I-Fenrir - ku-Mythology yaseJalimane-Scandinavia impisi enkulu, indodana kaLoki no-Angrboda. Wakhulela okokuqala edolobheni lase-Asgard lasezulwini.
Isikhathi sokuqala ukumbona ngenkathi esemncane, onkulunkulu banquma ukufuya iwundlu lempisi. Unkulunkulu ohlonishwayo wempi uTire wazinikelwa ukumondla nokumqeqesha. Isilo sasikhula ngokuxhuma nangemikhawulo, futhi manje saba sikhulu kangangokuba umlomo waso ovulekile welulwa usuka emhlabeni uye ezulwini, futhi imishayo yawo kwakuwukuqina kwesiqu se-oki esinamandla futhi sibukhali njengemimese.
Lapho isilo sidwengula izingcezu zenyama eluhlaza, ukukhala kwaso kwakukubi kakhulu kangangokuba bonke onkulunkulu, ngaphandle kukaThix, kabazange balinge ukusondela kuye, besaba ukudliwa bephila.
Kabili onkulunkulu bazame ukunamathisela impisi emadwaleni, kodwa uFenrir onamandla waphula kalula imijondolo. Lapho-ke izelamani ezifiphele ze-zwerg zenza intambo ethambile, efana nosilika, ne-gleipnir eqinile yezinto eziyisithupha ezingekho: izimpande zentaba, umsindo wezinyathelo zamakati, nentshebe yowesifazane, ukuphefumula kwezinhlanzi, imithambo yamabhele kanye namathe enyoni.
Befuna ukuvivinya inqaba yayo, onkulunkulu babolekisa uFenrir esiqhingini esisolwandle bamkhwabanisa ngenkani.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu, ukuze lesi silo singazizwa sikhohlise, unkulunkulu wempi uTrans wabeka isandla sakhe emlonyeni wakhe uphawu lokungabikhona kwezinhloso ezimbi. UFenrir wamukisa lapho eqaphela ukuthi babenaye, kepha kwase kudlule isikhathi. Wazama ukugqashula, washukumisa sonke isiqhingi, kodwa onkulunkulu ngendlela eboshwe bamphonsa ekujuleni komhlaba, lapho aqhubeka nokukhula khona.
Izinganekwane zithi ngaphambi kokuphela komhlaba, uFenrir uhlukana nezibopho futhi uzobamba iqhaza empini yokugcina yabonkulunkulu nabakhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi iRagnarok. Empini enegazi, unkulunkulu ophakeme u-Odin uzobulawa ngamanga akhe. Kodwa-ke, uVidar, indodana ka-Odin, ephindisela uyise, uzodwengula lesi silo.
Ngolimi lwakudala lwaseNorway, elithi "Fenrir" livela egameni elithi "fen-uhlala", elihumusha ngokweqiniso ngokuthi "umhlali wezixhaphozi zokubhukuda". UFenrir waphinde wanikezwa ama-epithets anjengokuthi: Fenrisulfr (kusuka "Fenris wolf"), Hrodvitnir ("impisi edumile"), Vanagandr ("monster of the River waseNorway" wasendulo).
Namuhla, izazi-mlando azisenakukhetha kodwa ukucabanga ukuthi isithombe sikaFenrir savela njengesithombe samandla emvelo anobutha kubantu. Noma ngaphezu kwalesi siphetho, kukhona umbono wokuthi izinhlamvu ezinjalo zavela emisebenzini yabantu ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezithile zokwenziwa kwemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, izilwane ezisekuqaleni ezaphila isikhathi eside kunalokho okukholelwa kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, amabhere emhumeni, amakati we-saber.
Futhi impisi imi yodwa lapha Canis dirusbaqamba igama elithi "Wolf owesabekayo".
Phakathi kwezindlela zezinsalela, kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyamangalisa. Izinsalela zalo ezifundwe kahle ziningi phakathi kokutholwa kwe-Late Pleistocene fauna yesikhathi seqhwa, kusukela emuva esikhathini sokuphola okukhulu kunakho konke, okwasebenza cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25-15 edlule.
Izimpisi nabantu babehlala ndawonye ezimweni ezinzima zesikhathi seqhwa sekwedlule isikhathi, futhi bobabili bazingelwa ngamaqembu ukuze badle inyamazane efanayo, kufaka phakathi umdondoshiya omkhulu, inyathi kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezazilusa umhlambi. Lokhu kufana kusize ekwakheni ubudlelwano besikhathi esizayo phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Inani elikhulu lezinsalela eligcinwe kahle latholakala emafosili e-asphalt yemvelo eFlorida naseCalifornia. Ngokubanzi, lesi yisiga somuntu omkhulu wolf grey (Canis lupus), kodwa 1/5 isikhathi eside, isibhakabhaka esibanzi nebunzi elibanzi ikakhulukazi.
Ibunzi likaCanis dirus laliphansi kakhulu endaweni yeso kunokumpunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impisi "ebabazekayo" yayinamazinyo amakhulu - ububanzi bezinyo eliphezulu bufinyelele ku-3.5 cm! Lesi silo esimangalisayo sasihlala eningizimu nentshonalanga yeCanada, eFlorida, lapho sasikade sifudumele njengoba sinjalo manje, sishubile ngaleso sikhathi IMexico, iPeru, kanye ne-Argentina.
Ngenxa yamathambo anamandla futhi anamathumbu, umhlaseli wayengagugi futhi eshesha, okungukuthi, wayengenazo izimfanelo ezidingekayo zokusinda futhi azalwe kwezinye izimpisi zangalesosikhathi. Impisi esabekayo yafa ngemuva kokuba inyamazane yayo ifile - imishanguzo emikhulu. Indaba yale mpisi isikhumbuza ngokumangalisayo umlando webhere lezinsalela zomhume.
Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ayizange iphelele ngokuphelele, noma okungenani “yelula” eYurophu isikhathi eside ukwedlula izazi zezilwane ezazithole izidumbu zayo “ezicupheni” ze-asphalt eFlorida. Lesi sikhathi sasanele ukuba angenele amasiko abantu njengomunye wezinhlamvu zezinganekwane esizaziyo. Lowo ngumqondo. Futhi akekho ongakuphika lokho namuhla.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isithombe sikaFenrir sasithokozisa abantu bokudala endulo: nansi indawo ebizwa ngokuthi “Isiphambano SaseTornwald”, etholakala esiqhingini Somuntu. Ibonisa indoda inyathela impisi enkulu futhi ikhomba umkhonto kuyo.
Kuboniswa inyoni ehlombe lomuntu, okwamvumela ukuthi akhonjwe njengo-Odin. Kucatshangwa ukuthi impi yokugcina ka-Odin noFenrir iboniswa esiphambanweni. I "Cross of Thornwald" ibhekisa "kubuciko be-syncretic" obuvele ngenkathi kuhlanganiswa izinkolelo zobuqaba nezobuKhristu, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kwekhulu le-11, ngaphezu kwalokhu, kutholakala "iSiphambano saseGosfort" kanye "neLedberg Stone".
Baphinde baqopha ezinye izigcawu ezivela eRagnarok. Njengasemvelweni. Ngakho-ke mhlawumbe uFenrir wasinda kumaNkathi Ephakathi?
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Isithombe: Horrible Wolf
Phezu kokuba khona kokufana okuthile nempunga engwevu, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi “zihlobo” ezimbili - okuyinto, esiza, ukusinda ezinhlotsheni eyodwa futhi kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwenani lesilo esinamandla nesesabekayo. Isibonelo, ubude bemilenze yempisi esabekayo babungatheni, yize ngasikhathi sinye babenamandla amakhulu. Kepha igebhezi lalilincane - uma liqhathaniswa nempisi engwevu yobukhulu obufanayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, impisi esabekayo idlule kakhulu impisi ebimpunga, ifinyelela, ngokwesilinganiso, 1.5 m.
Ividiyo: Horrible Wolf
Kusuka kukho konke lokhu, kungaphethwa ngokunengqondo - izimpisi ezesabekayo zifinyelele kusayizi wezikhulu ezinkulu nezinkulu kakhulu (ezihlobene nezimpisi ezimpunga esizijwayele), zikalwa (zalungiswa ngezici zofuzo ngazinye) mayelana ne-55-80 kg. Yebo, morphologic (okungukuthi, ekwakhekeni komzimba) izimpisi ezimbi zazifana kakhulu nezimpisi zesimanje ezimpunga, kodwa ezi-2 zalezi zinhlobo, empeleni, azihlobene kangako njengoba zibonakala ekuqaleni. Ukube nje ngoba babenendawo ehlukile yokuhlala - ikhaya lokhokhoba okwakamuva kwakuyi-Eurasia, nezinhlobo zezimpisi ezesabekayo ezakhiwa eNyakatho Melika.
Ngokusekwe kulokhu, isiphetho esilandelayo siziveza: uhlobo lwasendulo, ufuzo olwesabekayo kinship luzobe lusondelene ne-coyote (india yaseMelika) kune-wollies engwevu yaseYurophu. Kepha ngakho konke lokhu, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi zonke lezi zilwane zingezaloluhlobo olufanayo - uCanis futhi zisondelene ngezindlela eziningi.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Photo: Enjani impisi esabekayo
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwempisi esabekayo nesihlobo sayo sanamuhla izilinganiso ze-morphometric - umhlaseli wasendulo wayenekhanda elikhudlwana ngokwedlulele emzimbeni. Futhi, izimbaza zakhe zazinkulu kakhulu - kuqhathaniswa nezimpisi ezimpunga kanye nama-coyote aseNyakatho Melika. Okusho ukuthi, igebhezi lempisi esabekayo libukeka njengesigaxa esikhulu kakhulu sengwevu empunga, kepha umzimba (uma uthathwe ngokulingana) umncane.
Abanye abasebenza nge-paleontologists bakholelwa ukuthi izimpisi ezesabekayo zidla kuphela i-carrion, kepha akubona bonke ososayensi ababona leli phuzu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yebo, amazinyo amakhulu ngokumangalisayo afakazela ukugcwala kwezimpisi ezesabekayo (ubheka ugebhezi, kudingeka unake ama-molars wokugcina) we-preroved and mandibular). Obunye ubufakazi (ngisho nokungaqondile) bokuqedwa kwalezi zilwane kungaba iqiniso lokulandelana kwezikhathi. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izinhlobo zezimpisi ezesabekayo ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika, izinja ezivela kuhlobo lweBorophagus ziyanyamalala - abadla ngokujwayelekile bawa.
Noma kunjalo, bekungaba nengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukucabanga ukuthi izimpisi ezesabekayo zazingezokuhlaselwa kwesimo. Mhlamunye bekufanele badle izidumbu zezilwane kaningi kakhulu kunezimpunga ezimpunga, kepha lezi zilwane bezingabophekile (ngamanye amagama, ezikhethekile) ama-scavenger (ngokwesibonelo, njengama-hyenas noma izimpungushe).
Ukufana kwempisi e-grey ne-coyote nakho kuyabonakala ezicini ze-morphometric zekhanda. Kepha amazinyo esilo sasendulo ayemakhulu kakhulu, futhi namandla okuluma ayedlula onke awaziwayo (kusukela kulawo achazwa ngezimpisi). Izici zokwakheka kwamazinyo zinikeze izimpisi ezesabekayo ngekhono lokusika elikhulu, zingadala inyamazane ebhujelwe emanxebeni ajule kakhulu kunabazingeli banamuhla.
