Ukuvela okungajwayelekile, ukufana kwebhokisi - yikho okwafaka umfutho wokubiza izinhlanzi ngokuthi imizimba uqobo. Ekuhlukaniselweni kolimi lwesiNgisi, lezi zinhlanzi zibizwa nangokuthi "izinkomo" zezimpondo zazo ezikuhlobo oluthile lwenhlobo.
Sekukonke, umndeni wezimoto unezinhlobo ezingama-33. Lezi zinhlanzi zinombala okhangayo, obenza bamukele izivakashi kunoma iyiphi i-aquarium. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bodyfish inesinye isici - igobolondo. Yebo, uzwile kahle! Yigobolondo.
Kwakhiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamapuleti ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu nangaphansi zomzimba, okwenza kubonakale njengomzimba (yingakho igama lahamba). Ngenxa yokwakheka kwamathambo, umzimba wenhlanzi uguquguquka ngokuphelele. Ukuhamba komzimba wemoto kufana nefudu zokubhukuda. Kepha ukuntuleka kokuguquguquka komzimba kungaphezu kwesinxephezelo ngama-fins, ijubane lokushintshana kwabo lifinyelela izikhathi ezingama-180 ngomzuzu, i.e. cishe izikhathi ezintathu ngomzuzwana. “Ukuzivumelanisa” nemvelo okunjalo kusiza inhlanzi ukuba ingene ngokushesha kwikholamu yamanzi.
Umzimba (Ostraciidae).
Ubude bomzimba bokusebenza komzimba busuka kumasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-50. Umbala ungaba ukuhlukahluka kakhulu: kusuka ethafeni elinenombolo encane yokufakiwe kuya kwizimbambo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene. Imibala edlulayo: ophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsundu.
Umzimba - inhlanzi enesimo somzimba se-cubic.
Lezi zinhlanzi ezingajwayelekile zinamehlo amakhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zomzimba wemoto ngaphezu kwamehlo nazo zinezimpondo ezikhangayo ezinikeza ufana nomnenke (kahle, noma inkomo - ngendlela othanda ngayo).
Izidumbu zibonwe ngombala.
Indawo yokuhlala yabo bonke abameleli bomndeni wezidumbu ngamanzi afudumele kasawoti. Lezi zinhlanzi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwe-Indian, Atlantic ngisho nase-Pacific Oceans. Izinhlobonhlobo zezidumbu zemoto ezisemanzini eduze nase-Australia nase-Indo-Mala Archipelago.
Lezi zinhlanzi zithanda amanzi afudumele.
Izidumbu zezimoto ziphila, njengomthetho, emanzini angajulile. Imvamisa yamakhorali aba yikhaya labo, lapho bacasha khona ezitheni futhi baziphilise. Indlela yokuphila yalaba bantu basemanzini iyodwa. Ngokwemvelo, izinhlanzi zomzimba ziyizidalwa ezolile kakhulu; azithandi ukudala izingxabano futhi zibambe iqhaza kuzo.
Ama-urchins wasolwandle, imifantu, i-starfish, izipanji zasolwandle, izibungu ezixubile eziningi, igobolondo, i-holothuri, kanye nokuphila okuncane kwasolwandle, kukudla kwezinhlanzi zomzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo zasemanzini nazo zingangena ekudleni kwazo. Uma ubheka izidumbu ezise-aquarium, uzokwazi ukuthi, zilambile, ziqala ukucela ukudla kumnikazi: ngoba zikhafulela amanzi, ngaleyo ndlela zidonse ukunakwa.
Izidumbu zidla ngezilwane zasolwandle.
Isikhathi sokuzala sibonisa kulezi zinhlanzi ngokuba khona kwemidlalo yokuzalela. Abesilisa baqala ukuthandana nomuntu othandekayo: bayamzungeza, ebamema ukuba babhukule ndawonye. Ngenxa yobukhulu besakhiwo somzimba, abakhi bomzimba besifazane batshanela amaqanda ngezingxenye ezincane, bawashiye ekhululekile ukubhukuda (okubizwa ngokuthi yi-pelagic caviar). Izinhlanzi zomzimba ezisanda kuzalwa ezibanjwa yilezi zamanje zithwalwa ngazo zonke izindlela zisuka lapho zazalelwa khona. Lapho ifinyelela ubude bomzimba wamasentimitha ayi-1, i-fry yemizimba yemoto ithola ijamo le-cubic bese iba, njengabazali bayo, abantu abahlunyeziwe. Ososayensi baphawula isici esisodwa esihle kakhulu sayo yonke inhlanzi yomzimba: ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ama-fry wonke enza ubulili besifazane, kodwa lapho ekhula, amanye awo aguquka kancane kancane abe abesilisa.
