Umbuso: | Izilwane |
Uhlobo: | Chordate |
I-Subtype: | Ama-vertebrates |
Ibanga: | Omama |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Isigcawu: | Kunamathoni |
Isizinda: | I-Folivora |
- I-Double-lazy (Megalonychidae)
- † Megatheriidae
- † Milodonts (Mylodontidae)
- † Scelidotheriidae
Ama-Giant sloths - Iqembu lezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezingapheli zama-sloths, abonakala ngobukhulu obukhulu. Bavela e-Oligocene eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-35 eyedlule futhi bahlala ezweni elisha, bafinyelela enqwaba yamathani ambalwa nokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-6. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-sloths amakhulu zafa kuphela ekupheleni kwePleistocene, megalocnuse cishe. ICuba yasinda eHholocene futhi yanyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-4 eyedlule, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemuva kokuvela kwabantu bokuqala kulesi siqhingi. Ngokungafani nama-sloth anamuhla, izihlobo zawo ezinkulu zazingahlali ezihlahleni, kodwa emhlabeni.
Ngokusho kofuzo ngokulandelana kwe-DNA yemilodon Darwin (Mylodon darwinii), imigqa ye-milodontids (Mylodontidae) ne-Double-lazy (Megalonychidae) iphanjukiswe cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-22 edlule.
Izimbangela zokuqothuka
Ukutholwa kwezinsalela zamathambo amakhulu kukhombisa ukuthi abantu bokuqala eMelika, okhokho bamaNdiya, bathola lezi zilwane futhi kungenzeka, babandakanyeka ekuqothulweni kwabo. Isikhathi eside, isizathu sokuqothulwa kwabo sathathwa njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okucijile ekugcineni kwenkathi yeqhwa edlule. Ukushisa kubangele ezindaweni eziningi ushintsho ekubuseni komhlaba, ukuncibilika kwamaqhwa kanye nokwenyuka kwamazinga olwandle. Abanye ososayensi banombono wokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, kubandakanya nama-sloth amakhulu, ngeke zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo ezintsha zangaphandle.
Ngokuphikisana nalokhu kuqonda emqondweni, iqiniso lokuthi ama-sloth amakhulu asindile ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu ngaphezulu kweminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zokuphila kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bebengabezinhlobo ezimbalwa zaseNingizimu Melika okwathi, ngemuva kokuvela kwebhuloho lomhlaba wemvelo neNyakatho Melika, zikwazile ukusakazekela ezwekazini elisenyakatho, okukhombisa amakhono abo abalulekile wokuzivumelanisa nawo. Abantu bazinza izwe laseMelika kusukela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-15 kuye kweyi-10 eyedlule, kanti ama-sloths okugcina anyamalala ezweni elingaba ngu-10 000 edlule. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lezi zilwane zazizingelwa. Cishe babeyisisulu esilula ngoba, njengezihlobo zabo zanamuhla, bahamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, imbangela yokuqothulwa kwabo kungenzeka kakhulu kumuntu kuneziguquko esimweni sezulu.
Ubucwebe obuvela emathanjeni ama-sloths amakhulu enziwe ngabaseMelika yasendulo batholakala eSanta Elina esifundazweni saseBrazil iMato Grosso. Ngo-2017, babhalwa eminyakeni engama-23.12 edlule. EWhite Sands National Park noma eWhite Sands esifundazweni saseNew Mexico (USA), ngu. Amalitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu n iminonjana engaphezu kwe-100 eyonakalisiwe yama-sloths amakhulu neminonjana yabantu kuyo. Njengoba kungekho thambo lesilayidi elatholwa, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi ukuzingela akuphumelelanga. Izinsalela zesidlakela sendoda enkulu esivela esizeni seCampo Laborde ku-Argentina e-Holocene (9,730 bp), sisebenzisa indlela yesimanje yokuthandana ekuvumela ukuthi uqede ukungcola futhi ulinganise iminyaka ngomuntu ngamunye we-collagen amino acid, kusukela emuva eminyakeni yokuqala - 14-12 iminyaka eyinkulungwane kuze kube manje, elihambisana nokuphela kwe-Pleistocene.
Izinganekwane zamaNdiya zikhuluma ngesidalwa saseMapingari, okuthi ngokwencazelo yaso, siqondane nes sloth esikhulu. Ehlatshwe umxhwele yilezi zinganekwane, ama-cryptozoologists azamile ukuthola abantu abasindayo e-Amazon, kodwa abaphumelela.
Okuphakelayo
ISloth megaterium yayihlala ehlathini elikhanyayo, elalikhule ngezigidi zeminyaka edlule endaweni eseNingizimu Melika yanamuhla. Wayedla amaqabunga, utshani nezitshalo ezifana ne-yucca ne-agave. Udadewabo u-Eremotherium wayehlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nezwekazi. Lesi sidenge esikhulu sikhuphuka emilenzeni yaso yangemuva ukuze sifinyelele emagatsheni anamaqabunga ezihlahla, futhi sasebenzisa umsila waso omkhulu ukuze silondoloze ukulinganisela. Ngama-paws anezinsika ezibukhali, lesi silwane siguqa amagatsha phansi. Isaladi yayinamazinyo alula, ayekuhlafunisisa futhi ekhetha ukudla, okwakusenziwa yimisipha ekhule kahle, eqinile. Isisu sakhe sashintshwa ukuze kugaywe ukudla okuqinile kwesitshalo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngemicu yakhe ebukhali waklebhula umhlaba wadla nezimpande. Izigidi zeminyaka edlule, lo sloth omkhulu wayengenazitha zemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, wayengasebenza phakathi nosuku. Noma kwavela izinyamazane eziyingozi, ngokwesibonelo, i-smilodon (ihlosi le-saber-toothed), isitshebo asizange sinyamalale. Lokhu kwakusenziwa yisikhumba esinyene, embozwe izinwele ezinde, ezinde. Izikhumba zesikhumba zazitholakala ngobukhulu besikhumba sombhede, okuqinisa isikhumba sakhe futhi kuvimbele nezinyamazane ukuba zingamlimazi.
