I-buffalo iyinto ekhanyayo evela emndenini wama-bovid, i-subfamily of the inkunzi, kanye ne-strip egcwele insimbi. Phambilini, zonke izinyathi zazifaniswa nohlobo lwe-Bubalus. Manje yi-Asia kuphela eyakhelwa yena, abanye bonke bakhonjwa ku-Anoa nase Syncerus. Izihlobo eziseduzane zale buffalo ama-baten, i-gaura, i-cupri kanye ne-bison yaseMelika, yak ne-bison ehlala endaweni eshisayo. Buffaloes zivame esifundeni eseningizimu ye-Asia, kwezinye iziqhingi zase-Oceania, e-Afrika.

Izici zeBuffalo neHabitat

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ama-buffaloes ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezingama-2. Owokuqala, waseNdiya, uvame ukutholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, nakwezinye izindawo zaseMalaysia, Indochina naseSri Lanka. I-buffalo yesibili yase-Afrika.

Lesi silwane sithanda ukuthandwa yizindawo ezinotshani obude nemibhede yomhlanga etholakala eduze namachibi nemishayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi sihlala ezintabeni (endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1,85 ngaphezulu kolwandle). Ibhekwa njengenye yezinkunzi zasendle ezinkulu kunazo zonke, efinyelela ubude obungu-2 m nesisindo esingamathani angaphezu kuka-0.9. incazelo ye-buffalo ungabona:

• umzimba wakhe omnyama, embozwe izinwele ezimnyama-mnyama,
• imilenze yesitoko, umbala ophenduka umhlophe ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi,
• inhloko ebanzi enesihlakala, enesimo sesikwele futhi yehliswe kakhulu phansi,
• izimpondo ezinkulu (kuze kufinyelele kumamitha amabili), zigoqa phezulu esixekeni noma ziphenduka ngezindlela ezihlukile ngendlela ye-arc. Engxenyeni yesiphambano banesimo esingunxantathu,
• umsila omude onesigaxa esiqinile ekugcineni,

UmAfrika kuhlala inyathi eningizimu yeSahara, futhi, ikakhulukazi, ezifundeni zayo nasezindaweni ezakhiwe ezinabantu abampofu, ikhetha izindawo ezinamamaki amaningi okudla okusanhlamvu okuphezulu nemibhede yomhlanga ehambisana namachibi nasesimweni sehlathi. Lolu hlobo, ngokungafani nolwaseNdiya, luncane. I-buffalo yabantu abadala ibonakala njengokuphakama okuphakathi kuka-1.5 m nesisindo samathani angama-0.7.

I-Philippine buffalo tamarou

Isici esihlukile sesilwane izimpondo zezinyathizenani elikhulu njengendondo yokuzingela. Kusukela phezulu kwekhanda, ahamba ngezindlela ezihlukile futhi akhula ekuqaleni ezansi nangemuva, bese enyukela nasemaceleni, enza isigqoko sokuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpondo zikhulu kakhulu futhi zivame ukufinyelela kubude be-1 m.

Isidumbu simbozwe ngejazi elimnyama elingenalutho. Isilwane sinomsila omude noboya. Inhloko kaBuffalo, okukhona kuzo izindlebe ezinkulu ezinonhlaka, inesimo esifushane nobubanzi nentamo ebanzi, enamandla.

IPhilippines ngomunye wabamele ama-artiodactyls. buffalo tamarou futhi buffalo emfushane i-anoa. Isici salezi zilwane ukuphakama kwaso, okuthi okokuqala kungo-1 m, kuthi kwesesibili - 0.9 m.

Dwarf Buffalo Anoa

UTamarou uhlala endaweni eyodwa kuphela, okungukuthi, emazweni kaF. IMindoro, ne-Anoa zitholakala cishe ngakho. AbakwaSulawesi futhi baphakathi kwezilwane ezibalwe kwi-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba.

I-Anoa ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-2: izintaba nezwe. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi wonke ama-buffalos anomqondo owakheke kahle wephunga, ukuzwa okunamandla, kepha kunalokho ukungaboni kahle.

Uhlobo nendlela yokuphila ye-buffalo

Wonke amalungu omndeni we-buffalo anolaka impela. Isibonelo, umNdiya ubhekwa njengesinye sezidalwa eziyingozi kakhulu, ngoba akesabi muntu noma yisiphi esinye isilwane.

Ngenxa yomqondo wakhe onamandla wokuhogela, angahogela kalula umuntu wangaphandle futhi amhlasele (okuyingozi kakhulu kulokhu ukuthi abesifazane bavikela amawundlu abo). Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lolu hlobo lwasekhaya lwakhiwe seluvele lukhona ngonyaka wezi-3000 BC. e., abasazona izilwane ezinobudlelwano, ngoba azicasuki kalula futhi ziyakwazi ukuwela kulaka.

Ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu - lesi silwane sithanda ukucwilisa ngokuphelele ukucwilisa odakeni oluketshezi noma ukufihla amathunzi ezitshalo. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, lezi zinkunzi zasendle zihlangana ngamaqembu amancane angahlangana emhlanjini.

UmAfrika uhlukaniswa ukwesaba kwakhe umuntu ahlala abalekela kuye. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni lapho ezoqhubeka nokumlandela, angahlasela umzingeli futhi kulokhu kungenzeka amiswe inhlamvu ifakwe ekhanda lakhe.

Lesi silwane sithe cwaka kakhulu, ngokwesaba senza umsindo ofana nokwehliswa kwenkomo. Futhi indlela ethandekayo yokudlala ukugcwala odakeni noma kufafaza echibini.

Bahlala emihlambini yezinkomo, lapho kukhona amakhanda angama-50-100 (kukhona kuze kufike ku-1000), aholwa ngabesifazane abadala. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuzala, esenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbili zokuqala zonyaka, umhlambi uhlukana ube ngamaqembu amancane.

I-Anoa ehlala ehlathini nasehlathini nayo inamahloni kakhulu. Zihlala kakhulu zodwa, zivame kakhulu ngababili, futhi ezimeni ezivamile zihlanganiswa zibe ngamaqembu. Bathanda ukugeza kakhulu ngodaka.

Umsoco

Izidudla zamanzi zidla kuphela ekuseni kakhulu futhi sekwephuzile kusihlwa, ngaphandle kwe-anoa, edla kuphela ekuseni. Izakhi ezilandelayo zifakiwe ekudleni:

1. KwamaNdiya - izitshalo ezinkulu zomndeni wamabele,
2. Okwe-Afrika - imifino ehlukahlukene,
3. Kwabamnyama, izimila ezinotshani, amahlumela, amaqabunga, izithelo, kanye nezitshalo zasemanzini.

Zonke izinyathi zinenqubo efanayo yokugaya ukudla, isici sezimpawu zokudla, lapho ukudla kuqala ukuqoqwa khona embuthweni wesisu nokugayidwa isigamu, amabhulashi, bese kuphinda kuhlafunwe kuphinde kugwenywe futhi.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Ama-buffaloes amanzi anesikhathi eside sokuphila seminyaka engama-20. Kakade kusukela eminyakeni engu-2 ubudala sebekhulile futhi bayakwazi ukuzala.

Buffalo lamanzi

Ngemuva kokukhishwa, insikazi eyayikhulelwe izinyanga eziyi-10 iletha amathole angama-1-2. Amawundlu ayesabeka ngokubukeka, ambozwe izinwele ezinde ezikhanyayo.

Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho kungakapheli ihora sezivele zikwazi ukuncela ubisi kunina, kuthi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha ziguqukele ngokuphelele edlelweni. Lezi zilwane zithathwa njengomuntu okhule ngokugcwele kusukela eminyakeni eyi-3-4 yokuphila.

Ama-buffalo ase-Afrika anokuphila okuphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16. Ngemuva kokuzala, lapho kuba nezimpi ezimbi phakathi kwabesilisa ukuze kuthathwe owesimame, ophumeleleyo uyamfaka. Insikazi inokukhulelwa okuhlala izinyanga eziyi-11.

Ukulwa kwezinyathi zase-Afrika

Ku-buffalo emfushane, i-gon ayixhomeki esikhathini sonyaka, isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe izinyanga eziyishumi. Isikhathi sokuphila sisukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengama-30.
Ngokufingqa, ngithanda ukukhuluma ngeqhaza lalezi zilwane ezimpilweni zabantu. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulu kwizinciphisi zamaNdiya, ezinesikhathi eside zifakwa ezindlini. Zisetshenziswa kaningi emsebenzini wezolimo, lapho zingakwazi ukufaka khona amahhashi (ngokwesilinganiso 1: 2).

Impi ye-buffalo nebhubesi

Imikhiqizo yobisi etholakala kubisi lwe-buffalo, ikakhulukazi ukhilimu, nayo ithandwa kakhulu. FUTHI isikhumba se-buffalo isetshenziswa ekutholeni izisekelo zezicathulo. Ngokuqondene nezinhlobo zase-Afrika, zithandwa kakhulu kubantu ukuzingela kwalokhu buffalo.

Izici ezijwayelekile zesilwane

I-buffalo iyisilwane esinobukhulu obukhulu, isisindo saso singafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-1000 kg, kodwa akubona bonke abantu abanesisindo esinjalo. Ekhuluma ngokukhula, ngokwesilinganiso le nkomba isukela ku-1 kuye ku-1.5 m, kuyilapho imilenze ye-buffalo imfushane, kodwa inamandla. Ngokwemvelo, ukuphambuka kuzinkomba ezimaphakathi kuvunyelwe, kuya ngohlobo lokuzalela nokuhlala kwezilwane.

Iqiniso elihehayoukuthi lapho ikhulile i-buffalo, iba namandla amaningi ukuze ikwazi ukuyizuza. Abesilisa ngokwesiko bakhulu ngokwengeziwe, bakhulu kunabesifazane, okubavumela ukuba bazilwele bona kanye nomhlambi wabo. Owesifazane unesisindo ngokwesilinganiso aze afike ku-600 kg, yize ezinye izinhlobo zezifo ezinjenge-anoa, zingafiki ku-300 kg.

Isici esivelakokuthile okuphathelene nokugcotshwa kwezimpawu kungukuba khona kwezimpondo. Kokuzalela okuvame kakhulu - i-buffalo yase-Afrika - izimpondo azinkulu kakhulu, kepha ziqondiswe emikhondweni ehlukene futhi zinamadolo. Ngaphandle, indawo lapho izimpondo kanye nogebhezi kukhula ndawonye kufana nesigqoko. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezifana ne-buffalo yamanzi, lapho izimpondo zifinyelela khona amazinga erekhodi: cishe amamitha ayi-2 ubude. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, aziqondiswanga phezulu, kepha futhi zikhula ziye ohlangothini, ekugcineni ziphendukele emuva. Izilwane ezingenazimpondo nazo ziyatholakala, kepha lokhu kuyinto engajwayelekile.

Lapho kuhlala izinyathi

I-buffalo iyisilwane esingesosici sezinkabi, kodwa esiyinqayizivele: izimpondo zaso azinalutho. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi eRussia noma e-Ukraine ukuhlangana nomuntu oyedwa, futhi nangaphezulu umndeni we-buffalo, kuyinto etholakala kalula. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yesilwane esithe tyaba yizwe elinesimo sezulu esishisayo lapho kungekho busika obunzima kangako.

Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezine zalesi silwane ziyahlukaniswa:

• Tamarou.
• I-Endoma anoa noma encanyana (encane, encane).
• I-Eshiya (elinye igama elingeNdiya), evamile eziqhingini zaseSulawesi.
• I-Buffalo yase-Afrika (ihlala e-Afrika futhi iyona evame kakhulu).

