Abamele obhejane (lat Ryctes), Omndeni izinambuzane lamellar, eqinisweni, inombolo omkhulu (Japanese, giant, Asian, Australian, North American, entendeni, indlovu ibhungane nabanye). Wonke umndeni unezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane namakhulu amathathu.

Isici esiphawulekayo kunobhejane ibhungane kuyinto igobolondo layo eqinile chitinous, esinikela isinambuzane nge zempi onokwethenjelwa futhi uzimisele ekhanda (okufana kunobhejane abavamile), uphondo ezinamandla okungukuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu phezulu futhi izimisele emuva.

Izazi zezinambuzane bamangele iqiniso lokuthi, esekelwe isakhiwo sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza ezithile zemizimba yabo, a kunobhejane ibhungane akufanele ezindiza isimiso, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalesi sitatimende, akusiyo kuphela iflaya kakhulu, kodwa, nokuphula zonke imithetho yemvelo, kungaba amboze ibanga amahlanu (!) amakhilomitha.

Iqembu lososayensi ukutadisha lesi simanga, sibonga ucwaningo olwenziwa ngokukhethekile, uye zabhala kunobhejane mabhungane esekwazi ukundiza usuke eFrance wenziwe eNgilandi, ngaleyo ndlela enqoba English Channel, okuyinto amakhilomitha amathathu nane ububanzi emgceni locondzile.

Karl Friedrich Weizsacker, (Inhloko yoMnyango physics e-Max Planck Institute), kanye ekhuluma emhlanganweni engqungqutheleni yesayensi, wathi noma ubani owazi indlela yangempela futhi isimiso indiza ye kunobhejane ibhungane uzokuqonda isimiso flying Saucer flying.

Enye imfanelo ephakeme enaleli bhungane lobhejane yikhono laso lokudala imishini yokuphehla kagesi, eyakhiwa ngenxa yemabhulashi amancanyana asemapuletini omzimba. I elytra yomzimba wesinambuzane, kwacaca ukuthi, has property a Semiconductor (futhi isebenza isimiso capacitor, ukuqongelela i kagesi) Ngakho-ke, ngo-ukungqubuzana isithiyo (isibonelo, umuntu), lona wamuva bangazizwa kancane abanjwe ugesi.

Ngokokuqala ngqá, lokhu isakhiwo ibhungane kwatholakala ezinto German Richard Kuhn, owabiza Rhino imodeli samanje "antigravity." Uphondo lwesinambuzane olunwetshiwe futhi lunempahla yokukhombisa inani elihlukile lokumelana (ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe ye-ultraviolet), futhi ekhombisa umsebenzi ngokuya ngomgomo we-semiconductor.

Naphezu kwesimo nokubukeka yayo inzima kakhulu, kunobhejane kuyinto isinambuzane kunalokho ayinangozi futhi ayikwazi enza umonakalo ukuba abantu, kusukela ibhungane ayikwazi ukuluma noma sting.

EJapane, abaningi usebenzise lezi izimbungulu njengezilwane ezifuyiwe. Izibungu zezinambuzane zingathengwa esitolo sezilwane zasekhaya ngenhloso yokuzilungiselela. Ukukhulela isilwane kwayona, sigcina zonke izigaba (izigaba) ukuthuthukiswa isinambuzane nokulungisa ushintsho kancane kancane zibe ibhungane omdala kuyinto umsebenzi ezimangalisayo ngempela izingane.

Adult ibhungane (imago)

Ubhungane babhejane baseYurophu (lat Ryctes nasicornis) Isinambuzane esikhulu esifinyelela isilinganiso samasentimitha amane ubude. Kukhona uhlobo oluthile kwabesilisa, ukufinyelela amamilimitha angu amane nantathu, kuyilapho lensikazi mncane futhi ubude bayo ngokuvamile kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya kwangu amathathu nanhlanu.

Kulula kakhulu ukuhlukanisa insikazi owesilisa, ngoba uphondo kwakhe akusona omkhulu kangaka futhi sifana ukukhula elincane ngendlela tubercle.

Umzimba wobhejane unesimo se-convex nesimo sombala ocwebezelayo. Umbala umzimba kuhluka burgundy egqamile omnyama nsundu ngombala futhi kuncike esimeni impilo isinambuzane. I esiswini isinambuzane ulula kakhulu futhi unesipiliyoni Tint aphuzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho likhulu ibhungane, mnyama futhi liba nombala ogcwele.