LIFESTYLE
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngempilo yesidwaba esikhulu, ukhokho we-edentulous yanamuhla. Kwakuyisilwane esikhulu kakhulu, esingatheni, futhi esidabukisayo. Ukuma ngemilenze emine, i-megaterium kwakuwukukhula kwendlovu. Lapho isilwane sikhuphukela emilenzeni yaso yangasemuva ukufinyelela amaqabunga asemancane, ukukhula kwawo kucishe kwaphindeka kabili. Isidumbu besimbozwe ngesikhumba esinyene, simbozwe izinwele ezinde. IMegaterium idle ukudla kwezitshalo. Wadla izitshalo eziningi eziluhlaza, okuyinto ayevame ukuzifuna eduze komhlaba. Lapho ngihamba, angizange ngincike ngonyawo lonke, kodwa emaphethelweni. Bacabanga ukuthi lezi zilwane zingagcinwa ngamaqembu amancane noma zodwa.
UKUVUKELA
Lapho okhokho be-megateria bezinza endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika, izwe elixhuma iNyakatho Melika neSouth (Panama yanamuhla) lagcwala amanzi. AmaSloths, njengawo amanye angenawo ama-toot, ayengathuthuka buthule, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi ayengenawo umncintiswano wokudla nezinye izidalwa.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene zakhula kulokhu kukhishwa, kepha bonke abameleli bazo babenezici ezivamile: amazinyo angagqilwanga koqweqwe lwawo kanye nenombolo ehlukile ye-vertebrae egobile engafani, eyayinikeza ukuhamba okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokomunye umbono, lesi sakhiwo se-vertebral samsiza ukuthwala umzimba osindayo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-60, kwavela isiqephu sendawo phakathi kwamazwekazi futhi. Ngemuva kwalokho i-megaterium kanye nabanye abamele ama-edentulous bakwazi ukuthuthela enyakatho, lapho bahlala khona ezindaweni ezinkulu, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi banyamalala kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kufakazelwa yimithambo yalezi zilwane ezitholakala eNyakatho Melika. I-Megateria ingokhokho bama-sloths anamuhla, amancane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi ahlala emagatsheni ezihlahla. Ama-sloth amakhulu e-megateria kukholakala ukuthi afa ngenxa yezinguquko zesimo sezulu kanye nokukhululeka.
ISKELETON MEGATERY
Usayizi: imi ngemilenze emine, lesi sloth kwakuwukukhula kwendlovu.
I-Vertebrae: ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile somgogodla, kwakuyilwane esihambahamba kakhulu.
Umsila: ngosizo lomsila, obambayo wagcina ibhalansi yakhe, ikakhulukazi lapho emi emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva.
Claws: emilenzeni ngayinye kwakukhona izinzipho ezi-5 lapho um sloth wabamba amagatsha wawaguqa.
Imilenze yezandla: lapho ubhontshisi emi emilenzeni yakhe yangemuva, wayefinyelela kalula imiqhele yezihlahla.
- Habitat megateria
LAPHO UMHLANGANO WAKHONA
Umdondoshiya omkhulu wayehlala endaweni yaseNingizimu Melika yanamuhla, okungukuthi, eBrazil, eBolivia, eChile, e-Argentina nase-Uruguay. Izinhlobo ezithile kamuva zathuthela eNyakatho Melika, lapho zahlala khona iminyaka eyizigidi eziningana.
Ukutholwa kwabacwaningi nokutholakele kososayensi
Ngokokuqala ngqa, izidumbu zesidenge esikhulu satholakala ngaboloni baseSpain ngo-1789 e-Argentina, eduze naseBuenos Aires. Abantu bomdabu basePatagonia babecabanga ukuthi amathambo angamadamu amakhulu. Ngokuya ngenganekwane yendawo, ngolunye usuku yaphuma emhlabathini yabulawa ukukhanya kwelanga.
UViceroy wase koloni laseSpain iMarquis Loreto wathumela la mathambo eMadrid. Enhlokodolobha, umcwaningi uJose Garriga wenze ucwaningo ngezinsalela ze- "mole". Kakade ngo-1796, washicilela incwadi yesayensi lapho achaza khona isilwane sasendulo esidala.
UGarriga wamqhathanisa nendlovu, ngoba ubukhulu besilo saseNingizimu Melika babungaphansi kuye nakancane. Kodwa-ke, izidladla zakhe ezinezinyawo ezinkulu zazinde futhi zinkulu kunezindlovu, futhi ukwakheka kwesigebhezi, njengoba usosayensi aqaphele emsebenzini wakhe, kufana nekhanda le-sloth.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuhlaba umxhwele, lesi silwane sasibizwa nge- "megaterium", okusho ukuthi "isilo esikhulu." Ngakho-ke wabizwa ngokuthi yi-Naturalist Georges Cuvier, ebheka izithombe zesikebhe ezithunyelwa ngabaseSpain eParis Academy of Sciences. Usosayensi waseFrance, njengoJose Garriga, wabona isilo esingaziwa ukuthi ungukhokho wesilahla sanamuhla.
I-hype ejwayelekile ezungeze isilwane esinyamalele
Ukutholwa kwabacwaningi nokutholakele kososayensi sekube umuzwa wangempela eYurophu. Ngemuva kwalokho imbongi enkulu yaseJalimane I.V. Goethe wanikela lonke udaba ku-sloth enkulu. Eminyuziyamu, ukuze ithole ithambo lakhe, ibilungele ukunikela ngesabelomali sayo sonyaka. Futhi inkosi yaseSpain, uCarlos IV, yafuna ukuletha lesi silwanyana eMadrid. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbusi wayengenandaba ukuthi kuyaphila noma kufile. Wayekholelwa ngamangqondo ukuthi iNew World, njengoba iMelika yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, yayisahlalwa ngabantu abangama-megaterians.