Ngokwemvelo, indawo yokuhlala izothinta isilwane sasendle, ivumelane kakhulu nesimo sayo sendabuko.

Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, lesi silwane sivikelwe ngumthetho wezifunda eziningi, ngoba inani lazo liyancishiswa kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjenge-anoa, ziphoqelelwa ukuba zibekwe eNcwadini ebomvu, ngoba izinhlobo zazo sezisondele. Abanye bathi lokhu kufudumala komhlaba, kanti umuntu ubona isizathu njengokuzingela kwalezi zilwane nokuzingela.

Inyathi yase-Afrika

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika, noma i-buffalo emnyama (lat.Syncerus caffer) - uhlobo lwezinkunzi, lubhebhetheke e-Afrika. Ukuba ngummeli ojwayelekile wenqola engaphansi kwenkomo, i-buffalo yase-Afrika, kodwa-ke, iyingqayizivele futhi ivelele njengohlobo oluhlukile lweSyncerus enohlobo olulodwa (futhi iyodwa kuphela eqhamuka enkomfeni yenkomo ehlala e-Afrika).

Ukubukeka

Ukuzwa amandla nobukhazikhazi be-buffalo yase-Afrika, bheka nje esisodwa. Gweba wena: ukuphakama kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha amabili, futhi ubude bawo bube mathathu nohhafu. Isisindo sowesilisa osekhulile imayelana nethani, futhi usongo olukhulu kunazo zonke akuzona izimpondo (ezifinyelela ubude bamamitha), kodwa izinselo. Ingxenye yangaphambili ibukeka inkulu kakhulu futhi inendawo enkulu yonyawo kunasemuva. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi umhlangano nomjaho wama-buffalo wase-Afrika ngejubane eliphezulu uba ngowokugcina kulowo ohlukunyeziwe.

Ummeleli okhanyayo wezinhlobo ezinhlanu zemidondoshiya enkulu yase-Afrika yi-Kaffir buffalo. Mkhulu kakhulu kunabafowabo futhi ucishe afane ngokuphelele nencazelo engenhla. Inesimo esesabekayo, okufana nokuthi, sixwayiswa ngumbala wejazi elimnyama.

Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila

Sekuvele igama lalezi zilwane kucacile ukuthi zihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuyichaza kahle indawo ezithandwa yizinkunzi zase-Afrika. Bangaphila ngokulingana kahle emahlathini, emasosheni nasezintabeni. Isidingo esikhulu sendawo ukusondela kwamanzi. Kuse-savannah lapho uKaffir, uSenegalese kanye ne-Buffaloes yaseNile bakhetha ukusala.

Emvelweni wemvelo, amakoloni amakhulu e-buffalo yase-Afrika angatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezivikelwe ezikude kakhulu nabantu. Izilwane azibethembi kakhulu futhi zizama ukuzigwema ngazo zonke izindlela, njenganoma yikuphi okunye ukusongela. Kulokhu basizwa kakhulu ngumqondo omnandi wokuhogela nokuzwa, okungenakushiwo ngombono, ongabizwa ngokuthi muhle. Abesifazane abanezingane ezisencane baqaphela ikakhulukazi.

Inhlangano yezinkomo kanye nezikhundla ezikuyo kufanele ukunakwa okukhethekile. Ngobungozi obuncane, amathole ahamba ajule emhlambini, futhi ezindala futhi ezinolwazi kakhulu ziyazimboza, zakha isihlangu esikhulu. Baxhumana nabanye ngezimpawu ezikhethekile futhi bazichaza ngokucacile izenzo zabo. Sekukonke, umhlambi ungabala abantu abangama-20 kuye kwangama-30 beminyaka ehlukene.

Ukusetshenziswa komuntu

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinciphisi zase-Afrika zibeka ingozi enkulu futhi zinqikaza kakhulu ukuxhumana nabantu, lezi zinto zakamuva zikwazile ukudambisa imidondoshiya, futhi yasebenza ngempumelelo endlini. Izinkolo zisebenzisa lezi zilwane njengamandla okuhamba, ukutshala izindawo ezinkulu ngaphansi kwezilimo zamabele nezinye izitshalo.

Futhi, izinyathi zase-Afrika zibaluleke njengezinkomo. Zikhelelwe inyama, futhi azihlali zilinda kuze kube yilapho ithole lifinyelela isisindo sazo esikhulu. Abesifazane banikeza ubisi lwekhwalithi enhle kakhulu equkethe inani elikhulu lamafutha. Benza ushizi onzima nothambile, ofana noshizi we-feta, futhi baphuza kanjalo.

Ngemuva kokuhlaba inyathi yase-Afrika, ngaphezu kwenyama, izinto eziningi eziwusizo nazo zisale. Isibonelo, isikhumba singasetshenziswa njengombhede, umhlobiso, noma sibeke izingubo zokuthunga. Manje ingaphakathi lihlotshiswe ngezimpondo ezinkulu, futhi amathuluzi asendulo okucubungula insimu ayenziwa kubo. Ngisho amathambo ayaqala ukudlala - ashiswa kuhhavini nasemhlabathini, asetshenziswa njengomanyolo nokuphakelayo kokungezelela ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo.

Isimo Sabantu Nezisongo

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika ayibalekelanga isiphetho esivamile sabangabaningi abakhulu base-Afrika, okwabulawa kabi ngabo nge-19 - isigamu sokuqala samakhulu angama-20 eminyaka ngenxa yokudubula okungalawulwa. Kodwa-ke, inani le-buffalo alithintekanga kangako kunokuba, ngokwesibonelo, izindlovu - mhlawumbe ngoba ngobunzima nobungozi bokuzingela, i-buffalo ayilona inani lentengiso (ngokungafani nendlovu efanayo enamazinyo abalulekile noma obhejane abanophondo olubalulekile). Ngakho-ke, inani le-buffaloes lihlala liphezulu impela. Ukulimala okukhulu phakathi kwe-buffalo kudale ama-epizootic wesifo sezinkomo alethwa e-Afrika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngezinkomo zabafokazi abamhlophe. Ukuqubuka kokuqala kwalesi sifo phakathi kwezinyathi kwabonwa ngo-1890.

I-buffalo manje, yize isinyamalele ezindaweni eziningi zendawo yayo yokuhlala, ezindaweni eziseningi. Inani eliphelele le-buffalo lazo zonke izingosi ezise-Afrika zilinganiselwa kwizigidi eziyisigidi. Isimo sabantu, ngokwesilinganiso se-International Union for Conservation of Natural, "sisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, kepha sincike ezindlekweni zokongiwa" (Eng. Ubungozi obuphansi, ukuncika kwezokulondolozwa).

Izinyathi ezihlala zizinzile futhi zizinzile zihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe ezindaweni eziningana e-Afrika. Kukhona izinyathi eziningi ezindaweni zokugcina ezidumile njengeSerengeti neNgorongoro (Tanzania) kanye nePaki Kazwelonke eqanjwe ngemuva Kruger (South Africa). Kutholakala imihlambi emikhulu yezinyathi eZambia, ezindaweni zemvelo esifundeni saseLuangwa.

Ngaphandle kokulondolozwa, usongo olukhulu kakhulu ku-buffalo ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo. Ama-Buffaloes awakwazi ukumisa isimo samasiko nhlobo futhi azame ukuhlala kude nomhlaba wezolimo, ngakho-ke ukulima nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba, okungenakugwemeka ngokwanda kwabantu base-Afrika, kuba nomthelela omubi kakhulu enanini lezimpikiswano.

Ama-buffalo amaningi agcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane emhlabeni wonke. Bazala kahle ekudingisweni, kepha ukugcinwa kwabo kunzima impela - izinyathi endaweni yezilwane kwesinye isikhathi zinolaka kakhulu. Kube nezimo lapho izimpi ze-buffalo zazibulala e-zoo.

Buffalo lamanzi

I-buffalo yase-Eshiya, noma i-Indian buffalo (i-lat. Bubalus arnee) isilwane esinezikhumba ezivundile sivela emndenini we-bovine. Enye yezinkunzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke. Abantu abadala bafinyelela ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha amathathu. Ukuphakama lapho izilwanyana zifinyelela kumamitha ama-2, futhi isisindo singafinyelela ku-1000 kg, kwezinye izimo kufinyelela ku-1200, ngokwesilinganiso, owesilisa osemdala unesisindo esingama-900 kg. Izimpondo zifinyelela kumamitha ama-2, ziqondiswe ezinhlangothini nasemuva futhi zinesimo senyanga nenyanga ethambile. Izinkomo zinezimpondo ezincane noma ezingenazimpondo.

Incazelo yokubukeka

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukubukwa kwama-buffalos amaNdiya kufaka okungenani ama-subspecies ayi-6, onke abelana ngezici ezifanayo ngokubukeka. Ezinye zazo yizimpondo. Yinde, ikhula ibuyele emuva kancane, igoba kahle ibheke phezulu futhi ifanekisela isikhali esibi, esiyingozi ngokulinganayo kwabazingeli nakubantu, nakwezinye izilwane.

Izinkomo zamanzi ezi-buffalo aziveli njengezinkunzi, ziyehluka ngesimo - azigobile, kepha ziqondile.I-dimorphism yezocansi izibonakalisa ngezinkomba zobukhulu - izintokazi zincane kakhulu.

Inkunzi yaseNdiya, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimfushane, ifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-2. Buffalo yabantu abadala inesisindo esifinyelela ku-900 kg ngokwesilinganiso. Kukhona abantu ngabanye abanesisindo esifinyelela ku-1200 kg. Umzimba obunjiwe umgqomo ungamamitha ayi-3-4 ubude. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izafulo, izinkunzi zaseNdiya zinemilenze ephakeme. Abamele lezi zinhlobo zinomsila omude (kufika ku-90 cm), umsila omkhulu.

Ngaphezu kobukhulu obukhulu bomzimba, imvelo yavuza ama-buffaloes amaNdiya ngempilo ende ende, efinyelela eminyakeni engama-26 ezimweni zemvelo.

Ubunzima kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinkinga zezinhlobo

Izinyathi zasendle zase-Asia zihlala eNdiya, eNepal, eBhutan, eThailand, eLaos naseCambodia, kanye naseCeylon. Emuva maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, izinyathi zatholakala eMalaysia, kodwa manje, ngokusobala, azikho izilwane zasendle ezisele lapho. Esiqhingini saseMindoro (Philippines), isigcawu esikhethekile, esimfishane, esibizwa ngeTamarau (B. b. Mindorensis), sasihlala endaweni ekhethekile yokugcina i-Iglit. Lokhu okubhalwe phansi kusenokwenzeka ukuthi sekuphelile ngaye.

Kepha ububanzi bomlando bokuxazululwa kwe-buffalo bukhulu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. e. buffalo lamanzi latholakala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eMesopotamiya kuye eningizimu yeChina.

Ezindaweni eziningi, izinciphisi manje zihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngokuqinile lapho zisetshenziselwa abantu futhi azisekho endle ngomqondo oqinile wegama. I-buffalo yamanzi nayo yangeniswa e-Australia ngekhulu le-19 futhi yasakazeka kabanzi enyakatho yezwekazi.