Umzimba ophuzi uyindlela enhle ye-aquarium.
Ngaphandle komusa nokuthula okubonakalayo, imizimba ibhekwa njengempilo eyilwandle eyingozi. Cha, azihlaseli uqobo lwazo, kepha uma umuntu ethatha isinqumo sokuwahlasela, azifaka engcupheni yokuthi anikezwe ubuthi, ngoba isikhumba sawo sikhipha umiyane onoshevu, ongabulala esitha. Yize kunobuthi bayo, izidumbu zezimoto ziyizinhlanzi ezimnandi futhi zisetshenziswa ekudleni kwamanye amazwe.
Imoto eyenziwe ngomfanekiso wenhlanzi.
Nezidumbu zezinhlanzi zasiza, ngaphandle kokusola, abakhi bezimoto zeMercedes-Benz ukudala intuthuko engandile embonini yezimoto. Imodeli yeBionic Car ibhekwa njengenguquko yangempela embonini yezimoto, ngoba ukunqotshwa kwayo kunganciphisa ukumelana komoya phakathi nesivinini. Ukudonswa kwalokhu okusha kusuka kuMercedes-Benz kungu-0,19, okuthi kwezinye izimoto (ezejwayelekile) kube yinto evela emhlabeni oqanjiwe! Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi ubuqagele, ukugcwala komzimba wemoto entsha ye-bionic kuphindaphinda ngokuphelele ukucwazimula komzimba wezinhlanzi ezivela emndenini wezidumbu zemoto.
Design kwemvelo
Abaqambi beMcLaren baphinde baveza ukuthungwa kwesikali sesikebhe sendawo ethangeni elingaphakathi lokutholakala komoya kwe-hypercar yabo yeMcLaren P1. Njengomphumela, umthamo womoya ongena injini ukhuphuke ngo-17%, othuthukisa izimfanelo zemoto: ifakwe ngenjini eyi-hybrid enesisindo esiphelele se-903 hp, futhi le injini idinga umoya omningi - zombili ukwakha inhlanganisela engamalangabi futhi ipholile.
Abadali be-P1 baphinde bakopisha izinqubo ezincane ezibunjiwe ezaziseduze kwesiphephelo sesikebhe sesikebhe - izinhlanzi ziyazisebenzisa ukususa isiphithiphithi sentambo yenhlanganisela enamanzi omoya lapho ihamba khona. NgokukaStevenson, lesi sinqumo sokuqamba sithuthukise ama-aerodynamics ezimoto.
Umqambi uphawula ukuthi imvelo yayinezigidi zeminyaka ukuletha umklamo ekupheleleni - yingakho bezama ukuhlanganisa lezi zixazululo kumaphrojekthi wakhe. UStevenson uthi: "Kuhlakaniphile nje ukuthi isilwanyana sihamba kanjani ophahleni? Uma ungakuthola, ungasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo kumathayi ezimoto ukuze imoto ingagxili emigwaqweni emanzi."
Lapho ngisebenza ehhovisi lami, ungafunga ukuthi ngifunda i-biology, hhayi ibhizinisi lomklamo kaFrank Stevenson
Imvelo yaqala ukwenza kahle ama-hydrodynamics kudala ngaphambi kokuthi abantu babe nentshisekelo kulo mkhakha. Amanjiniyela weMitsubishi Heavy Industries muva nje asungule uhlelo lokunciphisa umoya wokufuthumeza umoya oluhambisa amanzi kude ne-huck futhi linciphisa cishe i-80%: igesi inabantu abaphansi kakhulu kunamanzi, ngakhoke umkhumbi uhamba ngamandla amancane.
Izinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo - futhi emhlabeni bungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuthola inzuzo encane kunasemanzini.
Ugqozi umzimba wezinhlanzi
IMcLaren Design Bureau ifana ne-hybrid yelebhu yesayensi, indawo yokusebenzela ezobuciko kanye negumbi lokuzilolongela abaculi. Umsebenzi ulula: khipha abaklami endaweni yokunethezeka ukuze ubasize bacabange ngaphandle kwebhokisi. “Uma ngisebenza e-ofisini yami, ungafunga ukuthi ngifunda i-biology, hhayi i-auto design,” kuvuma uStevenson.
