David izinyamazane, noma Milu - libhekisela isilwane eliyingqayizivele ukuthi ezisohlwini Umhlaba Red Incwadi njengoba ngezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezisengozini enkulu kule planethi, ngoba iqothulwe ngokuphelele endle, futhi inani layo lagcinwa ngabantu kuphela kwi-zoo.
Ukubukeka inyamazane futhi okunabileko. Phela, isilwane efanayo yahlanganiswa ezintweni ezibonakala engahambelani. Ngisho namaShayina, lapho ahlala khona inyamazane, akholwa ukuthi wayenezinselo njengenkomo, intamo yehhashi, abasemzini kanye nomsila wembongolo. Ngisho omunye Igama lesiShayina - "si-pu-xiang", imisindo ukuhumusha like "ukungavumelani ezine".
David inyamazane - kuba isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ngemilenze okusezingeni eliphezulu. Isisindo sawo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili kwabesilisa, izinsikazi zincane. ukuphakama silwane ngesikhathi buyabuna ingenye namashumi amabili ngamasentimitha kanye nobude nengxenye ngamamitha amabili. On a side ikhanda elise izindlebe ezincane ezicijile. Umsila ongamamitha uhhafu unebhulashi, njengembongolo. Izinselo ububanzi metatarsus eside kanye izimpiko lateral.
Yonke umzimba sesilwane limbozwa izinwele esithambile futhi eside. Yonke imuva kusuka emsileni kuya ekhanda iyinhlangano yezinwele. Abesilisa abe mane encane kwegilo ngaphambili entanyeni.
Uvolo inyamazane ababethi umbala sinombala-red phakathi nenkathi efudumele, njengoba ebusika kuba lemicu empunga elinamathela othini ngombala nge umugqa amnyama kanye umhlane ingxenye besisu iba elikhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwezinwele, lesi silwane sinezinwele zangaphandle ezi-wavy ezihlala unyaka nonyaka.
Ukuziqhenya uDavide inyamazane - izimpondo. Ziyakwazi ezinkulu, ongafinyelela amasentimitha ayisishiyagalombili. Zinezinqubo ezine eziqondiswe emuva (zazo zonke izimpondo zama-deer zibheke phambili), futhi inqubo ephansi ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisithupha. Izimpondo kuphela abesilisa. Bachitha kubo njalo ngonyaka ekupheleni kukaDisemba. Esikhundleni esidala, izinqubo ezintsha ziqala ukukhula, okuthi ngoMeyi zibe izimpondo ezakhiwe ngokugcwele.
Siyaqonda ukuthi isilwane ngokubukeka onjalo engavamile kwakungeke abanesifiso indoda ngubani ekuqaleni cishe bawubhubhisa ngokuphelele ifomu, futhi manje bephikelela wahlanganyela ifake isandla ekubuyiselweni kwalo.
A emfushane nomlando ifomu
Inyamazane kaDavid isilwane esanyamalala ngokuphelele endle emakhathini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka esikhathini II BC leminyaka, abanye - XIV, phakathi nokubusa Ming BakwaHan. Izilwane wahlala emahlathini izimbuku Ephakathi futhi Central China. Isizathu sokunyamalala kwalezi zinhlobo ukuthi inyamazane yayinekhono eliphansi lokuzala, futhi ukubanjwa kwayo kwakungalawulwa, futhi ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kwaholela ekufudukeni kwesilwane nokufa kwazo.
Eyokuqala ukuzama ukulondoloza zilwane, kwaba Chinese uMbusi ngubani uvinjelwe nokuzingelwa kwezilwane konke ngaphandle umndeni wakhe futhi waletha umhlambi omncane Imperial Ipaki Nanyang, ezinkulu kocingo ebiyelweyo. EYurophu, izinyamazane kwaba kuphela ekhulwini XIX, lapho China elizimisele zamanxusa efika isazi French nesithunywa sevangeli Jean Pierre Armand uDavide. Kwakungenxa yemizamo yakhe kanye nemizamo yakhe lapho umbusi evumela ukuthi kuthunyelwe ama-deer ambalwa ngaphandle kwezwe. Izilwane zimpande England, nakuba kube nemizamo ukuzalela kubo eFrance, eJalimane, kodwa abaphumelelanga. Igama inyamazane ithole yokudumisa indoda owabakhipha eYurophu. Kwakungenxa yemizamo yakhe ukuthi umbono usindiswe ekunyamalaleni ngokuphelele ebusweni bomhlaba, ngoba kungekudala, izinhlekelele zakhukhula neChina, ekuqaleni umfula i-Yellow River wagcwala emabhange futhi wagcwala izindawo ezinkulu, ipaki lapho bekuphephile khona udaka, udonga lwawa kanye nezinye izilwane zangena emanzini, futhi ingxenye wabaleka futhi wabulawa abazingeli. Futhi ngisho esincane ukuthi wasinda, izihlubuki Kushone 1900. Ngakho-ke, izwe elingumlando labalahla ngokuphelele abamele bale nhlobo.
Namuhla, izinyamazane sikaDavide ngempela eziqiwini eziningi zomhlaba, zonke, kukhona abangamakhulu amaningana zama-isilwane. Futhi ekupheleni the XX uDavide ekhulwini inyamazane walethwa ezweni lawo mlando, lapho Reserve "Dafyn Mila" liyaqhubeka landa bakhona. Ososayensi emhlabeni wonke banethemba lokuthi maduze, izilwane zizoshiya isigaba sokuvikelwa kwe-EW somhlaba iNcwadi Ebomvu, futhi siyohlala endle. Okungenani, namuhla kulesi siqondiso sisetshenziswa eziningi umzamo.
Izici yokuziphatha isilwane
Inyamazane kaDavida ngumhlambi wezilwane ezihlala ngamaqembu, ubhukuda kahle. Amanzi ozakuba isikhathi eside. It feeds kuphela ukudla zemifino.
Lapho kuqala isikhathi sokuzalela, abesilisa bahlukana emhlanjini bese beqala ukuzilwela bona. Deer elwa izimpondo hhayi kuphela, kodwa ngamazinyo kanye imilenze front. Ngemva kokukhetha ngokwakho abanye besifazane inyamazane kokuzalela isizini yonke abavikele yena enqaba ukudla, usawoti kakhulu yesisindo sayo kanye buthakathaka, kodwa ke walulama ngokushesha. Ukuqala kwenkathi yokuzalela kufakazelwa wukubhonga okukhulu okuphansi. Iqala ehlobo, ikakhulukazi phakathi no-June no-July. sokukhulelwa zesifazane ihlala izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ingane izalwa ingenasisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi nantathu, inombala obonakalayo, oguquka njengoba inyathi ikhula. lokuzala kufinyelelwe ngomnyaka wesithathu. Isilinganiso inyamazane UDavide wahlala mayelana iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, insikazi ayikwazi ukondla kungabi ngamawundlu amathathu, ngakho-ke ukuzalwa kabusha kwalolu hlobo kuyahamba kancane.
ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ka eziyivulayo ayabulala - David inyamazane ilawulwa Izazi, ukulondoloza inhlangano emhlabeni yadalwa. Kungani izilwane cishe wanyamalala, ngaphambi kwalesi sehlakalo? Ngabe ibukeka kanjani inyamazane, ihlala kuphi, yini imiphumela yayo? Izimpendulo kanye isithombe esihlokweni.
Kwenzekani artiodactyl ezingavamile
Emlandweni wokuba khona kwaso, uDavide wayesondele kakhulu ekuqothulweni kabili. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Emuva lé ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, abantu "abahlangane naye" nge izinyamazane zasendle antlered. Kepha lo “ukuxhumana” wayezingela izinyamazane ukuze athole inyama, isikhumba nezimpondo. ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi okusheshayo e Middle China, ukuzingela engalawuliwe kuye kwaholela kuqothulwe pheze ephelele izilwane ezingavamile. Ngenxa ababusi Chinese 2nd AD leminyaka idlanzana labantu basindisiwe. Bona badoba sahlala Imperial Ukuzingela Park.
