(kusuka esiGrekini. therme-ukushisa, ukushisa), ingxubevange ye-stoichiometric inombolo yezinsimbi noma i-alloys (ebizwa ngokuthi i-petrol) enama-oxides wezinsimbi ezingasebenzi (i-oxidizing agent), evutha lapho icashile ngokukhishwa kwenani elikhulu lokushisa. DOS uphethiloli-Al, Mg, Ca-Si, Cu-Al, Fe-Mn alloys, agents oxidizing - Fe 2 O 3, Fe 3 O 4, CuO, NiO, Pb 3 O 4, MnO 2. Nge-exothermic. oxidizing.-buyisela. r-tions ukunciphisa kwe-iron oxide, imikhiqizo yama-r-tions (ikakhulukazi ama-slag awuketshezi) ayashiswa

2000 ° C. T-ra combustion T. 2000-2800 ° C, t. > 800 ° C (kumxube we-T.1 ojwayelekile kakhulu we-A1 nge-Fe 3 O 4 -1300 ° C). Inani lokushisa elikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kuncike ekubunjweni kweT, ngokwesibonelo, esimweni se-iron-aluminium T .: 8Al + 3Fe 3 O 4 :: 4A1 2 O 3 +9 Fe + 3478 kJ.

I-T. ikhiqizwa ngesimo se-powder noma i-Checkers. Ukuze ushiye indawo usebenzisa ingxube ye-BaO 2 ne-Mg noma imidlalo yama-termite ekhethekile.

Faka isicelo T. njengoba amakhompiyutha angahlanganisi kokushisa kwe-thermite, ngaphakathi metallothermy ukwenziwa kwe Mn, Cr, V, W, Ferroalloys kanye nokubola. alloys non-ferrous futhi ezingandile ze-alloys zokuchotshozwa kwe-ore. Ngemisebenzi yokufudumeza (ukushisa i-termite-muffle of wire, Welding and docking of Rail, Welding of Conductors conductors to metall iron, wire welding, njll.), Umkhondo usetshenziswa kabanzi. izingoma zesimu - CuO, ferromanganese, alloy Cu - Al, Fe 3 O 4, Al, Mg, ferromanganese, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Al, njll. Ukuthola i-Ferrovanadium, i-Ferrochrome, nabanye, i-T isetshenziswa equkethe u-Fe 3 O 4 nama-oksidi walezi zinsimbi.

I-Lit: UShevchenko G. D., Welding, brazing kanye nokusika okushisayo kwezinsimbi, uM., 1966, uBorovinskaya I. P., Merzhanov A. G., eqoqweni: Izinqubo ezishisayo kumakhemikhali nasensimbi, eNovosib., 1971, Shidlovsky A. A., Fundamentals of Pyrotechnics, 4th ed., M., 1973, uBrauer K. O., Handbook of pyrotechnics, NY, 1974, Barbour RT, Pyrotechnics embonini, NY, 1981. H. A. Silin.

I-encyclopedia yamakhemikhali. - M: I-Soviet Encyclopedia. Umq. I. L. Knunyantsa. Ngo-1988.

I-termite

I-termite kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yintuthwane emhlophe. Wathola lesi isidlaliso ngenxa yokufana kokubukeka nezintuthwane ezimhlophe. Ama-termites adla ngento efile yesitshalo, imvamisa iba ngesimo somuthi, amaqabunga awileyo noma inhlabathi .Izigxobo ziyizilokazane ezibalulekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwendawo ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-termites asebenzisa ukhuni ekudleni - adala umonakalo omkhulu ezakhiweni nakwezinye izakhiwo zokhuni.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

I-termite isho iqembu lamaqhude abizwa ngokuthi yiBlattodea. Kwaphela amashumishumi eminyaka, kwakwaziwa ukuthi ama-termites ahlobene kakhulu namaqhude, ikakhulukazi izidalwa ezingama-arboreal. Kuze kube muva nje, ama-termites ayeneqembu lase-Isoptera, manje eliyisizinda. Lokhu kusha kwe-taxonomic okusha kusekelwa idatha nezifundo ezithi ama-termites empeleni angamaqhude omphakathi.

