphyletic futhi kudinga izifundo ezengeziwe ze-taxonomic. Imindeni i-Amorphoscelidae, i-Eremiaphilidae, i-Acanthopidae, i-Empusidae kanye ne-Sibyllidae ihlangene kakhulu; eminye idinga ukubuyekezwa kabusha kwe-taxonomic.
Imindeni yendabuko
Umndeni wakwa-Amorphoscelidae uqukethe izinhlobo ezingama-15 futhi uhlukaniswe ngemindeni emithathu esezansi: I-Perlamantinae (2 genera, Southern Europe kanye naseNyakatho ne-Afrika), Amorphoscelinae (genera 5, Sub-Saharan Africa kanye neNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia) neParaoxypilinae (8 genera, Australia neNew Guinea, 1 uhlobo I-Exparoxypilus africanus kusuka eTanzania). Umndeni we-Eremiaphilidae ufaka i-mantis encane enamaphiko ancishisiwe, izakhamizi zasehlane olunesihlabathi namatshe. Umndeni ufaka uhlobo 2: Eremiaphila (cishe izinhlobo ezingama-70) kanye IHeteronutarsus (Izinhlobo ezi-4). Umndeni we-Acanthopidae uqukethe i-13 genera futhi uhlukaniswe ngemindeni emithathu engezansi: Acanthopinae (6 genera), Acontistinae (6 genera), Stenophyllinae (1 genus). Umndeni wase-Empusa noSibyllidae uqukethe uhlobo lwangaphandle olufana, kepha luhlukile ngokobuhlanga. Umndeni we-empusa uqukethe i-genera eyi-10, ehlanganiswe emikhayeni engaphansi kwe-2: Blepharodinae (3 genera) and Empusinae (7 genera). Izimpikiswano zidlangile eMhlabeni Omdala: i-Europe, i-Afrika, ne-Western Asia. Abamele iqembu banokuphuma okuyisimo ekhanda, imilenze yokuhamba nesisu ngama-lobes, i-prothorax ephakeme, izintuthwane zabesilisa ziyagwazwa noma i-cirrus. Lezi zingubo zivame ukuholela ebusika, ziphile otshanini obude noma emahlahleni. USibyllidae umndeni omncane oqukethe izinhlobo ezi-3: ILeptosibylla, Presibylla, USibylla. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, eningizimu yeSahara. Ikhanda nge "angle" ephakeme, imilenze ephakathi neyangemuva enama-lobes. Zihlala ikakhulu ebangeni lezihlahla ehlathini elishisayo.
Kubukeka kanjani: ukwakheka nezimpawu ze-mantis
Njengomthetho, i-mantis inomzimba omude, okuwuphawu lwalezinambuzane. Izindatshana zokuthandaza zingenye yezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezingenza inguquko ephelele yekhanda elizungeze i-axis yayo.. Kungakho bakwazi ukubona kalula izitha ngemuva. Indlebe yesinambuzane sinye kuphela, kepha ukuzwa kwayo kuhamba kahle kakhulu.
Amehlo e-mantis
Ama-mantis anamehlo e-facet akhiwe ezinhlangothini ezimbili zekhanda. Kukhona futhi amehlo ayisisekelo amathathu ngaphezulu kwendawo lapho okhula akhula khona. Amadevu we-mantis, nawo, wesakhiwo se-comb, nawo angaba yi-cirrus kanye ne-film. Ukubonakala kwezihlakala kuhluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwesinambuzane.
Iningi lezinhlobo ze-mantis lifakwe ngamaphiko, kepha ngabesilisa kuphela abangazisebenzisela injongo yabo ebekiwe. Izinsikazi azikwazi ukundiza ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu nesisindo. Inambuzane ngayinye inamabili amaphiko - ngaphambili nangemuva. Imvamisa kukhanya ngombala, kwesinye isikhathi kube nemiklamo emihle emiklamo. Kodwa-ke, kunohlobo olunye lwe-mantis olungenamaphiko nhlobo - i-mantis yobumba.
I-mantis ngayinye yokuthandaza yakhelwe kahle, iye yathuthukisa ukubonwa kwangaphambili okungabamba ngayo inyamazane yayo. Isakhiwo sezandulelo yilezi: izindandatho ze-acetabular, okhalweni, imilenze ephansi enezingwegwe emikhawulweni, emilenzeni. Izikhala ezibukhali zitholakala emathangeni angaphansi; i-spikes ezincane nazo zisezinyaweni eziphansi.
Ukuthandaza mantis kubanjwa phakathi kwemilenze namathanga. Bambamba baze badliwe ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yamathuluzi okuphefumula angajwayelekile, ama-mantises anendlela elula yokujikeleza kwegazi. I-oksijini ingena emzimbeni wesinambuzane ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge oluyinkimbinkimbi lwama-tracheas amaningi, ahlanganiswe yi-stigmas.
Ubukhulu
Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kobulili uwubukhulu nje. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke lwe-mantis Ischnomantis gigas luhlala endaweni yase-Afrika, lungakhula lube yi-17 cm ubude, lube ngumpetha phakathi kwawo wonke ama-mantis ngosayizi.