Ukunaka! Deer, abomdabu of amahlathi Chinese, bahlukile ikhono lazo ukubhukuda, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, imishi yayiyindawo ekhululekile yokuhlala.
Ukuzingela for ezincelisayo zinezimpondo abangu Uvunyelwe mithi. Phakathi nekhulu le-19. Usopolitiki waseFrance uJean Pierre Arman David wakwazi ukukholisa umbusi waseChina ukuthi athumele abantu abaningana eYurophu. Wakuthola ayikaziwa nohlobo isayensi. ENgilandi, izilwane ezingavamile eziyivulayo ayabulala, okuyinto yethiwa owathola, angase okusakazwa. Futhi ipaki yombuso waseChina, ngeshwa, yaba indawo yokufa kwenyamazane. Ukubolekisa ngezindodla esikhukhulayo eMfuleni Yellow wabhubhisa udonga kwepaki nehlathi enezikhukhula. Cishe zonke izilwane waminza, futhi labo wakwazi ukuphunyuka, yabhujiswa ngesikhathi ukuvukela kwase-Shayina e onyakeni wokuqala kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Zasindiswa izilwane ezalahlekelwa izwe lazo ngokuyisimangaliso zasinda eYurophu.
SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili engawayekanga kubo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zinhlobo - izinyamazane, kwanqunywa ukuba ubuyele emahlathini zabomdabu of China. Indawo yokufa isiphenduke indawo entsha. Ukuze "Davidovskaya ingane" izinqolobane isungulwe, lapho isela lihlala khona umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 1. Abamele le zilwane.
Isici, ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo, yokuphila
I-Observational Chinese yanikeza inyamazane enegama laseYurophu nelinye igama - "Xi Lu Xiang", "hhayi njengabo abane" Ubani? Iqiniso ukuthi kakusikho ukusoka okusobala enyameni inyamazane eqoqwe ukubonakala kwawo izici kwezilwane eziningana:
- izinselo like inkomo,
- intamo icishe ifane nekamela
- izimpondo zenyamazane,
- umsila wembongolo.
"Kubukeka ngathi akuyona leyo." Eziyivulayo-nezinselo ezivulekile, esigqoke has nsundu-isitini umbala ehlobo, ompunga - ebusika. Ukuphakama at sokubuna 140 cm, ubude 2 m nesisindo mayelana 200 kg. Ikhanda lincane, lize lide, amehlo abebuhlalu, izindlebe zicishe zingunxantathu - zibukhali. "Esinezimpondo" Usayizi sifinyelela indlovukazi - okunethezeka "Umqhele" ikhula cishe 90 cm.
Ukunaka! Deer David - umnikazi zezimpondo esiyingqayizivele angekho yezinye izinhlobo. Inqubo engezansi iyakwazi ukuhlanganisa amagatsha, ifike kumathiphu angama-6. Basic "igatsha" efanayo ibuyise.
Ngaleso sikhathi samanje, "Xiang Xi Lu" uhlala kuphela eziqiwini futhi evikelwe nemvelo reserves eChina naseYurophu. Isilwane sibhukuda ngentokozo. Ungena amanzi "emahlombe akhe" futhi isikhathi eside ukuba kulesi sikhundla. Deer bukhoma zibe yimihlambi, iduna ngokuvamile has a "isithembu" abesifazane eziningana. Isilwane esiziqhenyayo sinqoba abakhethiweyo baso ngesikhathi sokulwa kanzima nezimbangi ngesikhathi semidlalo yokuzalelana. Ngesikhathi impi ngokuhamba ziyizimpondo, imilenze angaphambili, futhi ngisho namazinyo.
omele Elihle izilwane zinezimpondo, ngenhlanhla ukulondolozwa ekuqothulweni. Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzokwazi ukukhipha izilwane entweni yazo yendabuko - izilwane zasendle.
Izinyamazane Ezingavamile: Isiqophi
Umzimba side izinyawo ubude, ikhanda side futhi unciphise nentamo emfushane. Izindlebe zikhonjwa, zimfishane.
Ngezinye ichopho empumulweni akukho noboya. Umsila lide, enhlonhlweni Izinwele zaso side.
Inyamazane kaDavid iphakathi ngobukhulu. Ubude lezi zilwane ukufinyelela 150-215 amasentimitha futhi ukuphakama amasentimitha angaba ngu-140. David inyamazane nesisindo 150-200 amakhilogramu.
Izimpondo ngobude zikhula zibe amasentimitha angama-87. Ziyakwazi eyingqayizivele kakhulu, ifomu onjalo ayisatholakali kunoma yiziphi nezinye izinhlobo inyamazane: esiqwini yezinsizwa ukubheka emuva, futhi inqubo aphansi futhi ezinde kunazo zonke Ungase futhi azikhandle, ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube kufika ku-6 kuphelile.
Summer umbala emuva ingxenye uDavide inyamazane ophuzi-grey, icala langasezantsi libe ventral kanti ukukhanya yellow ansundu.
Eduzane nomsila kukhona “isibuko” esincane. Ebusika, umbala kuba grey ansundu. Ngo abasha umbala iba nsundu ngokubomvu nge izindawo neyarkimi emhlophe nephuzi.
Isigaxa se-david. Deer David - owabulawa, kodwa uhlobo encishisiwe. Isimo kwezinhlobo ngokwemvelo
Inyamazimu kaDavida icishe isondele ekuqothulweni, okwamanje isinda ekudingisweni kuphela. Lesi silwane yaqanjwa wamazwe, isazi sesayensi yezilwane Armand uDavide, owayekade ubukele zokugcina umhlambi ezisele futhi umphakathi Chinese spodvig ibe sokuma mathupha ku kwalezi labantu, okuyinto igama lesibili - Mila.
Lisho ukuthini igama "C-pu-xiang"
AmaShayina abiza lesi isilwane esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "Si-pu-hsiang," okusho ukuthi "hhayi noyedwa kwabane." Leli gama ongaziwa libhekisela kulokho libukeka inyamazane kaDavide. izinyamazane zinhlobo ufana nenye amane inkomo, kodwa inkomo, entanyeni njenge ikamela, kodwa ikamela, kodwa hhayi inyamazane, umsila we-esile kodwa hhayi imbongolo.
Ikhanda lesilwane licinene futhi linobude ngezindlebe ezincane ezibukhali namehlo amakhulu. Abahlukile phakathi izinyamazane izimpondo zenyamazane lolu hlobo has a main ekhelini ingxenye anterior kuyoshaya kolunye uhlangothi. Ehlobo iba nombala obomvu ebusika - grey, kukhona scruff kancane, futhi eduze emgogodleni side amnyama umugqa. Uma abamele ababenezimpondo babonwa ngezigxobo eziphaphathekile, phambi kwethu kukhona itayitela elincane likaDavid (isithombe ngezansi). Babukeka athinta inhliziyo.
Indlela Yokuphila inyamazane David
Inyosi kaDavid yayihlala ezindaweni ezinamakhaza aseCentral naseNyakatho neChina. Ngo phakathi XIX uDavide ekhulwini inyamazane kuyagcinwa kuphela imperial ukuzingela epaki. Lokho lapho inyamazane futhi wathola ngo-1865, isithunywa sevangeli esivela e-France, uDavide. Wathumela umuntu oyedwa eYurophu ngonyaka we-1869, kanti namuhla lezi zinyamazane ngenani labantu abacishe babe ngu-450 bahlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezinkulu zasekhaya.
