I-Velociraptor (I-Lat. Velociraptor, evela kwi-Lat. Velox - esheshayo ne-raptor - umzingeli) - uhlobo lwamadayinizi abhadla izimbumbulu avela emndenini we-Dromaeosaurid. Kuqukethe uhlobo olulodwa olwaziwayo - I-Velociraptor mongoliensis. Wayephila ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Cretaceous eminyakeni engama-83-70 yezigidi edlule.

Izidumbu zakhe zitholakala eRiphabhlikhi yaseMongolia naseChinner Inner Mongolia. Babembalwa abanye abamele abomndeni wakhe - i-deinonychus ne-achillobator - futhi babenenqwaba yezici zokuthuthuka ezithuthukayo.

IVelociraptor yayiyidayinaso encane, efinyelela ku-1,8 m ubude, ubude be-60-70 cm futhi inesisindo esingama-20 kg. Wayene-sude ephothiwe futhi egobeke phezulu ibheke ku-25 cm ubude.Emihlathini ephezulu nangaphansi, amazinyo angama-26- 28-31 akhiwe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi agobile emuva abambe futhi abambe inyamazane.

Njengabaningi theropods, iVelociraptor yayineminwe emilenge ezinyangeni zayo ezingemuva, enye yayo yakhiwa ngaphansi futhi ayizange ihlanganyele ekuhambeni, futhi (njengama -ropods) yangena iminwe emithathu. IDromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi iVelociraptor, isebenzise ezimbili kuphela: eyesithathu neyesine.

Ngakwesibili kwakukhona uzipho olukhulu lwalugobile oluqinile, olwalukhula lwafika kuma-67 mm ubude (eceleni kwangaphandle). Phambilini bekubhekwa njengesikhali sabo esikhulu sokubulala nokugqekeza izisulu. Kodwa-ke, kwaqinisekiswa ngokuzayo ukuthi i-Velociraptor ayizisebenzisanga izilenge njengezigaxa (ngoba umphetho wazo wangaphakathi ujikelezwe, futhi ithiphu ebukhali ayizange igqobhoze esikhunjeni sesilwane, kodwa ilibhoboze kuphela), ngokunokwenzeka, basebenza njengezingwegwe lapho umhlaseli ezisebenzisa umdlwenguli wanamathela kwisisulu sakhe, wabe esemgwaza i-trachea yakhe noma i-artery yomlomo wesibeletho.

Amaphethelo eVelociraptor ayeneminwe emithathu. Eyokuqala yayiyifushane kakhulu, kanti eyesibili yinde.

Ukuguquguquka komsila we-Velociraptor kuncishiswe ukuphuma kwethambo le-vertebrae engxenyeni yabo engenhla nama-tendon ossified asezingeni eliphansi. Ukuphuma kwethambo kukhuphuke kusuka kuma-vertebrae ayi-4-10, okunikeze ukuqina kwamadolo, ikakhulukazi uma kugijima ngejubane eliphezulu.

Izinsalela (ugebhezi kanye nokuvuvukala kwemilenze yezandla ezingemuva) kweVelociraptor kwaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka ka 1922 engxenyeni yaseMongolia eyiGobi Desert ngokuxoshwa kweMnyuziyamu wase-US Umlando Wezemvelo. Ngo-1924, umqondisi walesi sigcinimagugu, uHenry Osborne, wakhuluma ngalezi zinto ezitholakele esihlokweni esidumile sesayensi futhi waqamba isilwane esichaziwe u-Ovoraptor djadochtari, kamuva washintsha igama laso waba iVelociraptor mongoliensis.

Isu lokuzingela

Ngo-1971, kutholakala izinsalela zeVelociraptor neProtoceratops, ezashona ku-fray zangcwatshwa esihlabathini. Basivumele ukuba siphinde sakhe kabusha izici eziningi zecebo lokuzingela iVelociraptor. Izicucu ezitholakele zomlenze wakhe wesibeleko entanyeni yamaprotokhethi kungenzeka ukuthi zichaza ukuthi iVelociraptor ihlasele imithambo yomlomo wesibeletho, imithambo kanye ne-trachea yesisulu ngosizo lwayo, hhayi isisu sesisu sezitho ezibalulekile, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Zonke izinsalela zeVelociraptor ezitholakele zingabantu ngabanye, futhi iqiniso lokuthi bazingela emapaketini aliqinisekisiwe. Izihlobo eziseduze zamaVelociraptors - uDeinonychus - cishe azingelwa emaphaketheni, ngoba ukumbiwa kuvame ukwembula amaqembu abantu bawo.

I-Plumage kanye negazi elifudumele

Umqondo weVelociraptor ngaphambi nangemva kokuvulwa kwensumpa

Ama-Dromaeosaurids ayesondelene nezinyoni ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuyinto efana kakhulu nabamele abokuqala balo mndeni ngamapulangwe akhule kahle. Ama-dromaeosaurids okuqala, iMicroraptor neSinornithosaurus, ayenezici zezinyoni eziningi kunezazihlobo zawo amaVelociraptor, ayehlala amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka kamuva. Izinsalela ezitholakele zeVelociraptors zazingenazimpawu zeminwe zezicubu ezithambile, ezazingasivumeli ukuthi sinqume ukuthi zaziningi yini.