Imvelaphi yegama elithi Isoptera isiGrikhi futhi isho ngamabili amabili amaphiko aqondile. Iminyaka eminingi, ama-termite ayebizwa ngokuthi imbovane emhlophe futhi ayevame ukudidaniswa nentuthwane yangempela. Kusesikhathini sethu kuphela nalapho sisebenzisa imakroskopu okwazi ukubona umehluko phakathi kwale mikhakha emibili.

Umbhalo wokuqala wezinsalela zokuqala ezaziwayo wangaphambilini wazalelwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-130 edlule. Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, ezihlangabezana ne-metamorphosis ephelele, ithempeli ngalinye lifikelwa yi-metamorphosis engaphelele, eqhubeka ngezigaba ezintathu: iqanda, i-nymph nomuntu omdala. Amakoloni ayakwazi ukuzithiba, yingakho evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-superorganisms.

Iqiniso elikhangayo: Izindlovukazi ezingama-termite zinesikhathi eside kunazo zonke yokuphila kuzo zonke izinambuzane emhlabeni, ezinye izindlovukazi ziphila iminyaka engama-30-50.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Insect Termite

Ama-termites ajwayelekile amancane ngosayizi - ukusuka kumamilimitha amane kuya kwayi-15 ubude. Okusinda kakhulu kuze kube manje yindlovukazi yama-Microtermes bellicosus, ubude bayo bungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10. Enye enkulu ingxenyeni yezinhlobo zeGyatermes styriensis, kodwa kuze kube manje. Ngesinye isikhathi, wachuma e-Austria ngesikhathi seMiocene futhi wayenamaphiko angama-76 mm. nobude bomzimba 25mm.

Iningi labasebenzi namasosha angama-termite awaboni ngokuphelele, njengoba entula amehlo awo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo, ezinjengeHodotermes mossambicus, zinamehlo ayinkimbinkimbi, eziyisebenzisayo ukuguqulela nokuhlukanisa ukukhanya kwelanga nokukhanya kwenyanga. Abesilisa nezinsikazi ezinamaphiko zinamehlo futhi zinamehlo okugcina. Amehlo aseceleni, kepha, awatholakali kuzo zonke izinhlobo zama-termites.

Ahlala kuphi amasimu?

Isithombe: I-White Termite

Ama-termites atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Azikho eziningi zazo ezitholakala eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu (Izinhlobo eziyi-10 ziyaziwa eYurophu nezingu-50 eNyakatho Melika). Ama-termites aygcwele eMelika eseMelika, lapho kwaziwa khona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-400. Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-3000 zama-termite ezihlukaniswe njengamanje, ezili-1000 zitholakala e-Afrika. Kwezinye izifunda zivame kakhulu.

ENyakatho yeKruger National Park kuphela, cishe kutholakala izimbungulu ezibalelwa ezigidini eziyi-1,1. E-Asia, kunezinhlobo ezingama-435 zama-termite, ezivame kakhulu eChina. E-China, izinhlobo zama-termite zilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezithambile ezishisayo nezindawo ezishisayo eziseningizimu yoMfula iYangtze. E-Australia, wonke amaqembu asendaweni yezemvelo (emanzi, eyomile, engaphansi komhlaba) ayazuza ezweni, futhi anezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-360 zezinto eziphilayo.

Ngenxa yama-cuticles abo athambile, amaanuthi awahlali ezindlini ezipholile noma ezibandayo. Kunamaqembu amathathu emvelo wezinhlansi: aluhlaza, omile nangaphansi komhlaba. Ama-dampwood termites atholakala emahlathini ama-coniferous kuphela, kanti ama-Drywood termites atholakala emahlathini anqenqemayo, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zihlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Olunye uhlobo eqenjini lokuzalela elomile yi-West Indian zohlobo lwamahlobo (i-Cryptotermes brevis), okuluhlobo olunolaka e-Australia. E-Russia, ama-termite atholakala endaweni eseduze namadolobha eSocrhi neVladivostok. Ku-CIS, cishe izinhlobo ezingama-7 zama-termites zitholakele.