Futhi eChina, izinyamazane okugcina kaDavide labhujiswa ngo-1920 ngesikhathi Boxer Rebellion. Ngo-1960, inyamazane futhi acclimated ekhaya.
Ukuthi izinyoni zikaDavide ziziphatha kanjani ku-vivo akucaci. Cishe, lezi zilwane waphila ogwini namaxhaphozi. Ukudla kwalezi zilwane siqukethe utshani exhaphozini.
Izinyamazane zikaDavid zihlala emihlambini yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Kokuzalela sizini June nango-July. Ukukhulelwa sihlala izinsuku 250. Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, izinyamazane ezi-1 kuyalelwa. ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kubo iza izinyanga 27, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, bangase liyakhula izinyanga 15.
Incazelo kaDavide inyamazane
Umzimba ubude ngu-180-190 cm, ukuphakama kwehlombe kungama-120 cm, ubude bomsila buyi-50 cm, nesisindo bungama-135 kg.
Kingdom - uhlobo isilwane - chordates ekilasini - ezincelisayo squad - ungulates ngisho Umbala suborder - ruminants, umkhaya - cervids, uhlobo lwe - David inyamazane.
Lolu hlobo babe eziseduze ku incazelo:
eningizimu red munchak (Muntiacus muntjak),
taruca (antisensis Andes inyamazane),
Ukuzala
Njengoba inyamazane kaDavide cishe alutholakalanga zasendle, nokubona ukuziphatha lakhe likhiqiza besekuthunjweni. Le nhlobo inenhlalo futhi ihlala emihlambini emikhulu, ngaphandle kwezikhathi ngaphambi nangemva kwenkathi yokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa ukushiya umhlambi ukudla futhi wakha amandla ngokushesha. Deer kwabesilisa ukulwa usebenzisa izimpondo, amazinyo imilenze front nge izimbangi ukuze iqembu nabesifazane. Abesifazane nabo abaphambuki ekuncintisaneni ukunakwa kwabesilisa; bayaluma. nesixhumo sezindluzele eyimpumelelo sithole ukubusa nokuthi abesilisa ezinamandla ndawonye nabesifazane.
Phakathi kokuzalela, kwabesilisa ngisho ukudla, ngoba konke ukunakwa eya ukulawula ukubusa nabesifazane. Kungemva kokuba umanyolo wezinsikazi lapho owesilisa ovelele eqala ukudla futhi futhi ngokushesha athole isisindo. Isizini yokuzalanisa ihlala izinsuku 160, njengoba umthetho, kuyenzeka June nango-July. Ngemva kwenkathi sokukhulelwa izinsuku 288 ka, nabesifazane uzozala elilodwa noma amabili fawns. Amawele anesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-11 ngokuzalwa, ayeke ukondla ubisi lukamama ezinyangeni eziyi-10-11. Abesifazane ukufinyelela izinga lokuzala emva kweminyaka emibili, futhi abesilisa - onyakeni wokuqala. Abadala aphila iminyaka engaba ngu-18.
Ukuvuselelwa kwesibalo sika David deer
Umlando waleli isilwane yisibonelo ukubaluleka kokugcina izilwane basekuthunjweni ngenxa ukongiwa zezinyoni ezingavamile. David inyamazane wahlaba khona ezweni lakubo, lolu hlobo ungase zinyamalale ngokuphelele uma ezinye izilwane kungukuthi sifakwe eziqiwini ezihlukahlukene eYurophu.
Munye kuphela umuntu owaba ngumqali wokuqoqa zonke izinyamazane zikaDavide futhi ezihlanganisa emhlanjini omncane. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abazalwane uhlanga wokutakula ekuqothulweni.
David inyamazane kungukuthi ezifuywayo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babengakholwa eyaziwa ngokuthi isilo sasendle. Ezikhathini zomlando, inyamazane kaDavid yayihlala ethafeni elikhulu elinobuningi eChina.
izinyoni Wild abasekho ne 1766 - 1122 biennium. BC, lapho imithetho Shang lwamakhosi. Ngalesi sikhathi, baqala ukucubungula amathafa lapho kwakuhlala khona inyamazane, ngakho-ke ayengasekho. Cishe 3000 iminyaka walondoloza inyamazane amapaki. Lapho uhlanga yayisivulekele isayensi, umhlambi owodwa kuphela babesinde ku-imperial ukuzingela epaki eningizimu Beijing. Ngo-1865, isazi semvelo saseFrance u-Armand David wakwazi ukubona izinyoni ngocingo lwepaki, lapho abaseYurophu babengeke badlule khona. Njengoba lezi zilwane zazitholakala wathola.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uDavide wambamba 2 izikhumba zalezi izilwane wazithumela Paris, lapho wachaza SaseMilne-Edwards. Kamuva, izinyamazane eziningana eziphilayo zathuthwa zathunyelwa eYurophu, futhi inzalo yazo yazinza ezindaweni ezithile zoo.
Ngo-1894 eMfuleni Yellow kuyachichima, esakuthwala udonga lwamatshe ezungeze Imperial Park, kanye nezilwane ehlakazekile emhlabeni komakhelwane. izinyamazane eziningi wabulala abalimi belamba. Yidlanzana nje lezinyamazane elasinda, kepha ngonyaka we-1900 zabhujiswa ngenkathi kuqhubeka umbhikisho wesibhakela. ezimbalwa kuphela inyamazane ezithathwe Beijing. Ngu-1911, China babesinde ezimbili kuphela inyamazane zikaDavide, kodwa iminyaka engu-10 kamuva bobabili bafa.
Imikhuba
Amaduna athande “ukuhlobisa” izimpondo zawo ngezimila, ezishonisa ezihlahleni nasemifino evuthayo. Ebusika, ngo-December noma ngo-January uphondo kabusha. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, izinyamazane Ngokuvamile uDavide kukhipha umsindo wokubhonga.
Udla utshani, umhlanga, izihlahlana kanye nomhubhe wolwandle.
Njengoba ayikho indlela ukuze ubuke le labantu endle akwaziwa oyisitha kwalezi zilwane. Kucatshangwa - ingwe, ihlosi.
Habitat
Lolu hlobo lwavela ngesikhathi sePleistocene endaweni ethile eduze kwaseManchuria. Isimo sashintsha ngesikhathi sokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, ngokusho kwezinsalela zesilwane (inyamazane kaDavid) ezitholakele.
Ngabe luhlala kuphi lolu hlobo? Indawo yangempela okukholakala ukuthi bekuyindawo yezimbali ezinamanzi amancane nezindawo ezimbozwe umhlanga. Ngokungafani nezinyamazane eziningi, lezi zingabhukuda kahle futhi zibe semanzini isikhathi eside.
Njengoba izinyamazane zazihlala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezivulekile, zazizisulu zokuzingela kalula, futhi ngekhulu le-19 inani lazo lalincipha ngokushesha. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbusi waseChina wathuthela umhlambi omkhulu waya "eRoyal Hunt Park" yakhe, lapho inyamazane yachuma khona. Le paki yayizungezwe udonga ngamamitha angama-70 ukuphakama, yayenqatshelwe ukusibheka ngisho nangaphansi kobuhlungu bokufa. Kodwa-ke, u-Armand David, isithunywa sevangeli esingumFrance, ebeka impilo yakhe engozini, wazitholela lezi zinhlobo futhi wayezijabulisa yilezi zilwane. UDavid wancenga umbusi ukuthi anikeze izinyamazane eziningana ukuthi zithunyelwe eYurophu.