Wayehlala kuphi impisi esabekayo?
Isithombe: Horrible Grey Wolf
Indawo yokuhlala kwezimpisi ezesabekayo yayiseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika - lezi zilwane zazihlala amazwekazi amabili wokuhleleka kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu BC. Isikhathi se- "heyday" sezinhlobo zezimpisi ezesabekayo senzeka ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Lesi siphetho singadonswa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni kwamathambo ezimpisi ezesabekayo ezitholakala phakathi nokumbiwa okwenziwe ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.
Kusukela lapho, kwafunyanwa imfucumfucu yezimpisi ezesabekayo eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi (izwe laseFlorida) naseningizimu yeNyakatho Melika (ngokwesifunda - lesi iSigodi saseMexico City). “Ibhonasi” eyinqaba etholakala eRancho Labrea, kutholakale izimpawu zokuba khona kwalezi zilwanyana eCalifornia emafektri asePleistocene asesigodini saseLivermore, kanye nasezingxenyeni zonyaka ofana nse eSan Pedro. Izinhlobo ezazitholakala eCalifornia naseMexico City zazincane futhi zinemilenze emifushane kunalezo zimbumbulu zazo ezambiwa ezindaweni eziphakathi nezisempumalanga ye-United States.
Izinhlobo zezimpisi ezesabekayo ekugcineni zafa kanye nokunyamalala kwe-mammoth megafauna yeminyaka engaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi BC. Isizathu sokunyamalala kwalenxa yezimpisi ezesabekayo ilele ekufeni kwezilwane eziningi zezilwane ezinkulu ngesikhathi seminyaka eyikhulu yokugcina yesikhathi sePleistocene, okwakunganelisa isifiso sezilwane ezinkulu ezidlayo. Okusho ukuthi, indlala ye-banal yadlala indima enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalesi sici, kusobala, ukukhula ngenkuthalo kwabantu beHomo sapiens nezimpisi ezejwayelekile kube nomthelela ekunyamalaleni kwempisi esabekayo njengenhlobo. Kwakuyibo (futhi ikakhulukazi abokuqala) ababa ngabancintisana ngokudla komphangi ongasekho.
Ngaphandle kwecebo elisebenzayo lokuzingela, amandla, ukufutheka nokukhuthazela, izimpisi ezesabekayo azikwazanga ukuphikisa noma yini kumuntu onengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukwenqaba kwabo ukubuyela emuva kanye nokuzethemba kwadlala ihlaya elinesihluku - izisulu ezinobudlova ngokwazo zaba yimpango. Manje izikhumba zazo zazivikela abantu emakhazeni, futhi izindwani zazo zaba yinto yokuhlobisa yabesifazane. Izimpisi ezimpunga kwavela ukuthi zinobuhlakani obukhulu - baya ezinkonzweni zabantu, baphenduka izinja ezifuywayo.
Manje uyazi lapho kwakuhlala khona impisi esabekayo. Masibone ukuthi udleni.
Ngabe idle ini impisi esabekayo?
Photo: Izimpisi Horrible
Isitsha "esiyinhloko kumenyu" yezimpisi ezesabekayo kwakuyi-bison yasendulo nama-artiodactyls aseMelika. Futhi, lezi zilwane zingadla inyama yamamfesi amakhulu namakamela aseNtshonalanga. Isilwane esanyisayo singamelana ngempumelelo ngisho nepaki yezimpisi ezimbi, kodwa iwundlu, noma isilwane esibuthaka, esilwa nomhlambi, singaba nje isidlo sasekuseni sezimpisi ezimbi.
Izindlela zokuzingela zazingafani kakhulu nalezo ezisetshenziswa yizimpisi ezimpunga ukufuna ukudla. Uma ucabanga ukuthi lesi silwane asidelelanga futhi sawa ngokudla, kunesizathu esizwakalayo sokukholelwa ukuthi impisi ebabazekayo yayifana ne-hyena kunokuba ilele mpunga efanayo nasendleleni yayo yokuphila nasekudleni kwayo.
Kodwa-ke, impisi esabekayo ibe nomehluko owodwa omkhulu kucebo lokuthola ukudla kubo bonke abanye abazingeli bomndeni wakhe. Uma ubheka isimo sendawo yasenyakatho yeNyakatho Melika, nemigodi yayo eminingi emincane, lapho kwawa khona izilwane ezinkulu ezinamakhambi, enye yezindlela eziyizintandokazi zokuthola ukudla kwezimpisi ezesabekayo (njengezinyoni eziningi ze-carrion) kwakuwukudla isilwane esasibambeke ogibeni.
Yebo, ama-herbivores amakhulu ngokuvamile awela ezingibeni zemvelo, lapho izinyamazane zidla khona kalula izilwane ezifile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ngokwazo zivame ukufa, zibhajwe ngethamu. Umgodi ngamunye wesigamu seminyaka wangcwaba izinyamazane ezingaba ngu-10-15, ushiya abantu besikhathi sethu ngezinto ezinhle kakhulu zokutadisha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Qeda Izimpisi Ezesabekayo
D. guildayi, okungenye yezimpisi ezesabekayo ezazihlala eningizimu ye-US neMexico, imvamisa kuzo zonke izisulu zazingena emigodini yebitume. Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe yi-paleontologists, izinsalela zezimpisi ezimbi zitholakala kaningi kunezinsalela zezimpunga ezimpunga - isilinganiso esingu-5 kuye ku-1. Ngokusekelwa kuleli qiniso, iziphetho ezi-2 ziziveza ngokwazo.
Okokuqala: inani lezimpisi ezesabekayo ngaleso sikhathi zedlula kakhulu inani lazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezizingelayo. Okwesibili: kucatshangelwa ukuthi izimpisi eziningi ngokwazo zaba yizisulu zemigodi yebitume, kungafakwa ukuthi bekuzingela ukuthi babutha imihlambi futhi badla kakhulu hhayi i-carrion, kepha izilwane eziwele emigodini yebitume.