Emazweni ase-Asia, uhla kanye nezinombolo zezinyathi zamanzi zihlala zincipha. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu akukhona ukuzingela, okuvame ukukhawulelwa futhi kwenziwe ngokwezilinganiso eziqinile, kepha ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukulima nokuqedwa kwezindawo ezikude. Izindawo lapho i-buffalo yasendle ingahlala endaweni yemvelo iya ngokuya incipha. Eqinisweni, manje eNdiya naseSri Lanka uhla lwe-buffalo yasendle luboshelwe ngokuphelele emapaki ezwe (iKaziranga National Park eyaziwayo esifundazweni saseNdiya i-Assam inomhlambi we-buffalo ngaphezu kwenhloso eyinkulungwane). Isimo eNepal naseBhutan singcono.

Enye inkinga enkulu ukwehlukaniswa okungapheli kwezimpikiswano zasendle nabantu ezifuywayo, yingakho izinhlobo zezinto zasendle kancane kancane ziphelelwa msulwa kwegazi. Ukugwema lokhu kunzima kakhulu uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi cishe yonke indawo izinyathi zasendle kufanele zihlale endaweni nabantu, ngakho-ke, izimbungulu ezifuywayo ezigcinwa emadlelo amahhala.

Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha

I-buffalo yamanzi iboniswa indlela yokuphila yomhlambi. Amaqembu amancane akhiwa kusuka kumholi - inkunzi endala, izinsizwa eziningana, kanye namathole nezinkomo. Lapho kuvela usongo, umhlambi uzama ukusuka kubasukeli ngokushesha okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izilwane bese zihlangana futhi zilindele izitha ukuthi zihlasele ngaphambili, kaningi kumkhondo wazo. Kunoma yisiphi isimo, izilwane ezindala zizama ukuvikela abasha.

I-buffalo yamanzi emvelweni ixhumanisa impilo yayo namanzi amile: amachibi noma amachibi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iyavuma imifula ngokugeleza okuhamba kancane.

Amachibi adlala indima ebalulekile:

1. Bangumthombo wokudla okunempilo. Kufika kuma-70% omthamo ophelele wezitshalo ezikhula emanzini. Yonke enye i-buffalo idliwa endaweni engasogwini.
2. Siza izinkunzi zaseNdiya zibhekane nokushisa kosuku. Njengomthetho, ama-buffalo abelwa kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu ukudla. Emini, izilwane azishiyi udaka olusogwini noma azicwilisa emanzini. Ukuphela kwengxenye yomzimba ehlala emoyeni yikhanda.
3. Ama-turtles ahlala emanzini, futhi kuhlala kukhona izinyoni eziningi eziseduze, ikakhulukazi, amashiya amhlophe. Basiza izinyoni zamanzi ukubhekana namagciwane. Lezo zinambuzane, ezingafikeleli kuzo abangane bazo njalo, ziyafa emanzini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkunzi zaseNdiya ngokwazo zingenye yemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenziwa kabusha kwemithombo yemvelo. Umquba abawakhiqizayo unomthelela ekwenzeni kabusha izakhi zomzimba futhi usekele ukukhula okuphezulu kwesisindo esiluhlaza.

Buffalo elincane lesiqhingi

EPhilippines, noma kunalokho, esiqhingini esincane saseMindoro, kuhlala ikati elincanyana le-buffalo tamarou. Ukuphakama kwaso kungama-110 cm kuphela, ubude bomzimba ngamamitha ayi-2-3, kanti isisindo sawo singama-180-300 kg. Ngokubukeka, ibukeka njenge-antelope kune-buffalo. Izimpondo zohlobo lwe-tamarou buffalo ziyizicaba, zigobekile emuva, ngayinye ibe ngamasentimitha angama-40. Zakha unxantathu ezansi. Ijazi liwuketshezi, lumnyama noma ushokoledi, kwesinye isikhathi lube mpunga.

Ngisho eminyakeni eyi-100-150 eyedlule, izindawo lapho kuhlala khona i-tamarou buffalo bekuhlala abantu abambalwa. Esiqhingini saseMindoro, bekukhona uhlobo lomalaleveva oluyingozi kakhulu, besaba ukulufunda. Izilwane zazikwazi ukuhamba ngokuzithoba emahlathini ashisayo ngaphandle kokusaba lutho, ngoba azikho izilwane ezidla ezinye kulesi siqhingi, futhi i-tamarou uhlobo olukhulu kunazo zonke lapho. Kepha bafunda ukulwa nomalaleveva, isiqhingi saqala ukuba nenkuthalo yabantu, okwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu. Manje emhlabeni akukho bantu abangaphezulu kuka-100-200 walolu hlobo, kubhalwe ku-Red Book.

Enye inyathi encane ihlala esiqhingini saseSulawesi. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-anoa, encane kakhulu ngosayizi kune-tamarou. I-Anoa ingamaphesenti angama-80 kuphela kanti umzimba ubude ngu-160 cm.Izinsikazi zinesisindo esingama-150 kg kanti abesilisa banesisindo esingu-300 kg. Cishe azikho izinwele emzimbeni wazo, umbala wesikhumba umnyama. Amathole azalwa ecishe abomvu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zale buffalo: intaba ne-flat buffalo Anoa. E-Anoa eyisicaba, kunezimpondo eziqondile ezinqunywe ngunxantathu, ezingaba ngu-25 cm ubude. Entabeni i-Anoa, zisontekile futhi ziyindilinga.

I-buffalo encane yesiqhingi inesikhathi sokuphila esingaba iminyaka engama-20, esinde kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo. I-Anoa manje ayivamile kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zivikelwe e-Indonesia, izilwane zivame ukuba izisulu zabazingeli. Nomaphi lapho umuntu evela, ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu kuqala.

ISulawesi ingesinye seziqhingi ezinabantu abaningi, ngakho asikho isikhala esincane se-anoa, esithinta abantu ngezindlela ezinhle kakhulu. Mhlawumbe kungekudala lo mbono ubonakala kuphela esithombeni nakwividiyo.

Inombolo

Kuze kube ngekhulu le-19, izinyoni zasendle eziqhamuka esiqhingini saseSulawesi zazinabantu abaningi kule ndawo. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhula kwezolimo, izinkunzi zaqala ukuphuma ezindaweni ezisogwini, zasuka kubantu. Indawo entsha yezilwane ezifushane yakhethwa njengezindawo zezintaba.

Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, inani le-buffalo lalibalulekile. Imithetho yokuzingela yayivikela izinhlobo ezivela ekubhujisweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bendawo kwakuqabukela kubulawa i-anoa. Isimo sashintsha kakhulu ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili.

Abantu bendawo bathole izibhamu ezinkulu kakhulu. Manje ukuzingela i-anoa kwatholakala kubo. Imithetho yokuzingela yayihlala yephulwa, futhi izinqolobane ezakhelwe ukuvikela izinyathi zashiywa.

Ngenxa yamahloni ezilwane, akunakwenzeka ukuba ufundisise izinhlobo zezilwane ngokuphelele. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zaziwa zisondele ekuqothulweni. Ubungako obuqondile be-buffalo yasendle abaziwa. Kunabantu abengeziwe bezintaba ngokwendalo, ngenxa yezintaba ongacasha kuzo lapho usengozini. Izinhlobo zasendaweni engenacala zitholakala ekuhlaselweni yizinyamazane nezakhamizi zendawo, ngakho-ke amanani azo ahlala ehla.

I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ibhala encwadini yokubhala inani lezilwane ezihlala ekudingisweni. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi wakhe isikhwama esincane sezinkunzi ezincane.

Izinkunzi zasemakhaya

I-buffalo yamanzi ibigcinwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana edlule. Izithombe zezilwane ezinjenge-buffalo zingatholakala kuma-vases asendulo amaGrikhi nakumathayili weSumerian. Zisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke insimu eseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Euro, izinkunzi zisalondolozwa njengezilwane eningizimu yeYurophu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Zangeniswa eHawaii, naseJapan, naseLatin America.

Ensimini yesifunda saseCaucasus, sekuyisikhathi eside kuhlalwa ngohlobo lwasekhaya oluvela ezinkomeni zasendle zaseNdiya. Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokufuya uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa izilwane zasekhaya: ukukhulisa isivuno senyama kanye nokwandisa ikhwalithi yobisi lwe-buffalo. Ngokwesiko, ubisi, abantu bekhiqiza i-gatyg noma i-yogut, i-kaymag (ukhilimu owenziwe ngocoselelo) ne-ayran. Njengamanje, izindlela zokupheka zezimboni zokukhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene ushizi ziyakhiwa, ngoba kuyaziwa ukuthi i-mozzarella yase-Italiya ngokwe-iresiphi yasekuqaleni yenziwe ngobisi lwe-buffalo.

Izinkunzi ezifuywayo zivamile eBulgaria (iqembu lokuzalela le-Indo-Bulgaria), kanye nase-Itali nasesifundeni saseBalkan. Zibelwe eTranscarpathia kanye nesifunda seLviv (Ukraine). Zombili inyama yezinyosi nobisi kungukudla okubalulekile.

ENdiya, lapho inyama yezinkomo ezijwayelekile ibhekwa njengevinjelwe, izinyathi ezifuywayo zingumthombo wokudla kwamaprotheni. Ukuvinjelwa lokhu akusebenzi ezinkomeni ezifuywe ekhaya, futhi kwenziwa zona zombili njengobisi nanjengezinkomo zenyama yenkomo. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia naseLatin America, izilwane ezinamandla, eziqinile ziwona mbhalo ongcono kakhulu wokubhalwa. Ngosizo lwezinkunzi, abantu bahlakulela amasimu erayisi, besebenzisa i-buffalo ukuba balime futhi babe namaharagwe asendulo. Ezindalini noma ezintabeni lapho amahhashi angasebenzi khona, kuthunyelwa imithwalo ehlukahlukene kuwo.

Izilwane ezifuywayo zivame ukweqa izinyathi zasendle ngokwazo, ziphazamise ubumsulwa begazi lakamuva. Sekuvele kunqabile, izinkunzi zasendle zilahlekelwa ubandlululo lwazo lokuzalwa, zikhiqiza inzalo ngohlobo oluxubile lwenhlanganisela. Izinkunzi zasendle ezihlanjululwe zashiya amakhanda ayinkulungwane kuphela.

Ukukhiqiza Buffalo

Cishe kuzo zonke izinkomba zokukhiqiza ezinkulu, izinyathi ziphansi kakhulu ezinkomeni ezijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, isivuno sokuhlaba umkhosi ngokuvamile asidluli ngama-47%, kuyilapho ezinkomeni ezijwayelekile lesi sikhombisi sisuka ku-50-60%. Ngasikhathi sinye, izici zenyama zingamacala amaningi, ukusho okuncane.

Inyama yama-buffaloes amadala ayinzima futhi ibuye inikeze umusk ngamandla, ngakho-ke angeke isetshenziswe njengokudla njengenkomo ejwayelekile. Kufanele ifakelwe ukucubungula okujulile (ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza amasoseji), noma ukuphakela ezinye izilwane (ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza izinja ukudla). Kepha inyama yezilwane ezincane ifana kakhulu nenyama yenkomo, yize iphansi kwayo uma inambitheka. Ngendlela, izinyathi zasendle zase-Afrika nase-Australia ziyizinto zokuzingela ezemidlalo, kepha inyama yazo nayo ayinanzuzo ekhethekile.