Isasasa elalibazungezile alizange linciphe kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, lapho kutholakala izinsalela zamadayinaso. Ngalesi sikhathi, abacwaningi abaningi bavakashele iPatagonia. Phezu kwamathambo e-megateria, amathambo ayo atholakala osebeni olunodaka lwemifula, udoti, izinsalela zesikhumba nezinwele emihumeni. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo nesomile sasePatagonia, izinsalela zigcinwe kahle, okuvumela ukuthi ama-paleontologists angagcini ngokuvuselela ukubukeka kwesilo sasendulo, kodwa futhi nokuchaza imikhuba nokudla kwayo.
Ukuvela kwe-megateria enkulu ye-sloth
I-giam sloth megaterium ifinyelele ukuphakama kwamamitha amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwesilwane kuphindeke kabili lapho ikhuphukela emilenzeni yayo yangasemuva. Isilo esikhulukazi esinesisindo samathani amane kulesi sikhundla sasiphakeme kabili kunendlovu. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kungenxa yobude bomzimba wes sloth, okwakungamamitha ayisithupha.
Indaba ende yayimboze iMegattiya, futhi ngaphansi kwayo kwakukhona isikhumba esikhulu. Isikhumba sendoda enkulu esivuthayo yaqiniswa ngamachweba amancane amathambo. Isimbozo esinjalo senza i-megateria icishe ihlaseke. Ngisho nesilo esiyingozi njengehlosi eline-saber alikwazi ukumlimaza.
Isaladi elikhulukazi lalinomgexo obanzi, imilenze enamandla enezinsika ezinjenge-crescent efinyelela kubude obuyi-17 cm, nomsila obukhulu ngokungajwayelekile owawufika kanye emhlabathini.
Ikhanda lesilwane lalilincane uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba omkhulu, futhi isigaxa salo sasinokuma okulele.
Ngabe ukunyakaza kwama-giant amakhulu kuhamba kanjani?
UMegaterium akazange akhuphuke izihlahla ezifana nesizukulwane sakhe sanamuhla. UCharles Darwin, owahlola izidumbu zakhe ngekhulu le-18, waphawula lesi sici sesilwane komunye wemisebenzi yakhe. Kwakubonakala kuyena umbono ongaqondakali wobukhona bezitshalo ezikwazi ukumelana nesiqhwaga esinjalo.
USolwazi Richard Owen naye wabamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwezidumbu ezalethwa nguDarwin zisuka ePatagonia zaya e-England. Kwakunguye ophakamisa ukuthi i-megaterium iqhubeke emhlabeni. Lapho uhamba, umdondoshiya omkhulu njenge-anteatter yesimanje awuzange ugobe ngonyawo lonke, kodwa emaphethelweni awo, ukuze ungabambeki emhlabathini ngezinzipho. Ngenxa yalokhu, wahamba kancane futhi kancane kancane.
Ososayensi banamuhla bathi i-megaterium ingahamba ngemilenze yayo yasemuva. Ngakho-ke, izifundo ze-biomechanical ezenziwa yi-A. Casino ngo-1996 zakhombisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesikhumba kwavumela i-sloth enkulu ukuthi iqhubekele kubo kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ukuma okuqondile kwalesi silo kuze kube namuhla kuyimpikiswano emhlabeni wesayensi.
Faka megateria yesondlo
IMegaterium yayiyizilwane ezincelisayo ezingadliwayo futhi yayondliwa kakhulu ezitshalweni. Ukwakheka komhlathi waso ongaphezulu kukhombisa ukuthi isilo sasinomlomo omude ongaphezulu osayizi omangalisayo, ubuntu be-herbivores yomhlaba wezilwane.
Isidlakudla somhlabathi omkhulu wasukuma emilenzeni yaso yangemuva, sadonsa amagatsha ezihlahla uqobo, wasika amaqabunga amahle, kanye namahlumela amancane wawadla. Umcengezi wakhe obanzi, izinyawo ezinkulu nomsila omude omfushane wamsekela njengokwesekela futhi wavumela, ngaphandle komzamo, ukudla imifino. Kuze kube muva nje, ososayensi bebeqiniseka ukuthi le sloth idabula amaqabunga ngolimi olude ngendlela engajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zesimanje zikhombisile ukuthi ukwakheka komhlathi wakhe bekuvimbela ukwakheka kwezicubu ezingabamba.
Ngaphezu kwamaqabunga ezihlahla, i-megaterium nayo idle izithombo zezimpande. Wawaklebhula esuka emhlabathini, esebenzisa izindlawu zakhe ezinde.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-megaterium ibe ngumzingeli?
IMegaterium bekumele ibe yingxenye yenyama. Usosayensi uM. S. Bargo waqhuba ngonyaka we-2001 isifundo semishini yamazinyo yes sloth esikhulu. Kwakhombisa ukuthi akazange adle imifino kuphela, kodwa nenyama. Ama-molars esilwane ayenesimo esingunxantathu futhi abukhali ngokwanele emaphethelweni. Ngosizo lwabo, umdondoshiya omkhulu wakwazi ukuhlafuna hhayi kuphela amaqabunga, kodwa nenyama. Mhlawumbe wanezela okuhlukahlukene ekudleni kwakhe, ekudleni i-carrion, ukuthatha inyamazane kwabazingeli bakhe, noma ekuzingeleni.