Ngokushesha, ngoMeyi 1865, kwaba yinhlekelele, babulala inani elikhulu lezinyamazane zikaDavid. Ngemuva kwalokhu, cishe abantu abahlanu basala epaki, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuvuka, amaChina athatha ipaki njengendawo yokuzivikela futhi adla inyamazane yokugcina. Ngaleso sikhathi eYurophu, lezi zilwane zazifuyelwa abantu abangamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, kepha ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, ngenxa yokushoda kokudla, abantu base bebuye behle baba ngamashumi amahlanu. Ukhula lusinde kakhulu ngenxa yemizamo kaBedford nendodana yakhe uHastings, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uMbusi we-12 waseBedford.
Ukuphikelela komuntu oyedwa kwasindisa inyamazane
Le micimbi yashukumisela umbono we-Duke of Bedford ukudala umhlambi eWuberna, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kwakudingeka ukuxhumanisa zonke izilwane ezivela e-zoos ehlukene zaseYurophu ndawonye. Eminyakeni engu-1900-1901 waqoqa abantu abayi-16. Umhlambi wokufuya waqala ukukhula, futhi ngo-1922 kwase kunabantu abangama-64 kuwo.
Izinhlobo zohlobo oluthile: Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edward. Uhlobo lukaDavid deer luseMnyuziyamu Wezemvelo waseParis.
Isilondolozi seDer
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo lezi zilwane ezixakile yiChina, lapho yakha khona izindawo zemvelo lapho kugcinwa khona abantu abangaphezu kwe-1000.
IDafeng Nature Reserve yaba ikhaya likaDavid. Kuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke zohlobo lwayo emhlabeni wonke, kulapho isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke seMiro sihlala khona.
IDafeng National Nature Reserve ihlanganisa indawo engamahektare angama-78,000; yadalwa ngo-1986 ogwini olusempumalanga.
Izinhlobo ezisengcupheni ye-artiodactyl - UDavid deer ungaphansi kokulawulwa kwezazi zezilwane, inhlangano yomhlaba eyenzelwe ukuyigcina. Kungani izilwane zacishe zanyamalala, yiziphi izehlakalo ezandulele lokhu? Ngabe ibukeka kanjani inyamazane, ihlala kuphi, yini imiphumela yayo? Izimpendulo nezithombe ezikulo mbhalo.
Indaba
EYurophu, lezi zinyamazane zaqala ukubonakala maphakathi nekhulu le-19 sibonga umpristi waseFrance, isithunywa sevangeli nososayensi wezemvelo u-Armand David, owahamba waya eChina futhi wabona lezi zinyamazana engadini evaliwe futhi zigadwe ngokucophelela. Ngaleso sikhathi, endle, izinyamazane zase zishonile, kukholakala ukuthi, ngenxa yokuzingela okungalawulwa ngesikhathi seMing Dynasty (1368-1644). Ngo-1869, uMbusi uTongzhi wethula abantu abaningana balaba basebenzi baseFrance, Germany naseGreat Britain. EFrance naseJalimane, izinyamazane zashona ngokushesha, futhi e-UK zasinda zibonga kuMbusi we-11 waseBedford, owagcina efeni lakhe I-Woburn (eng. Ifa leWoburn ) Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakusenzekile izinto ezimbili eChina uqobo, ngenxa yalokho isidlo sombusi esasisele sife ngokuphelele. Ngo-1895, kwenzeka isikhukhula ngenxa yokuchitheka kwe-Yellow River, futhi izilwane ezethusayo zabalekela kugebe odongeni zabe seziminza emfuleni noma zabhujiswa ngabalimi abashiywe ngaphandle kwezilimo. Izilwane ezazisele zafa ngesikhathi seBoxer Uprising ngonyaka ka 1900. Ukuphinda kukhiqizwe kabusha inyamazane kaDavid kuvela kubantu abangu-16 abasele e-UK, abaqala ukukhulisa kancane kancane ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi, kusukela ngo-1964, kwizindawo zooMosco naseSt. Ngawo-1930s, inani lezinhlobo lalingaba ngu-180 abantu, futhi njengamanje kunezilwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa. NgoNovemba 1985, iqembu lezilwane laziswa eDafin Milu Nature Reserve. IDafeng milu reservation ) eduze kwaseBeijing, lapho kuthiwa bake bahlala khona.
Kwakungubani u-Arman David, okwathi ngemuva kwakhe kwaqanjwa izinhlobo zezinyamazane ezivela eChina: ezempi, isithunywa sevangeli, isazi sezombusazwe, isazi sempi?
Kwakungubani u-Arman David, futhi kwaqanjwa igama lokuthi izinhlobo zenyamazane ezivela eChina? Namuhla sinamakhalenda uMgqibelo, Mashi 14, 2020, kuFirst Channel kunombukiso wemibuzo "Ngubani ofuna ukuba yisigidigidi?" Esitudiyo kunabadlali abaphethe uDmitry Dibrov.
Esihlokweni sizobheka enye yezingqinamba nezindida zomdlalo wanamuhla. Indatshana ejwayelekile, yendabuko, ebukezwe ngokuphelele umdlalo wethelevishini "Ngubani Ofuna Ukuba Yisigidi?" Izimpendulo ze-03/14/20. Ungathola kuyo ukuthi abadlali bayinqobile okuthile namuhla, noma bashiye i-studio benganalutho. Okwamanje, ake siqhubekele embuzweni ohlukile womdlalo nempendulo yawo.
Kwakungubani u-Arman David, futhi kwaqanjwa igama lokuthi izinhlobo zenyamazane ezivela eChina?
UDeser David luhlobo olungadingeki lwezinyamazane, okwamanje olwaziwa ekudingisweni kuphela, lapho lufuya khona kancane kancane ezindaweni ezi-zoo zomhlaba futhi lwethulwa endaweni egcinwe eChina. Izazi zesayensi yezemvelo zithi lolu hlobo lwendabuko lwaluhlala ezindaweni ezinamakhaza enyakatho mpumalanga yeChina.
Isithunywa sevangeli esingumFulentshi u-Arman David weza eChina ngezingqinamba zezombusazwe futhi wahlangana okokuqala nothwala bakaDavid (abaqanjwa ngemuva kwakhe). Kungemva kweminyaka eminingi yezingxoxo lapho ancenga khona umbusi ukuthi anikeze imvume yokuhoxiswa kwabantu eYurophu, kepha eFrance naseJalimane izilwane zasheshe zafa. Kepha baqala ezakhiweni zamaNgisi, okubuye kube yisinyathelo esibalulekile sokubuyisela inani labantu.
- ezempi
- isithunywa sevangeli
- idiplomat
- umthwebuli wezithombe
U-Arman David (Septhemba 7, 1826, i-Espelet (eduzane neBayonne) - Novemba 10, 1900, Paris) - Isithunywa sevangeli saseFrance uLazar, kanye nodokotela wezilwane nowezitshalo.
Iningi lempilo yakhe wasebenza eChina. Waziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umsunguli (ngokwesayensi yaseYurophu) we-panda omkhulu nodedesi David. Ubuye wachazwa njengohlobo lomhlanga olusha lwesayensi.
Kucashunwe Esithombeni sikaDavide
Asula phansi amahhashi ebumnyameni, akhipha ama-girths ahlela imiyalo. UDenisov wama endaweni yokuqapha, wanikeza imiyalo yokugcina. Ukushona kwezingane kule nhlangano, kushaywe izinyawo ezingamakhulu, kuqhubekele phambili nomgwaqo futhi ngokushesha kwanyamalala phakathi kwezihlahla ezazinenkungu eyandulelayo. U-Ezul wayala okuthile kumaCossacks. UPetya wagcina ihhashi lakhe ngezikhathi ezithile, elindele ngabomvu imiyalo yokuhlala. Ehlanjululwe ngamanzi abandayo, ubuso bakhe, ikakhulukazi amehlo akhe eshiswe ngumlilo, amakhaza ehlela emhlane wakhe, futhi into ethile yathuthumela ngokushesha nangomzimba wonke umzimba wakhe.