Ukuvezwa kobisi okuyisilinganiso nakho akukukhuthazi kakhulu - amalitha ayi-1400 kuya kwangama-lactation, okuphindwe kathathu kunalokho kwezinkomo ezijwayelekile zenyama nezinkomo zobisi. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo ye-buffalo ukuthi ubisi lwayo lunamafutha amaningi. Ngenkathi ubisi lwenkomo olujwayelekile lunamafutha ama-2 kuye ku-4%, i-buffalo iqukethe ama-8%. Eqinisweni, ama-buffaloes awanikezi ubisi, kepha ukhilimu onamafutha aphansi.

Izikhumba ze-buffalo zenani elithile. Isisindo esivamile sezinto zokuhlanza zesikhumba kusuka esilwaneni esisodwa singama-25-30 kg ngobukhulu obumaphakathi cishe 7 mm.

Izici ze-buffalo

Ngokwemibandela yokuboshwa, inyathi emnyama yase-Asia isondele kakhulu enkomeni ejwayelekile. Uklaba emadlelweni afanayo, uhlala esigangeni esivamile kanti, konke, kuhluke okuncane enkomeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemibono emibili ephikisanayo ngokuhlangene nohlobo lwezimpawu zezinyathi phakathi kwabelusi.

Abanye bathi i-Buffalo iyinqaba futhi inolaka: babona kuphela umnikazi oyedwa futhi bazivumela ukuthi banceliswe ubisi kuphela kuye. Kepha ngisho nomnikazi othandekayo kwesinye isikhathi kufanele ancenge isigceme sakhe ukuthi sabelane nobisi. Abanye, kunalokho, baphikisana nokuthi izinyathi zilalela kakhulu kunezinkomo, futhi zinamathele kakhulu kumniniyo kunenja.

Kokubili i-buffalo emfushane yase-Indonesia kanye neNdiya efuywayo ngokuzithandela idla okondlayo okuncane futhi okungabalulekanga kangako, okuvame ukungafanele izinkomo. Ukwenza isibonelo, lezi zilwane zingadliwa utshani kanye neziqu zommbila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sikhumbula ukuthi i-buffalo yasekhaya ibizwa ngokuthi "uhlobo lomfula". Zingadliwa ngokuphephile emadlelweni asogwadule nasehlathini lapho izinkomo ezijwayelekile zingadli khona. Ama-Buffalos athanda kakhulu izimila zasogwini (umhlanga, i-sedge), futhi adla izimbabazane, ama-ferns kanye nezinaliti ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Ezindaweni ezinomswakama lapho kuyinkinga khona ukuzalanisa izinkomo ezijwayelekile, izinyathi zizwa zikhululekile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kukhona okungenani amanzi amancane eduzane, bayobhukuda ngokuzithandela kulo ekushiseni kwehlobo.

Kukholakala ukuthi izinyathi zivumela ukubanda komthombo obandayo, kepha uma unikezwe umsuka wakuleli hlobo, lokhu akufanele kuhlukunyezwe. Ezifundeni ezinobusika obubandayo, izilwane zidinga i-capital cap efudumele ngempela.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kwe-buffalo

Ngokwesiko, igama elithi "izinkomo" lisho izinkomo ezijwayelekile nezinkunzi, kepha i-buffalo ezifuywayo nayo ingeyolesi sigaba sezilwane zasepulazini. Futhi njengoba izinkomo zingummeleli oyinhloko waleli qembu, kunengqondo ukuqhathanisa ubuhle nobubi be-buffaloes asetshenziswa kubo.

Izinzuzo ezicacile yilezi:

Kodwa-ke, ukuthandwa kakhulu kwezinkomo eRussia kunezizathu ezinengqondo.

I-Buffalos inezinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile, ngenxa yokuthi iningi labalimi lithanda izinkomo:

1. Isivuno esincane sobisi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokugcina nokuncelisa izinyosi zinikeza ubisi izikhathi ezingaphansi kuka-2 nezinyama zobisi lwezinkomo, kanye nezikhathi eziphindwe kathathu kunobisi.
2. Inyama enambitha. Yize emashumini eminyaka edlule, abafuyi bezokwanda izinhlobo ezintsha ze-buffalo, lapho izici zokunambitheka zenyama zithuthukiswa kakhulu, inyama yenkomo iseseyintandokazi kakhulu.
3. Imvelo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwabelusi abaningi abanokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzalela izinyathi, lezi zilwane zisengamabomu futhi zibalulekile kunezinkomo.

Amaqiniso amangalisayo

• Ushizi odumile wase-Italian mozzarella ngokuya ngeresiphi efanelekile wenziwe ubisi lwe-buffalo.
• ENdiya, lapho inkomo yeningi labantu iyisilwane esingcwele futhi enganakwa ekuhlatshweni inyama, iyathengiswa, noma kunjalo, ungayithola njalo inyama yenkomo ne-veal. Lokhu kudideka kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi ukuvinjelwa okungokwenkolo akusebenzi kulezi buffaloes, ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwegama lenkomo, abathengisi lutho ngaphandle kwenyama ye-buffalo. Ihluke enkomeni yangempela ngokunambitheka, ngaphandle kwe-buffalo iqinile kakhulu kunenyama yenkomo.
• Ezindaweni eziningi eSoutheast Asia (ezinye izindawo zaseVietnam, iThailand, iLaos), imidlalo oyithandayo ye-buffalo ibandakanya ukulwa ne-buffalo yasekhaya.
• I-buffalo ende kunazo zonke ilungiselelwe imincintiswano isikhathi eside, iqeqeshiwe futhi yondlisiwe ngendlela ekhethekile.
• Ukulwa kweBuffalo kwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu - izinkunzi zilethwa kusayithi elinye libhekene nelinye bese likhuphuka, kuze kube yilapho elinye liphuma enkundleni yempi noma likhombisa izimpawu ezisobala zokwehlulwa (ngokwesibonelo, liwela ezinyaweni zomnqobi). Ukulwa akuvame kakhulu ukuchitheka kwegazi - imvamisa imibhangqwana ayibangeli ukulimala okukhulu. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukulwa kwezinyathi sekubuye kwaba yinto ethandwayo izivakashi.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Photo: Buffalo wase-Afrika

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika imele izilwane ezincelisayo ezi-chordous artiodactyl. Ungowomndeni wama-bovid, ahlukaniswe waba yi-subfamily ehlukile nohlobo. Isandulelo se-buffalo yesimanjemanje yase-Afrika iyisilwane esingenabala esifubeni, esifana nenyama yasendle.

Isilwane sasikhona emkhakheni we-Asia yanamuhla esivele siyizigidi eziyi-15 ezedlule. Kwavela kuye umugqa wama-bastards Simatheriuma. Eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezinhlanu ezedlule kwavela uhlobo lwasendulo olungabumbeli i-Ugandax. Esikhathini sokuqala se-Pleistocene, olunye uhlobo lwasendulo lwe-Syncerus lwaluvela kuyo. Nguye owakhipha inyathi yesimanje yase-Afrika.

Lapho kuqala izingxoxo zokuqala zasendulo endaweni yase-Afrika yanamuhla, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-90 zalezi zilwanyana ezinhle. Indawo ababehlala kuyo yayinkulu. Bahlala kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika. Kutholakala futhi eMorocco, Algeria, Tunisia.

Kamuva, zaqothulwa ngumuntu, kwathi ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo baxoshwa kulo lonke iSahara, futhi ngenani elincane bahlala kuphela ezifundeni eziseningizimu. Ngokwengqungquthela, zingahlukaniswa ngama-subspecies amabili: i-savannah nehlathi. Owokuqala ubonakala ngokuba khona kwama-chromosomes angama-52, owesibili unama-chromosomes angama-54.

Abantu abanamandla futhi abakhulu kunabo bonke bahlala ezifundeni zasempumalanga nezaseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, kuhlala abantu abancane. Uhlobo oluncane kakhulu, okuthiwa yi-buffalo emincane, lutholakala esifundeni esiphakathi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, enye indawo engaphansi kwakukhona e-Ethiopia - inyathi yezintaba. Okwamanje, ubonwa njengongenamuntu ngokuphelele.

Kukhulunywa malini nge-buffalo yase-Afrika?

Isisindo somuntu omdala sifinyelela kumakhilogremu ayi-1000, nangaphezulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi laba bantu abangathandeki ukwandisa isisindo somzimba kukho konke impilo.

Lapho ikhudlwana i-buffalo, iba namandla ngokwengeziwe. Izilwane zinomsila omude, omncane. Ukuphakama kwaso kucishe kube yingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba futhi silingana nama-75-100 cm. Umzimba wabamele abomndeni wama-bovid uqinile, unamandla amakhulu. Izinyawo zincanyana kepha ziqinile kakhulu. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukubekezelela isisindo somzimba omkhulu wesilwane. Ingaphambili lesiqu likhulu futhi likhulu kakhulu kunangemuva, ngakho-ke izinyawo zangaphambili zikhulu ngokungabonakali ngemuva.

Ihlala kuphi i-buffalo yase-Afrika?

Isithombe: Buffalo e-Afrika

Izinyathi ezimnyama zihlala kuphela endaweni yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Njengezifunda ongazihlalisa kuzo, khetha insimu ecebile emithonjeni yamanzi, kanye namadlelo, lapho kunesibalo esikhulu sezimila eziluhlaza obukhulu. Zihlala ikakhulu emahlathini, ema-savannah, noma ezintabeni. Kwezinye izimo, bayakwazi ukukhuphuka izintaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2 500 ukuphakama.

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili eyedlule, izimbaza zase-Afrika zakha indawo enkulu, efaka lonke i-Afrika, futhi zabalelwa cishe kuma-40% abo bonke abangakholelwa kule ndawo. Kuze kube manje, inani labantu abangahambi kahle selinciphile kakhulu futhi indawo yokuhlala yabo inciphile.

Indawo yokuhlala:

Njengendawo yokuhlala, khetha indawo efanele okususwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala kwabantu. Imvamisa bakhetha ukuhlala emahlathini aminyene, ahlukaniswa inani elikhulu lezihlahlana namathanga angenakungeneka. Izilwane zibona abantu njengomthombo wengozi.

Isilinganiselo esiyinhloko sendawo abayikhethayo njengendawo yokuhlala wukuba khona kwezidumbu zamanzi. Abamele umndeni wama-bovine bathanda ukuhlala kude hhayi kubantu kuphela, kodwa nabanye abamele izimbali nezilwane.

Akujwayelekile ukuthi babelane insimu nezinye izilwane. Okuwukuphela kwento ngaphandle kwezinyoni ezibizwa ngokuthi i-buffalo. Zonga izilwane emikhinini nakwezinye izinambuzane eziunca igazi. Izinyoni ezinezinwele empeleni zihlala ngemuva kwalezi zinhlwathi ezinkulu ezinkulu, ezinamandla.

Esikhathini sokushisa okukhulu nesomiso, izilwane zivame ukushiya indawo yazo yokuhlala bese zinqoba izindawo ezinkulu zifuna ukudla. Izilwane ezizodwa ezihlala ngaphandle komhlambi zitholakala endaweni efanayo futhi cishe azikushiyi.

Ngabe idlani i-buffalo yase-Afrika?

Abamele umndeni wama-bovine ama-herbivores. Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimila. Izinkunzi zase-Afrika zithathwa njengezilwane ezibucayi impela maqondana nokudla. Zikhetha izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo. Noma ngabe kukhona inani elikhulu lezitshalo eziluhlaza, ezisanda kufakwa nezinambisayo nxazonke, zizofuna ukudla ezikuthandayo.

Umuntu ngamunye omdala udla inani lokudla kwezitshalo ngosuku okulingana okungenani 1.5-5% wesisindo somzimba wakhe. Uma inani lezinsuku zokudla lincane, kukhona ukwehla ngokushesha kwesisindo somzimba nokuqina kwesilwane.

Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunempilo luhlaza, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezimnandi ezikhula eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Ama-Buffalos anezici ezithile zesakhiwo esiswini. Inamakhamera amane. Lapho ukudla kufika, igumbi lokuqala ligcwele kuqala. Njengomthetho, ukudla okungekho ukuhlafunayo empeleni kufika lapho. Ngemuva kwalokho igqekeza futhi ihlafunwe kahle isikhathi eside ukugcwalisa amakamelo asele wesisu.

Ama-buffalos amnyama adla ikakhulu ebumnyameni. Ntambama bacasha emthunzini wamahlathi, bagcwala odongeni lodaka. Bangaya kuphela endaweni yokunisela. Umuntu oyedwa omdala udla okungenani u-35-45 amalitha wetshezi ngosuku. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokuntuleka kwezimila eziluhlaza, izihlahla ezomile zingasebenza njengomthombo wokudla. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ziyenqena kakhulu ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwezimila.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Isilwane sezinyathi sase-Afrika

Izinyathi zase-Afrika zithathwa njengezilwane ezinobungane. Ziyakwazi ukwakha amaqembu aqine, anokuhlangana. Ubungako beqembu buxhomeke endaweni lapho izilwane zihlala khona. Ensimini yama-savannas avulekile, inani lezinhlambi liyizilwane ezingama-20-30, futhi lapho zihlala ehlathini, azidluli eshumini. Ngokuqala kokushisa okukhulu nesomiso, imihlambi emincane ihlangana ibe yiqembu elilodwa elikhulu. Amaqembu anjalo anezinhloso ezingafika kwamakhulu amathathu.

Amaqembu ezilwane anezinhlobo ezintathu:

• Umhlambi uhlanganisa amaduna, abesifazane, namathole.
• Abesilisa abadala kuneminyaka eyi-13.
• Abantu abasha abaneminyaka engu-4-5.

Umuntu ngamunye udlala indima ayinikezwe. Onolwazi, amadoda amadala asakazekile azungeze umngcele futhi aqaphe indawo okuhlalwa kuyo. Uma kungekho okusongela izilwane futhi akukho bungozi, zingasakazeka kumabanga amade. Uma izinkunzi zisola, noma zizwa ingozi, zakha indandatho eminyene, maphakathi kwayo kukhona abesifazane nezinthole. Lapho behlaselwa izitha, bonke abantu besilisa abadala bavikela ngobudlova amalungu eqembu abuthaka.

Ngokuthukuthela, izinkunzi ziyesabisa kakhulu. Izimpondo ezinkulu zisetshenziswa njengokuzivikela nasekuhlaseleni. Njengoba belimaze isisulu sabo, basiqedela ngezinselo zabo, kuyilapho ngasikhathi sinye beyinyathela amahora amaningi, kuze kungabikho lutho olusele kuyo. Izinkunzi ezimnyama zingakhula ngesivinini esikhulu - zize zifike ku-60 km / h, zibaleke ngokujaha, noma okuphambene nalokho, ngokujaha umuntu. Abesilisa asebekhulile abanesizungu balwa nepakethe futhi baphila impilo bebodwa. Ziyingozi ikakhulukazi. Izilwane ezincane nazo zingalwa nezinkomo futhi zizenzele ezazo izinkomo.

Ama-buffalos amnyama aqhamuke nasendleleni yokuphila ebusuku. Ebusuku, ziphuma emahlathini aminyene futhi ziklaba kuze kuse. Emini bafihla elangeni elishisayo emathangeni asehlathini, bathathe ubhavu kadaka noma balale nje. Izilwane zishiya ihlathi kuphela ukuchelela. Umhlambi uhlala ukhetha njengendawo yawo yokuhlala insimu eseduze nedamu. Akujwayelekile ukuthi ashiye leli khaya lidlula amakhilomitha amathathu.

Buffaloes zase-Afrika ukubhukuda okumangalisayo. Bawela kalula ichibi lapho behamba amabanga amade beyofuna ukudla, yize bengathandi ukungena shí emanzini. Indawo ethathwa yiqembu elilodwa lama-herbivores ayidluli kumakhilomitha skwele angama-250. Lapho ihlala ezimweni zemvelo, i-buffalo yase-Afrika inikeza izwi elibukhali. Abantu bomhlambi owodwa baxhumana ngokuhamba kwekhanda nomsila.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Buffalo wase-Afrika

Isikhathi sokukhanywa inyathi yase-Afrika siqala ekuqaleni kukaMashi futhi siqhubeke kuze kube sekupheleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngokwesikhundla sobuholi eqenjini, kanye nelungelo lokushada nowesifazane abathandayo, abesilisa bavame ukulwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpi ziyesabeka impela, kuyaqabukela ziphela ekufeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinkunzi zivame ukubhonga kakhulu, ziphonsa amakhanda phezulu, bese zimba umhlabathi ngezinselo zazo. Abesilisa abanohlonze bathola ilungelo lokungena emshadweni. Kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi owesilisa oyedwa angene emshadweni nabesifazane abaningi ngasikhathi sinye.

Ngemuva kokuphola, ezinyangeni ezi-10- 11 kamuva, kuzalwa amathole. Izinsikazi azizaleli ithole elilodwa. Ngaphambi kokuzala, ashiya umhlambi abheke indawo ethule, engazodwa.

Lapho ingane izalwa, umama uyikhotha ngokucophelela. Isisindo sengane esanda kuzalwa singamakhilogremu angama-45-70. Imizuzu engama-40-60 ngemuva kokuzalwa, amathole asevele elandela unina ebuyela emhlanjini. Amawundlu ama-buffalo ase-Afrika avame ukukhula, akhule futhi athole isisindo somzimba ngokushesha. Ngenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, baphuza okungenani amalitha amahlanu obisi lwebele nsuku zonke. Ngokuqala kwenyanga yesibili yokuphila, baqala ukuzama ukudla kwezitshalo. Ubisi lwebele luyadingeka kuze kube sezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisikhombisa.

Amawundlu lawo asondele kunina aze abe neminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine. Lapho-ke umama uyeka ukubanakekela futhi abalandele. Abesilisa bashiya umhlambi abazalelwe kuwo ukuze bazenzele owabo, futhi izintokazi zihlala ngaphakathi kuwo njalo. Isikhathi esijwayelekile sokuphila kwe-buffalo emnyama yiminyaka engu-17 ukuya kwengama-20. Ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila sikhuphukela eminyakeni engama-25-30, kanti nomsebenzi wokuzala uyalondolozwa.

Izitha zemvelo ze-buffalo yase-Afrika

Photo: Buffalo African ngokumelene nebhubesi

Ama-buffalo ase-Afrika ayizilwane eziqinile futhi ezinamandla. Kulokhu, banezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu endaweni yabo yemvelo. Abamele umndeni wezilwane ezinezinyawo ezimpunga ezithobekile bangashesha ngesibindi ukusindisa abalimele, abagulayo nababuthakathaka amalungu eqembu.

Ama-Helminths nezinambuzane eziphuza igazi kungabalwa kalula ukuthi yizitha zemvelo. Zivame ukukhula emzimbeni wezilwane, zidale izinqubo zokuvuvukala. Kulezi zinhlayiya ezinjalo zezinyoni zokutakula izinyoni ezihlala ngemuva kwezilwane ezinkulu futhi zidla kulezi zinambuzane. Enye indlela yokuphunyuka ezinhlamvwini zokubhukuda ubumba izixhaka zodaka. Kamuva, udaka luyoma, lugoqeke bese luwele. Ngokubambisana nakho, onke amagciwane nezibungu zawo nakho kushiya umzimba wesilwane.

Esinye isitha se-buffalo ebabazekayo yase-Afrika kubhekwa njengendoda nemisebenzi yayo. Kulezi zinsuku, ukuzingela izinyathi akuvamile, kepha ngaphambili abazingeli beziziqothula lezi zinkunzi ngamanani amakhulu ngenxa yenyama, izimpondo nezikhumba.

Isimo sabantu nenhlobo yezinhlobo

Photo: Buffalo wase-Afrika

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika akuyona izinhlobo ezingandile, noma isilwane esiseduze kokuqothulwa. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, akafakwa ohlwini lweNcwadi Ebomvu. Ngokweminye imibiko, kunamakhanda acishe abe yisigidi alesi silwane emhlabeni namuhla. Kwezinye izindawo zezwekazi lase-Afrika, ukuzingela izinyathi okuvumelekile.

Iningi lezidlova likhona ezindaweni ezivikelwe namapaki kazwelonke, avikelwe, isibonelo, eTanzania, eKruger National Park eSouth Africa, eZambia, ezindaweni ezivikelwe zeziLu River River.

Indawo yokuhlala yezinyathi zase-Afrika ezimnyama ngaphandle kwamapaki ezwe kanye nezindawo ezivikelwe yinkimbinkimbi ngemisebenzi yabantu kanye nokwakhiwa kwenani elikhulu lamazwe. Abamele umndeni wama-bovine awakwazi ukubekezelela ukuthathwa, umhlaba wokulima futhi abakwazi ukuvumelana nezimo eziguqukayo zesikhala esiseduze.

Inyathi yase-Afrika kubhekwe kufanele njengenkosi ephelele yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lezi zilwane ezesabekayo, eziqinile futhi ezinamandla ziyasaba ngisho nenkosi yezilwane enesibindi nenesibindi - ibhubesi. Amandla nobukhulu balesi silo kuyamangalisa ngempela. Kodwa-ke, kuya kuba nzima kuye ukuthi aphile endle.

I-dimorphism yezocansi

Izinsikazi zezinyathi zase-Asia zihlukaniswa ngosayizi omncane womzimba kanye nomzimba omuhle. Izimpondo zazo nazo zimfushane futhi azibanzi kangako.

Kuma-buffaloes ase-Afrika, izimpondo zezinsikazi nazo azikho zinkulu njengamadoda: ubude bazo, ngokwesilinganiso, bungaphansi kwe-10-20%, ngaphezu kwalokho, bona, njengomthetho, abakhuli ndawonye emqhele wamakhanda abo, yingakho “isihlangu "Akwakhi.

Izinhlobo zeBuffalo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinyathi: ezase-Eshiya nezase-Afrika.

Futhi, uhlobo lwe-buffalo yase-Asia liqukethe izinhlobo eziningana:

Ama-buffalo ase-Afrika amelelwa yizinhlobo eyodwa kuphela, ezibandakanya okumbalwa okubandakanya i-buffalo yamahlathi amancanyana, ehluka kulawo mabili amancane - angabi ngaphezu kuka-120 cm lapho ebuna, nombala obomvu obomvu, obukhonjiswe amamaki amnyama ekhanda, entanyeni, emahlombe nemilenze yangaphambili yesilwane.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abanye abacwaningi babheka izinyathi ezinamahloni amancane njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, bavame ukunikeza inzalo e-hybrid kusuka ku-buffalo yase-Afrika ejwayelekile.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Endle, izinyathi zase-Asia zihlala eNepal, India, Thailand, Bhutan, Laos naseCambodia. Zitholakala esiqhingini saseCeylon. Ngisho maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, babehlala eMalaysia, kodwa manje, mhlawumbe, vele abekho endle.

UTamarau uyisiphephelo sesiqhingi saseMindoro, ilungu lesiqhingi sasePhilippine. I-Anoa nayo iyisifo, kodwa vele isiqhingi sase-Indonesia saseSulawesi. Ama-Akin ezinhlotsheni zakhe - i-anoa esezintabeni, ngaphandle kweSulawesi, iyatholakala futhi esiqhingini esincane saseBud, esiseduzane nendawo yaso enkulu.