Ngo-2007, izazi zemvelo eziningana zabika ukutholakala komfanekiso we-Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) wamashubhu emathanjeni we-ulnar - amaphuzu okunamathiselwe ezimpaphe zesekondari, ejwayelekile ezinyoni zesimanje. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, lokhu okutholakele kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-velociraptors ayenamafutha.

Ubuhlobo be-plumage nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwama-velociraptors kuya ezinyoni kunezinguqulo ezimbili:

Ngokuvamile izici ze-avian (kufaka ne-plumage) ezibonwa kuma-dromaeosaurids zithathwe njengezivela kukhokho ojwayelekile - elinye lamaqembu ama-coelurosaurs (inguqulo evunyelwe ngokuphelele).

Ama-Dromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi ama-velociraptors, ayizinyoni zakudala, ngokunokwenzeka ngokwesibili alahlekelwa yikhono lazo lokundiza (njengezintshe). Iningi lama-paleontologists lenqaba le nguqulo. Umsekeli wakhe odumile yisazi se-paleontologist saseMelika uGregory Paul.

I-plumage of Velociraptors isho igazi labo elinemfudumalo. Izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo azikwazi ukufakelwa amandla okushisa, zidinga ukuthola ukushisa okuvela emvelweni, kepha izinga lokukhula kwamathambo lincane kakhulu kunelezinyoni zesimanje nezilwane ezincelisayo, okubonisa ukuthi umzimba uhamba kancane.

Umbono ongaqondile

UVelociraptor wazitholela udumo olukhulu ngemuva kwefilimu ethi "Jurassic Park" (1993), eyahlunga isuselwa kunoveli wegama elifanayo noMichael Crichton (1990).

Kuyo yomibili imisebenzi, izici eziningi zesilwane zincike ekwakhiweni kabusha kwenye i-Dromaeosaurid, i-deinonychus, echazwa yiqiniso lokuthi uMichael Crichton walandela uhlelo lukaGregory Paul, lapho i-deinonychus yabekwa khona kuhlobo lweVelociraptors ngaphansi kwegama elithi V. antirrhopus.

Endabeni, uCrichton wenza ukubhuka: "... UDeinonychus manje uthathwa njengomunye wamaVelociraptors" (akukho ukubhuka kufilimu). Ukwembiwa ekuqaleni kwale filimu kanye nendaba kwenziwa eMontana, lapho kwasakazwa khona i-deinonychus, hhayi iVelociraptor.

Izinhlobo zamakhompiyutha kwifilimu zikhulu ngokulingana neV. mongoliensis, futhi ziyafana ngosayizi we-deinonychus. Kule ncwadi, i-velociraptor ichazwa njengokuzingela inyamazane eyingozi kakhulu emaqenjini ahlangane kakhulu, njengomuntu ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ikakhulukazi odonsa igazi, kule filimu nguyena ovame ukuhlasela abantu.

AmaVelociraptors nawo akhonjiswa ngaphandle kwezimpaphe kule filimu.

Ukutadisha kwe

Amathambo (ugebhezi kanye nokushayeka kwemilenze yangemuva) yeVelociraptor yaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1922 engxenyeni yaseMongolia ehlane laseGobi ngokuxoshwa kweMnyuziyamu waseMelika woMlando Wezemvelo. Ngo-1924, umongameli wesemnyuziyamu, uHenry Osborne, wakhuluma ngalokhu okutholakele embhalweni odumile wesayensi waqamba lesi silwane esachazwa nguye, “Ovoraptor djadochtari”. Kodwa-ke, kamuva waguqula igama laba I-Velociraptor mongoliensis futhi sekungenile izincwadi zesayensi.

Ngemuva kwalokho, abantu baseMelika benqatshelwa ukungena kulezi zindawo zokumba kanti iVelociraptor yaphenywa ngabasiki bengqondo baseSoviet, ePoland naseMongolia. Phakathi kuka-1988 no-1990, umkhumbi waseChina waseCanada wathola amathambo eVelociraptor eChina Inner Mongolia. Ngo-1990-1995, uhambo lwaseMelika lwalesi sifunda lwaqala kabusha, sisebenza ndawonye nososayensi abavela eMongolia Academy of Science.