Ukwakheka komzimba okucishe kube yi-cubicke ngasikhathi sinye kunokuqina okulinganiselwe okuphansi
UMcLaren akayedwa esimweni sokuhlonipha kwakhe ama-bionics. Imoto yomqondo we-Mercedes bionic yaqhamuka ngenxa yokufunda inhlanzi yomzimba ngamapuleti ayo ama-hexagonal esikhunjeni, esebenza njengohlobo lwezembatho, ezihlala isikhathi eside nezeselula. Isimo esicishe sibe yi-cubic somzimba womzimba wemoto sine-coefficient ephansi ngokumangazayo (lokhu kuyinkomba yokuphikiswa kwaphakathi nento okuhlangana nakho lapho ihamba) - nemoto ikopishwe kusuka ezinhlanzini ibeke irekhodi lale pharamitha. Onjiniyela baphinde bakwazi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngama-20%, kanye ne-nitrogen oxide emissions - ngo-80%.
Ezama ukudala imoto engenazinkinga, umshayeli wezimoto waseJapan uNissan wasungula amarobhothi amancane abizwa ngokuthi i-Eporo, awagqugquzela nawo owaba umbono wempilo yasolwandle. "Bekungenele ngathi ukuthi sibuyele emvelweni kamama ukuze sithole uhlelo olusezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lokugwema ukushayisana emhlabeni - okuyindlela yokuziphatha yesikole senhlanzi," kusho uToru Futami, unjiniyela omkhulu womnyango omusha wokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe. Ukuhamba kwezinhlanzi ezihamba ezikoleni futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukugwema ukushayisana kwakha isisekelo se-algorithm yesoftware yamarobhothi.
"I-algorithm ilula kakhulu," kusho uSusumu Fujita, omunye wabadali be-Eporo, futhi uyachaza: "Izinhlanzi zilandela imithetho emithathu: ungahambi kakhulu, ungasondeli kakhulu, futhi ungashayisani komunye nomunye." Esebenzisa ulwazi oluqongelelwe ekwakhiweni kwamarobhothi, iNissan yathuthukisa izimoto zayo izinhlelo zokusebenzisa ama-smart braking (IBA) kanye nesexwayiso sengozi engaphambili (FCW). Ngalesi sisekelo, ungakha izimoto ezizimele ngokuphelele ezingadingi ukumaka, amalambu omgwaqo ngisho nezinkomba zokuqondisa.
Sinezinhlelo okuthi, ngokomqondo, zikhipha ngama-wiper blades. Izilwane azinawo amabhulashi emehlweni abo uFrank Stevenson
Ungashiya nezingxenye ezithile ezijwayelekile nezakhi zalo. "Sinezinhlelo ezithi, ngokomqondo,, ezisabalalisa ngama-wiper blitter. Izilwane azinawo amabhulashi emehlweni abo," kusho uStevenson.
Kuyiqiniso, ama-bionics afunda hhayi izinhlanzi kuphela. Amarobhothi e-Eporo, ngokwesibonelo, ahlome ngohlelo lokulinganisa ibanga le-laser iNissan eyakhela enye yamaphrojekthi wayo adlule. Kususelwa emigomweni yokuqondiswa kwe-bumblebee esikhaleni: i-bumblebee iyakwazi ukubona izithiyo ngaphakathi kwe-radius yamamitha amabili emkhakheni we-180 degree. Uma irobhothi le-Eporo libona isithiyo esinjalo, lingaguqula amasondo ngakwesokunene futhi ligweme ukushayisana.
Ama -ionion ayathanda kakhulu izinkampani zezimoto, kepha izimfihlo zemvelo nazo zisetshenziswa. Muva nje, i-NASA inqume ukuqhuba umbono wokuvota komphakathi ngokuthi ispacesuit esizayo kufanele sibukeke kanjani. Isikhumba senhlanzi nezikhumba ezihuquzelayo zigcizelele ukwakhiwa kokwehlukahlukana okuhlongozwayo kwababhali.
Abaqambi babonakala sengathi bayaqonda ukuthi imvelo isanobuhlakani kakhulu kunabo. Ngakho-ke, abathandabuzi ukuphendukela emithonjeni engalindelekanga kakhulu yokuphefumlelwa - ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi eyayigcwele ehhotela laseCaribbean.
Ungafunda i-athikili yokuqala ngesiNgisi kuwebhusayithi ye-BBC future.