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika isakazeke e-Afrika, lapho ihlala endaweni enkulu eningizimu yeSahara.

Zonke izinhlobo zezinyathi zithande ukuhlala ezindaweni ezicebile zotshani obunotshani.

Ama-buffalo ase-Asia kwesinye isikhathi akhuphukela ezintabeni, lapho angatholakala khona endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-1.85 ngaphezulu kolwandle. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi nge-tamarau ne-anoa yasezintabeni, ezikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezisehlathini ezintabeni.

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika nayo ingahlala ezintabeni nasezihlathini zemvula ezishisayo, kodwa iningi labamele lolu hlobo, noma kunjalo, bakhetha ukuhlala e-savannah, lapho kunezihlahla ezinotshani obuningi, amanzi nezihlahlana.

Kuyathakazelisa! Indlela yokuphila yazo zonke i-buffalos ihlobene kakhulu namanzi, ngakho-ke, lezi zilwane zihlala zihlala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi.

Ukudla kweBuffalo

Njengawo wonke amakhambi, lezi zilwane zidla ukudla kwezitshalo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla kwazo kuya ngohlobo nendawo yezindawo ezihlala kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, i-buffalo yase-Asia idla ikakhulukazi izimila zasemanzini, isabelo sayo kumenyu yayo singama-70%. Akenqabeli nakwizitshalo ezinotshani notshani.

Izinyathi zase-Afrika zidla izitshalo ezinotshani ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwefayibha, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikeza ithuba elicacile ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa, ziguqukela kwesinye ukudla kwesitshalo kuphela uma kunesidingo. Kepha bangadla nemifino evela ezihlahleni, isabelo sabo ekudleni kwabo cishe singama-5% wakho konke okunye ukudla.

Izinhlobo zezidada zidla izitshalo ezine-herbaceous, amahlumela amasha, izithelo, amaqabunga nezitshalo zasemanzini.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ezinkomeni zase-Afrika, isikhathi sokuzala siba entwasahlobo. Empeleni ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwabesilisa balesi silwane umuntu angabona umbukwane ngaphandle, kepha cishe ngaphandle kokulwa negazi, inhloso yakho akuyona ukufa komphikisi noma ukumlimaza kakhulu emzimbeni, kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuqalwa, abesilisa banolaka futhi banamandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuyi-Buffaloes emnyama yase-Afrika ehlala eningizimu ne-Afrika. Ngakho-ke, ukusondela kubo ngalesi sikhathi akuphephile.

Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyishumi kuya kweziyi-11. Ukuzala ngokuzalwa kuvame ukwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula, futhi, njengomthetho, insikazi izala ikonyana elilodwa elinesisindo esingama-40 kg. Izikhungo zemvelo zaseCape zinamathole amakhulu; isisindo sazo zivame ukufinyelela kuma-60 kg lapho zizalwa.

Ngemuva kwekota yehora, iwundlu lisukuma liye ezinyaweni zakhe lilandela unina. Yize iqiniso lokuthi inkonyane iqala ukuzama ukucindezela utshani ineminyaka eyodwa yenyanga, i-buffalo iyondla ngobisi izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kepha cishe ezingaba ngu-2-3, futhi ngokusho kweminye imibiko, ngisho iminyaka emi-4 ithole leduna lihlala nonina, emva kwalokho liyishiya umhlambi.

Kuyathakazelisa! Owesifazane okhulayo, njengomthetho, akasuki ndawo evela emhlambini wakhe ongowokuzalwa. Ifinyelela eminyakeni emithathu yokuthomba, kepha okokuqala izala izingane, imvamisa ngeminyaka emi-5.

Kuma-buffaloes ase-Asia, isikhathi sokuzalela kwesinye isikhathi asihlotshaniswa nenkathi ethile.Ukukhulelwa kwabo kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10 kuya kwezi-11 futhi kugcina ngokuzala eyodwa, okuvame kakhulu - amawundlu amabili, awondla ngobisi, ngokwesilinganiso, izinyanga eziyisithupha.

Inani labantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Uma izinhlobo zama-buffalo zase-Afrika zithathwa njengezinhle kakhulu nezinhlobo eziningi, khona-ke kwalezo zase-Asia yonke into isuke ingekuhle kangako. Ngisho ne-buffalo yamanzi ejwayelekile yaseNdiya manje isiyinhlobo ezisengozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izizathu ezibalulekile zalokhu ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokulima esikhathini esidlule sezindawo ezingagcinwanga lapho kwakuhlala khona izinyathi zasendle.

Inkinga yesibili enkulu ye-buffalo yamanzi ukulahleka kokungahlanzeki kwegazi ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane zivame ukuwela nezinkunzi ezifuywayo.

Inani labantu be-tamarau bezinhlobo zezilwane ezisekupheleni kokuqothulwa ngo-2012 lalingaphezulu nje kwabantu abangama-320. I-Anoa ne-anoa esezintabeni, ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezisengozini, ziningi kakhulu: inani labantu abadala bohlobo lwesibili lidlula izilwane ezingama-2500.

I-Buffalos isixhumanisi esibalulekile ezimisweni zezindawo abahlala kuzo. Ngenxa yobuningi bazo, izinkumbi zabantu base-Afrika zalezi zilwane zingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla wezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu njengamabhubesi noma izingwe. Futhi i-buffalo yase-Asia, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezimila emizimbeni yamanzi, lapho ivame ukuphumula. Izinyathi zasendle zase-Asia, ezifuywe endulo, zingenye yezilwane zasepulazini eziyinhloko, futhi hhayi e-Asia kuphela kepha naseYurophu, lapho kukhona iningi lazo e-Italy. I-buffalo yasekhaya isetshenziswa njengamandla okusalungiswa, amasimu okulima, kanye nobisi, eliphakeme kaningana kokuqukethwe kwamafutha kunenkomo ejwayelekile.

Izinhlobo eziphambili ze-buffalo

Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-buffaloe angawomndeni wama-bovid, okubandakanya izilwane eziningi kakhulu. Uhlobo lwe-buffalo luyindabuko, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziningana:

Lezi zilwane zihlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, ziyahluka ngobukhulu nangokubukeka. Izidakamizwa ezi-Asia zazigcinwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-5000 edlule. Zisasetshenziswa njengezilwane ezifuywayo eNdiya nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Asia. Inyama yeBuffalo ithatha indawo yenkomo yamaHindu, ngoba lezi zilwane azibhekwa njengengcwele. Ubisi lwabo lunamafutha kakhulu futhi lunempilo.

Eminyakeni eyi-100 eyedlule, izinyathi zazizingelwa kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi sezinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba, ezinye zisekupheleni kokuqothulwa manje. Izimpondo zeBuffalo, ikakhulukazi lezo zase-Asia, zazibhekwa njengendondo enkulu kakhulu. Njengoba lezi zilwane ezinkulu zihlakaniphe impela, zinolaka olukhulu kakhulu, bekungekho lula ukuzidubula, ngoba indondo ebhalwe ngezimpondo nezidumbu zenyathi ikhulume ngekhono elikhulu lomzingeli. Manje iningi lezilwane zasendle zalolu hlobo ziluhlu lweNcwadi ebomvu, ukuzingela kwazo kungavinjelwa ngokuphelele noma kunqunyelwe.

I-Buffalos: incazelo yokubuka

Ama-Buffalos ayizilwane ezincelisayo. Zingezasekhaya izinkabi zokulandelana kwama-artiodactyls omndeni wama-bovine. Ngezimpawu zabo, basondelene nezinkunzi. Lesi yisilwane esikhulu esinezimpondo ezinkulu. Zinde kakhulu emhlabeni, ngakho-ke zingumhlobiso wesilwane. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkunzi zasendle:

Zonke izinhlobo babe nezimpawu zabo ngokubukeka, ziyahlukahluka ngemikhuba, isimo sazo. Inyathi yase-Afrika ibhekwa njengekhulu kunazo zonke kulezi zinhlobo. Ukuphakama lapho uswabuna kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,8, ngoba umzimba ugcwele futhi unemilenze emifushane.

Indian inkunzi yasendle lapho ibuna ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha amabili. Kodwa-ke, lawo masayizi we-buffalo abonwa kuphela kwabesilisa abavuthiwe. Abesifazane bancane. Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ze-buffalo zingaba nokuphakama ekushwabeni kwama-60 kuye kuma-105 cm.

Zonke izinhlobo zinokwakheka okuhlukile kwezimpondo. Izimpondo ezinde kakhulu Buffalo lamanzi lahlukile. Izimpondo zazo zikhula zibe ngamamitha ayi-2 ubude. Izimpondo zikhula kancane ziye ohlangothini nasemuva, zinesimo se-crescent. Ummeleli wase-Afrika unezimpondo ezimfishane. Ikhula iye ezinhlangothini futhi igoba ku-arc. Izimpondo zigqinsiwe phansi futhi zakha uhlobo lwesigqoko ekhanda lesilwane. UTamaru no-Anoa bayizimpondo ezimfushane kuze kube ngama-39 cm. Izimpondo zabo zingamasilinda ngesimo futhi zibekwe emuva.

Abesilisa nabesifazane bahluke kakhulu ngosayizi wabo, kanye nezimpondo. Kwabesifazane amafushane kakhulu noma awekho nhlobo. Ziphindwe cishe izikhathi eziyi-1,6 kunabesilisa ngobukhulu.

Ijazi lalezi zilwane lifushane futhi lincane. Isihloko somsila sihlotshiswe ngebhulashi lezinwele ezinde. Ukubukeka kwe-Afrika kunoboya obumnyama obumnyama noma obumnyama. Ukubukeka kwamaNdiya kuhlukaniswa ngombala wejazi grey. Izinhlobo zase-Asia ube ijazi elilula emilenzeni kunasemzimbeni.

Amahlosi angaphambili abanzi kunasemuva, ngoba kufanele abekezelele isisindo somzimba esindayo. I-buffalo inomsila omkhulu futhi omude. Izindlebe zesilwane zikhulu futhi zibanzi.

Igalari: ama-buffalos (izithombe ezingama-25)

Amasistimu kanye nokubhalwe phansi

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika iguquguqukayo, okwaholela ekutheni kube nenombolo ebaluleke kakhulu yama-subspecies esikhathini esedlule. Ngekhulu le-19, ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kwe-buffalo yesimanje ekugcineni, abanye abacwaningi bathola okungu-90.