Umnotho

Esikhathini esedlule, yonke i-genus dromaeosaurids (UDeinonychus futhi Saurornitholestes) kwesinye isikhathi ezihlanganiswa ne-velociraptor kuhlobo olulodwa I-Velociraptor, lapho Deinonychus antirrhopus futhi Saurornitholestes langstoni babizwa ngokulandelana V. antirrhopus futhi V. langstoni . Okwamanje ukuzomisa I-Velociraptor kuphela V. mongoliensis no-V. osmolskae

Isu lokuzingela

Ngo-1971, kwatholakala amathambo omshini we-velociraptor nama-protoceratops, afa elwa nomunye futhi angcwatshwa esihlabathini. Basivumele ukuba siphinde sakhe kabusha izici eziningi zecebo lokuzingela iVelociraptor. Ukuthola imichilo yemilenze yakhe yasemuva entanyeni yamaprotokhethi kusivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi umhambisi we-velociraptor uhlasele imithambo yentamo, amathambo kanye ne-trachea yohlukunyezwayo ngosizo lwabo, hhayi ubuhlakani bakhe besisu nezitho ezibalulekile ezitholakala lapho, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili.

Konke okutholakele kwezinsalela ze-Velociraptors ezibiwe ngabantu abahlukene, okungukuthi, abukho ubufakazi obuqondile be-paleontological bokuthi bazingela emaphaketheni. Kodwa-ke, izihlobo ezisondelene zeDeinonychus Velociraptors zaziba kakhulu imihlambi yezinyamazane, ngoba imvamisa phakathi kwamaqembu okumbiwa kwabantu bazo zitholakala.

I-Plumage kanye negazi elifudumele

Ama-Dromaeosaurids ayesondelene nezinyoni ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyilapho amalungu omndeni wakudala kakhulu ayenenqwaba yezinsimbi ezakhiwe kahle. Amalungu okuqala alo mndeni, njengokuthi I-Microraptor kanye neSinornithosaurus, banezici zezinyoni eziningi ukwedlula isihlobo sabo uVelociraptor, owaphila amashumi ezigidi zeminyaka kamuva. Ngokusekelwe kule mininingwane, singabeka phambili i-phylogenetic hypothesis mayelana nokuba khona kwe-plumage eVelociraptor. Kodwa-ke, ama-sampuli we-Velociraptor awanawo ama-imprints of izicubu ezithambile zomzimba, ngakho-ke okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa le hypothesis ngobufakazi obuqondile. Ngo-2007, izazi zemvelo eziningana zabika ukutholwa kwesithombeni sofuba i-Velociraptor (IGM 100/981) kwithambo le-ulnar, elihunyushwa njengezindawo ezinamathiselwe ezimpaphe zasesekondari. Izilonda ezinjengalezi izinyoni zesimanje, futhi zenze umsebenzi obekiwe. Ngokusho kwe-paleontologists, lokhu kutholwa kusivumela ukuthi siphethe ngokuthi i-velociraptor yayiningi.

Ukuba khona kwezimpaphe kuVelociraptor kanye ukusondela kwezinyoni kungaba nezincazelo ezimbili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo:

• Ngokuvamile izici ze-avian (kufaka phakathi amaplamu) eziphawulwe kuma-dromaeosaurids zingavela efeni elivela kukhokho ojwayelekile. Ngokwalo modeli, ama-dromaeosaurids nezinyoni aqhamuka kwelinye lamaqembu ama-coelurosaurs. Le ncazelo yamukelwa ngokuvamile.
• Ama-Dromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi i-velociraptor, ayizinyoni zakudala ezilahlekelwe amandla okundiza. Ngakho-ke, ukungakwazi ukundiza i-Velociraptor mhlawumbe kuyinto yesibili, efana neenciniba. Le hypothesis ayemukelwa ngochwepheshe abaningi be-paleontologists. Umsekeli wakhe owaziwa kakhulu ngudokotela wezimbali zaseMelika uGregory Paul.

Ukuba khona kweplamu e-velociraptor kusho ukuthi kunegazi elifudumele. Izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo azinayo imishini yokufakelwa okushisayo, ngoba nazo kudingeka zithole ukushisa okuvela emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokukhula kwamathambo lamadromaeosaurids liphansi kunezinyoni zezilwane ezincelisayo nanamuhla, okubonisa ukuthi umzimba awunamandla kangako.

I-Velociraptor kwisiko lesimanje

UVelociraptor wazitholela udumo olukhulu ngemuva kwefilimu iJurassic Park (1993), esekelwe kwinoveli kaMichael Crichton (1990). Futhi lapha nalaphaya, nokho, izici eziningi zesilwane zincike ekwakhiweni kabusha kwenye i-Dromaeosaurid - deinonychus. Lesi simo sichazwa iqiniso lokuthi uMichael Crichton wasebenzisa umnotho kaGregory Paul, lapho kufakwa khona i-deinonychus kuhlobo lweVelociraptors (V. antirrhopus) Endabeni, uCrichton wenza ukubhuka: "... UDeinonychus manje uthathwa njengomunye wamaVelociraptors," ifilimu alinakho ukubhuka. Ukwembiwa ekuqaleni kwale filimu kanye nendaba kwenziwa e-Nevada, lapho kwasatshalaliswa khona i-deinonychus, kepha hhayi iVelociraptor, amamodeli ekhompyutha asuka kwifilimu ephindwe kabili kunaleyo V. mongoliensis futhi ziyafana ngosayizi we-deinonychus.