IMegaterium yayinezinqubo ezimfishane ze-elbow, ngenxa yokuthi okwandulelayo kwaqala ukwesabeka ngendlela engajwayelekile. Isici esifanayo izilwane ezihle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-megaterium yayinamandla anele nesivinini sokuhlasela, isibonelo, ama-glyptodonts. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-biomechanical ikhombisa ukuthi umdondoshiya omkhulu angasebenzisa izilenge zakhe ezinde njengesikhali ekulweni nezinye izilwane. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi abaningi bathola umbono we-carnivore yalesi silo uyinyantisa ngokweqile.
Indlela yokuphila yesilo sasendulo
Akunandaba ukuthi i-megaterium yayinolaka noma cha, yayingenazitha. Isilwane esikhulu singahamba emahlathini nasemasimini ngaphandle kokwesaba impilo yaso, imini nobusuku.
Ama-Giant sloths, ngokusho kososayensi abaningi, baphambuka baba ngamaqembu amancane. Kunombono ohlukile, lapho lezi zilwane zazingashadile futhi zihlala ngokwahlukana emihumeni eyodwa, futhi abantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile babesondele komunye nomunye ngesikhathi sokuzala nokukhulisa inzalo.
Baqhamuke nini i-megateria futhi babehlala kuphi?
Njengoba kukhonjiswa ukuhlaziya kwe-radiocarbon kwezinsalela, manje izilwane ezincelisayo ezingabonakali zabonakala emhlabeni eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezimbili edlule, esikhathini sePliocene. Kuqala, ama-sloths amakhulu ayehlala endaweni eyindida nezingamahlathi zaseNingizimu Melika. Kamuva bakwazi ukujwayela izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esomile. Abaphenyi bathole amathambo ezilwane hhayi e-Argentina kuphela, kodwa naseBolivia, Peru naseChile. Amanye ama-megateria afudukela eNyakatho Melika. Lokhu kufakazelwa yizinsalela zama-sloths amakhulu atholakala ezwenikazi.
Izimbangela ezingenzeka zokuqothulwa kwezilwane zasendulo
Lezi zilwane zasendulo zasinda zaya ePleistocene futhi zaphela cishe eminyakeni engama-8000 edlule. Ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane azikwazanga ukubekezelela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso lokuthi i-megateria phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka yavumelana nezimo ezintsha zibonisa isizathu esihlukile sokuqothulwa kwabo, okungukuthi ukubonakala komhlaba womuntu owasusa imidondoshiya yama-shaggy, ngokuzingela izikhumba zawo. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokhokho bamaNdiya asendulo, i-megateria yanyamalala. Kodwa-ke, ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokunyamalala okulandelayo kwezinhlobo kungathinteka kulezi zinto zombili ngasikhathi sinye.
Izinganekwane ze-megateria ezisindayo
Ngosayensi, izinganekwane zingena ezingxabanweni zokuthi isilo esikhulu, esidala satholakala amaSpanish ahlola umhlaba omusha, asekhona.Njengomuntu oneqhwa eliyizinganekwane, ucasha emehlweni abantu. Amahemuhemu athi lawo ma-sloths amakhulu ahlala phansi kwe-Andes yanamuhla. Kuliqiniso, inguqulo yokuthi isilwane sakudala esiqothulayo isadabula phakathi kweNingizimu Melika ayithandeki, kepha lo mbono wothando ujabulisa ukucabanga kwabantu, ubaphoqelele ukuthi bafune ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa beqiniso labo.
Ososayensi bathole ukuguquguquka kwe-quantum ku-vacuum "Virtual Particles"
Ososayensi abavela eYunivesithi yaseKonstanz (eJalimane) ngaphansi kokuholwa nguProfessor Alfred Leitenstorfera okokuqala baqopha ngokuqondile ukwenzeka kokuguquguquka kwe-quantum (ukuguquguquka komkhakha we-electromagnetic) endaweni yokugcwala. Besebenzisa ukusetha kwamuva kwe-Optical besebenzisa okokukhanya okuyisipesheli ebangeni elinikeziwe, ososayensi bekwazile ukubona lokhu. Okutholakele kusivumela ukuthi sisondele ekuqondeni izakhiwo ze- "lutho ngokuphelele" futhi, kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-quantum physics. Imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwe ephephabhukwini iSayensi.
Ngokwe-theory, ubukhona bokushintshashintsha kwezimonyo sekuyisikhathi eside baziwa, kepha akekho noyedwa okwazile ukubona lesi simo ngqo. Ngamagama alula, ukuba khona kokushintshashintsha kwezimonyo kusho ukuthi noma kumnyama ngokuphelele futhi kuthule, ukuguquguquka okuthile emkhakheni we-electromagnetic kusenzeka. Kuze kube manje, bekukholelwa ukuthi le nto iziveza ngokungaqondile: ngokwesibonelo, ngokukhanya okuzenzakalelayo okukhishwa ngama-athomu wegesi kusibani se-fluorescent.
Iqembu lamazwe omhlaba jikelele, elalihlanganisa nabaphenyi baseRussia uDenis Seletsky no-Andrei Moskalenko, bakha ukusethwa kokuhlola okungalinganisa amasimu kagesi ngokulungiswa komhlaba okwesikhashana nokuzwela. Ososayensi basebenzise isipiliyoni sempumelelo ethuthukile emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe be-Optical. Ukufakwa kufaka uhlelo lwakamuva lwe-laser olukwazi ukukhiqiza imishayo ye-ultrashort yokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokusungulwa kwabo, abacwaningi bakwazile ukukala ukushintshashintsha kwezinsimu ngokuphelele kwize kwenzeka ngokwezigidigidi zamarandi asekhondi (femtosecond). Kubalulekile ukuthi isikhathi sokubheka sasifushane kunenkathi yokushiswa kwamagagasi okukhanya. Ukukhawulelwa kwemvelo ngesikhathi sokuhlola kwakuyimo yethamo lenkambu kuphela. Ososayensi bahlanganise incazelo yemibono yokulinga kwabo ngokususelwa kumqondo we-quantum.