"Konke kumi ngomumo?" - kusho uDenisov. - Woza ngamahhashi.
Amahhashi ayondliwa. UDenisov wayethukuthele i-Cossack ngeqiniso lokuthi i-cinch yayibuthakathaka, futhi, ngenkathi eyihlukanise, yahlala phansi. UPetya waqala isiphithiphithi. Ihhashi, ngaphandle komkhuba, lalifuna ukuluma umlenze wakhe, kodwa uPetya, engazizwa enesisindo, wagxumela ngokushesha esihlalweni futhi, ebheka emuva ku-hussar, owahamba ngemuva ebumnyameni, wagibela waya eDenisov.
- Vasily Fedorovich, uzonginika okuthile? Ngiyacela ... ngenxa kaNkulunkulu ... - kusho yena. UDenisov wayebonakala ekhohlwa ubukhona bePetit. Wambheka emuva.
"Mayelana nawe г о у о о, wathi ngokuqinile," ukungilalela nokungahambeli ndawo.
Ngesikhathi sonke sokudluliselwa, uDenisov akazange asho lutho ngaphezulu noPetya futhi wahamba ethule. Lapho sifika emaphethelweni ehlathi, insimu yayivele ilula kakhulu. UDenisov ukhulume ehleba waya ku-esaul, kwathi amaCossacks aqala ukudlula ngoPetit noDenisov. Lapho bonke behamba, uDenisov wathinta ihhashi lakhe wakhwela wehla naphansi. Ehleli ezinsikeni zabo ngemuva futhi egwedla, amahhashi ehlela nabagibeli babo emgodini. UPetya wayeshayela eceleni kukaDenisov. Ukuqhaqhazela emzimbeni wakhe wonke kwakhula. Kwakuya kukhanya ngokukhanya, kuphela inkungu eyayifihle izinto ezikude. Njengoba esehlise phansi wabheka emuva, uDenisov wavuma ngekhanda kuCossack emi eceleni kwakhe.
- Isiginali! Uthe.
UCossack waphakamisa isandla, kwaqhuma isibhamu. Futhi ngaso leso sikhathi kwakukhona ukushayisana phambi kwamahhashi amenyezelayo, kumemeza ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi kusadubula.
Ngaso leso sikhathi ukuthi kuzwakale imisindo yokuqala yokuduma nokukhala, uPetya, uthe eseshaye ihhashi lakhe wakhulula izinso, akazange alalele uDenisov ememeza, ebheke phambili. Kwabonakala ngathi kuPetya ukuthi ngokuzumayo, njengoba phakathi kosuku, kukhanya kukhanya lapho umzuzu kuzwakale umsindo. Wagxumela ebhulohweni. Amarokhethi abekwe phambili endleleni. Ebhulohweni, wagijimela kuCossack owayebuye wabambelela kuye. Phambili, abanye abantu - kumele ngabe kwakungu-French - wabalekela ohlangothini lokunene lomgwaqo ngakwesobunxele. Enye yawela odakeni ngaphansi kwezinyawo zehhashi likaPetya.
Amasheya agcwele endaweni eyodwa, enza okuthile. Kusukela phakathi kwesixuku kuzwakale umsindo omkhulu. UPetya wagxumela kulesi sixuku, into yokuqala ayibona ukuthi ubuso bomuntu waseFrance, buphaphathekile ngomhlathi ophansi obambekile, babambelela eziqongweni ezikhonjiswe kuye.
- UHooray. Guys ... bethu ... - UPetee wamemeza futhi, enikeza izinso zehhashi elivuthayo, wagqitshwa eceleni komgwaqo.
Phambili kuzwakale ukudutshulwa. Izicashalala, ama-hussars kanye neziboshwa ezigugile zaseRussia, zigijima kusuka zombili izinhlangothi zomgwaqo, bonke bakhala kakhulu nangokuxakayo. Encane, ngaphandle kwesigqoko, enobuso obumfushane obomvu, umFulentshi owayegqoke ingubo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka walwa ne-bayonet evela emahumsars. Lapho uPetya egxuma, lo waseFrance wayevele ewile. Wayebuye futhi sekwephuzile, ekhanya ekhanda likaPetya, futhi waphinde wabuyela lapho kwakuzwakala khona isibhamu njalo. Kudutshulwe kwagcotshwa kwagcotshwa egcekeni lakuleyo ndlu enhle lapho abekuyo neDolokhov izolo kusihlwa. AmaFulentshi ahlala lapho ngemuva kocingo lwamanzi, endaweni enkudlwana, egcwele ingadi yamabhasi futhi adubula eCossacks eyayigcwele emasangweni. Esondela esangweni, uPetya emsini wempuphu wabona uDolokhov enobuso obunombala onsundu, bememeza okuthile kubantu. “Isiphambeko! Lindela ingane! ” Amemeze, ngenkathi uPetya eqonda kuye.
- linda. Uraaaa. - Kumemeza uPetya futhi, ngaphandle kokulibala umzuzu owodwa, waqonda endaweni lapho kwakuzwakala khona isibhamu lapho kwakukhona khona intuthu ka-powder. Kube khona ivolumu, kushewa izinhlamvu kungenalutho futhi kufafaza okuthile. UCossacks noDolokhov balandela uPetya bangene emasangweni endlu. AmaFulentshi, owayeshunqa umusi ominyayo, abanye baphonsa izikhali bagijima baphuma ehlathini bayohlangana nabakwaCossacks, abanye babalekela ezansi echibini. UPetya wagibela ihhashi lakhe egcekeni leManor, futhi, esikhundleni sokubamba izinso, wanyusa izandla zakhe zombili ngendlela eyisimanga futhi ngokushesha, futhi waqhubekela phambili ukusuka esihlalweni sobukhosi kuya kolunye uhlangothi. Ihhashi, seligijimile emlilweni oshiswa ukukhanya kwelanga, laphumula, kwathi uPetya wawela emhlabathini omanzi kakhulu. UCossacks wabona ukuthi izingalo nemilenze yakhe isonteka ngokushesha, yize iqiniso ukuthi ikhanda lakhe aligudluki. Inhlamvu imgwaze ikhanda.
Ngemuva kokukhuluma nesikhulu esiphezulu saseFrance, esize kuye sivela ngemuva kwendlu sithwele isibhamu enkembeni saso futhi samemezela ukuthi bayanikela, uDolokhov wehla ehhashini lakhe waya kuPetya, owayelulele izandla, welula izingalo.
“Ready,” kusho yena, evunguza ngenkani, wangena ngesango elibheke eDenisov, obezofika kuye.
UDeser kaDavid noma uMilu - ubhekise kwisilwane esiyingqayizivele, esibhalwe emhlabeni eRubheni elibomvu njengohlobo olusengozini yokuphela. Ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezisengozini enkulu kule planethi, ngoba iqothulwe ngokuphelele endle, futhi inani layo lagcinwa ngabantu kuphela kwi-zoo.
Ukubonakala kwenyamazane nakho kuyathakazelisa. Ngempela, esilwaneni esisodwa, izinto ezazibonakala zingahambelani zazihlanganiswa. Ngisho namaShayina, lapho ahlala khona inyamazane, akholwa ukuthi wayenezinselo njengenkomo, intamo yehhashi, abasemzini kanye nomsila wembongolo. Ngisho nelinye lamagama esiShayina - "sy-pu-xiang", ekuhumusheni kuzwakala njengokuthi "ukungaphumeleli ezine".