Incazelo yeVelociraptor

Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-Lizard-pelvic zaziphila ngasekupheleni kweCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-83-70 edlule. Izinsalela zedayosage eyingozi zatholakala okokuqala endaweni yeRiphabhlikhi yaseMongolia. Ngokusho kososayensi, ama-velociraptors ayemincane ngokugqamile kunabameleli abakhulu beqembu elingaphansi. Ezinkulu kunalesi silwanyana esingesayizi ngobukhulu zazingama-dakotaraptors, ama-utaraptors nama-achillobators. Kodwa-ke, ama-velociraptors futhi abenenqwaba yezimpawu zomuntu ezithuthuka kakhulu.

Umnotho

Phambilini ngandlela thile I-Velociraptor kwesinye isikhathi zazihlanganisa izinhlobo manje ezihlukaniswa njengezakhi zofuzo UDeinonychus futhi Saurornitholestes. Kuphi Deinonychus antirrhopus futhi Saurornitholestes langstoni ubizwe ngokufanele V. antirrhopus futhi V. langstoni. Manje emndenini I-Velociraptor kuphela V. mongoliensis futhi V. osmolskae .

Thola Umlando

I-Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH 6515)

Izidumbu zokuqala zesigaxa esikhulu nesikhumba (isampula i-AMNH 6515) zatholakala ngo-Agasti 11, 1923, ngesikhathi sokuxoshwa kukaRoy Chapman Andrews kuyiwa eGobi Desert, ehlelwe yiMelika Museum of Natural History. Ngo-1924, uHenry Osborne wachaza izinsalela zamanzi njengoba I-Velociraptor mongoliensis - "umhlaseli osheshayo." Igama elithi "raptor" livela egameni elithi RAPTORIAL, elisho izilwane ezidla ezinye ezikhule kahle ekubambeni okunje ngezinyoni zesimanje ezidla inyama, kanye nomkhaza kanye nemidwebo yokuthandaza.

Ngo-1971, umkhumbi wasePolish-Mongolia wathola izinsalela ezidumile ze- “dinosaurs ezilwayo” ezichazwe nguRinchen Baabold ngo-1972.

I-Velociraptor nama-protoceratops

Lo mbono (GIN 100/25) ubamba impi ebulalayo yeVelociraptor neProtoceratops, eyokugcina yezimpilo zabo. Lokhu okutholayo kukhombisa ubufakazi obuqondile bokuziphatha okuxakile kwe-velociraptor. Isidumbu seVelociraptor sitholakala ngezansi, izinyawo zalo ezigobekile ezinezintambo ezakhiwe ngokugula zitholakala endaweni yesisu nomphimbo wesisulu, kuyilapho umphambili waso ugcwele emgomeni we-protoceratops. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwangempela, zombili lezi zilwane bekufanele ukuthi zimanzise, ​​nokho, njengoba izilwane bezigcinwe edwaleni lendunduma yasendulo yesihlabathi, ukucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane zazingcwatshwe esihlabathini mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sokuguguleka kwenhlabathi noma esivunguvungwini. Ukungcwatshwa kwakuzokwenzeka ngokuzumayo, ukwahlulela ngezikhundla zezilwane futhi kushesha kakhulu, kususelwa kulondolozo oluhle kakhulu lwamathambo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ezinye izingcezwana zama-protoceratops azikho, okwaphawulwa njengobufakazi bokudla kwabadla izikhova. Leli khophi libhekwa njengengcebo yezwe yaseMongolia, ngonyaka ka-2000 laqashwa eMnyuziyamu Wemvelo Wezemvelo waseNew York ngombukiso wesikhashana.

Kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970 kuya kowe-90s, izidumbu zabanye abantu abathathu zatholakala ngokuxoshwa kwamanye amazwe ogwadule lwaseGobi. Ososayensi baseMelika babuyela eMongolia ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s, lapho umkhumbi ohlanganyelwe waseMongol-American, oholwa yiMelika Museum of Natural History kanye neMongolia Academy of Sciences, wakhipha amamodeli amaningi agcinwe kahle. Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-2004 baba

Isampula IGM 100/982

izinsalela zabantu abayisithupha zatholakala, kufaka phakathi nomthambo olondolozwe kahle we-velociraptor (isampula IGM 100/982), owatholakala ngo-1995. Ngo-2008, iqembu labaphenyi laphesheya lathola ithambo eligcinwe kahle e-Inner Mongolia (eNyakatho neChina). Isibonelo sasifana kakhulu ne-velociraptor, kodwa futhi sasinokuhlukahluka okuthile. Ngo-2010, le isampula yahlukaniswa kuhlobo olusha lwe-Linherapor (I-Linheraptor).

Uzipho

Ngo-2005, uManning nozakwabo bahlolwa ikhophi yamarobhothi eyayilingana ncamashi ne-anatomy ye-deinonychus neVelociraptor, basebenzisa nezinqama ze-hydraulic ukwenza irobhothi lishaye isidumbu sengulube. Kulezi zivivinyo, izihlakala zazenza kuphela ama-puncture angajulile futhi azikwazanga ukusika noma ukusika. Ababhali baphakamise ukuthi izindlawu zingasebenza kakhulu ekuthumbeni kunokuletha iziteleka ezibulalayo.