Adult mabhungane kukhona ondlovukayiphikiswa yangempela, ngoba lingenza umthwalo emakhulu asibhozo (!) Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa, beyizidlova isisindo sazo. Uma, ukwenza isibonelo, indoda inokuningi efana amandla yiqhawe angayinqoba kalula ukuhambisa umthwalo enesisindo (!) Amathani eziyisikhombisa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inhloso yezimpondo ezivelelayo ayikaziwa, ngoba izinambuzane azisebenzisi lesi sikhali esibukhali noma ngabe sihlaselwe, noma sivikela. Escaping ezitheni, obhejane isebenzisa iqhinga elifanayo elula: uma kwenzeka ngengozi esondelayo, masinyane ozishaya efile, aweve alo ngezidladla yakhe, kwaqina emilibeni yakhe, okwathi ngemva kwalokho uwela phansi, lapho okuhlanganisiwe ne amaqabunga, amagatsha kanye nezinye udoti.

Naphezu ukusatshalaliswa kwayo abantu abaningi. nokuduma, indlela yokuphila kunobhejane ibhungane, nesifanekiso salo ukuziphatha kanye umjikelezo wokuphila bengayiqondi ngokugcwele futhi has "amabala amhlophe" abaningi.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi indawo lapho kuhlala khona obhejane kungamahlathi anwebekile obanzi (amahlathi ama-oki, ukutshala ngemifino ekhalayo kanye nama-birch groows).

Izazi zezinambuzane futhi Ziningi imibuzo ephathelene isinambuzane umsoco, kusukela ukuhlafuna iyabonakala ukusika namazinyo kabi athuthukile futhi kukhona kucatshangwa ukuthi yena, njengabo ibhungane njengesixhumo sezindluzele, ukuphakelwa phezu ubisi ka izitshalo (oki, birches, neminyezane, amagxolo). Lo mbono kuqinisekiswa yokuthi nemihlathi engezansi isinambuzane embozwe bristles eside obukhulu ukuthi yakha isitho ngawo isinambuzane uyakwazi ngempela ukudla isitshalo juice.

Kodwa-ke, enye ingxenye yososayensi ikholelwa ukuthi obhejane abondli nhlobo, njengoba sebeqongelele izinqolobane ezanele ngenkathi besesigabeni sezibungu. Izazi zezinambuzane ucaphune yokuthi zonke izinhlaka isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene we obhejane kuthiwa atrophied, futhi cishe akasebenzisi kubo ukufakazela umbono wakhe.

Adult izinambuzane ukuvela eduze Apreli-May (kuye ngokuthi isimo sezulu yemvelo kanye izimo zezulu) futhi ahole indlela yokuphila ebusuku. Emini, amabhungane acasha ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, esigxotsheni sezinkuni, emigodini yezihlahla noma ngaphansi kongqimba lokubola kwezinkuni, ukuze kuthi kusihlwa kuqale ukuqala iminyaka esebenzayo nokuzalela, ngoba amabhungane ayizinambuzane ezingafani nobungqingili futhi azalele ngocansi.

Amabhungane fly ikakhulu zantambama ehlobo efudumele futhi ingandiza imithombo yokufakelwa ukukhanya.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda avundiswa ku iziphunzi ebolile, ku rotted zemithi, umanyolo izinqwaba umquba.

Ngemuva kokuqothuka kwesibeletho, insikazi ifa, ngakho-ke, isikhathi esisebenzayo sesinambuzane esidala cishe siyizinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-amathathu, kuphuma iqhimiza elinemilenze ibhungane liphuma iqanda, okuyinto udla substrate ezizungezile. I isibungu uba nombala umzimba aphuzi, obukhulu isiqu lwalugobile esime uhlamvu "C" nge amnyama enkulu ekhanda ensundu. Umzimba wonke wesinambuzane umbozwe ngemisebe emincane engasho lutho.

I isibungu ikhula amasentimitha eziyisishiyagalombili kwabayisishiyagalolunye ubude. It has nangemihlathikazi enamandla, ngenxa kuyo umonakalo ohlelweni impande izitshalo .. Ngo Ukraine, isibungu beetle bubonakala phezu rhizomes amagilebhisi, izimpande rose, ohlelweni impande abasha ibhilikotsi izithombo.

Ngokuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu, isikhathi sokuhlala kwebhungane lobhejane esesithombe sezibungu singaba yiminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine, emva kwalokho siphenduke ipupa.

ukudlula Enye amasonto amabili kuya kwamane, futhi ngenxa yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo, omdala ibhungane amahlamvu isiphungumangathi, ngenxa lapho inkululeko nentuthuko isinambuzane umjikelezo Kuvalwa.

Njengoba leli bhungane akulimazi ezisemqoka izitshalo kutshalwa obhejane akubhekwa izinambuzane eziyingozi ezilimazayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho azikho izindlela ezikhethekile kanye izindlela ukuze zilwe nabo.