IHeterochaeta orientalis ingabhekwa njengohlobo lwe-mantis yokuthandaza, ebeka okwesibili ubude. Amarekhodi osayizi balaba bameleli be-mantis bancane kakhulu - afinyelela ku-16 cm. Abamele abancane bezilwane abakhulisi ngaphezu kuka-1.5 cm ubude.
Indawo - Ihlala phi mantis?
Izindatshana zokuthandaza zivame emhlabeni wonke. Bakhona eYurophu, e-Asia, e-Afrika naseMelika. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-mantis ziphawulwa emazweni ase-Asia. Izinhlobo ezimbalwa zingatholakala emazweni e-CIS. Izinambuzane zangeniswa nase-Australia naseNyakatho Melika, lapho zakwazi khona ukuzikalela.
AmaMantis ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni eziphansi:
- Esihlahleni semvula esimanzi.
- Ogwadule olushisayo, lapho ilanga elingenamvubelo lihlala libhaka khona.
- Ezindalini nasezitebhisini, embozwe ngokuphelele ngotshani obukhulu.
Ngokwemvelo, ama-mantises yi-thermophilic. Kunzima kubo ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi. Manje eRussia umuntu angahlangana nokuhlasela kwangempela kwezinsizwa ezithandazayo ezifuduka zivela kwamanye amazwe. Bafuna ukudla nezindawo ezintsha.
Ukufuduka okunjalo kuyaqabukela. Izindwangu zokuthandaza zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezakhiwe. Bayohlala esihlahleni esifanayo kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo ngaphansi kwesimo sokuthi kunokudla. Ukunyakazisa izinambuzane kubhekwa ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuguga, ngokuncipha kwezindawo futhi kusengozini.
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Zisho zonke izembatho zokuthandaza ezikhethekile zithanda ukwenza imisebenzi yazo phakathi nosuku. Abazibalekeli izitha zabo zemvelo. Imvelo yanikeza i-mantis ngomshini wokuzivikela - ngesikhathi sengozi baphenduka babhekana nesitha, basabalalisa amaphiko abo futhi bakhale kakhulu. Imisindo eyenziwe yizinambuzane inomsindo omkhulu futhi imbi. Basabisa ngisho abantu.
ukuvikela mantis
Kungani insikazi ethandazayo idla umyeni wayo?
Ngenkathi yokuzalela, insikazi ingadla umlingani wayo, imdide nomuntu engahle abe yisisulu sayo. Abesifazane nabo badla abesilisa ngesizathu sokuthi kudingeka amaprotheni amaningi okuzala. Ngasikhathi sinye, hhayi kuphela ababambisene abahlaseliwe, kodwa nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo.
Ngaphambi kokuzwana, owesilisa udansa phambi komlingani, akhiphe into enephunga. Iphunga libonisa ukuthi lesi sinambuzane singolohlobo olufanayo. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ingahle idle owesilisa, kepha lokhu kuyaqabukela. Okokuqala, indoda emnene ilahlekelwa ikhanda, kuthi ngemuva kokuba owesimame emdle ngokuphelele.
Izinyamazane nazo zizingela kamnandi. Ziyakwazi ukuqondakala impela, zingabamba futhi zibulale isisulu ngento ethile ngemizuzwana. Isici esiyingqayizivele sezinambuzane ukuthi zikulawula ngokuphelele konke ukunyakaza kwazo lapho zindiza.
Ngabe kudliwa ini i-mantis?
Imidwebo yokuthandaza iyizisulu futhi inekhono ekuzingeleni okuhle. Zidla ezinambuzaneni ezincane, kepha zingahlasela izidalwa ezikhudlwana kuzo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke zihlasela izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, ezihuquzelayo nezirholayo. Bazingela inyamazane ngasese, bacashe ngamahlamvu futhi bahlasele ngejubane lombani.
Umbala nokuhlikihla
Imidwebo yokuthandaza inekhono elihle kakhulu lokufihla. Umbala wazo nokubukeka kwazo kuncike endaweni yobukhona. Amanye ama-mantis angaba luhlaza, amanye abe nsundu, noma aqwetshwe. Umbala wesinambuzane uncike kwimvelo yawo. I-mantis eluhlaza ayibonakali otshanini, onsundu emhlabathini. Izigqoko ezixubile zibukeka kanjena ukuheha izintokazi.
Ezinye izinambuzane zingaba nesimo esehlukile, zizifihla njengamaqabunga. Ngakho-ke ziba zingabonakali ezitheni. Uma umuntu ehlasela inambuzane, khona-ke iqala ukuvula amaphiko ayo, izame ukubukeka inkulu.
Izitha
Ngokuqinisekile ama-mantis angabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, baze baba izisulu zezilwane ezidla ezinye. Isitha esikhulu sabantu lolunye uhlobo lwe-mantis. Abantu abakhulu bangabulala wonke ama-mantis endaweni ethile ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Izindwangu ezithandazayo ziyizinambuzane ezinesibindi, ngakho-ke zigijimela kubameli bemindeni yazo ngisho nasezimweni lapho zidlula ngobukhulu bazo.