Zidlani izimbila?

Isithombe: Isilwane seThemu

Ama-termites angama-detritophages aqeda izitshalo ezifile kunoma yiliphi izinga lokubola. Zibuye zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem ngokuvuselela kabusha imfucuza enjengezinkuni ezifile, indle nezitshalo. Izinhlobo eziningi zidla i-cellulose ngesisu esikhethekile esiphakathi esidiliza i-fiber. Ama-termites akha ukuhlukana kwe-cellulose methane ekhishwe emoyeni.

Ama-termites ancike kakhulu kuma-Symbiotic protozoa (metamonades) namanye ama-microbes, njenge-protgellate protocrts in their guts, ukugaya i-cellulose, ebavumela ukuthi bangenise imikhiqizo yokugcina ukuze bayisebenzise. Ama-protozoa angaphakathi anjengeTrichonympha, nawo, ancike kuma-bacteriotic we-Symbiotic afakwe emzimbeni wawo ukukhiqiza ama-enzyme adingekayo wokugaya ukudla.

Ama-termites aphezulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emndenini weThemuitidae, angakhiqiza ama-enzyme awo weselula, kepha ancike kakhulu kumagciwane. UFlagella walahleka kula ma-termites. Ukuqonda kososayensi ubudlelwano phakathi kokugaya kokudla kwama-termites nama-endosymbionts wegciwane kusesemncane, kodwa-ke, iqiniso iqiniso ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezintwala ukuthi abasebenzi bondla amanye amalungu ekholoni ngezinto ezitholwe ngokugaya impahla yesitshalo ephuma emlonyeni noma e-anus .

Ezinye izinhlobo zamantshontsho enza inkambiso yesikhunta. Zigcina “ingadi” yesikhunta ekhethekile ye-genus termitomyces, edla ekumbeni kokuphilayo kwezinambuzane. Lapho kudliwa amakhowe, izinhlamvu zazo zidlula zingene emathunjini ama-termites ukuqedela umjikelezo, ziqhume emigqonyeni emisha yamalongwe.

Ngokuya ngokuya ngemikhuba yokudla, ama-termites ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: ama-termites aphansi kanye nethemu eliphakeme. Amahlansi aphansi adla kakhulu ngokhuni. Njengoba izinkuni kunzima ukuzigaya, ama-termites akhetha ukusebenzisa izinkuni ezifakwe yisikhunta ngoba kulula ukugaya, futhi kunamaprotheni amaningi kumakhowe. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindawo eziphakeme eziphakemeyo zisebenzisa izinto eziningi ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi indle, umquba, utshani, amaqabunga nezimpande. Amathumbu asendaweni ephansi aqukethe izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacterium kanye ne-protozoa, kanti ama-termite aphezulu anezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamagciwane angenawo ama-protozoa.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-Termites ayohlafuna i-lead, i-asphalt, udaka noma udaka ukuthola izinkuni.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Izindawo ezinkulu

Kunzima impela ukubona ama-termites, njengoba ehamba ebumnyameni futhi engathandi ukukhanya. Zihamba ngokuhamba kwazo ngokwazo ezakha ngokwazo ngokhuni noma ngomhlaba.