Izazi zebhayoloji sezisungule umthetho - zonke izisulu ezidla ama-herbivores ezinesisindo somzimba esingeqi isisindo sabo bonke abameleli bomhlambi ohlaselayo. Zilungiswa ngobuningi obulinganiselwe bempisi esabekayo, izazi zezimbali zaphetha ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwazo okuyisisindo cishe kwakungamakhilogremu angama-300.
Okusho ukuthi, inyathi yaba yinto ekhetheke kakhulu (kulesi sigaba sesisindo), kepha, ngokuntuleka kokudla okukhona, izimpisi zandisa kakhulu "imenyu" yazo, zinaka izilwane ezinkulu noma ezincane.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi izimpisi ezesabekayo eziqoqene kule phakethe bezifuna imikhomo ebiphonswe ogwini bese ibadlela ukudla. Uma umhlambi wezimpisi ezimpunga udla kalula ama-moose enesisindo esingama-500 kg, ke umhlambi walezi zilwane awunakuba nzima ukubulala ngisho ne-buffalo ephilile evela emhlanjini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ama-Cubs we-Terrible Wolf
Ucwaningo lwe-Paleontologists ngosayizi wemizimba nezikhova zezimpisi ezimbi luveze ukuthi kukhona ubulili be-dimorphism. Lesi siphetho sikhombisa iqiniso lempilo yezimpisi ngababili abathandanayo. Lapho ukuzingela, izinyamazane futhi zazisebenza ngababili - ezifanayo nezimpisi ezimpunga nezinja ze-dingo. “Umgogodla” weqembu elihlaselayo kwakuyibhangqa lowesilisa nowesifazane, futhi zonke ezinye izimpisi ezaziphuma zazingabasizi bazo. Ukuba khona kwezilwane eziningana ngesikhathi sokuzingela kwakuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwesilwane esibulewe noma isisulu sibambeke emgodini we-bitumen ekuhlaselweni ezinye izinyamazane.
Okungenzeka kakhulu, izimpisi ezesabekayo, ezihlukile ngamandla nangobukhulu obukhulu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye futhi zinamandla amancane, zahlasela nezilwane ezinempilo, ezazinkulu kunazo. Yize kunjalo, izimpisi ezimpunga zidla inyama yezilwane ezisheshayo emaphaketheni - kungani izimpisi ezesabekayo nezinamandla kakhudlwana zingenakukwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu nezihamba kancane. Ukucaciswa kokuzingela kubuye kuthonywe yisimo senhlalo - le nto ayizange ivezwe ngezimpisi ezimbi ngendlela efanayo nakwezimpunga.
Ngokunokwenzeka, bona, njengama-coyotes aseNyakatho Melika, babehlala ngamaqembu amancane emindeni, futhi bengahlelanga imihlambi emikhulu, njengempisi ezimpunga. Futhi ukuzingela kwahamba ngamaqembu abantu abangu-4-5. Ababili kanye nezimpisi ezisencane ezi-2 "bangumshwalense". Lokhu kuziphatha kunengqondo impela - kwanele ukuthi kuqinisekiswe umphumela omuhle (ngisho nenyathi eyayinamava iyodwa ayikwazanga ukumelana nokuhlasela okuhlanu okuhlaselayo ngasikhathi sinye), futhi ngeke uhlukanise inyamazane ube muningi.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngo-2009, kwethulwa isimangalo esimnandi, umlingisi ophambili owayeyimpisi esabekayo ezikrinini zemidlalo yeshashalazi yama-movie. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le filimu yaqanjwa ngegama lomhlaseli wangaphambi kokuziphatha - kunengqondo impela. Umnyombo walesi sakhiwo ukuthi ososayensi baseMelika bakwazi ukuhlanganisa iDNA yomuntu neDNA yempisi esabekayo ekhishwe emgodini wamathambo - umhlaseli wamagazi owandulela igazi obusa ngenkathi yeqhwa. Umphumela walezi zivivinyo ezingejwayelekile waba ukuthola i-hybrid embi.Njengokulindelekile, isilwane esinjalo sasizonda ukuba yigundane lasebhubhoratri, ngakho-ke sathola indlela yokuhamba ngokukhululeka futhi saqala ukufuna ukudla.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpisi ezesabekayo
Photo: Enjani impisi esabekayo
Abancintisanayo abaphambili benyama yezilwane ezinkulu ngesikhathi sokukhona kwezimpisi ezimbi kwakuyi-smilodon nebhubesi laseMelika. Lezi zidla zantathu zahlukanisa phakathi kwazo inqwaba yezinyathi, amakamela asentshonalanga, izilwane ezincelisayo ezinama-Columbus nezinduna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zezulu ezishintsha ngokushesha zaholela ekuqiniseni okukhulu komncintiswano phakathi kwalaba bantu abazingelayo.
Ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu ezenzekile, ngesikhathi sokugcina kwe-glacial yokugcina, amakamela namabhisikidi adlula esuka emadlelweni nasezihlangeni ikakhulukazi aya endaweni eyihlathi, ukuze adle ama-conifers. Ngokunikezwe ukuthi iphesenti eliphezulu kumenyu ye-меню 'wolf esabekayo (kanye nabo bonke ababambe iqhaza kuyo) yayinamasondo alinganayo (amahhashi asendle), futhi ama-sloths, inyathi, izindunduma namakamela eza kulaba bantu abazingela “ukudla kwasemini” kaningi, inani labazingeli labehla ngokushesha . Ama-herbivores abalwe ngaphezulu ayenenombolo encane kakhulu ngakho-ke ayikwazanga "ukondla" abalimele ngokuzalanisa.