I-mantis ejwayelekile
Imidwebo evamile yokuthandaza ehlala ezifundazweni eziningi zomhlaba. Mikhulu impela, ifinyelela ku-7 cm ubude. Okuluhlaza okotshani noma onsundu, kungandiza. Umzimba wesinambuzane ubhidlikile. Isici esivelele salolu hlobo lwenhlobo yindawo encane emnyama ku-coxae yamabunji.
Imvelaphi yegama elithi Mantis
Isazi semvelo esikhulu saseSweden uKarl Linyi wanikeza igama lesifundiswa lesi sibalo sangaphambilini ngo-1758, egcizelela ukuthi i-mantis ye-mantis, ekuqamekeleni nokuqapha inyamazane, ifana kakhulu nesikhundla somuntu osonge izandla ethandaze kuNkulunkulu. Ngenxa yokufana okufana nokuhlaba umxhwele, usosayensi wanikeza lesi sidalwa igama lesiLatini "Mantisenkoloiosa", elihumusha ngokweqiniso ngokuthi "umpristi wezenkolo", igama elithi "mant manting" empeleni lafika olimini lwethu.
Yize engabizwanga kanjalo yonke indawo, iqhawe lethu futhi linamanye amagama, hhayi anomusa, ngokwesibonelo, eSpain ubizwa ngokuthi uCaballito del Diablo - ihhashi likaDeveli noma umane - muerte - ukufa. Amagama anjalo akhanyayo ngokusobala ahlotshaniswa nemikhuba engatheni yokukhohlisa ye-mantis.
Ngabe ibukeka kanjani i-mantis: isakhiwo nezimpawu
Isakhiwo se-mantis sibonakaliswa ngumzimba ophakeme, esihlukanisa kwezinye izinambuzane ze-arthropod.
I-mantis mhlawumbe iyisidalwa esiphilayo kuphela esingaguqula kalula ikhanda layo elakhiwe njengonxantathu ama-degree angama-360. Ngenxa yekhono eliwusizo, ubona isitha sisondela ngemuva. Futhi unendlebe eyodwa kuphela, kepha, ngaphandle kwalokhu, unendlebe enkulu nje.
Amehlo e-mantis awesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwe, esisezinhlangothini zekhanda, kodwa ngaphezu kwawo, iqhawe lethu linamehlo amathathu alula ngaphezulu kwesisekelo se-antennae.
Izimpophoma ze-mantis yi-comb, feathery, noma i-filiform, kuye ngezinhlobo zesinambuzane.
Izindwangu ezithandazayo, cishe zonke izinhlobo zazo, zinamaphiko akhule kahle, kodwa ikakhulukazi abesilisa kuphela abakwazi ukundiza, izinsikazi, ngenxa yesisindo nobukhulu bazo obukhulu, kunzima ukundiza kunabesilisa. Izimpiko zembois zinezimbili ezimbili: umphambili nangemuva, ezingaphambili zisebenza njenge-elytra yasekuqaleni evikela izimpiko zangemuva. Futhi, amaphiko okuthandaza ngokuvamile anemibala egqamile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi aze ahlangane namaphethini angajwayelekile. Kepha phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi ze-mantis kukhona i-mantis enjalo yobumba (igama lesiLatini elithi Geomantis larvoides), elingenamaphiko nakancane.
Izindwangu ezithandazayo zithuthukise kahle izingaphambili, ezinesakhiwo esinzima - ngasinye sazo sinemininingwane eminingi: amaswidi, amathanga, imilenze ephansi nama-paws. Kunezikhala ezinkulu ezibukhali ezitholakala emigqeni emithathu ngaphansi kwethanga. Kukhona futhi okuhanjiswa ngomkhumbi (noma kuncane) kwi-mantis shank, ehlotshiswe ngegwegwe elibukhali elinenaliti ekugcineni. Isakhiwo esibonakalayo sama-mantis paws, bheka isithombe.
AmaMantis agcina inyamazane yawo phakathi kwethanga nomlenze ophansi kuze kuphele ukudla kwabo.
Ukujikeleza kwe-mantis kuyinto yakudala, kepha kunesizathu salokhu - uhlelo lokuphefumula olungavamile. I-mantis ihlinzekwa ne-oksijini yisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yama-tracheas exhunywe nge-dykhaltsami (stigmata) esiswini maphakathi nendawo emuva komzimba. E-trachea kunama-sacs omoya athuthukisa umoya omncane wohlelo lonke lokuphefumula.
Umbala weMantis
Njengazo ezinye izinambuzane eziningi, zinamakhono amahle okufihlakala, le ndlela yemvelo yokuzivikela ezilwazisayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho imibala yazo ine, ngokuya ngemvelo, amathoni aluhlaza, ophuzi n nsundu. Izindwangu ezithandwayo eziluhlaza zihlala ngamaqabunga aluhlaza, ezimibalabala zihlukanisiwe ebangeni lezihlahla.
Ngabe kudliwa ini i-mantis?