AmaHluthi ahlala ezidlekeni. Izilokotho zingahlukaniswa ngombandela ngezigaba ezintathu ezinkulu: ngaphansi komhlaba (ngaphezulu komhlaba), ngenhla komhlabathi (okuvikela ngaphezu kobuso bomhlaba) futhi kuxutshaniswe (kwakhiwa esihlahleni, kepha kuhlale kuxhunywe emhlabathini ngamasheleni). Isidleke sinemisebenzi eminingi, njengokuhlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala ephephile nendawo yokukhosela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ama-termites amaningi akha amakoloni angaphansi komhlaba, kunokuba abe nezidleke nokusebenza okuningilizayo. Ama-primitive primitive ngokuvamile ahlala ezakhiweni zamapulangwe ezinjengengodo, iziqu nezingxenye zezhlahla ezifile, njengoba ama-termites enza ezigidini zeminyaka edlule.

Ama-termites nawo akha izindunduma, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela kubude obuyi-2,5 -3 m. Isigamu sihlinzeka ngama-termites ngokuvikela okufanayo njengesidleke, kepha sinamandla amakhulu. Izindunduma ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula enamandla futhi eqhubekayo ziyaguguleka ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwazo okucebe ngobumba.

Ezokuxhumana. Ama-termites amaningi awaboni, ngakho-ke ukukhulumisana kwenzeka ikakhulu ngosizo lwezimpawu zamakhemikhali, ze-mehendi ne-pheromonal. Lezi zindlela zokuxhumana zisetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukufuna ukudla, ukusesha izitho zokuzala, ukwakha izidleke, ukubona abakhileyo esidlekeni, ukuzalanisa, ukuthola nokulwa nezitha, nokuvikela izidleke. Indlela ejwayelekile yokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa i-antenna.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Insect Termite

Ama-Termites anohlelo lwe-caste:

• King,
• Ndlovukazi,
• Indlovukazi Yesibili
• Indlovukazi yesithathu
• Soldier,
• Ukusebenza.

Izisebenzi ezingama-termite zisebenzisa iningi labasebenzi kuleli koloni, zinesibopho sokuthola ukudla, ukugcina ukudla, kanye nokugcina izingane ezidlekeni. Izisebenzi zabelwa ukugaya i-cellulose ekudleni, ngakho-ke ziyinkambiso eyinhloko yezinkuni ezinesifo. Inqubo yokusebenzisa izidleke ngokudla abanye abahlali bezidleke yaziwa ngokuthi yi-trophollaxis. I-Trofallaxis iyindlela ephumelelayo yokudla okondlayo yokuguqula nokusebenza kwezakhi ze-nitrogenous.

Lokhu kukhulula abazali ekunikezeni zonke izingane ngaphandle kwesizukulwane sokuqala, kuvumela iqembu ukuthi likhule ngamanani amakhulu futhi kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwezimpawu ezidingekayo zamathumbu kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kwesinye. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-termite azinayo imisebenzi yangempela yokusebenza; esikhundleni salokho, zincika kuma-nymphs enza umsebenzi ofanayo ngaphandle kokuphakama njenge-caste ehlukile.

Isosha le-caste linobaluleko be-anatomical kanye nokuziphatha, inhloso yabo kuphela ukuvikela ikoloni. Amasosha amaningi anamakhanda amakhulu anemisipha enamandla eguqulwe kakhulu, inkulu kakhulu kangangokuba azikwazi ukuzondla. Ngakho-ke, bona, njengabancane, bondliwa yizisebenzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zilula ukukhomba; amasosha anekhanda elikhudlwana nelimnyama futhi elinamandla amakhulu.

Phakathi kwezinye izidakwa, amasosha angasebenzisa amakhanda awo ayindilinga ukuvimba imigudu yawo emincane. Ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo zokugcina, amasosha angaba makhulu noma abe mancane, kanye namakhala anezimpondo ezakhiwe ngophondo ngokuqagela kwecala. Lawa masosha ayingqayizivele angafafaza amasenti ayingozi, anamathela aqukethe i-diterpenes ezitheni zawo.