Hunter noma i-scavenger

Ukuhamba kweVelociraptor

Izinsalela ze-deinonychus, idromaeosaurid ehlobene kakhulu, zivame ukutholakala ngamaqembu ngamaqoqo abantu abaningana. UDeinonychus kutholakale futhi kuhlangene ne-herbivore enkulu efana ne-dontosaurus emnyama (I-Tenontosaurus), enikeza ubufakazi obukholisayo buxhasa umbono wokuthi kuhlangene, ukuzingela umhlambi kwe-deinonychus. Okuwukuphela kobufakazi obukholisayo bokuziphatha komphakathi kwama-dromaeosaurids uchungechunge lwezinyawo zezinyawo ezivela kuCretaceous waseChina wokuqala, ochazwe ngonyaka we-2007, lapho kwagcinwa khona izitezi zezinyawo zabantu abadala abayisithupha ababehamba neqembu, yize kungekho bufakazi bokuzingela okuhlanganyelwe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ama-fossil amaningi e-Velociraptor atholakala eMongolia, akukho noyedwa kuwo owawuhlobene kakhulu nokungcwatshwa kweqembu, okungachazwa njengokubonakaliswa kokuziphatha komphakathi noma ngokuzingela kwepakethe.

Ngo-2011, uDenver Fowler nozakwabo bahlongoza indlela entsha ama-Dromaeosaurids, anjengeVelociraptor kanye nama-Dromaeosaurs afanayo, angabamba futhi babambe inyamazane. Le modeli, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi- "RPR" imodeli, iphakamisa ukuthi ama-dromaeosaurs abulale inyamazane yawo ngendlela efana ncamashi nezibonelo ezikhona ezinyoni zezinyamazane: igxuma inyamazane yazo, iyicindezela ngesisindo somzimba wayo futhi iqinise imfene ngokuqinile ngezinwele zayo ezinkulu. UFowler uthole ukuthi izinyawo nemilenze yama-dromaeosaurs afana kakhulu nemilenze yezinkozi nezinkozi, ikakhulukazi ngokubhekiswa kufazi lwesibili okwandisiwe kanye nobubanzi obufanayo bokunyakaza. Indlela yokubikezela ye-RPR ihambisana nezinye izici ze-anatomy ze-velociraptor, njenge-morphology yazo engajwayelekile yomhlathi nengalo. Izandla ezazinganikeza amandla athe xaxa kungenzeka zambozwa ngezimpaphe ezinde futhi zazingasetshenziswa njengokuhambisa okuzinzile ukuze kulondolozwe ibhalansi lapho i-velociraptor yayisiphezulu sesisulu sayo. Imihlathi, uFowler nozakwabo abayibheka njengebuthakathaka, ingaba usizo ekulimaleni okuningi, okufana nesifuba sesimanje sedweba, okubuye kube nokulimala okubuthakathaka, kepha ingazingela izinyathi ezifa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwegazi nokukhathala ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kaninginingi. Ukuvela nokuhlangana kwalokhu “okutholwayo okufunwayo,” ngokusho kukaFowler, nakho kungabonakala ukubukeka kwamaphiko ezimpiko nokubonakala kwendiza kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ngo-2010, u-Hon nozakwabo bashicilela i-athikili mayelana nokuvulwa kuka-2008. Ngemuva kwalokho, kutholakala amazinyo amaningi e-Velociraptor ephukile emhlathini wama-protoceratops. Ababhali bathi lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa ukuphela kwesikhathi sokudliwa kwesidumbu sikaVelociraptor, ngaphandle kwalokho umdlwenguli ngabe udle ezinye izingxenye zamakhilikithi asanda kubulawa ngaphambi kokulunywa endaweni yomhlathi. Ngo-2012, u-Hon nozakwabo bashicilela i-athikili echaza isampula yeVelociraptor ngethambo le-azhdarchide esifundeni samathumbu. Zombili lezi zinto ezitholakele bezihunyushwe njengesibonelo sokuziphatha kwe-velociraptor. Ngo-2001, uRalph Molnar wanyathelisa incazelo ngogebhezi. I-Velociraptor mongoliensis, eyayinemigqa emibili yokufana yezipikili ezincane, ehambelana nebanga phakathi kwamazinyo enye iVelociraptor. Ngokusho kukasosayensi, leli nxeba kungenzeka ukuthi lalilinyazwa enye i-velociraptor ngesikhathi sempi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba ithambo lezinsalela zemvelo alibonisi zimpawu zokuphulukisa eduze nokulimala, ukulimala okutholakele kungabulala. Esinye isibonelo seVelociraptor, esitholakale sinamathambo e-azhdarchide esiswini sesibeletho, sidlulisiwe noma salulama ekulimaleni kobambo.