Kunokungafani okukodwa mayelana nokufundwa kwalezi zinambuzane ezinhle. Iqiniso liwukuthi kusukela ngo-1943, imisebenzi emibi kakhulu izazi zezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane ngubani cwaningo kunobhejane mabhungane awela imibiko emphakathini. Lezi ovele noma labizwa ngokuthi "imfihlo" noma waphansi "ukusetshenziswa esemthethweni" futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi baye lokhu kwakungakaze kunyatheliswe noma kuphi.

Njengamanje, inani lamabhungane lehla ngokushesha. Isizathu salokhu mkhuba ezomnotho umuntu enquma izihlahla obhejane izindawo, futhi isimo jikelele kwemvelo, futhi isici ezifana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, okuba nomthelela omubi kabusha mabhungane.

Variability

IBhungane liyahlukahluka ngokobukhulu bomzimba nombala - kusuka kumnyama, umlingiswa wabantu abakhulu, kuya kokukhanya, isimilo sabancane. abantu Okukhulu zingafani uphondo kakhulu kakhulu athuthukile ekhanda kwabesilisa, pronotum kuqhathaniswa ebanzi, nakakhulu lakhiwa tubercle posterior namazinyo phezu pronotum, azalela emikhulu, fossa phezu pronotum njalo kangcono athuthukile. abesilisa Small kuhluke, ngaphezu ukuthuthukiswa ezibuthakathaka izici ngokobulili yesibili, futhi kwezinye izici ukuletha eduze izinsikazi, okungukuthi, ukuma pronotum, okuyinto awuzange unwetshwe nge wokubhoboza emikhulu.

Oryctes nasicornis latipennis

obhejane Transcaucasian (Oryctes nasicornis latipennis) Ukusatshalaliswa - Ciscaucasia, Caucasus, Northeast Turkey, Northeast Iran. E Dagestan e ongaphakeme-ukuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa foothill maphakathi nezwe ezintabeni. Ubude umzimba kuze kufinyelele 39 mm. Kuhlukahluka kokubhaliselwe okuqokiwe ngezici ezimbalwa. ikhanda lensikazi kuyinto bodwa ngaphezulu phambi, uphondo ekhanda eyeduna ezisebusweni bawo phambi phakathi nge furrow, lamachubu lateral we posterior pronotum kokuphakama kukhona ebanzi, the tubercle esiphakathi kancane aphumele phambili. I fossa lateral we pronotum lowesilisa is kahle delimited, embozwe ayazika kanye imibimbi kancane kancane olunzima. Izinhlamvu ezisele nemibala ifana naleyo ye-subspecies ejwayelekile.

Ryctes nasicornis grypus

Okusatshalalisiwe eningizimu Tyrol, eningizimu Switzerland, Italy, eSicily, eningizimu yeFrance, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia. Ubude bomzimba 25-25 mm. Izinqubo iso ngaphambili kuthiwa ohlehliswe, emakhoneni zabo zangaphandle aphumele phambili hhayi babanjwa. Inhloko is esishwabene, e owesilisa nge izimisele emuva, kancane kancane thinning kuya phezulu uphondo. Ikhanda lowesimame linobunqunu be-convex elingaphansi; uphondo lowesifazane lunesimo esifanayo nezindawo okubhalwe kuzo. I pronotum lowesilisa abushelelezi, ngesikhathi esincane, amaphuzu zihlakazeke. Ngaphambili emaphethelweni kokuphakama posterior we pronotum kwabesilisa 3 kancane convex, tubercles oyindilinga elise cishe ku umugqa owodwa futhi ahlukaniswe ababuthakathaka, namantombazane oyindilinga: lamachubu lateral are banzi, le tubercle maphakathi cishe ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele, onqenqemeni phambi lamachubu amafomu i cishe ngqo, umugqa kancane mihlobiso. Kwesimame, imiphetho yefossa ku-expressionotum ibushelelezi, ezindaweni ezihlakazekile, isikebhe esingasemuva silingana kancane, nesibalo esincane esivelele ngaphambili. Scutellum cishe punctate, ne imiphetho bushelelezi. Elytra bushelelezi, ezindaweni ezingavamile kakhulu futhi engajulile, kancane baningi eduze suture futhi ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala, futhi nge ngokujulile, inkatho abukhali, ehlanganisa awugqinsi, kancane ukuhlanganisa amaphuzu. Okuchazwe futhi yizinhlobo eziningi ezivame ezingxenyeni ezihlukile zobubanzi bokubhaliswa.

• ab. continuus (Tunisia)
• ab. Siculus - esihluke imininingwane kule nokwakheka apharathasi zangaphandle zokuzala lowesilisa. ESicily.
• ab. laevigalus - amazinyo kwi umphetho waphambili avelele ingxenye ezingemuva pronotum ku wesilisa zihlukaniswe namantombazane ezijulile, ku zesifazane, fossa ku pronotum likhulu. Tyrol, Northern Italy.