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi iqhawe lethu lingumhlaseli odume ngokuthanda ukondla izinambuzane ezincane, futhi alesabi ukuhlasela inyamazane enkulu kunalo uqobo. Badla izimpukane, omiyane, izinyosi, iminyovu, izimbungulu, izimvemvane, izimbungulu, njll. Abamele abakhulu bomndeni okhulekayo (bheka ngenhla) bangahlasela ngisho namagundane amancane, izinyoni, nama-amphibians amancane: amasele, izibungu.
Imidwebo yokuthandazela imvamisa, ibamba inyamazane ngokungazelele ngezihlakala zayo zangaphambili futhi ingavumeli ukuthi idlule ize idliwe ngokuphelele. Imihlathi eqinile ivumela la makhwapha ukudla ngisho nesisulu esikhulu.
Orchid Mantis
Ama-Orchid mantises angenye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zalezi zinambuzane. Igama lanikezwa ngenxa yombala nokubukeka, okufanayo namacembe ama-orchid. Kulezi zimbali balinda futhi babambe ezinye izinambuzane. Akhula aze afike ku-8 cm, kanti awesilisa angaphansi kwengxenye. Abamele abamesabayo kakhulu bomndeni wabo bangaphuthuma ngisho nasezitheni ezinkulu.
Ihlala kuphi mantis?
Cishe yonke indawo, njengoba izindawo abahlala kuzo zibanzi kakhulu: Ephakathi naseNingizimu Yurophu, e-Asia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika, e-Australia. Akukhona kuphela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ngoba ama-mantises awajwayele kakhulu ukubanda. Kepha zilungele ngokuphelele, isibonelo, isimo sezulu esishisayo nesinomswakama sase-Afrika esishisayo naseNingizimu Melika. AmaMantis azizwa emuhle emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, nasezifundeni ezinama-steppe nasezintabeni ezinamadwala.
Akuvamile ukuba basuke ezindaweni ngezindawo, bakhetha indawo yokuhlala yabo evamile ezindaweni ezingaziwa ezikude, okuwukuphela kwesizathu esingabahambisa ohambweni ukushoda kokudla.
Zingaki izithandazi ezihlala ngokuphila?
AmaMantis angaphila unyaka owodwa. Kodwa-ke, endaweni eyakhiwe ngamabomu, iminyaka yabanye abantu ifinyelela unyaka owodwa nohhafu. Propagate amasonto amabili ngemuva kokuzalwa. Abesilisa, njengomthetho, bafa ngemuva kokuzalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsikazi ezinkulu ziyazibulala. Izibungu ezisanda kuzalwa ngokushesha ziqala ukudla izimpukane ezincane, ngemuva kokuncibilika ezine ziba ngamakhophi abantu abadala.
I-mantis ejwayelekile
I-mantis ejwayelekile ihlala emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika. I-mantis evamile yokuthandaza ingummeleli omkhulu kakhulu wombuso othandazayo, ofinyelela ku-7 cm (owesifazana) no-6 cm (owesilisa). Njengomthetho, ziluhlaza okotshani noma ngombala onsundu, amaphiko akhule kahle, okungenani ukundiza egatsheni kuya egatsheni nge-mantis akuyona inkinga evamile. Isisu yi-ovoid. Ungahlukanisa lolu hlobo lwe-mantis ngentethe emnyama, etholakala ku-coxae yangaphambili lemilenze kusuka ngaphakathi.
Kungani i-mantis ibizwa kanjalo?
Igama elithi ukuthandaza mantis, elakhiwe ngemfundo yokuqala, lavela okokuqala ngo-1758. Izinambuzane zaqanjwa kanjalo ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus. Ubuke izinambuzane futhi wenza umbono othakazelisa ukuthi abukeka njengabantu abathandaza uNkulunkulu ngenkuthalo. Ngempela, izandulelo ze-mantis zingathi zihlanganiswa emthandazweni ongaguquki. Lesi sinambuzane sasibizwa ngegama elithi "Mantis Religioniosa", elihunyushwe lisuka esiLatini ngokuthi "umpristi wezenkolo." Ngokuhunyushwa kweRussia, igama elithi "mant manting" selimpande.
UKarl Linney wayengumntwana wokuqala ochazwa ngokwesayensi
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-mantis ayibizwa ngokuthi yisinambuzane kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba. Imvamisa, i-mantis ifakwa ngezincazelo ezingaqondakali. E-Spain, ngokwesibonelo, i-mantis ihlotshaniswa nokufa futhi ibizwa ngokuthi ugwayi lukaDeveli. Amagama anjalo angahlanganiswa nemikhuba enonya yama-mantis, ethusa abantu.
Chinese mantis
Ngokusobala, indawo yokuzalwa nendawo eyinhloko yalolu hlobo lwe-mantis yiChina. I-mantis yaseChina inkulu impela, izinsikazi zifinyelela ku-15 cm ubude, kepha osayizi abesilisa banesizotha kakhulu. Inemibala eluhlaza okotshani. Isici esijwayelekile sezinganekwane zokuthandaza zamaShayina yindlela yabo yokuphila yobusuku, kanti ezinye izihlobo zabo zilala ebusuku.Futhi, abantu abasha be-Chinese mantis abanamaphiko akhula kuphela ngemuva kwama-molts ambalwa, khona-ke bathola nekhono lokundiza.