USolwazi Leitenstorfer uthe ukuhlolwa nokuqinisekiswa kokutholakele kubize iqembu iminyaka embalwa yobusuku bokungalali - ososayensi kufanele bakhiphe zonke izinto ezingenzeka ngokungena kwezibonakaliso ezingekho emthethweni.
Okuphawulekile ukuthi, lokhu kuhlolwa kunikezela ukufinyelela esimweni sephansi sohlelo lwe-quantum esimweni salo semvelo, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ezikhethekile nokunye ukuguqulwa. Abaphenyi manje banokhiye emhlabeni wezehlakalo ze-ultrashort ezenzeka emhlabeni we-quantum.
Ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlayiya ezingokoqobo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, i-vacuum ye-quantum. Ngikucebisa ukuthi ubuke ividiyo yami, lapho ngachaza khona konke ngendlela elula, siyini isikhala esingenalutho
P. S: Yiba nombono omuhle
# 1 I-Hypbach hypothesis
Izolo, ngithumele okubhalwe encwadini ethi "Izinkinga Ezinkulu Zokubala", ngivuma ngokweqiniso, bengingalindele ukusabela okuhle okuvela kubafundi bami. Kula mazwana, ngifunde ukuthi abantu abaningi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi kuyini.
Ngakho-ke, isihloko salesi sihloko sizoba yi-Goldbach hypothesis ngokunembile
Kimi, njengomfundi wesikole sebanga eliphakeme, imathematics iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Ngendlela, uma phakathi kwakho (abafundi bami) kunabafundi bezikole eziphakeme abathanda umatan, bhala kumazwana bese ubona ukuthi bangaki kithi.
Ngakho-ke, kwi-Intanethi ngathola incwadi ka-Enrique Grassia ethi "Izinombolo Zendlela Eya Ekufeni", le ncwadi ichaze izici nomlando wokucwaninga ngamanani aphakeme, kulapho ngathola khona okokuqala ukubizwa kwe-Goldbach hypothesis
Kwathi esitolo sezincwadi ngathola incwadi ebhalwe ngu-Ian Stewart, "Izinkinga Ezinkulu Kunazo Zonke Izibalo," lapho kwakhulunywa khona nangomqondo weGoldbach.
I-Goldbach hypothesis yasungulwa yisazi sezibalo saseJalimane uChristian Goldbach kanti okokuqala wachazwa encwadini ayibhalela u-Euler.
Noma iyiphi inombolo ephelele engaphezulu kwamabili ingamelwa njengesamba sezikhathi ezimbili. (Ingxenye ye-hypothesis)
Kepha kunengxenye ethathekisayo yale hypothesis ekhala kanjena: Noma iyiphi inombolo engaqondakali enkulu kune-5 ingamelwa njengenani labathathu abalula.
Kubukeka sengathi lapha kuyinkimbinkimbi
I-6 = 3 + 3 futhi yonke into icacile, kepha lokhu akunjalo. Iqiniso ngukuthi izixazululo ezinjalo aziwuphenduli umbuzo mayelana nomsuka we-hypothesis. Futhi ngokuqondile, ingabe kunezindawo lapho le hypothesis ingasebenzi futhi ngani?
Ukuxazulula inkinga ye-ternary, izazi zezibalo zisebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yokudlana.
Le ndlela yehlise kakhulu uhla lwama-primes, yingakho-ke indawo yokufunda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abakwaSchnerelman bakhetha ukuthi inombolo C ethile ilingana nesamba sezinombolo ezithile
Ngo-1923, uHardy kanye noLittlewood basebenzisa inkolelo-mbono yokuxazulula inkinga, okufakazela ukuthi iSchnerelman njalo iyinombolo efinyelela ku-10
Ngeminyaka yama-1990s, u-Olivier Ramare wakufakazela ukuthi okuyi-6.8 Futhi ngonyaka ka-2013 kuphela lapho isazi sezibalo sisuka ePeru sakhombisa umbono weGoldbach ngokunciphisa okuphindaphindwe kusuka kwabayisithupha kuye kwabangu-4 futhi sisebenzisa umbono.
Kepha i-hypothesis kanambambili yeGoldbach ayikaxazululwa
I-Goldbach hypothesis ngokwayo inento efanayo nethiyori kaFermat. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngokusho kwabasosayensi bezinto eziphilayo, i-Hypotach ye-Goldbach ingaba ngesinye isiqinisekiso sobunjalo bendawo yonke kanye nokuba khona kwezibungu.
1. Kwi-hypothesis yeGoldbach, umalume kaRoma Petros kanye ne-Goldbach hypothesis ibhalwe enkabeni yendaba yindaba yesazi sezibalo esizama ukufakazela umbono.
2. ICornell University ikhokha ama-US $ 5 wezigidi ukuxazulula i-Goldotach hypothesis
Kuyini inkumbulo?
Ngaphambi kokuqalwa kokubhala, amakhanda abantu kuphela ayegcina izinkumbulo. Khuluma nomuntu kuphela indlela yokufunda ngokwedlule. Ngomuntu onolwazi futhi wezwa okuningi, kucatshangelwa kokuningi. Ngisho nanamuhla, zonke izinhlobo zemidiya zisondele, ezindala kakhulu phakathi kwethu zihlala zilabhulali yokuthi iyiphi imithombo yezokuxhumana eyidijithali engakwazi ukuyigcina ngomgomo, noma ngabe ayikwazanga, noma ayikwazi.