Kodwa-ke, ukuzingela kwepakethe nokuziphatha komphakathi kwezimpisi ezesabekayo zabavumela ukuba bancintisane ngempumelelo nezitha zemvelo, eziphakeme kakhulu kubo kuyo yonke idatha ebonakalayo, kepha bakhetha "ukusebenza" bodwa. Isiphetho - AmaSmilodons namaNgonyama aseMelika anyamalala ngaphambi kwezimpisi ezesabekayo. Kepha yini ekhona - bona uqobo babevame ukuba inyamazane yezimpisi.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Photo: Izimpisi Horrible
Indawo yokuhlala kwabantu kwakuyinsimu yaseMelika cishe ngonyaka we-115,000-9,340 edlule, ngesikhathi seLate Pleistocene kanye neHall Holocene. Lolu hlobo lwavela kukhokho walo - uCanis armbrusteri, owayehlala endaweni efanayo neyendawo cishe ngezigidi eziyi-1.8 - eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 edlule. Ububanzi bezikhulu zezimpisi ezinkulu bufika kuma-degree angama-42 enyakatho (umngcele waso waba isithiyo semvelo ngesimo samaqhwa amakhulu). Ukuphakama okuphezulu lapho kutholakala khona izinsalela zempisi esabekayo ngamamitha angama-2255. Izidlamlilo zazihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene - ezindaweni ezibucayi nasezindizeni, ezintabeni ezinamahlathi nasemigwaqweni yaseNingizimu Melika.
Ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo uCanis dirus kwenzeka ngenkathi yeqhwa. Kunezici eziningana ezifake isandla kulokhu. Okokuqala, kwavela abantu bokuqala abanobuhlakani bendawo kule ndawo okwakuhlala kuyo abantu abayizimpisi ezimbi, okwakukhona kubo isikhumba sempisi ebulewe futhi kwakuyingubo enhle. Okwesibili, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kudlale ihlaya elinonya ngezimpisi ezesabekayo (empeleni, kufana nazo zonke ezinye izilwane zesikhathi sePleistocene).
Eminyakeni yokugcina yobudala beqhwa, kwaqala ukufudumala okukhulu, izinkumbi zemithi emikhulu, ezakha ukudla okuyimpisi esabekayo, zanyamalala ngokuphelele noma zaya enyakatho. Kanye nebhere elibhekene nobuso obufushane, lo mdli wezilwane wayengagugi ngokwanele futhi eshesha. Amathambo anamandla futhi anamathumba, ahlinzeka kuze kube manje ukubuswa kwalezi zilwane, aba umthwalo ongawuvumeli ukuthi uvumelane nezimo ezintsha zezemvelo. Futhi impisi esabekayo ayikwazanga ukwakha kabusha "izintandokazi zayo" ze-gastronomic.
Ukuqothulwa kwale mpisi esabekayo kwenzeka ohlelweni lokuqothuka kwezinhlobo eziningi ezenzeka eQuaternary. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane azikwazanga ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ezinkulu zesimo sezulu kanye nesici se-anthropogenic esangena enkundleni. Ngakho-ke, ukusho ukuthi abantu abaqinile nabanobudlova abazivumelanisi okuhle kunakho konke - ukukhuthazela okuningi, amandla okulinda, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - isimo senhlalo, sokuziphatha sibaluleke kakhulu.
Yebo, abantu abakhulu bezidalwa zasendulo bafinyelela ubude bokubuna okungama-97 cm, ubude bomzimba wabo babuyi-180 cm. Ubude bekhanda lwalungama-310 mm, kanye namathambo abanzi nangaphezulu anikeza ukubanjwa okunamandla kwesisulu. Kodwa imilenze emifushane yayingavumeli izimpisi ezimbi ukuba zisheshe njengama-coyotes noma izimpisi ezimpunga. Isiphetho - ukubuka kwenkulungwane yeminyaka kwathathelwa indawo izimbangi ezazikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kangcono nezimo zezemvelo ezishintsha ngokushesha.
Impisi Horrible - isilwane sasendulo esimangalisayo. Emhlabeni wanamuhla, imihlambi yezimpisi ezimpunga nama-coyotes azizwa emkhulu, futhi ungabona amafosili wezimpisi ezesabekayo ezitholwe izazi zezimbali lapho kubukiswa khona eRancho Labreus Museum (esisedolobheni laseLos Angeles, eCalifornia).
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Amathegi
UCanis dirus (Leidy) - impisi esabekayo
Lesi silwane besisakazeke kakhulu ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Lokhu kungahlulelwa ngezinsalela zezimpisi ezesabekayo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezihlukile. Uhlobo lwendalo lwaluchazwa kwasekuqaleni kwe Pleistocene sediments of the Mississippi Valley.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinsalela zezimpisi ezimbi ziye zatholakala zombili eningizimu-mpumalanga (eFlorida) naseningizimu (eSigodini saseMexico City). Ngokungeziwe kokutholakale eLa Brea Ranch, kutholakala imigwaqo yobukhona babo eCalifornia ezindaweni ezisePleistocene zeLivermore Valley, ezingxenyeni ezifanayo zonyaka emngceleni weSan Joaquim eMckittrick naseSan Pedro. Izinhlobo zaseCalifornia naseMexico zazincane, futhi zazinemilenze emifushane kunalezo ezazitholakala ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga nezisempumalanga ye-United States (ireferensi uB. Courten no-Anderson).