I-Paleoecology

Zonke izehlakalo ezaziwayo zokubuka I-Velociraptor mongoliensis atholakala ekwakhiweni kweJadokhta esifundazweni saseMongolia eMnegovi nasekwakhiweni okuncane kweBaruun Goyot (yize lokhu okutholwayo kungenzeka kungokwolunye uhlobo olusondele). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lezi zimo zokwakheka komhlaba zingokwengxenye yomkhankaso weLate Cretaceous, phakathi kweminyaka engama-83 nama-70 ezigidi edlule.

Kutholwe uhlobo oluthile endaweni yaseBurning Cliffs (eyaziwa nangokuthi yiBayanzag), ngenkathi kutholakala "abakwa-dinosaurs" endaweni yaseTugrig (eyaziwa nangokuthi yiTugrugin Shiri). Ezindaweni ezidumile zaseBaruun Goyot eHulsan naseHerman-Tsav, kutholakale izidumbu ezingase zingabakwaVelociraptor noma umndeni osondelene nawo. Kutholakale izidumbu zamazinyo nezinxenye ezihlobene ne-velociraptor eseBayan-Mandakh suite, esedolobhaneni laseBayan-Mandakhu e-Inner Mongolia eChina. Ugebhezi lwabadala olunengxenye oluvela ekwakhiweni kweBayan-Mandahu lwalunikezwe uhlobo oluhlukile I-Velociraptor osmolskae.

Ukulwa neProtoceratops neVelociraptor kusuka kuRaoul Martin

Zonke izingosi zamandulo lapho i-Velociraptor igcinwe khona ilondoloze imvelo eyomile yezindunduma zesihlabathi, yize imvelo emncane kaBaruun Goyot ibonakala imanzi kancanyana kuneJadokhta endala. I-Jadokhta Formation yayigcwele ama-protoceratops nama-ankylosaurs anjenge I-Protoceratops andrewsi futhi I-Pinacosaurus gradorskanti ezinye izinhlobo zazihlala eBayan Mandahu I-Protoceratops hellenikorhinus futhi IPinacosaurus mephistocephalus. Lokhu kwehluka kokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo kungadalwa yisithiyo semvelo esihlukanisa ukwakheka okubumbili okusondelene ngokwendawo. Kodwa-ke, uma ngabe kungabikhona noma yisiphi isithiyo esaziwayo esingadala izingoma ezithile zezilwane ezitholakala kulezi zindawo, kungenzeka ukuthi umehluko okhombisa umehluko wesikhathi esincane.

Amanye ama-dinosaurs ahlala endaweni efanayo amelelwa yi-trodontida Saurornithoides mongoliensisoviraptor Ama-philoceratops we-Oviraptor kanye ne-Dromaeosaurid Mahakala omnogovae. Izinhlobo zamaShayina ezimelwe yi-ceratopsid Magnirostris dodsonikanye ne-oviraptorides Machairasaurus leptonychus kanye ne-dromeosaurus I-Linheraptor exquisitus.

Ukubukeka

Kanye namanye ama-theopods amaningi, wonke ama-velociraptor ayeneminwe emile emilenzeni yawo yangemuva. Omunye wale minwe wawakhiwa ngaphansi futhi wawungasetshenziswa umdlwenguli ngenkathi uhamba, ngakho-ke izibankwakazi zangena ngeminwe emithathu kuphela. Ama-Dromaeosaurids, kufaka phakathi ama-velociraptors, ayevame ukusebenzisa kuphela iminwe yesithathu neyesine. Emunweni wesibili kwakukhona uzipho olugobile futhi lube lukhulu, olukhula lufika kubude obuyi-65-67 mm (ngokwesilinganiso somphetho wangaphandle). Phambilini, uzipho olunjalo lwaluthathwa njengesikhali esiyinhloko somuntu odla inyama, isetshenziswe yiyo ngenhloso yokubulala nokuphwanya inyamazane eyalandela.

Kamuva nje, isiqinisekiso sokulinga sitholwe yinguqulo yokuthi lezo zinzipho zikaVelociraptor azange zisetshenziswe njengebhande, elichazwa ubukhona bokujikeleza okuyisici onqenqemeni olungaphakathi. Phakathi kokunye, ithiphu elibukhali impela alikwazanga ukuklebhula isikhumba sesilwane, kodwa lakwazi ukubhoboza kuphela. Ngokunokwenzeka, izindlanzana zazisebenza njengohlobo lwamagwegwe lapho lesi sidlakudla sasikwazi ukunamathela esixekweni saso futhi sisibambe. Kungenzeka ukuthi ubukhali bezandla bukwenze wakwazi ukubhoboza umthambo wesibeletho noma i-trachea.