Njengazo zonke izindlela zokonga, abantu abawona okuphakade. Izithwali zingasebenzi. Noma imemori khadi isondele, akunakuba nayo indlela yokuyifunda. Amadivayisi aphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba sikhohlwa.
Sikhumbula kanjani?
Uma u funda okusha, enye imibimbi noma okuthile okunjengokungabonakali kwengqondo. Brainkuyakha"Chain" kusuka kuma-neurons axhunyiwe. Ukuze ukhumbule okuthile, ubuchopho kudingeka busebenze le “ketane”. Lapho ubuchopho buvame kakhulu ukwenza lokhu, ukuqina kwabo kuxhuma.
Kuzoba nzima kumngane wami ukuthi abhale igama lazo zonke izincwadi azifunda. Kepha uma ngithi igama lencwadi, uyakusho kalula ukuthi uyayifunda. Igama olizwayo mhlawumbe lisebenza “iketanga,” okuholela kwinkumbulo yalokho okufundile. Kwesinye isikhathi, uma ngibheka izincwadi eshalofini, ngikhumbuza ngokushesha ukuthi ngithengile kanjani, kuphi futhi nobani.
Kepha uma usika “iketanga” elihambisana nememori? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ususe izinkumbulo ezingafuneki ngale ndlela?
Kuphela uma usika iningi lobuchopho. Izinkumbulo azigcinwanga engxenyeni eyodwa yobuchopho, kepha zisatshalaliswa ngengqondo kuzo zonke izingxenye. Umuzwa wokunambitha engxenyeni eyodwa, ophuzi kwelinye, njll. Ndawonye bakha inkumbulo yokuqala engazama ngayo amazambane abilayo.
Yini usayizi wokugcinwa kwememori yethu?
Kungacatshangwa ukuthi uma ubala wonke ama-neuron nokuthi kungakanani i-neuron eyodwa ekwazi ukudala "amaketanga". UPaul Reber, uprofesa wesayensi yezengqondo eNyakatho Ntshonalanga, wabala ukuthi ubuchopho bungakwazi ukufinyelela ku-digitally 2,5 ama-petabytes inkumbulo. Lokhu kucishe kufane ne-sukuqoshwa kwesiteshi sethelevishini iminyaka engama-300. Lolu ulwazi mayelana nawo wonke amakhono akho, abantu ohlangane nabo, njll. Kodwa inkumbulo yethu ayithembekile njengoba ingabonakala. Lapho amaseli ebuchopho elimele, izinkumbulo ziyafiphala, futhi ukukhumbula into entsha kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe.
UNelson Mandela, uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika kusuka ku-94 kuya ku-99, ushonile eneminyaka engama-95 ekhaya lakhe eHorton ngoDisemba 5, 2013. Kepha abantu abaningi babethi bakhumbula ukufa kukaMandela ejele ngeminyaka yama-80s. “Ofakazi bamanga” abaningi bawukhumbula nomngcwabo, okuthiwa wawusakazwa ku-TV. Umphumela kaMandela ukunganaki okumsulwa. Asizami ukukhumbula yonke imininingwane. Ngo-2007, uGeorge W. Bush ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso wathi uNelson wayeseshonile. Lokhu kuyisihloko sonke esizinikezwe.
Ungakhumbula okuthile okungazange kwenzeke ngempela?
Encwadini ethi "Umhlaba Ogcwele Amademoni: Isayensi Injengekhandlela Ebumnyameni," uCarl Sagan wakuphikisa lokho gxilisa abantu ngezinkumbulo zamanga kalula. Okokuqala, hlola ukuthembeka komuntu. USagan ukhombe abantu njengesibonelo sokuthi, ekugcizeleleni kodokotela noma kwabathengisi bezimpawu, baqale ukukholwa ukuthi bathunjwa njengabafokazi noma bakhumbula ukuhlukunyezwa kwezingane okungakaze kwenzeke. Kulaba bantu, umugqa phakathi kwenkumbulo nomcabango ubufiphalisiwe, futhi imicimbi engakaze yenzeke yaqala ukuthungwa kumemori njengengokoqobo. Ababambe iqhaza ocwaningweni bangachaza nemininingwane eqanjiwe ngemininingwane, sengathi yenzeka ngempela. Izinkumbulo zamanga zinezakhiwo ezifanayo nezangempela.. Ukuphela kwendlela yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo ukuthola ubufakazi. ngememori edinga "ukuhlolwa." Izinkumbulo zamanga zizinza emakhanda abantu abane-IQ ephansi, izingane nalabo abahlushwa ukugula kwengqondo (i-schizophrenia). Uma umuntu ehlukanisa inganekwane ngendlela engokoqobo neqiniso, khona-ke izinkumbulo zamanga zingaphakama ekhanda lakhe. Izinkumbulo zamanga zez izehlakalo zonke zivamile kunengxenye (ukucabanga ukuthi sabona uphawu lomgwaqo othile esikhundleni salo).
Izinkumbulo zingaqinisekisa noma zichithe imali ekhokhiswayo.
E-United States, indoda yalahlwa yicala lokudlwengula amadodakazi ayo okutholwa. Amantombazane eneminyaka yobudala obuningi afaka isicelo sakhe kuye. Le ndoda igwetshwe udilikajele. Amantombazane ayenobunzima bokukhula. Igagasi lokudlwengula lagcwala kulo lonke elase-United States, nokwashiywe lapho bebazi khona. Labo dade, ngemuva kokuphakamisa ubaba ongizali, bathi ubeqhuba amasiko, futhi wangcwaba izinsalela zezilwane ngemuva kwendawo. Amaphoyisa abambe yonke igceke ngaphakathi, kepha akatholanga lutho. Le bekuyinsimbi yokuqala ukukhulula umuntu ongenacala. Ngemuva kokwenza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo nokunye ukuhlolwa, amantombazane atholakala njengophambili.