UDavov deer uyisilwane esikhulu emilenzeni ephezulu. Isisindo sawo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili kwabesilisa, izinsikazi zincane. Ukuphakama kwesilwane lapho kubuna kungamasentimitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili, futhi ubude busuka kumuntu nohhafu ukuya kumamitha amabili. Ekhanda elincane eliphakeme elinezindlebe ezikhombe. Umsila ongamamitha uhhafu unebhulashi, njengembongolo. Izinselo zibanzi nge-calcaneus ende nezinselo ezilandela kamuva.
Umzimba wonke wesilwane umbozwe izinwele ezithambile nezinde. Yonke imuva kusuka emsileni kuya ekhanda iyinhlangano yezinwele. Abesilisa bane-mane encane futhi ngaphambili kwentamo.
Izinwele ze-Deer zibomvu ngombala onsundu ngenkathi efudumele, bese kuthi ebusika ibe ngompunga ngentambo emnyama emuva kuyo yonke imuva, kuthi ingxenye yesisu ibe ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwezinwele, lesi silwane sinezinwele zangaphandle ezi-wavy ezihlala unyaka nonyaka.
Ukuziqhenya kwenyamazane kaDavida kuyizimpondo zayo. Mikhulu, ingafinyelela amashumi ayisishiyagalombili amasentimitha. Zinezinqubo ezine eziqondiswe emuva (zazo zonke izimpondo zama-deer zibheke phambili), futhi inqubo ephansi ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisithupha. Abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo. Bazilahla minyaka yonke ekupheleni kukaDisemba. Esikhundleni esidala, izinqubo ezintsha ziqala ukukhula, okuthi ngoMeyi zibe izimpondo ezakhiwe ngokugcwele.
Njengoba sikuqonda kahle, isilwane esinokubukeka okungajwayelekile kangako sangehluleka ukujabulisa umuntu ekuqaleni owacishe wasibhubhisa ngokuphelele lesi silwane, futhi manje osenenkani ekubuyiselweni kuso.
Izinhlobo: Elaphurus davidianus Milne-Edward = Isigaxa sikaDavid, uMili
Uhlobo lolo kuphela uhlobo: Inyamazane kaDavid - E. davidianus Milne-Edward, 1866.
Ubukhulu bonyamazane bakaDavid bumaphakathi. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha ayi-150-215, ubude bomsila buyi-50 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna kuno-115-140 cm. Isisindo sedonki likaDavid ngama-150-200 kg. Umzimba uphakeme, izinyawo ziphakeme. Intamo imfushane, ikhanda lide futhi lincane. Iphrofayili yaphezulu kwekhanda likaDeveli ikhanda liqonde. Izindlebe zimfishane, zikhombe. Isiphetho sezimbali sinqunu. Umsila mude ngezinwele ezibulalayo eziphakeme. Izinselo zeminwe ephakathi mikhulu, ezokuqina zithuthukiswa kahle futhi zithinta inhlabathi uma uhamba emhlabathini othambile. Izimpondo zenyamazane kaDavid, efinyelela kubude obungu-87 cm, zingajwayelekile kakhulu (okuwukuphela kwento ephakathi kwalolu hlobo lwenyathi): izinqubo zesigaxa esikhulu ziqondiswa emuva kuphela, eziphansi nezinde kunazo zonke zazo zisuka esiqwini esikhulu, zibuyisa amasentimitha ambalwa kuphela kusuka kugebhezi, futhi zingagatsha ngokwayo (kwesinye isikhathi ineziphetho ezifika kwezi-6). Ehlobo, umbala wangemuva wenyosi kaDavid uphuzi, isisu sikhanya nsundu. Kukhona "isibuko" esincane esiseduze. Ebusika, umbala wenyamazane kaDavid onsundu. Umbala omncane obomvana-onsundu onamabala aphuzi amhlophe qwa. Izindlala zesikhumba ezi-interdigital and metatarsal azikho. Izinduna ze-infraorbital zenyamazane uDavid zikhulu kakhulu.
Isikhumba mude futhi mncane. Isigaba esingaphambili senziwe umugqa omncane. Amathambo angenalutho anezimpawu ezinkulu zezindlala ze-infraorbital. Ukuvuleka kwe-ethmoid yinde futhi imincane. Imigqomo yokuqopha amathambo mincane.
I-diploid iqoqo lama-chromosomes kuDavid deer 68.
Ngokusobala, inyamazimu kaDavid yayihlala ezindaweni ezinamabhashaza eNyakatho nePhakathi neChina. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, laligcinwa kuphela epaki lokuzingela lombusi eliseduze kwaseBeijing, lapho latholakala khona ngo-1865 yisithunywa sevangeli saseFrance uDavid. Yathunyelwa eYurophu ngonyaka we-1869, kanti inyamazane kaDavid njengamanje itholakala kuzo zonke izindawo zasekhaya ezikhulu ngesilinganiso sezilwane ezi-450. Umbono wokugcina wobudlova bukaDavid eChina washona ngenkathi kuqubuka umbhikisho wesibhakela ngo-1920. Ngo-1960, waphinda wahlonishwa futhi eChina.
Indlela yemvelo yenyosi kaDavid ayaziwa, kepha, ngokusobala, yayihlala ngasogwini lwezidumbu zamanzi ezindaweni ezimanzi. Inyamazane kaDavid idla izitshalo zasemanzini ezinomhlaza. Igcinwa imihlambi yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ngoJuni - Julayi. Ukukhulelwa ku-deer David kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-250-270. Abesifazane baletha izinyamazane ezi-1-2 ngo-Ephreli - ngoMeyi. Ukuvuthwa kwenyosi kaDavid kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-27, akuvamile ezinyangeni ezili-15.
UDeser of David - E. davidianus Milne-Edward, 1866.
Indaba yenyamazane kaDavida iyisibonelo esicacile sendima edlalwa zihlambi zethunjana ekulondolozeni isilwane esingajwayelekile. Le nyamazane yaqothulwa ezweni layo futhi ngabe yanyamalala ngokuphelele uma inani elithile lezinhlobonhlobo lalingazange ligcine ezindlini zaseYurophu. Ngokuqala komuntu oyedwa, zonke izilwane zahlanganiswa ukuze zakhe umhlambi omncane wokufuya ngaleyo ndlela zisindise uhlobo lokufa.
Umbala oyinhloko wenyamazane kaDavid ubomvu nge-tint grey. Ingxenye engezansi yemilenze ilula, isisu sicishe saba mhlophe. Umsila mude ukwedlula obunye ubuya bezinyawo, bufika esithendeni, ekugcineni kokhezo lwawo.Izinselo zibanzi kakhulu. Izimpondo ziyehluka futhi ezimpondweni zamanye amalungu omndeni: zonke izinqubo zazo ziqondiswa emuva futhi zinemikhawulo emikhawulweni. Kwesinye isikhathi inyathi ibuyisa izimpondo kabili ngonyaka. Izinyamazane ezincane zinamabala amhlophe ahluke kakhulu esikhunjeni sazo.
Lesi sidalwa sasingahlali ezindlini futhi ngasikhathi sinye sasingaziwa isayensi njengesilwane sasendle sangempela.
Esikhathini somlando, izinyamazane zaziziningi futhi zazibanzi ethafeni elikhulu elinamanzi elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina, ukusuka eBeijing kuya esifundazweni saseHangzhou nesaseHu-nan.