Isikhali esibulalayo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwama-velociraptors, ngokunokwenzeka, kwakuyimihlathi, ifakwe amazinyo abukhali futhi amakhulu. I-cranium ye-velociraptor yayinobude obungadluli kumitha yekota. Igebhezi lomhlaseli laliphakeme futhi ligobeke phezulu. Emhlathini ongaphansi nangaphezulu bekukhona amazinyo angama-26-28, abonakala ngemiphetho yokusika ye-seranced. Amazinyo ayenezikhala ezibonakalayo kanye nomhlane owagobile, obekuqinisekisa ukubamba okuthembekile nokudabula okusheshayo kwento ebanjiwe.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokusho kwabathile abasebenza nge-paleontologists, ukutholwa kwe-Velociraptor kucatshangelwa kwamaphuzu okwakhiwa kwezimpaphe zesekethe lesibili, isimilo sezinyoni zesimanje, kungaba ubufakazi bokuthi kugcwele isibungu esidlayo.

Ngokombono obonakalayo wezinto eziphilayo, imihlathi engezansi yamaVelociraptors ifana kakhulu nemihlathi yesigcilikisha saseKomodo esivamile, esasivumela umhlaseli ukuba aklebhule izingcezwana ngisho nasesandleni esikhulu kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-anatomical zemihlathi, kuze kube muva nje, incazelo ehlongozwayo yendlela yokuphila yedayinasi eyingozi njengomzingeli wezinyamazane ezincane ibonakala ingathandeki namuhla.

Ukuguquguquka okuhle kakhulu komsila we-velociraptor kwehliswe ukuba khona kwamathambo okuphuma emthanjeni kanye nama-tendon ossified. Kwakuwukuphuma kwamathambo okwakuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesilwane emadolweni, okwakubaluleke kakhulu inqubo yokugijima ngejubane elikhulu.

Ubukhulu beVelociraptor

Ama-Velociraptors ayengama-dinosaurs amancane, afinyelela ku-1.7-1.8 m ubude futhi angabi ngaphezu kwama-60-70 cm ukuphakama, futhi enesisindo ngaphakathi kwama-22 kg. Naphezu kobukhulu obungahlukanga kangako umxhwele, ulaka lokuziphatha kwedayinaso eyingozi enjalo lwalusobala futhi lwaqinisekiswa yimiphumela eminingi. Ubuchopho bama-velociraptors, ama-dinosaurs, bukhulu kakhulu ngosayizi, okusikisela ukuthi inyamazane enjalo ingenye yabameleli abahlakaniphe kakhulu bomndeni wakwaVelociraptorin ngokuzithoba nomndeni wakwaDromaeosauridae.

Indlela yokuphila, isimilo

Abaphenyi emazweni ahlukene, abafunda ama-dinosaur bahlala betholakala ngezikhathi ezihlukile, bakholelwa ukuthi ama-velociraptors ngokuvamile azingelwa eyedwa, futhi esikhathini esiningi babehlangene ngamaqembu amancane ngale njongo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, inyamazane ihlelela isisulu sayo kusengaphambili, bese ibhungane lihlasela inyamazane. Uma ohlukunyeziwe ezamile ukubaleka noma ukucasha kunoma iyiphi indawo yokukhosela, isophofu samthola ngaphandle kwenkinga.

Kunoma yikuphi ukuzama, abahlukumezekile bazozivikela, isidina esidliwayo, cishe, sithanda kakhulu ukubuyela emuva, ngokwesaba ukushaywa ikhanda noma umsila onamandla. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-velociraptors ayekwazi ukuthatha lokho okuthiwa isikhundla sokulinda. Ngokushesha lapho umhlaseli enikezwe ithuba, waphinde wahlasela isisulu sakhe, wasihlasela ngamandla umzimba waso wonke. Njengoba isifinyelele kwelitshe, iVelociraptor izamile ukugoba izindwani namazinyo ayo entanyeni.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ekutadisheni okuningiliziwe, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola amanani alandelayo: ijubane lokugijima okulinganiselwa kweVelociraptor (iVelociraptor) efinyelele ku-40 km / h.

Njengomthetho, amanxeba abangelwa umdlwenguli ayabulala, ahambisana nomonakalo omkhulu emithanjeni eyinhloko kanye ne-trachea yesilwane, okuholele ekuthini afe inyamazane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-velociraptors ahlukaniswa ngamazinyo abukhali namawele, abese edla isisulu sawo. Lapho kuqhubeka isidlo esinjalo, umdlwenguli wema emlenzeni owodwa, kodwa wakwazi ukugcina ibhalansi. Lapho kunqunywa ijubane kanye nendlela yokuhambisa ama-dinosaurs, ukutadisha ngezici zazo zokwakheka, kanye nezinyathelo zamathrekhi, kusiza okokuqala.

Umlando wokutholwa

Ama-Velociraptors abekhona eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ezedlule, ekupheleni kweCretaceous, kepha manje izimbalwa zezinto eziphilayo ezivelele:

• Izinhlobo zezinhlobo (Velociraptor mongoliensis),
• ukubukwa kweVelociraptor osmolskae.