I-Canis dirus, ekhonjiswe kuMdwebo 15, iyimpisi enkulu, kodwa icishe ibe ngu-8% incane kunempisi yehlathi eyaziwa kakhulu ehlala namuhla eNyakatho Alberta (Canada). Kodwa-ke, iCanis dirus yayinkulu kunezimpisi zasehlathini, namuhla ezisezintabeni eziseningizimu neNyakatho Melika. Ukubukeka nemikhuba yezimpisi ezingapheli neziphilayo, ngokwezinga elithile, bekuhlukile komunye nomunye. UCanis dirus wayenekhanda elikhulu elisindayo, ubuchopho obuncane, amazinyo amakhulu, isikhafu esikhulu kanye ne-pelvis. Amazinyo akhe anamandla nemihlathi emihle yaguqulwa ukuze idwengule inyamazane enkulu futhi ichithe amathambo amakhulu. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi impisi esabekayo ayidelelanga isidumbu. Ukwehluka ukubukeka phakathi kwempisi eyethusayo neyanamuhla (C. lupus) kwabonakaliswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zomphambili nangemuva lezinyawo nangezabelo ezihlukile zezitho ngokwazo. UCanis dirus unemilenze emifushane yangaphambili emincane kunemilenze yangemuva. Izingalo eziphansi (ikakhulukazi izitho zomzimba wasemuva) zempisi ebabazekayo ifushane kakhulu kunaleyo impisi yehlathi lesimanje (isb. I-femur ne-humerus yempisi esabekayo yayilingana, futhi i-ulnar ne-tibia yayimfushane). Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi impisi esabekayo ibingashesha njengempisi yesimanje yehlathi.
Ngokuthinta imikhuba yalezi zidalwa, uMerriam (1912) waphawula ukuthi ikhanda laligcinwa liphansi (ubukhulu nobukhulu bawo kukhombisa lokhu) kanti isilwane kwesinye isikhathi bekufanele sisebenzise ukudonsa izidumbu ezisindayo. Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezimpisi ezesabekayo ezitholakala eLa Brea zisikisela ukuthi izimpisi zabuthana ngamaphakethe ukubulala abangabodwa nabangadalwanga. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwabancane nabalimele, abangaxoshwa emhlambini wabo noma eqenjini labo, baba yisisulu semvelo sezimpisi ezimbi. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala, izilwane ezinempilo nazo zingaba yizisulu zokuhlaselwa kwabazingeli abanamandla abaningana.
Njengayo ihlosi le-saber-toothed, ukuqoqwa kwamathambo wezimpisi ezesabekayo kufaka amasampula ngokuqhekeka nokungalingani ekukhuleni kwamathambo. Ukuphazamiseka kubangelwe ukulimala. Amanye amanxeba ahlolwe ezimpondweni zezimbumbulu atholakala ngenxa yokushayeka ekhanda nokushaywa yimilenze yangaphambili yabantu abangashayi mkhuba (amanxeba afanayo atholakala kuzimpisi eziphilayo, futhi atholakala ngesikhathi sokuzingela). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amanxeba abhekene nawo atholwe impisi ebabazekayo ayehlukile kumanxeba ajwayelekile we-smilodon (lokhu kusikisela indlela ehluke ngokuphelele yokuzingela). Izimpisi ezesabekayo ngokungangabazeki zazingabazingeli abaphambili besisekelo saseLos Angeles ngesikhathi sesigaba sokugcina sePleistocene glaciation. - Bheka uRancho La Brea. A irekhodi lempilo ye-pleistocene eCalifornia nguChester Stock No. 37. Uchungechunge lwesayensi Imvelo Museum of Los Angeles County.
Amanothi:
Impisi esabekayo isilwane esijabulisayo kakhulu. I-phylogeny yakhe ayiqondakali ngokuphelele. Izifundo zakamuva zofuzo zikhombisile ukuthi umehluko phakathi kukaC. Dirus noC. Lupus awusi mkhulu kakhulu. Impisi esabekayo kwakungeyona ukhokho wempisi yesimanje. Ukuqothulwa kwayo kuhlotshaniswa nokuqothulwa kwe-megafauna. Kunakwa kakhulu ekhanda nasemazinyweni amakhulu alesi sidlakela. Igebhezi lempisi esabekayo lalingamaphesenti angama-20 ubude kunogebhezi lwempisi yesimanje (amasampuli angama-62). Yize impisi ebabayo uqobo lwayo ibingeyona imidondoshiya, futhi ngosayizi wayo iqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezinkulukazi zikaC. Lupus. U-Alroy unqume isisindo esivamile sempisi esabekayo ku-63 kg. Ngezansi, ukuqhathanisa, kunikezwe umbono omfishane we-wolphometry wolf, unikeza umbono othile wokuhlukahluka kwendawo, i-dimorphism yezocansi, kanye nokwehluka komuntu ngamunye kweCupus.
UGeptner V.G., Sludsky A.A.
Izingcosana zezimpisi: esifundeni seSaratov, kukhonjiswa impisi enesisindo esingu-62.4 kg (xhuma ku-Ognev), owesilisa onesisindo esingama-kg kg waziwa ezifundeni zaseMoscow (lesi yisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke sezilwane ezingama-250 ezibulewe yipisi edumile uV.M. Hartuleri (bheka uGeptner noMorozova -Turova), eka-Altai - owesilisa onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-92 (bheka i-Afanasyev) Emnyuziyamu wokulondolozwa kwezifo eMoscow State University kukhona okwesabisayo yempisi yaseRussia Ephakathi, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-80. Esifundeni saseVladimir, kwezimpisi ezingama-641 ezathunjwa ngo-1951-1963, zedlula ezintathu kuphela. Amakhilogremu angama-70 (70, 76.3, 79 kg) .abesilisa abancane kakhulu babenesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-32, ku-Oksky Reserve nasezindaweni eziseduze Kwezilwane ezisindwa kahle, zingamadoda ama-3 kuphela ezisindayo kunamakhilogremu angama-50. Ku-Belovezhskaya Pushcha, ubude bomzimba wesilisa bube ngamasentimitha ayi-90 (cm 119) ubude. Ubukhulu bempisi zepolar (C. l. albus): ubude beshebe elikhulu kunazo zonke abesilisa bufika ku-288.3 mm (isilinganiso - 267 mm), kwabesifazane - 261 no-251 mm, ngokulandelana. Ububanzi be-cheekbones emadodeni bufika ku-160, I-7 mm (isilinganiso - 146.9 mm), kwabesifazane - kufika ku-142 (isilinganiso esingu-137). Phakathi kwezimpisi ezihlangene lapho kungekho khona imidondoshiya engaphezu kwama-70 kg, kepha izilwane ezingaphezulu kuka-50 kg azijwayelekile. Ubungako bomzimba wezimpisi ezinamakhaza: kwabesilisa, ubude bomzimba obuphakeme buyi-146 cm, umsila ungama-48 cm (ngokwesilinganiso izibalo ziyi-127,7 no-44.4 cm), kwabesifazane ubude bawo bomzimba bungu-129 cm (ngokwesilinganiso 121.3 cm).