I-Deroplatys desiccata
Emahlathini ashisayo aseMalaysia, kuhlala i-mantis enkulu, ehlanganisa kahle njengamaqabunga awileyo. Kuvulwe ngo-1839, isazi semivubukulo nesiNgisi uJohn Obadia Westwood.
Ikhanda, izilenge nomzimba wesinambuzane kunjengamaqabunga. Ngenxa yalokhu, wathola igama lakhe lezinhlobo zakhe - "i-mantis enkulu yamaqabunga aqhekekile."
I-Deroplatys lobata
Olunye uhlobo oluhlanganisa njengamaqabunga. Ngakho-ke, ibizwa nangokuthi iLeaf Leaf. Ungahlangana noDeroplatys Lobata eziqhingini zoLwandlekazi iPacific, e-Indonesia nasePenula YaseMalay.
Kulula ukugcinwa ekudingisweni, kepha i-microclimate enomswakama efana nesimo sendawo yamahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezidingekayo iyadingeka. Abesifazane bafika ku-9 cm, kepha abesilisa bakhula babe ngu-4,5 cm.
Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii
Izwe le-pink spiked mantis liseningizimu nasempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lesi sinambuzane sicishe sihlangane nezimbali ezipinki, silinde inyamazane yaso.
Imibala ekhanyayo nezikhafu ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomzimba zesabisa izinyoni kuye. Unempahla eyodwa engajwayelekile. Uyakwazi ukuqondisa amabandule akhe, ekhulisa ubukhulu bomzimba wakhe. Ekuphumuleni, ubude abudluli kuma-38 mm.
IHeterochaeta orientalis
Isakhamuzi sase-Afrika, iso-spike-iso elinombala ongajwayelekile kanye nesimo somzimba libukeka njengegatsha elomile. Lokhu kufihla kumvumela ukuba abalekele izitha, futhi ahlasele kalula izisulu zakhe kulowo oqamekele.
Amehlo akhe ahlome ngemithambo, yingakho le nhlobo ikwazi ukubona okwenzekayo ngemuva kwakhe. I-giant oriental mantis ikhula ibe ngu-15 cm ubude, futhi idla izimpukane, izimvemvane nezinye iLepidoptera ezindizayo.
Ungaphuthelwa, esizeni sethu most-be).ru kukhona i-athikili efundisayo mayelana namavemvane amahle kakhulu emhlabeni.
Rhombodera basalis
Ama-mantis amakhulu ohlobo lweRhombodera angatholakala phakathi kwamahlathi emvula aseNdiya, eThailand naseMalaysia. Ukulungiselela ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama nokufudumele. Abantu abadala bakhula babe ngu-9 cm.
Ihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zesihlangu sesifuba. Umbala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngenxa yobuhle nemvelo ezolile, imvamisa iba umhlali wasemanzini wasekhaya.
Blepharopsis mendica
Lesi sinambuzane esizolile, esingenalo ulaka sibizwa nangokuthi “imbali yesathane” ngenxa yombala wayo nokwakheka komzimba. Yatholakala ngudokotela wezilwane waseDenmark uJohann Sebastian Fabrice ngo-1775.
Ngesikhathi sengozi, amaphiko asakazeka kabanzi, kuphakama imilenze ukuze isabise isitha. Zihlala ezindaweni ezinamagquma kanye nezintaba zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nasenyakatho ne-Afrika.
Idolomantis diabolica
“I-Damn imbali,” njengoba le nhlobo ibizwa kanjalo, iyatholakala emazweni aseMpumalanga Afrika. Iyazingela emqamekweni, izifihla njengezimbali namaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahla.
Ngokuya ngemvelo, ingashintsha umbala womzimba, kanye nokwakheka kwezitho. I-mantis enhle kakhulu, ngokusho kwababambeli, iye yaba "yi-King of mantis" yangempela ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nombala wayo ongavamile.
I-Miomantis caffra
Umhlaba ongowokuzalwa walezi zinhlobo yi-Afrika, kepha ngonyaka we-1978 izinhlobo zalethwa eNew Zealand. Muva nje, le mantis engajwayelekile yatholakala ePortugal.
Isidalwa esiphilayo esincane, esikhula sibe ngama-6 cm ubude, sicasha ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, silinde isisulu, kanye nezitha ezibalekayo. Loluhlobo lunokugcoba ngokocansi. Owesifazane udla owesilisa ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuzalela.
I-Choeradodis rhombicollis
Lesi sinambuzane esingajwayelekile sihlala ezintabeni zasePeru. I-thyroid mantis kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona phakathi kwamahlamvu aluhlaza, ngoba imbozwa kalula ngamaqabunga aluhlaza amahlumela nezitshalo.
Sekukonke, uhlobo lwe-Choeradodis luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5, ezihlukile ngosayizi kanye nomzimba. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivela ePeru zathuthela eMelika Ephakathi, zivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezintsha.