Ukuchazwa okwenele okwenele ngezinhlobo zohlobo lukaHenry Osborne, owanikeza ngezimpawu ze-raptor e-carnivorous emuva ngo-1924, efunde ngokuningiliziwe imininingwane eseyatholakala ngeVelociraptor ngo-Agasti 1923. Isikhumba sedayinaso yalolu hlobo lwatholakala endaweni eyihlane yaseGobi Mongolian nguPeter Kaisen.. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inhloso yalolu hambo, ifakwe eMnyuziyamu Wemvelo Wezomlando, kwakuwukuthola noma imiphi imvelaphi yezimpucuko zabantu zakudala, ngakho-ke ukutholwa kwezinsalela zezinhlobo zezidalwa ezinhlobonhlobo zama-dinosaurs, kufaka phakathi ama-velociraptors, kwakumangalisa impela futhi bekungahlelwanga.

Kuyathakazelisa! Izinsalela ezazimelelwa sude nokuklanywa kwemilenze yesandla seVelociraptors zatholakala okokuqala ngo-1922, nangesikhathi sika-1988-1990. Ososayensi abakhipha umkhumbi baseSino-Canada baphinde baqoqa amathambo e-lizard, kodwa umsebenzi wezazi zokwelapha zaseMongolia naseMelika zaphinde zaqala emuva kweminyaka emihlanu zitholile.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwesibiliboco esichaziwe lwachazwa ngemininingwane eyanele eminyakeni eminingana eyedlule, maphakathi no-2008. Ukuthola izimfanelo zeVelociraptor osmolskae kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokufundisisa ngokucophelela kwamathambo, kubandakanya nengxenye yomuntu odume ngokudalwa kwezidakamizwa, eyamayini engxenyeni yaseChina eGobi Desert ngo-1999. Cishe iminyaka eyishumi, ukutholwa okungajwayelekile kumane kwaqoqa uthuli eshalofini, ngakho-ke isifundo esibalulekile senziwa kuphela lapho kufika ubuchwepheshe besimanje.

Habitat, indawo yokuhlala

Abamele uhlobo lweVelociraptor, umndeni weDromaeosauridae, isizinda seTheoroda, i-Lizardotachous kanye ne-Dinosaur superorder eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningi ezedlule bebaningi impela ezindaweni ezihlalwa yiGobi Desert yanamuhla (iMongolia nesenyakatho neChina).

Ukudla kweVelociraptor

Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinosayizi abancane zazidla izilwane ezincane ezazingakwazi ukunika isidakamizwa esidliwayo esidlekayo. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi base-Ireland baseYunivesithi yaseDublin bathola amathambo e-pterosaur, okuyi-reptile enkulu eyindiza. Izingcezu zazitholakala ngqo ngaphakathi kwezinsalela zamathambo edolobhana ledlozi elincane elalihlala ezindaweni zamahlane aseGobi wanamuhla.

Ngokusho kososayensi bakwamanye amazwe, ukutholwa okunjalo kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi wonke ama-velociraptors e-wave angaba ama-scavenger, akwazi ukugwinya kalula futhi amathambo amakhulu. Ithambo elitholile belingenayo iminonjana yokuvezwa kwe-acid esiswini, ngakho ochwepheshe baphakamise ukuthi i-raptor enobuhlakani ayiphileli isikhathi eside ngokwanele ngemuva kokufakwa kwayo. Ososayensi bakholelwa nokuthi amaVelociraptors amancane ayekwazi ukuthula buthule ngokushesha amaqanda ezidlekeni noma abulale izilwane ezincane.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Velociraptors ayenezindebe zomzimba ezinde futhi ezikhule kahle, ngakho-ke idayinisi yaphambi kwesikhumba yasungula isivinini esihle futhi ingasithola kalula isisulu sayo.

Kaningi, izisulu zeVelociraptor zedlula kakhulu usayizi wazo, kepha sibonga ukufutheka okwandayo kanye nekhono lokuzingela emaphaketheni, isitha esinjalo sezilokotho cishe sasihlulwa njalo sidliwe. Phakathi kokunye, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ama-carnivores ama-carnivorous afakwe kuma-protoceratops. Ngo-1971, izazi zemvelo ezisebenza eGobi Desert zathola amathambo ama-dinosaurs - i-velociraptor kanye ne-protoceratops yabantu abadala, eyayifanelana.

Ukuzalela inzalo

Ngokweminye imibiko, ama-velociraptors anda ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, okuthi, phakathi nesikhathi sokufakwa, kuzalwe umntwana.

Kuzoba nokuthakazelisa:

Ngokuncoma le hypothesis kungaqagelwa ukuthi kunobudlelwano phakathi kwezinyoni namanye ama-dinosaurs, afaka i-velociraptor.

Izitha zemvelo

Ama-Velociraptors angamalungu omndeni wama-dromaeosaurids, ngakho-ke, anesethi ephelele yezimpawu eziyisisekelo ezici zalo mndeni. Maqondana nedatha enjalo, izinyamazane ezinjalo zazingenazitha ezikhethekile zemvelo, futhi kuphela ama-dinosaurs asebekhulile futhi aqhakaza kakhulu angaba yingozi enkulu kunazo zonke.