ISuvorov A. Izimpisi zeMiddlekia // Ukuzingela Nokuzingela, 2003. Cha. 8. Ukukhishwa kwezimpisi zasehlathini ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-60 akuyona into engjwayelekile nge-Evenkia. Izimpisi ezingamakhilogremu angama-75 zazimbiwa endaweni yomfula. I-Anavara, emgodini womfula i-Ilimpei, Uchiami, Kimchi. Izimpisi zagaywa ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-80: esiswini somfula. Camo - 96 kg, endaweni yase-Ekonda - 97 kg. Impisi enkulu kunazo zonke yabanjwa ngo-1999 echibini lomfula. I-Taimyr, isisindo sayo singama-kg - 118 kg (enesisindo nosayizi wenziwa uqobo yinhloko yomnyango wokuzingela iMouski).
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Incazelo
Lezi yizilwane ezinkulu nezinamandla, ezinkulu kakhulu kunezimpisi ezijwayelekile. Eqinisweni, kulo lonke lolu hlaka, sekuvela imikhombandlela eyisikhombisa kuphela: impisi endala, etholwe ishonile inophondo lwenyoka entanyeni, nezinsalela eziyisithupha emgqonyeni kadoti: Grey Wind, Lady, Nimeria, Summer, Shaggy Dog and Ghost. Lawa ma-hardwolves, akhuliswa ezindlini zabantu eduze nezinja, ayenemikhuba emihle yezinja, yize uNymeria noLeto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bajoyina amaphakethe ezimpisi ezejwayelekile ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Okokugcina lapho i-heavywolf eningizimu yoDonga yahlangana khona eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili ngaphambi kokuqala kokuxoxwa kwezindaba zezincwadi. Mhlawumbe, inani lama-hardwolves alincane ngisho nasemazweni aseZasteniya - noma kunjalo, noma ihlobo noma i-Ghost alitholanga uhlobo lwalo ngemuva koDonga. Kodwa-ke, uBenjen Stark wathi wayevame ukuzwa ukukhala kwezikhonkwane ngesikhathi sosizi. UJior Mormont ubuye wabona ukuthi njengoba kusondela ubusika ehlathini ngaphesheya kweDonga kwakukhona ama-furrywolves. Ngokusho kukaRousse Bolton, ezinsukwini zakudala, eNorthwolves eNyakatho babeshayelwa phansi ngemihlambi emikhulu, kuze kufinyelela emakhulu ezinhlosweni noma ngaphezulu, futhi bebangasabi abantu noma izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokusho kuka-Old Nan, ebusika obude, ama-direwolves anesikhumba futhi ayabulawa yindlala.
Ngisho nezimpisi ezikhula ngokushesha ze-lupus zisheshe zithole izimpisi ezijwayelekile ekukhuleni, kanti izimpisi ezindala ezisolwandle zingobukhulu bethoni futhi ziphindwe kabili kunenja enkulu kakhulu yokuzingela. I-hardwolf endala ingabamba kalula isandla sendoda, njengoba inja ihlafuna irandi. Impisi ehlaselayo ilwela ukuwela umphikisi wayo esifubeni sayo bese imgwaza, imvamisa iyinto yokuqala, kungakhathalekile ukuthi umphikisi onemilenze emibili noma onemilenze emine, uzama ukulimaza amalungu nezitha, bese uluma umphimbo noma ukhulule amathumbu. IGrey Wind, impisi ebabazekayo kaRobb Stark, empini eseWoodisering Forest, iluma isigamu sezikhulu zamahhashi ayizitha, kwathi eMpini Yasekamu waphakamisa amahhashi ayishumi nambili namasosha amane e-Lannister. Lezi yizidalwa eziyishumi: ngokusho kukaMerrett Frey, oyimpisi ethukuthele, lapho onogada bakaFrey beza bezombulala, babulala izimpisi ezine badabula isandla senkosi yakhe phezu komgemeni, yize wayeseshaywe ngemicibisholo kusuka ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. UJohn Snow wacabanga ngokwanda kwePhantom, ukuthi emahlathini aseningizimu nodonga kwakungeke kube khona isilwane esingaba yingozi ku-wolverine, ngaphandle kokuthi i-Phantom inqume ukugcona ibhere. Ihlobo elineminyaka emibili, ngesikhathi lihlangana nezimpisi ezijwayelekile zabantu abadala, lalilikhulu kakhulu kunelincane kunazo zonke futhi liphindwe kabili kunesiqingatha kunalo mholi.
I-lyutovolka inenhloko eyindilinga futhi icekeceke, ikhombisa ukuqina kwesibeletho kunempisi ejwayelekile, imilenze ngokuhlonipha umzimba yinde. Umbala ojwayelekile wesikhumba se-hardwolf grey noma umnyama, i-Ghost kwakuwukuphela kwe-albino enzima. Ama-fiercewolves anolimi olunenkani olubukeka njenge-grater emanzi. Njengabanye abaningi abazingelayo, amalokhethi anamehlo akhanye ebumnyameni. Kwimpisi esethukile noma ethukile, uboya obusekuhlanganeni kwentamo yakhe bume. Ukubona, ukuzwa, nephunga zingcono kakhulu kumakhareji amahabhu kunabantu. Ama-Wildwolves akhetha umdlalo obukhoma, yize edla u-carrion.