Esimweni sayo sasendle, inyamazane kaDavid yayeka ukubakhona kusukela ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaShang (1766 - 1122 BC), lapho amathafa ahlala kulo aqala ukulinywa. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-3,000, lesi silwane besigcinwa emapaki. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho inyamazane ivulelwe isayensi, kwakuwukuphela komhlambi ogcinwa eNon Hai-Dzu (South Lake) -e-Imperial Hunting Park eningizimu yeBeijing. Kwavulwa isazi semvelo esidumile saseFrance u-Abbot Armand David (igama lakhe ahlonishwa ngalo) ngonyaka we-1865, lapho ekwazile ukuphenya ngocingo lwepaki eligadwe ngokuqinile, lapho abaseYurophu benqatshelwa ukungena.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uDavid wakwazi ukuthola izikhumba ezimbili futhi wathumela eParis, lapho abachaza khona abakwaMil-Edward. Kamuva, amasampula amaningana aphilayo athunyelwa eYurophu, futhi inzalo yabo yahlala ezilwaneni eziningana.
Ngo-1894, ngesikhathi sokuchitheka kwe-Yellow River, udonga lwamatshe olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-70 ubude oluzungeze i-Imperial Hunting Park lwadilizwa, futhi inyamazane yahlakazeka endaweni yangakini lapho ababulewe abalambile.
Inani elincane lezilwane ezisindayo labulawa ngonyaka we-1900 ngesikhathi sokuhlubuka kwesibhakela. Kwasala izilwane ezimbalwa kuphela ezathunyelwa eBeijing. Ngo-1911, kwasala amahlaya amabili kuphela eChina, kwathi eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva bobabili bawa.
Ngemuva kwemicimbi enjalo eChina, i-Duke yaseBedford yanquma ukusungula umhlambi eWubern, ihlanganisa zonke izilwane ezivela kwizindawo ezihlukene zasekhaya e-Europe. Phakathi kuka-1900 no-1901 ukwazile ukuqoqa izinyamazane eziyishumi nesithupha. Umhlambi eWuberna waqala ukukhula, kwathi ngo-1922 kwase kunama-64 deer.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, inani lezinyamazane lenyuka kakhulu kangangokuba okungaphezulu kwalokho okusetshenziselwa ukuthola imihlambi kwamanye amazwe, ngonyaka ka-1963 inani lilonke lalingaphezu kwama-400. Ngo-1964, isondo laphenduka ngokuphelele lapho iLondon Zoo ithumela amakhophi amane emuva eChina, lapho bazinza e-Beijing Zoo, isigamu seminyaka eyikhulu ngemuva kokuba le nhlobo inyamalale ezweni.
Ukubhaliswa kwaminyaka yonke kwenani lomhlaba likaDavid emhlabeni kwenziwa ngu-E. Tong, umqondisi weWhipneyd Zoo, oshicilelwe kwi-International Yearbook of Zoos.
(D. Fisher, N. Simon, D. Vincent "The Red Book", M., 1976)
Isigaxa se-david. Inyamazimu kaDavid isilwane esifile kodwa esibuyiselwe. Indlela Yokuphila Nokuziphatha Komphakathi
UDeser kaDavid noma uMilu - ubhekise kwisilwane esiyingqayizivele, esibhalwe emhlabeni eRubheni elibomvu njengohlobo olusengozini yokuphela. Ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane ezisengozini enkulu kule planethi, ngoba iqothulwe ngokuphelele endle, futhi inani layo lagcinwa ngabantu kuphela kwi-zoo.
Ukubonakala kwenyamazane nakho kuyathakazelisa. Ngempela, esilwaneni esisodwa, izinto ezazibonakala zingahambelani zazihlanganiswa. Ngisho namaShayina, lapho ahlala khona inyamazane, akholwa ukuthi wayenezinselo njengenkomo, intamo yehhashi, abasemzini kanye nomsila wembongolo. Ngisho nelinye lamagama esiShayina - "sy-pu-xiang", ekuhumusheni kuzwakala njengokuthi "ukungaphumeleli ezine".
UDavov deer uyisilwane esikhulu emilenzeni ephezulu. Isisindo sawo sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili kwabesilisa, izinsikazi zincane. Ukuphakama kwesilwane lapho kubuna kungamasentimitha ayikhulu namashumi amabili, futhi ubude busuka kumuntu nohhafu ukuya kumamitha amabili. Ekhanda elincane eliphakeme elinezindlebe ezikhombe. Umsila ongamamitha uhhafu unebhulashi, njengembongolo. Izinselo zibanzi nge-calcaneus ende nezinselo ezilandela kamuva.
Umzimba wonke wesilwane umbozwe izinwele ezithambile nezinde. Yonke imuva kusuka emsileni kuya ekhanda iyinhlangano yezinwele. Abesilisa bane-mane encane futhi ngaphambili kwentamo.
Izinwele ze-Deer zibomvu ngombala onsundu ngenkathi efudumele, bese kuthi ebusika ibe ngompunga ngentambo emnyama emuva kuyo yonke imuva, kuthi ingxenye yesisu ibe ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwezinwele, lesi silwane sinezinwele zangaphandle ezi-wavy ezihlala unyaka nonyaka.
Ukuziqhenya kwenyamazane kaDavida kuyizimpondo zayo. Mikhulu, ingafinyelela amashumi ayisishiyagalombili amasentimitha. Zinezinqubo ezine eziqondiswe emuva (zazo zonke izimpondo zama-deer zibheke phambili), futhi inqubo ephansi ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziyisithupha. Abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo. Bazilahla minyaka yonke ekupheleni kukaDisemba. Esikhundleni esidala, izinqubo ezintsha ziqala ukukhula, okuthi ngoMeyi zibe izimpondo ezakhiwe ngokugcwele.
Njengoba sikuqonda kahle, isilwane esinokubukeka okungajwayelekile kangako sangehluleka ukujabulisa umuntu ekuqaleni owacishe wasibhubhisa ngokuphelele lesi silwane, futhi manje osenenkani ekubuyiselweni kuso.
Isimilo sobuhlakani benyosi uDavid
Izidwaba ezinkulu, ukuphakama emahlombe ziyi-140 cm, ku-sacrum 148 cm, ubude bomzimba ziyizi-215 cm.Izinyawo ziphakeme futhi ziwugqinsi, izingaphambili zingamafushane kunezizingemuva, zinokuphakama kuphela ngemuva kwama-metapods akamuva, izindlala ohlangothini lwangaphambili phakathi kweminwe alukho, izindlala zensimbi zingaba khona noma ukungabikho. Izinselo zibanzi, inengxenye ende yamakamela engenasici idlulela kude nesithende ibheke ezinzwaneni ezikabili. Izinselo ezizayo zinde kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo kunesikhala esingenalutho, isigaxa esixhuma izinselo, futhi sinqunu. Izinselo zezinsikazi zincanyana, ezinsuka ezilandelanayo emilenzeni yasemuva zimfishane kunangaphambili. Ebusika, izitho zimbozwe izinwele ezikhulu kunehlobo. Ikhanda, liphakeme engxenyeni engaphambili, linephrofayili eqondile. Isikhala esingenalutho ekhaleni sikhulu, sicishe simboze amathumbu, sifana neCervus, ebonakala ngemibimbi emikhulu yesikali. Izindlala zangaphambi komshado zikhulu. Izindlebe zincane, zimincane, ziningana izikhathi ezimfushane kunomsila. (Ubude bezindlebe buba ngu-7 cm). Umsila walolu hlobo, uma uqhathaniswa nolunye udikazi, mude kakhulu, ubude bunezinwele ezingaba ngu-53 cm, azinazo izinwele ezingama-32 cm, ama-cylindrical, nezinwele ezinde ngesimo ibhulashi elifinyelela esithendeni ekugcineni (uphawu olwahlukanisa lolu hlobo kuzo zonke ezinye i-Cervidae) . Intamo iyakhuphuka, kwenzeka ukuthi kune-mane eyenziwe ithuthukile, ende kusuka phansi.