I-Pogonogaster tristani
Indawo yokuhlala kwale mantis enhle amahlathi eCosta Rica. Uhlobo lolu lwatholakala ngonyaka we-1918, lwaphinde lwathiwa ngumtholi waso, umphenyi wezilwane, uPP Tristani.
Uhlobo olunqabile olungasheshe lubonakale phambi komuntu. Ngenhlanhla ngo-2012, umthwebuli zithombe u-Oscar Blanco, owathumba inambuzane. Kamuva, kanye nezazi zezilwane, umthwebuli zithombe wanyathelisa wonke umsebenzi wesayensi kuleli fomu elingajwayelekile, enikeza lo msebenzi ngezithombe ezinhle nezithombe.
Futhi mayelana nezinambuzane ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni, iningi-beentl.ru likulungiselele i-athikili ethokozisayo.
Phyllocrania paradoxa
Lezi zinambuzane ezingajwayelekile zihlala eningizimu yehlane laseSahara. Muva nje, amalungu omndeni wakwaMetallyticidae atholakele eMadagascar.
Isimo somzimba, umbala waso ufana neqabunga elomile. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunzima kakhulu ukubona. Zincane. Zikhula zingadluli ku-4-5 cm. Ngesikhathi sengozi, zingenza sengathi zifile, zisindise izimpilo zazo.
I-Hymenopus coronatus
Iqeda ukukhethwa kwethu ku-most-be).ru enhle i-Orchid Mantis, enhle, efana nembali ye-orchid. Njengokulindelekile, yathola igama lezinhlobo zayo ngenxa yokufana kwayo nembali.
Abesifazane balolu hlobo bakhula bafinyelele kuma-9 cm, kepha abesilisa banciphile - kufika ku-4 cm kuphela. Ungahlangana nabo emahlathini e-Indonesia naseNdiya. Ngenxa yobuhle bayo, iyadingeka kakhulu phakathi kwabathandi bezinambuzane ezingafani nalutho, futhi imvamisa ihlala kumadolobha ezindlu nasezindaweni zezilwane.
Ngendlela, kukhona i-athikili ethokozisayo ngama-orchid amahle amahle kusayithi lethu most-beentl.ru.
Isiphetho
Uma ubheka izithombe ezinhle ze-mantis, kuyacaca ukuthi imvelo yinkosikazi yangempela yezandla. Wavuza lezi zinambuzane ngokubukeka okungakajwayelekile. Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa ukufihla izinyamazane ukucasha ezilwaneni nezinyoni, ezinye ukuheha abobulili obuhlukile. Futhi ezesithathu azijwayelekile futhi angikholwa ukuthi lezi izidalwa eziphilayo.
Kulabo ababengenazo izithombe ezinhle ngokwanele ze-mantis, ngezansi sithumele izithombe ezimbalwa ezimbalwa!
I-Damn imbali
Omelele umndeni we-Empusidae. (Steve Smith)
Habitat - i-East Africa. (Steve Smith)
Umbala - ukusuka okhanyayo onsundu ube luhlaza. (Steve Smith)
Spiked Flower Ukuthandaza Mantis
Omelele umndeni wakwaHymenopodidae. (Frupus)
Habitat - INingizimu neMpumalanga Afrika. (Frupus)
Spiked Flower Ukuthandaza Mantis. (Frupus)
Incazelo ye-Flower Mantis
I-flower mantis ine-elytra eluhlaza enomucu wokulinganisa wombala wekhilimu phakathi, nezindawo zombala ofanayo ezisekelweni zamaphiko.
Izimpiko zangemuva zibomvu. Amabala ansundu kanye nopinki asakazeke emzimbeni wonke.
Umbala othize we-mantis ethandazelwa ngemibala umvumela ukuba azishintshe ngokuphelele emithini ehlukene, lapho elindele izisulu zakhe ngenkathi zihleli.
Ukuzalela nokugcina ama-mantis ezimbali athunjiwe
Lapho kuzalaniswa izimbali zembali ezenziwa ekudingisweni, ngemuva kokuthi insikazi ifake i-edema, yona (ooteca) ibekwa esitsheni esincanyana kanye ne-substrate. Isitsha kufanele sibe nomoya omncane kanye nesendlalelo se-coconut substrate noma i-peat emanzi. Uma umswakama ophezulu ugcinwa esitsheni, futhi izinga lokushisa lishintsha phakathi kuka-25- 28 degrees Celsius, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile izibungu zizodonsa.
Kungcono uma izibungu zizibamba ebhokisini elivamile. Inani elikhulu lamagatsha acashile, kanye namasentimitha ambalwa we-substrate, kufanele abekwe phansi kwawo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe umswakama ezingeni elidingakalayo. Izibungu ziqala ukondla ezinsukwini ezimbili kuphela ngemuva kokudonswa amaqanda.
Njengokuphakelayo, izibungu zeminyaka yokuqala zivame ukunikezwa amaphiko ahlukahlukene. Ehlobo, zidla izinambuzane ezidliwayo, okuthi abazingeli be-terrarium bavame ukuzibamba bodwa emamithini ngosizo lokufika. Ngemuva kokuthi izibungu ngazinye zikhule zibe amasentimitha amathathu ubude, ziyahlungwa futhi zitshalwe emabhokisini ahlukene anezimo ezifanayo.