U-Elizabeth Loftus, udokotela wezengqondo e-University of California, u-Irvine, unikele umsebenzi wakhe wokufunda izinkumbulo zamanga. Ngo-1980, wamema amavolontiya ukuthi enze ucwaningo. ULoftus waqhamuka nendaba ephathelene nohambo oludabukisayo lokuya enxanxatheleni yezitolo, lapho balahleka khona. Ukwenza imicimbi ikholeke kakhudlwana, imindeni yabo yaze yahamba. Ingxenye yesithathu yezifundo ikhumbule umcimbi weLoftus ngokuningiliziwe.
I-Amnesia, confabulation, paramnesia - izifo ezihambisana nememori. I-Amnesia - Lokhu ukulahleka kwenkumbulo okuyingxenye noma okuphelele. Paramnesia Kuwukuhlanekezela izinkumbulo. At ukuhlangana kepha umuntu uhlanekezela izinkumbulo ngokunezela izinganekwane kubo. Iziguli ezine-paramnesia zixuba imicimbi edlule neyamanje, izinkumbulo zangempela nezingamanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuntu uthola ukubaluleka okukhulu kwizigameko ezamehlela phambilini. Imbangela yalesi sifo ukucindezela, ukusebenza ngokweqile. Ukuphulwa kwe- "Classical" - ukufaka esikhundleni izinkumbulo ezingezinhle ngezinkumbulo ezimnandi kakhulu. Izizathu zengqondo - inkimbinkimbi yokwehla noma umuzwa wobuntu obukhulu. Okwamanje akukho ukwelashwa okukhethekile kwezidakamizwa.
Kungani abantu bekhumbula kabi ubuntwana babo?
Ngobudala, ebuchosheni bomuntu, amangqamuzana amadala aphinda abhalelwe okusha, lapho okususa izinkumbulo zakuqala kususwe. Ingqondo yezingane ayikwazi ukugcina imininingwane eminingi.
Izinkumbulo umtapo wethu wezithombe okufanele uqaphele. Yandise, uqeqeshe ubuchopho ngemisebenzi enengqondo, njll. Konke lokhu kuzothuthukisa ikhwalithi yememori nokucaciswa kwezinkumbulo.
I-Megateria
Abamele lo mndeni bafinyelela usayizi wezindlovu. Enye ye-genera enkulu kunazo zonke kwakuyi-megaterium (I-Megatherium), ifinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-6. Uhlobo lwalucishe lube lukhulu Eremotheriumigcinwe kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-Pleistocene. Izinsalela zayo eziye zatholakala emhlabeni wonke eNingizimu Melika naseFlorida. Okunye ukuzalwa INothrotherium futhi Nothrotheriops, babefana kakhulu futhi basinda kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwePleistocene - enye iseningizimu, enye isenyakatho yezwe. Isidenge esikhulu, okuthiwa yi-thalassocnus, sasiphila impilo yasemanzini futhi sasihlala ogwini lwePeru yanamuhla. Uhlobo lwendabuko lwalungenakudala Amaplanethi futhi AmaHapalopsngihlala eSouth America eMiocene futhi eduze komndeni we-megaterium. AmaHapalops ifinyelele kubude obungu-1,2 m.
Milodons
Ama-Milodons akha iqembu lama-sloth amancane amancane. Ama-milodons amakhulu kunawo wonke ayengunhlobo lwegama elifanayo futhi afinyelela kubude obuyi-3 m, ubukhulu bawo buhambelana nezinkunzi. Izidumbu zokuqala zatholakala ngonyaka we-1895 emhumeni osendaweni eduzane nedolobha lasePuerto Natales eChile Ponia. Ngokucatshangelwa, lezi zilwane zanyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-11 edlule. Akin kubo Glossotherium harlani itholakale emigodini ye-asphalt epulazini laseLa Brea eduze naseLos Angeles. Umusa I-Scelidotherium behluke ngesakhiwo esikhethekile sgebhezi futhi behlala eSouth America kusuka kwiPrept Pliocene kuya eLate Pleistocene. Kwakukhona uhlobo ILestodon.
Imvelaphi yezinhlobo ezingaphansi
I-Megatherium (Megatherium) - uhlobo olungapheli lwama-sloths amakhulu, ababekhona kusuka ezigidini ezimbili kuya kweziyi-80 edlule
Ososayensi abafikanga esivumelwaneni sokuthi ngubani ngempela ukhokho we-megateria.
Ngokunokwenzeka, njengezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo, lezi zimidondoshiya zehla ekuxhumaneni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo phakathi kwezilwane nama-dinosaurs.
Ngokusobala, ama-sloth amakhulu ahlala iningi leMhlaba oMusha ngesikhathi se-Oligocene, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35 edlule.
Kodwa-ke, abamele bokugcina be-megataya bafa eminyakeni engaphezulu kwe-10 eyedlule, bebamba ukuqala kwempucuko yokhokho babantu eMelika.
AmaMilodons kanye namavila amabili bangabelana nobudlelwano be-megateria, kepha bahluleka ukufinyelela usayizi wokhokho wabo odumile.
Uma abantu besimanje bangafinyeleli kumitha elilodwa nengxenye ukuphakama, kwesinye isikhathi ama-sloths amakhulu adlula ngisho amamaki ayisithupha.
Isisindo esihlaba umxhwele sabanikeza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kubantu abaningi abahlukumezayo, ngaleyo ndlela bebavumela ukuba babe ngezinye zezidalwa ezimbalwa ezazivumelanisa nezimo ngokuphumelelayo ngemuva kweminyaka yokugcina iqhwa.
Habitat
Islade sanamuhla sithanda imiqhele yezihlahla kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo / esishisayo.