Njengamanje, kukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo nezinhlanga ze-buffalo yase-Afrika zinhlobo olulodwa, ezakha izingcaphuno ezi-4-5 eziqondakala kahle:

• I-Syncerus caffer caffer - subspecies ejwayelekile, enkulu kunazo zonke. Kuyabonakala eSouth naseMpumalanga Afrika. Izimpikiswano zalokhu okubhalwe phansi ezihlala eningizimu yezwekazi zikhulu kakhulu futhi zinohlonze - lezi zibizwa ngokuthi cape buffaloes (IsiNgisi sase-Buffalo). Umbala walesi siphephelo umnyama kakhulu, ucishe waba mnyama
• I-Syncerus caffer nanus Boddaert, 1785 - Buffalo Red - subspecf subsaries (Latin nanus - dwarf). I-buffalo yalokhu okubhalwe phansi incane kakhulu - ukuphakama kokubuna kungaphansi kwama-120 cm, kanti isisindo esijwayelekile singama-270 kg. Umbala we-buffalo emfushane ubomvu, unezindawo ezimnyama ekhanda namahlombe, izinwele ezisezindlebeni zakha amakhekhe. I-buffalo ye-dwarf ijwayelekile ezifundeni zehlathi zaseCentral and West Africa. Lokhu okubhaliselwe kuhluke kakhulu kuhlobo kangangokuba abanye abacwaningi bakubheka njengenhlobo ehlukile. S. nanus . Ama-nzalo ajwayelekile phakathi kwesizinda esivamile nesincane.
• S. c. brachyceros, noma I-buffalo yaseSudanngokwesimo sokuziphatha esimweni esiphakathi nendawo phakathi kwezinhlangano ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla. Ihlala eNtshonalanga Afrika. Ubukhulu bayo bincane, ikakhulukazi izinciphisi ezitholakala eCamibia, ezinesisindo segamu lobukhulu bama-subspecies aseNingizimu Afrika (inkunzi enesisindo esingu-600 kg ibhekwa njengekhulu kakhulu kulezi zindawo).
• S. c. i-aequinoctialisindawo okuyo kuphela i-Central Africa. Iyafana ne-Cape buffalo, kepha incane kancane, nombala wayo ulula.
• S. c. mathewsi, noma intaba (Lokhu okubhaliselwe akubelwe bonke abacwaningi). Indawo yayo iyindawo ephakeme ye-East Africa.

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika iyona kuphela uhlobo lwesimanje lwenkabi engaphansi kwe-Afrika. Kepha ePleistocene ngase-Afrika enyakatho yeSahara, isiqhwaga buffalo elinezimpondo ezinde (lat. Pelorovis antiquus), ehlobene nesimanje. Bekuhlukaniswa ngosayizi omkhulu kakhulu - ngaphezulu kwamamitha ama-2 ngokubuna - nezimpondo ezinkulu ezinobubanzi cishe bamamitha amathathu. Ukuqothulwa kwayo cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-8-10 eyedlule kwaqondana nokuqothulwa okujwayelekile kwabamele abakhulu be-Pleistocene fauna futhi, kungenzeka, akwenzekanga ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu.

Ukusatshalaliswa nezindawo zokuhlala

Indawo yokusabalalisa yemvelo yezinyathi zase-Afrika inkulu kakhulu - ngisho nangekhulu nangesigamu edlule, i-buffalo yayiyisilwane esivame kakhulu kulo lonke elise-Sahara lase-Afrika futhi, ngokwezifundo ezithile zesimanje, ifinyelela kuma-35% we-biomass of unulates amakhulu ezwekazi. Manje ibigcinwe kunoma yiliphi inani elikhulu kude nendawo yonke. Igcinwa kangcono e-Afrika eseningizimu nasempumalanga, ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi.

I-Buffalo yase-Afrika ivumelanise nama-biotopes ahlukahlukene, ukusuka emahlathini aminyene asendaweni eshisayo kuya ekuvuleni ama-savannah. Ezintabeni ingatholakala ifike kumamitha ayi-3000. Izakhamuzi eziningi kakhulu zezingulube zase-Afrika zihlala e-savanna egcwele imvula, lapho unyaka nonyaka kunamanzi amaningi, utshani nezihlahlana. Kodwa-ke, yonke indawo ixhumeke eduze kwamanzi futhi ayihlali kude nemizimba yamanzi. Akuhlali ezindaweni lapho ngaphansi kwezimvula ezingaphansi kuka-250 mm ngonyaka. Ngokuyisisekelo, ibanga le-buffalo manje seliboshelwe ezindaweni zemvelo nakwezinye izindawo ezivikelwe. Kukhona kuphela izinhlwathi zokwakhela imihlambi, ezinamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezilwane.

Indlela yokuphila yomhlambi wezinyathi

Inyathi yase-Afrika umhlambi wezilwane. Imvamisa kuba khona amaqembu ezilwane ezingama-20-30 eziqoqana emihlambini ngesikhathi esomile, kepha izinkomo zingaba namakhulu ezinkulungwane zezilwane. Umhlambi we-buffalo awunayo indawo echazwe ngokuqinile.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemihlambi yezinyathi. Imvamisa, kutholakala izinkomo ezixubile, ezibandakanya izinkunzi zombili nezinkomo ezinamathole weminyaka ehlukene. Emhlambini ohlangene onjalo, izilwane ezindala zakha ngaphansi kwesigamu senani labantu (39-49%). Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngabachwepheshe baseNingizimu Afrika luveze ukuthi le ngxenye iyahlukahluka ukusuka enyakatho iye eningizimu yezwe - ngaphezulu ezifundeni eziseningizimu zezilwane ezisencane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkunzi zihlukana zibe yizihlambi ezihlukene zezinhlobo ezimbili - kusuka kubantu abaneminyaka emi-4-5 ubudala nezinkabi ezindala, cishe ezineminyaka eyi-12. Uma abesilisa abaningana bekulo mhlambi ofanayo, khona-ke phakathi kwabo kuvame ukuthi kube nokulwa okunquma isikhundla esiphakeme senhlalo. Ngokuvamile, emihlambini yezinkomo, ikakhulukazi ehlanganisa izinkunzi, abaphathi abaqinile bahlala behlonishwa.

Lapho umhlambi udlisiwe futhi izimbotshana zizolile, zingahlakazeka kude kakhulu komunye nomunye, kepha emhlambini ophapheme izilwane zihlala ziqinile, zivame ukuthinta omunye nomunye ngezinhlangothi zazo. Emaphethelweni omhlambi omkhulu kukhona izinkunzi nezinkomo ezindala eziningana, eziqapha ngokucophelela imvelo futhi, uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ziphakamise i-alamu kuqala. Esimweni sokuzivikela, umhlambi wakhelwa esinqeni - izinkunzi nezinkomo ezindala ngaphandle, izinkomo ezinamathole phakathi.

Umhlambi we-buffalo ukwakheka okuzinzile okungahlala endaweni eyodwa amashumishumi eminyaka, njengoba abanye ososayensi bekholelwa, kuze kufike eminyakeni engama-36 ubudala. Esikhathini esedlule, lapho izidumbu zaba ziningi kakhulu, imihlambi yamakhanda ayinkulungwane yayingajwayelekile, kanti nemihlambi yezinkulungwane eziningana yayihlala itholakala. Kodwa-ke, ngisho namanje ezindaweni eziningi e-Afrika, emapaki ezwe nakwezinye izindawo ezivikelwe, umuntu angahlangana nemihlambi yalesi size. EKenya, esigodini saseKafue River Valley, umhlambi ojwayelekile wezinyathi uyizilwane ezingama-450 (ababukeli baphawule imihlambi evela ezilwaneni eziyi-19 kuye kwezingama-2075 kule ndawo).

Abesilisa asebekhulile kakhulu abahlangani kangangokuba bashiya izihlobo zabo bayozihlalela bodwa. Izinkunzi ezinje zodwa zivame ukuba nosayizi omkhulu kakhulu nezimpondo ezinkulu. Ziyingozi kubantu nasezilwaneni eziningi ze-savannah, ngoba zingakwazi ukuhlasela ngaphandle kwesizathu. ENingizimu Afrika, lezi zibungu zibizwa ukulwa kwensangu (eng. Dagga Boy, lit. "guy from insini", Okuyilapho ngolimi lwaseNingizimu Afrika ulimi lwesiNgisi lisho ukungcola okukhethekile kumaxhaphozi aseSannah), noma mbogo (igama le-buffalo kwezinye izilimi zeBantu, eseyigama phakathi kwezinkunzi ezinkulu ezimhlophe phakathi kwabantu abamhlophe baseningizimu ne-Afrika). Ama-Loners anecebo lomuntu ngamunye, okuyinto anamathele kakhulu kulo. Zonke izinsuku bayaphumula, badla futhi benze izinguquko ezindaweni ezichazwe ngokuqinile zalesi siza futhi bawushiye kuphela lapho beqala ukuphazamiseka noma ukuntuleka kokudla. Lapho kuvela izimbumbulu zangaphandle phakathi komhlambi, isizungu asikhombisi ulaka, kepha siyamhlanganisa size sidlale indima yomholi. Kodwa-ke, lapho umhlambi ushiya, uhlala futhi esizeni. Lapho kuqala ukuvuthwa, izifiso ziyajoyina imihlambi yezinkomo.

Ama-Buffaloes ahlala ehlathini akha amaqembu amancane abantu abathathu, noma imihlambi, inani lazo elivame ukudlula izilwane ezingama-30.

Izitha zezinyathi zemvelo

Buffaloes zinezitha ezimbalwa emvelweni, ngoba ngosayizi wazo omkhulu namandla amakhulu, inyathi endala iyisisulu sokweqa esikhulu sabazingeli abaningi. Izinkomo namathole, kepha, kuvame ukuba inyamazane yamabhubesi, okudala umonakalo omkhulu emihlambini yezinyathi, kuhlasela ngokuzikhukhumeza konke. Abaphenyi baseSoviet babike ukuthi kula macala amathathu lapho kwakufanele babone amabhubesi bedliwe, ngambili ku-buffalo kwaba yisisulu. Kepha ezinkomeni ezinkulu zabantu abadala, nakuwo wonke amabutho amancane, amabhubesi ayanqikaza ukuhlasela.

Amathole asephule umhlambi nezilwane ezibuthakathaka zingaba izisulu zezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, njengengwe noma uhlaka olubonakalayo. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izingwenya ezinkulu zaseNayile zibamba izinyathi emgodini wokunisela nalapho ziwela imifula.

Lapho zivikela ezitheni, izinciphisi zivame ukukhombisa ukusizelana futhi zisebenze ngamaqembu anobungane. Amacala amaningi achaziwe lapho izimbumbulu zingagcinanga nje ngokuxosha amabhubesi emhlambini, kodwa zaze zawabulala. Kuyamangaza ukuthi ama-buffaloes abonakaliswa umuzwa wokusizwa mutual, ebonakalayo ebonakalayo lapho ehlaselwa izitha. Isazi sezilwane saseBelgian sabukela njengoba izinkabi ezimbili zizama ukuphakamisa izinyawo zazo zomuntu olimele, eziholele kulokhu ngokufa kwakhe. Lapho lokhu kwehluleka, bobabili bahlasela umzingeli ngokushesha, okwazile ukubalekela.

Ngaphezu komonakalo odla ezinye izilwane ezidla inyama, ama-buffaloes ahlushwa kakhulu yizifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuhlaselwa yisinambuzane. Izilwane eziningi ezisencane zibulawa yi-helminth. Ukungcola phakathi kwe-buffalo kuvame kakhulu ngama-bacterium angama-flagellate parasitizing egazini. Ososayensi baseNingizimu Afrika abahlola izinyathi ezincane bathole okulula kuwo wonke amathole ahlolwe ngegazi, ngaphandle kokukhetha I-Theileria parva - umenzeli obangela izifo ezinobungozi kakhulu zabantu abangatheni.

Buffalo nomthelela owenziwe umuntu

Ama-Buffaloes ajwayele ukungena ngaphansi komthelela ongemuhle wezinto ezenziwe umuntu nezomuntu, ngisho nasezigcinweni zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, eSerengeti, eyayidume ngobuningi bezinambuzane, kusukela ngo-1969 kuya ku-1990 imfuyo yabo ngenxa yezifo ezethulwa yizinkomo futhi ukuzingela kwehle kwehla kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-65 kuye kwayi-16. Kepha manje, isibalo sabantu esitebeleni. Ipaki kubo. Isifo sofuba sezinkomo sikaKruger ngeminyaka yama-1990 naso sabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwe-buffalo. Manje ezindaweni eziningi eSouth Africa, buffalo sebengabaphathi bemvelo balesi sifo - cishe i-16% yezinyathi izithwali zayo.