Njengazo zonke izintshisekelo zokuthandaza, ukugcoba kwemvelo kwembali.
Intsha yama-lipale mantis ijabulela ukudla izimpukane, amaphuphu, izinkumbi, amakhethini, nezinye izinambuzane eziningi zikasayizi ofanele. Ezigabeni zokugcina, izibungu zihlukaniswa ngocansi, zihlaliswe emabhokisini ahlukene. Okokwenza i-soldering, owesilisa oyedwa nowesilisa kuya kwabane batshalwe ebhokisini.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi insangu phakathi kwezimbali zokuthandaza izimbali yinto evamile, ngakho-ke, esigangeni esinabantu abadala nentsha kufanele kube nokudla okwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Inani le-mantis labantu liyancipha kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, lesi sici sibonisa kuphela izinambuzane ezingxenyeni yomhlaba yaseYurophu. Emazweni ase-Afrika nase-Asia, ama-mantises ayaqhubeka nokuzalela. Ukulimala okukhulu kubantu akubangelwa izitha zabo zemvelo, kepha kwenziwa ngumuntu. Abantu bashabalalisa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yama-mantis, bagawula amahlathi futhi bacekele phansi namasimu. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezimo lapho uhlobo oluthile lwama-mantis luxukuza olunye luvela kwezinye izindawo. Ukuqothulwa kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi kuhlelwa, njengoba i-mantis inobuqili kakhulu.
Njengoba izinambuzane zivame kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-thermophilic, azizali kahle ezindaweni ezipholile. Izibungu zibuye zikhule kancane, ngakho-ke ukubuyiselwa ngokuphelele kwenala kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Izizukulwane ezindala ziyakwazi ukufa kuze kuvele ezintsha. Ukuze kulondolozwe inani labantu, abantu bazama ukunciphisa umonakalo odalwe yimisebenzi yabantu kwemvelo.
Izinzuzo kanye nokulimaza kubantu
Ngaphandle kokuziphatha okunolaka, izigqoko zokuthandaza aziyona ingozi kubantu. Noma ngabe kukhona osayizi abakhulu bamalungu athile omndeni.
Izikhala ZikaMantis
Ukuphela kokulimala okungenziwa yi-mantis kumuntu omdala ukulimaza ngozipho. Ngalesi sizathu ungavumeli izingane ezincane ukuba zithandaze mantis. Isimo sezinambuzane asikulunge neze.
Ama-preredators awusizo kwezolimo, ngoba adla izinambuzane eziningi zezolimo. E-Afrika, izigqoko zokulethwa zilethwa ezindlini lapho zidla khona izimpukane. Kodwa-ke, izigqoko zokuthandaza azaneliseki - zingabhubhisa izinambuzane ezizuzayo njengezinyosi.
Ama-mantis afanelekile ukugcinwa emafrijini. Ziyiswa emakhaya lapho zinikezela khona ukunakekelwa okufanele. Izimo ezintofontofo kakhulu zokugcina i-mantis yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Umbuso wokushisa ngu-20-30 degrees Celsius.
- Izinkomba zomswakama zeTerrarium - hhayi ngaphansi kwama-60%.
Ukunisela izinambuzane akudingekile, bathola konke abakudingayo ekudleni. Endle, izinhlobo ezincane ze-mantis zigcwele ngaphandle zinkulu futhi zikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi kungenzeka ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo okuphelele endaweni ethile.
Ngemidwebo yokuthandaza, imibandela ekhethekile kumele ilungiselelwe. Isenzo esijabulisayo kakhulu kumuntu yisinqumo sokuba nesilwane esingajwayelekile kangako. ITerrarium ayidingi ukukhetha amasayizi amakhulu. Ama-mantis anendawo encanyana ngendlela yesithako sepulasitiki noma ingilazi. Isembozo se-terrarium kufanele senziwe ngemiseyili, futhi ubukhulu bayo kufanele buthathe ezinye ezintathu zalezi mantis okungenani. Kungcono ukufaka amahlumela noma izitshalo ezitshaliwe endaweni yokudlela. Ngakho-ke lesi sinambuzane sizokwazi ukukhuphuka kubo njengasesimweni semvelo.
Njengoba sekushiwo ngaphambili, izigqoko zokuthandaza zithanda indawo enomswakama enamazinga okushisa angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 Celsius. Bazondla ngezinye izinambuzane. Lapho uthengiswa ezitolo zezilwane ungathola izimbungulu ezahlukahlukene, izintuthwane, eziba ukudla okuphila kwe-mantis. Ukondla kufanele kube njalo, kepha i-mantis yokuphuza ayidingeki.
Ukuthandaza Mantis Creobroter meleagris
UMantis Creobroter meleagris uhlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia: India, Vietnam, eCambodia nakwamanye amazwe ambalwa. Imvamisa ifinyelela ku-5 cm ubude. Imibala imhlophe nekhilimu. Ungabazi ngemichilo yombala onsundu okhanyayo, odlula kuwo wonke umzimba nekhanda. Futhi emaphikweni kunendawo eyodwa encane nenkulu yombala omhlophe noma okhilimu.