Abesilisa kuphela abanezimpondo, ezinkulu, eziyindilinga esigabeni esiphambanweni, abanama-dichotomous branching, futhi zonke izinqubo (ikakhulu i-4) ziqondiswa emuva hhayi phambili, njengakwamanye amaCervinae (afana no-Odocoileus). Inqubo engezansi yinde kunazo zonke, iqonde ngqo, imvamisa ngamahlamvu ekugcineni, ngesinye isikhathi ibe namaphethelo ama-5 amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuya phezulu, izinqubo zincipha ngobude. Kwezinye izimo, izimpondo zishintsha kabili ngonyaka, okungahle kube ngumphumela wesimo sokuhlala ekhaya. I-hairline iqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu zezinwele. I-Apex ithambile, i-wavy encane, imfushane. Izinwele zinde eceleni kogongolo, esiswini mfushane futhi kuncane kakhulu kunasemzimbeni ophezulu. Indawo yephenisi imbozwe ngezinwele ezinde ezingenakubalwa. Ezinhlangothini zentamo nangaphansi komphimbo, izinwele zakha intshebe, zihlangana kancane kancane nolunye uhlangothi lwezinwele. Izinwele zinenqwaba yokubuyela emuva ngaphambili ngomucu wokudlula uye phambili, ukusuka ku-sacrum kuwo wonke umhlane nangasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwentamo. Imiphetho yezinwele ihlangana nama-ridges abukhali. Kuwo wonke umzimba, ngaphandle kwekhanda nemilenze ephansi, kusuka ku-metacarpal joints ("knee") nesithende phansi, kunezinwele ezinde ezingandile ezingafika ku-10-15 cm ubude. I-undercoat imfushane, ithambile kakhulu.
Umbala omncane onsundu ngokubomvu, ekuqaleni unamabala amhlophe. Abadala bangama-monochrome anemibala. Ithoni iyonke inombala onsundu ngokubomvu ngombala onsomi, okhanyayo emahlombe. Isibalo sisimhlophe noma sinsundu ngombala omnyama. Indawo emnyama onsundu ingaphezulu kwendawo engenamlomo. Ibunzi, isikhala phakathi kwamehlo nezindlebe, namasongo azungeze amehlo ngopende. Intamo ibomvu-grey ngaphezulu, inhlanganisela emnyama ezinhlangothini, imnyama ngezansi. Umphimbo, phansi kwekhanda nesifuba kumnyama. Eceleni kwegquma kunomugqa omnyama. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba imhlophe-grey, imvamisa ine-buffy tint. Amuva nangaphakathi kwamathanga amhlophe acwebezelayo, kancane kancane abe umbala wombala. Umsila ungumbala owodwa onomhlane noma obomvu ngaphezulu, ibhulashi elimnyama elinokuhlangana kancane kwezinwele ezibomvu. Izindandatho ezivela 'edolweni' ziye phansi naphaya odongeni lwangaphakathi olungaphandle zimhlophe qwa, izinyawo zesinqe zisuka esithendeni ngaphandle kanti imichilo edabula edolweni iya kwi-groin inombala ofanayo, umucu omfushane onsundu udlula ngaphakathi. Abesifazane banemibala elula kunabesilisa. Ebusika, izilwane ziyaqaqa, zithola imbobo yezinwele ezinde futhi ezinkudlwana ngombala wombala onsomi. Uboya ehlobo buhlala kusuka ngoMeyi noma ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti-Septhemba. Izimpawu zokuqala ze-molt ekwindla zivela ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi.
Umhlathi ophansi uhonjiswe kancane; engxenyeni engaphandle, ibanga ukusuka pm2 kuye ekugcineni komhlathi cishe lilingana nobude bomugqa walabo abanohlonze futhi abamisiwe ngaphambili. I-fusion imfushane, ingaphansi kobude bomugqa wama-molars aphansi. Inqubo ye-angular idluliselwa phambili futhi ayiveli emuva, njengaseCervus.
Ama-fangs aphezulu mancane ngosayizi. Ama-molars angenhla makhulu, anamakholamu amancane angeziwe ngaphakathi. Izinsimbi zifakwa, njengeCervus, kancane kancane zincipha ngosayizi. Uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lazo zonke izisusa nama-canine lunezinhlobo ezimbili ezijulile zokucabanga, ezihlukaniswe yi-crest ephakathi nendawo, ezinhlangothini zokuxineka nazo zikhawulelwe ngezinqenqemeni, engxenyeni enkulu (ephansi) yokucindezelwa embozwe okuphuma okuncane okuvela, njengomphumela wokuthi kwakheka imidwebo enjenge-ephaketheni.
Ama-phalanges anezinsimbi makhulu, abanzi futhi aphansi (ububanzi nokuphakama engxenyeni ye-articular kuyalingana). Uhlangothi olungaphezulu alukho, i-phalanx iyindilinga ngaphezulu. I-phalanx yesibili iyafana neCervus, kepha yinde.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye yokuhlala kwenyamazane kaDavid
Uhla oluphambili lwesidalwa sikaDavid alwaziwa; cishe luhlanganisa ingxenye ethile yeNyakatho neJapan neJapan. Ngokungangabazeki, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Elaphurus e-China bekuyinto ebanzi impela, ngoba yatholakala ezweni lase-Nihovan (Elaphurus bifurcatus Teilhard de Chardin et Piveteau) nasesifundazweni saseHenan (Elaphurus davidianus Matsnmoto). Ukusatshalaliswa kwaleli deva eJapan kuboniswa ukuba khona kwengxenyana yophondo lwendlulamthi, eyayichazwa nguWasease esifundazweni saseHarima. Okwamanje ayitholakali endle. Umhlambi owodwa ugcinwa engadini yeBeijing Summer Palace. Inani elincane lezizukulwane zalo mhlambi lathuthelwa eWoburn Abbey (eNgilandi) nakwezinye izingadi zezilwane. ISoverby ibhala ukuthi mhlawumbe uhla oluphambili lwalesi zinyamazane lwalusethafeni lesifundazwe saseHebei, lapho inyamazane yayihlala khona ezindaweni zokubhukuda ezimbozwe ngemhlanga nezihlahla.
Izici zokuguquguqula. Izici zesakhiwo semikhawulo (ukwehlukaniswa okukhulu kweminwe, amandla okuyihambisa kude, ingxenye ende “yecalber” kanye neminwe emikhulu yamuva) kukhombisa ukuvumelana kwe-Elaphurus empilweni phakathi kwezichibi (ezifanayo nezinduna). Ngamagama we-craniological, kufanele abe seduze ne-Cervinae engaphansi. Izici ezimbalwa eziyinqayizivele zihlukanisa leli deer kubo bonke abanye. Ihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu (ekwakhekeni kwemilenze, izimpondo, i-dimorphism yezocansi nangesikhathi sonyaka, njll.) Ngezimpawu zasendulo (ukwandiswa kwesifunda se-fronto-orbital, ukwahluka okuncane kombala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba). Ukuphindaphindeka kwalolu hlobo lwe-Rusa kubukeka sengathi kunguye okungenzeka kakhulu, okufanele kuthathwe njengegatsha eliguqulwe ngokuqinile futhi elikhethekile futhi elinokufana okufanayo ngamagama we-craniological.
URod - inyamazane kaDavid
- Iklasi: Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758 = Amamayela
- I-infraclass: I-Eutheria, iGlacentalia Gill, 1872 = Iplacental, Izidalwa eziphakeme
- Isikwele: Ungulata = Ungulates
- Oda: I-Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 = I-Artiodactyls, enamabili-toed
- Isizinda: I-Ruminantia Scopoli, 1777 = Ruminants
- Umndeni: I-Cervidae Grey, 1821 = Reindeer, inyamazane, inyamazane, olusondelene nezimpondo
- IGenus: I-Elaphurus Milne-Edward, 1866 = I-David Deer, i-Chinese Deer, iMili