Ngokungafani ne-Buffalo yaseNdiya, eye yaba isilwane esikhulu sezolimo emazweni amaningi e-Asia, isi-Afrika sinzima kakhulu ukusixhaxha ngenxa yomsindo waso ongalungile nokungaziphathi kahle. Akukaze kube nokufakwa ezindlini zabantu base-Afrika, noma kwenziwa imizamo yokuyixosha ngososayensi baseYurophu. Ngokusho kweminye imibiko, amathole abanjwe eneminyaka eyi-1-3 izinyanga alungiswa kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe base-Europe e-Afrika bakwazi ukwenza ucwaningo nge-buffalo egcinwe ngaphansi kwezimo zasekhaya. Ngakho-ke, kwatholakala ukuthi i-buffalo eboshwe ngenqola iyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo osindayo amahlandla amane kunenkunzi yasekhaya enesisindo esifanayo. Enye yezimpikiswano zokuqala zase-Afrika eza eYurophu, yajwayela umuntu ngokushesha futhi yakhombisa isimo esihle nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, yahlangana kahle nabanye abangathandeki. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wayondla inkomo ezifuywayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinciphisi zigwema ukusondela komuntu, ezindaweni eziningi e-Afrika isimo sinjalo kangangokuba bazithola sebesondele ezindlini bese kulimala ukulimala kwezilimo futhi nokudilizwa nothango. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izakhamuzi zendawo zivame ukucekela phansi izinyathi njengezinambuzane.

Lapho kunenqwaba yezinciphiso, abantu bendawo bayiqaphelile - ngenxa ye-buffalo e-Afrika abantu abaningi bafa kunamabhubesi nengwe. Ngokusho kwalesi sikhombisi, i-buffalo isendaweni yesithathu ngemuva kwengwenya kanye nemvubu.

Kusukela kudala, abantu base-Afrika bebelokhu bezingela izinyathi nenyama nesikhumba, kepha, lapho kungekho khona izibhamu, abantu bomdabu abakwazanga ukubukelwa phansi ubukhulu balesi silo. Izikhumba zama-buffalos, ezazigqokwa ngokufanele, zazaziswa izizwe eziningi njengezinto ezinhle zezihlangu.

Abantu abangamaMaasai, abangayiboni inyama yezilwane eziningi zasendle, bakhetha i-buffalo, beyibheka njengesihlobo senkomo efuywayo. Ukuzingela izinciphisi kuyavamisile, ngoba emazweni ase-Afrika asencishwekile isimo imvamisa umbuso awukwazi ukuthola izinyathelo zemvelo.

I-Buffalo njengento yokuzingela ezemidlalo

Njengamanje, ukuzingela izinyathi e-Afrika kulawulwa ngokuqinile, yize kuvunyelwe cishe yonke indawo lapho lezi zilwane zihlala khona. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nokuqina, i-buffalo yase-Afrika ingenye yeziqhwaga ezihlonishwayo kakhulu zokuzingela. Ifakiwe (kanye nendlovu, obhejane, ibhubesi nengwe) kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iBig Five" yezilwane ezihlonishwa kakhulu e-Afrika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-buffalo yase-Afrika ngokungangabazeki iyingozi kakhulu kubo bonke abamele "abahlanu", ingabandakanyi indlovu noma ibhubesi. Ngisho nenkunzi endala ephephile, lapho ibone indoda ephethe isibhamu, imvamisa ihlasela kuqala ingalindi ukuthi idutshulwe, bese kuthi lowo olimele aqhubeke nokuhlaselwa kuwo wonke amacala ngaphandle kwalokhu. I-buffalo elimele ilimaza kakhulu. Akanawo kuphela amandla amakhulu, yingakho cishe kungenakwenzeka ukuhlala uphila ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwe-buffalo, kodwa futhi nobuqili kakhulu. Imvamisa i-buffalo ejwayelekile yenza isikebhe esihlahleni nasezifihlini, ilinde abazingeli, ithrekhi yayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphishekela i-buffalo ethangeni kudinga ikhono eliphakeme labathungi, futhi umzingeli kufanele abe nokusabela okuhle nokuba khona kwengqondo, ngoba asikho isikhathi sokudubula.

Umzingeli owaziwayo onguRobert Ruark ukhulume ngezindaba ezifana nalezi:

Indlela ejwayelekile yokuzingela inyathi ukufihla umhlambi wedlelo. I-buffalo ayiboni kahle, kepha inomqondo omuhle wephunga, ngakho-ke lapho usondela emhlambini, kufanele uqaphe ngokucophelela ukuqondisa komoya. Imvamisa onqenqemeni lomhlambi kugcinwa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizisebenzi ezisetshenziselwa umsebenzi, ukubhekisisa imvelo njalo, futhi uma okungenani eyodwa yazo izwa umuntu, ukuzingela kungahle kwephule. Ungabuka futhi ama-buffalos ekuseni emgodini wokuchelela.

Ama-buffaloes wokudubula, ikakhulukazi ama-subspecies aseCape, adinga izikhali ezinamandla, onekhono eliphakeme lokuvimba inhlamvu. Lapho kuvunyelwa khona ukuzingela kwe- "Big Five", inani elincane lezikhali zalokhu liqokwa ngumthetho - lokhu kungaba .375 N&H Magnum, noma i-analogue 9.3 × 64 mm. Lezi calibers zilungele ngokuphelele ukudubula i-buffalo ephakathi, kepha uma sikhuluma ngezinkunzi ezinkulu, kungcono ukusebenzisa i-caliga esindayo enesisindo esiyinhlamvu 23 23 g namandla we-6-7 kJ (.416 Rigby, .458 Lott, .470 I-Nitro Express, njll.).

Izimpondo zeBuffalo zithathwa njengendondo - lapho ibanga eliphakathi kwamaphethelo alo lisuke libaluleke ngokwengeziwe indondo (inkomba ejwayelekile, evezwe ngokwesentimitha, ingama-38-40, kanti amasentimitha angama-50 isivele ibhekwa njengomphumela omuhle kakhulu). Kepha lokhu futhi kubheka ubude bezimpondo zonke, ezingadlula ku-2,5 m, ubukhulu bezisekelo zezimpondo nesimo sazo. Intengo ejwayelekile ye-buffalo ingamadola ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa (aze afike ku-25-30) ngekhanda, futhi ngokuvamile intengo incike ngosayizi wezimpondo zesilo esivuniweyo.

Indlela yokuphila nomlingiswa

Indawo yemvelo yenyathi yasendle izwe elinesimo sezulu esishisayo lapho kungekho khona ubusika obubi. Bahlala bahlala eduze kwamachibi. Uhlobo lweNdiya sekuyisikhathi eside luyisilwane. Zingabonakala eGreece, e-Italy, eHungary nakuwo wonke amazwe aseDanube engezansi. Njengesilwane sasekhaya, ama-buffalos atshalwa eCentral naseNtshonalanga Asia, eGibhithe naseNtshonalanga Afrika.

Lababantu abakhulu bathanda ukuhlala endaweni egcwele amachibi. Kunjalo ukubhukuda okukhulu futhi kalula ukuwela umfula. Njengoba izinyathi zithanda kakhulu amanzi, zingachitha usuku lonke zigxilisiwe kulo. Bayakuthanda ukuzilolonga odakeni nasitayeleni. Kodwa-ke, ukuhamba kwabo emhlabathini kuhamba kancane futhi kube mfushane. Ukugijima ngokushesha kuthinta kakhulu isilwane esikhulu.

Kungajwayelekile futhi kuthukuthele kakhulu. Esimweni esinomsindo kanjalo, izinkunzi zasendle basengozini enkulu. Ngokusho kwabalimi abagcina izincwajana zabo, kufanele basatshwe noma besezingeni eliphansi. Abesilisa abadala bayingozi kakhulu, baba nolaka nobubi. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10-12 yokuphila, abesilisa kwesinye isikhathi bashiya umhlambi baphila bodwa.

Ama-herbivores adla ngokudla kwezitshalo. Ukudla kususelwa otshanini, emhlangeni, emhlangeni, nasezitshalweni zemashi. Njengoba bethanda amanzi, abakwazi ukuhlala kude nemizimba yamanzi. Ngesinye isikhathi, abantu abadala baphuza amalitha amanzi angama-50. Naphezu kokudla kwezitshalo, abesilisa be-buffalos bayazuza isisindo esifinyelela ku-1000 kg. Kukhona abesilisa abasinda kakhulu, osisindo sabo sifinyelela kuma-1200 kg.

Ngonyaka wesihlanu wokuphila, ama-buffaloe aba ngabantu abavuthiwe. Izwi labo liphenduka umsindo omkhulu, kufana ne-moo yenkunzi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ukubanga kwengulube. Phakathi kwabo uqobo, bahlala ngokuthula kuze kufike isikhathi sokukhula kwemvelo. Owesifazane ubukisa kuphela ngengalo eyodwa futhi uyamnakekela ngazo zonke izindlela ezingakhona. Umama umthanda kakhulu futhi ngazo zonke izindlela uyamvikela ezinhlobonhlobo zezingozi.

I-Buffalos iyakwazi ukubekezelela ukuthambeka kahle futhi ingahamba ngokushesha kunamanye ama-ruminants ezindaweni ezinomsindo. Umsebenzi weBuffalo okubaluleke kakhulu emasimini erayisi. Ngokuvamile kuthathwa ukuthutha izimpahla ezindaweni ezinamashibhile. Izimbili zezilwane zasendle zingahudula amahhashi amane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazodonsela umthwalo endaweni lapho amahhashi engeke adlule khona.

Buffalo yasekhaya

Abawona abalimi abaningi abasebenza ngokuzala izinyathi. Njengoba isilwane ezifuywayo buffalo lamanzi kuphela. Kaningi zisetshenziswa njengabasebenzi abasebenza kahle.

Ubisi lowesifazane lunokuqukethwe okunamafutha amaningi kuqhathaniswa nokwenkomo. Inamavithamini amaningi kakhulu, amaminerali kanye nezakhi zomzimba. Uma ubisi lwenkomo okuqukethwe ngamafutha kungu-3% ke kubisi lwe-buffalo liphindwe kathathu. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i-buffalo idla okuncane kakhulu kunenkomo cishe izikhathi ezingama-2-3. Abalimi benza ushizi noshizi obisini olunjalo. Le mikhiqizo yobisi ibonwa njengezibiliboco emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Ushizi odumile we-mozzarella wenziwe ubisi lwe-buffalo.

Ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane oyedwa uyapha Amalitha ayi-1400 obisi olumsulwa nolunempiloucebile calcium. Vele, ukugcina izilwane ezinjalo kubhekwa njengento ebizayo. Kodwa-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi i-buffalo iyizilwane ezi-herbivorous, ngakho-ke umnikazi walezi zilwane udinga ukuzihlinzeka kuphela ngotshani obusha namavithamini agcwele ukudla.

Uma ubakhulisa ngokuhlaba, lapho-ke kuzophela kungabi ngaphezu kwengxenye yenyama yesisindo sesilwane. Konke okunye kusikhumba namathambo e-buffalo. Isikhumba siyadingeka kakhulu, okuvela kuzo izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yesikhumba.