Indian Flower Ukuthandaza Mantis
UnguMessis Creobroter gemmatus ikakhulukazi othanda amahlathi omanzi aseningizimu yeNdiya, iVietnam nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia. Le nhlobo incane, izinsikazi zikhula zize zifike kuma-40 mm, amaduna afinyelela kuma-38 mm. Umzimba uphakeme kakhulu kunezinye izihlobo. Futhi ekuvikelweni okwengeziwe, okhalweni lwe-Indian mantis kunezikhala ezikhethekile eziphakeme ezihlukile. Ipende ngemibala kakhilimu. Abamele lezinhlobo bangamaflaya amahle kakhulu, owesilisa nowesifazane, ngenxa yesisindo sabo esiphansi, ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amaphiko athuthukiswe kahle. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi banendawo emaphikweni angaphambili, efana neso elinezingane ezimbili, ezesabisa izitha. Izindwangu zezimbali ziphila, ngokulandelayo kusuka kumagama abo ezimbali zezitshalo, lapho zivikela khona inyamazane yazo.
Pantly Floral Thandaza Mantis
UnguMessis Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii uhlala emazweni aseningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika. Ngendlela yokuphila, ubukhulu, kufana kakhulu ne-Indian flower mantis. Kepha umbala wayo uthakazelisa ngokukhethekile - kungobuciko ngempela, engxenyeni engenhla yamaphiko kunephethini elithandekayo elifana nokuvunguza noma iso. Esiswini salolu hlobo kunezinhlobo ezengeziwe zemvelo ezazinikeza igama elinjalo.
IHeteroheta empumalanga
I-Eastern heteroheta noma i-spiky-eyed mantis ingenye yama-mantis amakhulu emhlabeni (insikazi ifinyelela ku-15 cm ubude) futhi ihlala engxenyeni enkulu ye-Afrika. Lezi zingubo zihlala emagatsheni amahlahla, inzuzo yokubonakala kwazo ifana namahlumela.
ITerrarium
Kuzoba isenzo esingajwayelekile futhi esingajwayelekile ukuba nengqondo yokuthandaza yasekhaya, akunjalo? Noma kunjalo, kunabantu 'abanezilwane ezifuywayo' ezinjalo futhi uma ufuna ukujoyina nabo, into yokuqala okufanele uyinakekele yi-terrarium. I-terrarium encane kakhulu, ingilazi noma ipulasitiki enekhava yemamba kufanelekile, ubukhulu bayo kufanele bube okungenani kathathu ubukhulu be-mantis uqobo. Ngaphakathi, kungaba kuhle ukubeka amahlumela noma izitshalo ezincane lapho i-mantis izokhwela khona izihlahla.
Ungayondla kanjani i-mantis ekhaya
Ukudla okubukhoma. Amakhethini, izintethe, amaphela, izimpukane ziphelele. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-mantis ngeke zikukhumbule ukudla izintuthwane. Futhi ngakho konke lokhu badinga ukondliwa njalo, ngakho-ke ukugcina "izilwane ezifuywayo" ezinjalo kungaba ngumsebenzi onzima. Kodwa awudingi ukuphuza i-mantis, ngoba ithola uketshezi lomzimba oludingekayo kusuka ekudleni.
Amaqiniso Mantis Ahehayo
- Enye yezitayela zobuciko bempi yaseChinese wushu ibizwa ngegama le-mantis, ngokusho kwenganekwane, lesi sitayela sasungulwa ngumlimi waseChina obuka ukuzingela kwama-mantis.
- ESoviet Union ngesinye isikhathi babefuna ukusebenzisa i-mantis ngenkuthalo njengokuvikelwa kwemvelo ezilwanyaneni zezitshalo ezolimo. Kuyiqiniso, lo msebenzi kwakudingeka ushiywe, ngoba ama-mantis nawo adla izinambuzane ezizuzisayo, izinyosi ezifanayo.
- Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izigqoko zokuthandaza zazihlala zingamaqhawe ezinganekwane nezinsumansumane ezihlukene phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika nabase-Asia, ngokwesibonelo, eChina bakhuluma ngobulukhuni nokuhaha, futhi amaGrikhi asendulo athi amandla okubikezela ukufika kwentwasahlobo.
Kuthandazwa Mantis - isinambuzane esivela kwenye iplanethi, ividiyo
Futhi ekugcineni, sikulethela ukunakekela kwakho ifilimu yesayensi ethandwayo mayelana nezithandazi ezithandwayo.
Lapho ngibhala i-athikili ngazama ukuyenza ibe mnandi, isebenziseke futhi ibe sezingeni eliphezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngingabonga kakhulu nganoma iyiphi impendulo kanye nokugxekwa okwakhayo ngendlela yamazwana esihlokweni. Ungabhala futhi isifiso sakho / umbuzo / isiphakamiso ku-mail yami [email protected] noma kuFacebook, ngokuhlonipha umbhali.
Lo mbhalo uyatholakala ngesiNgisi - Thandaza Mantis - Isinambuzane Esingaziwa.