Ukubhebhetheka

Umbono usabalele. EYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Afrika, eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia. Ciscaucasia, eCaucasus, Northeast Turkey, Northeast Iran. Uhla lwemvelo lwezinhlobo lumboza indawo yamahlathi aqothulayo nehlathi laseYurophu, le nhlobo iphawulwa eningizimu nasentshonalanga yeSiberia. Ikhono we bhungane ukuthuthukisa ezindaweni wayenemfuyo non-umnkantsha udaba eziphilayo - yizinqwaba umquba rotted, umquba, amahlamvu phama in zokugcina - avunyelwe kwezinhlobo ukuhlaba zingene enyakatho ingxenye eyinhloko uhla zemvelo.

Habitat

Ikhetha izindawo ezinomswakama zehlathi elimangazayo, izigodi, izifufula ezikhukhula imifula. Yena lwangena emasimini yokufakelwa zone asemaqeleni, kanye treeless ezindaweni asemaqeleni kanye lulwimi ehlane zigaba, lapho ekuqaleni wahlala emahlathini upland kanye kwimfunda emfuleni masimu. Kuvamile ehlathini-asemaqeleni, asemaqeleni, eCrimea futhi Ciscaucasia, akuvamile enyakatho ingxenye European senhlobo kanye eSiberia.

Izici ze-Biology

Kuye indawo yawo yokuhlala isikhathi indiza ka mabhungane kuyahlukahluka - kusukela entwasahlobo kuya maphakathi no-ehlobo, ngezinye izikhathi kuze Ekuqaleni autumn. Esikhathini indawo asemaqeleni senhlobo, eCrimea, indiza mabhungane kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-May, ekuqaleni kuka-June kuya eyishumi 2nd-3rd July. Esifundeni sasehlathini kanye nengxenye yaseYurophu kusuka emashumini angama-2-3 kaJuni kuye kuma-2-3 amashumi eminyaka kaJulayi, okuphezulu kwamanani ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Ngo-European ehlathini indawo kusukela ekucaleni July kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-August.

Ntambama, mabhungane abapholile, musani ukundiza, fihla emhlabathini, emigodini kwezihlahla. Indiza iqala kusihlwa futhi ihlala cishe ubusuku bonke. Amabhungane ngokuvamile ndizela imithombo yokufakelwa ukukhanya.

Ayikho imininingwane ngqo mayelana nokudla mabhungane. Ngokweminye imibiko, amabhungane awondli nhlobo (ngaphezulugia), ngokusho kweminye imithombo - angakudla ukudla okuwuketshezi noma isiphuzo sesihlahla.

Ukuzala

Izinsikazi amaqanda e iziphunzi ebolile, ezihlahleni eziyize, ibolile zemithi zemithi (birch, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, willow kanye nezinye izinhlobo), kanye umquba rotted, ingadi umquba, yinqwaba shavings kanye sawdust. Lapha, ukuthuthukiswa izibungu ukuthi adla ezibolile izinto Lokudabuka isitshalo. I-larva ishiya iqanda ehlobo futhi icashe amakhaza.

Larva

Lezi ziphungumangathi zasondela kuba sengathi ejwayelekile umkhaya, lafinyelela ubude kuze kufinyelele 8-9 cm ekupheleni yentuthuko yabo. Lo isibungu emaningi C emise, agobile ophuzi-mhlophe izinwele kwaphela nge amahlukuzo uboya usungulo-okwenyanga ku tergites 4-9 kanye deda on the 10th tergite. Ikhanda amnyama abomvu ansundu, anolaka-isikhumba esishwabene. Tumia embozwe izinwele eziningi. Imihlathi engenhla inkulu, inxantathu, inezitini ezifushane namazinyo ama-2. Ezinde, ingxenye yabo 2nd omude kunayo yonke, 1st esifushane kuka 2nd, kodwa kancane isikhathi eside kunaleso 3rd. Breathers makhulu, okuyiqembu ngobukhulu ungowokuqala, lonke zihlukile kancane komunye nomunye ngosayizi. Ingxenye ephezulu yesigcini se-anal ihlanganiswe ngokufana, i-anus inesimo sentambo eguqukayo. Kukhona nesibaya olwengeziwe mayelana ngemuva tergite bendunu. I tergite anal embozwe izinwele eziningi ezincane, phakathi kwazo ezingama ezingavamile, izinwele eside ezihlakazekile, futhi enye ingxenye yalo posterior kakhulu kukhona amancane, spike-like bristles. Imilenze yinde. Claws zimfushane, cishe ngqo. Isigaba elalikudle lapho liseyisibungu ihlala 3-4 iminyaka.