Izinja namahhashi asaba ama-hardwolves, amahhashi angajwayele izilo awela ukwethuka aqale ukunamahloni nokukhahlela. Impi ka-Oxcross yaqala lapho uRobb Stark ethula i-Grey Wind e-corral ngamahhashi e-Lannister, ngemuva kwalokho amahhashi anenkinga abalekela enkambeni, anyathela ababelele ngqo ematendeni. Izinja zasendle, zibona i-Phantom, zihlangana naye njalo ngesikhonkwane futhi zikhonkotha, futhi inja enkulu kunazo zonke kwenye yezindawo zokupaka izame ukuhlasela umhlaseli omkhulu kusuka ngemuva, kodwa yaphonswa emuva ngothango olwalume. Izimpisi ezijwayelekile ezinama-hardwolves zinemikhuba ejwayelekile, ziyaqondana kahle - ngakho-ke, ihlobo okungenani lishayisane kabili nezimpisi ezejwayelekile, zikuqonda kahle ngokwemvelo futhi kwamukela ukuzinikela kwesitha esihluliwe. Okwesibili, wachaza kumholi ohluliwe njengophawu lokunqoba. INimeria ayizange nje ihlangane nezimpisi ezejwayelekile ezivela eMfuleni Lands, kodwa yahola umhlambi omkhulu - iDermot yaseGreyith Forest, eyayifuna uBrinden Tully osebeni olusenyakatho neRed Jag, yaqinisekisa ukuthi kwakukhona amakhulu ezimpisi, futhi nephisi lezimpisi lesikhulu esikhulu lihola iphakethe. Ihlobo liphinde lahola umhlambi omncane wezimpisi zaseWaramir.
Ijazi le-Stark lezingalo libonisa i-lutewolf engwevu egijima enkundleni emhlophe. Esiqongweni seWinterfell, eduze nezifanekiso zamakhosi angcwatshwe lapho, kukhona imifanekiso eqoshwe ngamatshe avuthayo. Isihlalo sobukhosi samaKhosi aseNyakatho esigodlweni esihle saseWinterfell sihlotshiswe ngamakhanda aqoshiwe amatshe aqoshwe ngokuqinile ezingalweni.
Ezinganekwaneni zabanye kuthiwa bagibela amashini efile, kanye nezinye izilwane ezifile. Ingane yehlathi iLeaflet ithi izinkondlakhondla zisinda kuzo zonke ezinye izidalwa zasendulo - Izingane zeHlathi uqobo, imidondoshiya, izilwane ezincelisayo, amabhubesi omhume kanye no-unicorns - kodwa isikhathi sabo sizofika, ngoba abanandawo emhlabeni eyakhiwe ngabantu.
I-Prototype
UDire Wolf (Latin Canis dirus, wolf owesabekayo waseRussia) - uhlobo olwaluhlala ngempela emhlabeni wethu esikhathini sasePleistocene saseNyakatho Melika. Ngokusobala, njengezimpisi zesimanje, lezi zilwane zazizingelwa ngamaphakethe abantu abangafika kwabangu-30. Babekwazi ukuzingela amahhashi nenyathi, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nama-mastodons nama-sloth amakhulu. Ukuntuleka kokudla nokungakwazi ukumelana nokuncintisana ngezimpisi ezigugile nezincane ezivamile kuthiwa yizimbangela zokuqothulwa. Ужасные волки имели чуть более короткие, но крепкие лапы в сравнении с туловищем, имели более выраженную челюсть и более длинные зубы, чем современные серые волки, мозг был несколько меньше. Туловище в среднем достигало длины в 150 см, вес — от 50 до 80 кг.Kuyamangaza ukuthi izimpisi ezesabekayo zazingenayo i-dimorphism ebalulekile yocansi - izinsikazi zazilingana nabesilisa, zazinokulinganiselwa okufanayo kwamathambo namazinyo.
ICentral Russian Forest Wolf, engenye yezimpisi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezwekazini lase-Yuria, imvamisa inesisindo esingu-40-45 kg futhi inobude obungafinyelela kumamitha, kodwa-ke, emlandweni kuye kwaba nezimo zokudutshulwa kwezimpisi kuze kufike ku-80 kilograms enesisindo esingama-160 cm, okufana kakhulu nezimpisi ezesabekayo.
Izinkomba
Leli khasi lisebenzisa okuqukethwe Isigaba seWikipedia ngesiRashiya. I-athikili yoqobo itholakala ku: Terrible Wolf. Uhlu lwabalobi bokuqala bencwadi lungatholakala ngaphakathi umlando wokubuyekezwa. Lo mbhalo, njengombhalo othunyelwe ku-Wikipedia, uyatholakala ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-CC-BY-SA.
Izilinganiso
Bengakakhuli ngesiqingatha, bona (i-lyutovolki) babemude kunanoma iyiphi impisi, kepha umehluko bekungekho nzima ukuwuphawula. Ikhanda le-lyutovolka laliyindilinga, imilenze yayisinde, futhi isinqobelo esinciphile savela ngaphambili. Okuthile okuzwakalayo nokuzwela ngale ndlela kwakuzwakala kulezi zilwane, ikakhulukazi ehlathini lasebusuku ngaphansi kweqhwa elinokuthula. Umdlalo Wamakhosi, Branch V
Amehlo abomvu e-rewolf abukeka emnyama kunamabhomu, ezwa ukuhlakanipha okungokwemvelo kumuntu. Umdlalo Wamakhosi, John VIII