Ngokungafani naye, ukhokho wahamba kakhulu emhlabathini futhi akazange acabange nangokuthi umcabango wokuhlala esihlahleni, ngoba iningi labamele izimbali alikwazanga ukuthwala isisindo sombhede omkhulu.
UMegaterius uncamela ukuba yedwa emhlambini futhi washintsha indawo yokupaka kuphela lapho kuphela ukudla.
Kukholelwa ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu zoMhlaba Omusha zaziyindawo yokuhlala yama-sloths amakhulu, kodwa-ke, izifundo ezintsha ziveza ukuguqulwa okusheshayo kwe-megateria futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungafani kwezindawo zokuhlala ezingaphansi.
Ubukhulu be-sloth enkulu
IMegaterium yayinkulu ngempela. Isidlakela esinjalo asidluli nje kuphela usayizi wenzalo yakhe ekude ezweni lesimanje, wayengaphikisana ngosayizi ngisho nangendlovu.
Ngokwesilinganiso, i-megaterium ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4-6, ithembele kakhulu emilenzeni yayo yangaphambili futhi ayikwazanga ukugijima ngokushesha.
Isisindo samathani amaningana anciphise isivinini sawo, kepha yanikeza ithuba ngaphezulu kwezitha ezinkulu.
Izidladla ezihlaba umxhwele zaphela emaphethelweni amakhulu, lapho umthungo wazohlubula khona amagxolo ezihlahleni futhi wakhipha amagatsha aphezulu.
Ngokushaya okukodwa nje wayengase aphule isihlahla esincane noma umgodi 'othanda inyama' ongenamahloni.
Kungani ama-sloths amakhulu efa
Kunemibono emibili ethandwa kakhulu yokuthi kungani ama-sloths amakhulu engazange aphile manje
inkathi.
Okokuqala kungokwemvelo impela futhi kusho ukuthi ama-sloth ahamba kancane, ahamba kancane awakwazanga ukuvumelana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi amane afa ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokudilikelwa okunikezwe ukuncibilika kwamaqhwa.
Kodwa-ke, abaphikisi balesi simangalo baphikisa ukuthi i-sloth ngesinye isikhathi yasebenzisa ithuba lokuguqulwa komhlaba iye eNyakatho Melika, esele ikhuluma ngokuvumelana kwayo nalokhu.
Okwesibili I-hypothesis ilula kakhulu futhi isho ithonya le-anthropogenic ekwakhekeni kwalesi subspecies.
Kalula nje, umdondoshiya omkhulu waba yisifiso sokuzingela amaNdiya okuqala eMelika.
Leli qiniso lisekelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi kubembiwa endaweni edolobhaneni laseSanta Elina, kutholakala amathambo a-sloth, kungenzeka ukuthi aneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-23 ubudala, ngokokuhlolwa kuka-2017.
UMegaterius naye ukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zanamuhla futhi aqhubeke nokuba yimfihlo.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, ama-cryptozoologists aqhamuka kuwo wonke umhlaba eza e-Amazon basin ukuzofuna iMantipuari, i-cryptid evela ezinganekwaneni zamaNdiya, ifana nokubukeka njengesidlakela esikhulu.
Izinhlobo zama-sloths amakhulu. I-Megateria
Mhlawumbe laba bangabameli abaziwa kakhulu baleli qembu. Ngobukhulu, babengancintisana nezindlovu futhi bafinyelela amamitha ayisithupha ukuphakama. Ngaphezu kwe-megaterium, abamele uhlobo lwe-Eremotherium, olukwazi ukusinda kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-Pleistocene, nalo luhluke ngokulingana nobukhulu obukhulu. Izinsalela zalezi zilwane zitholakale eNingizimu Melika, kepha zitholakala esifundeni saseFlorida. Olunye uhlobo lohlobo olukhulu lwe-sloth olwalufana kakhulu futhi lwakwazi ukusinda kuze kube sekupheleni kwePleistocene - enye yayiseNingizimu Melika nenye endaweni yezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika.
Ngaphezu kwazo, bekukhona nama-Hapalops namaPianops asendulo, okwakuhlala indawo yaseNingizimu Melika eMiocene futhi athola ukusondelana okubonakalayo nomndeni we-megateria. Kunoma ikuphi, ubude beHapalops bafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-120.
Amanzi amakhulu sloths
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ne-slal thalassokknus enkulu, eyayihlala ogwini lwePeru yanamuhla futhi yayiphila impilo yasemanzini noma, mhlawumbe. Ngeshwa, kuncane kakhulu okuphathelene nalesi sloth futhi bahlobene neMiocene nePliocene. Ngokucatshangelwa, la masimu amakhulu asemanzini adla kakhulu otshanini nasogwini lwasolwandle. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqala ukusebenzisa imifino engashonile, bathuthela ekujuleni okujulile. Ngokunokwenzeka basebenzise lokhu izindwani zabo ezinamandla, ababezibambe imizimba yabo eduze ezansi, njengoba nama-iguanas asolwandle enza kithi. Lolu hlobo lobuhlobo lwalusondele nase-megateria.
Igama "megalonics" lahlongozwa nguMongameli wakusasa wase-United States North America, uThomas Jefferson ngo-1797.
Amabili-amavila
Lo mndeni ukhona kuze kube namuhla. Ama-sloth anamuhla aneminwe emibili ayingxenye yalo mndeni. Kepha abamele lo mndeni onamandla kakhudlwana, ngokwesibonelo, babeyiMegalonyx jeffersonii, okutholakale izidumbu zazo cishe ezokuqala phakathi kwezinye izindawo ezinkulu ezishibhile. Lokhu kwenzeka emuva ngo-1796. Futhi, amanye ama-slots ahlala kuma-Greater Antilles, ahlukaniswa ngosayizi omkhulu, angamalungu omndeni wabantu abanamavila amabili.
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