Imvelo yokuzala ikoloni elivuthiwe ifaka phakathi izinsikazi nabesilisa abaningi, abaziwa ngokuthi yindlovukazi nenkosi. Indlovukazi yekoloni ibhekele ukwenziwa kwamaqanda ikoloni. Ngokungafani nezintuthwane, inkosi ishada nayo impilo yonke. Kwezinye izinhlobo, isisu sendlovukazi sivutha kakhulu, sikhulisa ukuzala. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, indlovukazi iqala ukukhiqiza abantu abanamaphiko okuzala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, bese kuvela imfudlana enkulu kule koloni lapho kuqala ukukhula.

Izitha zemvelo zozimu

Isithombe: Isilwane esibizwa ngokuthi iChwane

Ama-termites adliwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezizingelayo. Isibonelo, uhlobo lwe-termite “Hodotermes mossambicus” lwatholakala esiswini sezinyoni ezingama-65 nezilwane ezincelisayo eziyi-19. Ama-arthropods amaningi adla kuma-termites: izintuthwane, ama-centipedes, amaqhude, amakhethini, ama-dragonflies, ama-scorpion kanye nezicabucabu, ezihuquzelayo ezinjengezibungu, ama-amphibians anjengamaxoxo namacici. Kukhona ezinye izilwane eziningi ezidla ama-termite: ama-aardvark, izindlwane, amalulwane, amabhere, isibalo esikhulu sezinyoni, i-echidna, izimpungushe, amagundane nezibungu. Iqiniso elikhangayo: i-Earthwolf iyakwazi ukudonsa izinkulungwane zama-termite ngobusuku obubodwa zisebenzisa ulimi lwayo olude, olunamathelayo.

Izintuthwane ziyizitha ezinkulu zama-termite. Ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane zigxile ekuzingeleni kwama-termite. Isibonelo, iMegaponer luhlobo oludla kuphela ama-termites. Bahlasela, abanye bahlala amahora amaningi. Kepha izintuthwane akuzona ukuphela kwamehlo okuhlasela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imichilo eminingi eyayihlasile, kufaka phakathi iPolistinae Lepeletier kanye ne-Angiopolybia Araujo, izindunduma zesigameko sokuhlasela ngesikhathi sezindawo zokuzala.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Ama-termites angenye yeqembu eliphumelela kakhulu lezinambuzane eMhlabeni ebelokhu likhulisa inani labantu kulo lonke ubukhona bazo.

Amazwe amaningi ahlanganiswa ezweni, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Imikhawulo yabo isukela kumakhulu ambalwa abantu iye emiphakathini emikhulu enabantu abayizigidi eziningana. Cishe zingama-3,106 izinhlobo zezilwane ezichazwe njengamanje, futhi akupheleli lapho; kunezinhlobo ezingamakhulu ambalwa ezidinga kuchazwa. Inani lama-termites eMhlabeni lingafinyelela amabhiliyoni ama-108 noma ngaphezulu.

Njengamanje, inani lezinkuni ezisetshenziswa epulazini nokwakha umthombo wokudla wezinhlansi liyancipha, kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, inani lama-termite liyaqhubeka likhula. Lokhu kukhula kuhambisana nokuguqulwa kwezindawo ezinamasimu zibe yizimo ezibandayo nezomile zokuphila.

Kuze kube manje, imindeni engu-7 yamathuna iyaziwa:

• I-Mastotermitidae,
• I-termopsidae,
• Hodotermitidae,
• Kalotermitidae,
• I-Rhinotermitidae,
• I-Serritermitidae,
• I-termitidae.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ama-Termites eMhlabeni aphakamisa inqwaba yabantu abasemhlabeni, njengezintuthwane.

Isinambuzane isigodi Kuyinto emibi kakhulu ebuntwini, njengoba bachitha izakhiwo zokhuni. Ubunye bezindawo ezinamatshe ahlotshaniswa nethonya lawo emjikelezweni womhlaba we-carbon ne-carbon dioxide, ekuqoqweni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, obalulekile esimweni sezulu somhlaba. Bayakwazi ukudedela i-methane igesi ngamanani amakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezingama-43 zama-termite zidliwa ngabantu futhi zidla imfuyo. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi balawula inani labantu, abalisebenzisela izindlela ezahlukahlukene ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwesimila.

Indawo yokusebenzisa

Amahumu asetshenziselwa izinhloso zezimboni nezempi. Zisetshenziswa njengezicucu ezinamandla okukhuphula amandla. Bathola nokusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezishisayo kuma-pyrotechnics - ukukhiqizwa kwamalambu wesiginali noma imithombo yamakhemikhali yokukhanya okukhanyayo.Ngokuvamile, i-termite isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokushisa - ukuxhuma izingxenye zethonya lokushisa eliphakeme.

Izici zobuchwepheshe

Impahla yanoma iyiphi inhlanganisela ye-thermite ingukushisa okuphezulu kokushisa, okuphakathi kwama-degree angama-2000-4000, kuya ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali nohlobo lomenzeli we-oxidizing. I-termite ibeka endaweni yokushisa yama-degree angama-800- 1500 futhi iyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, okwandisa ububanzi bokusebenza kwayo. Njengoba ilangabi lingekhe licishwe ngamanzi, izingxube ze-thermo zisetshenziselwa ukushisa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu okuphezulu kokushiswa komlilo, amasimu ancibilikisiwe ashisa ngamashidi aminyene wensimbi, amabhlokhi e-iron noma ekhonkolo, abe yithuluzi lokusika.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxube

Izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene zokuxuba okushisayo zenze uhlelo lokuhlukanisa lwenzelwe ukwakheka nenhloso. Ithemu lendabuko lilungiselelwe kusuka ku-aluminium sawdust noma i-powder ne-iron oxide kwisilinganiso esingu-1: 3. Ukwehlisa inani lokuvutha, i-aluminium sawdust isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni. Ngokuncipha kwengxenyeni yengxenye ye-aluminium kuze kufike esimweni sempuphu, izinga lokushiswa liyenyuka. Ingxube yendabuko ye-thermite iron isetshenziselwa ukwakheka izinsimbi zensimbi.

Izingxube ze-Pyrotechnic zishisa emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kepha zinikeze ukukhanya okukhanyayo. Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amafulethi asuselwa esigungwini namafulegi angamanga. I-Sulphur isebenza njengengxenye evuthayo yalenhlanganisela, futhi chlorate we-potassium usebenza njenge-ejensi ye-oxidizing. Ukusheshisa ukuvutha, kufakwa i-strontium carbonate, esebenza njengethonya lokuphendula.

Ingxube ye-Copper thermite ilungiselelwe kusuka ku-oxide yethusi, inani liyi-70% yengxenye yesisindo, i-10-12% ye-aluminium emsulwa nenani elifanayo lethusi, i-8% ye-ferromanganese. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kunamazinga okushisa okuphezulu okuphezulu - cishe ama-4000 degrees, futhi kuhloselwe ukufakwa kwezakhiwo ezibucayi zensimbi, isibonelo, amapayipi kagesi noma ujantshi.

Khipha ifomu

Abakhiqizi bezingxube ezishisayo bazikhiqiza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izingxube ezomile ezenzelwe ukwakheka kabusha endaweni yokubethelwa zikhiqizwa ngesimo sempuphu, ezifakwa embizeni eqinile ye-polypropylene enomthamo wamagremu ayi-1000. Ama-termites afanele izintambo zikagesi ezisebenza ngotshani kagesi akhiqizwa ngesimo se-cartridge enesimo se-cylindrical ene-hole eyi-longitudinal. Ezakhiweni zensimbi yokufudumeza enezingxube ze-thermite, kusetshenziswa umumo wepensela ongadingi ukubalwa ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa, kuthi umentshisi we-termite usetshenziselwe ukungalahli.

Zenzele ngokwakho ukupheka

Intengo ye-1 kilogalamu yesigamu isukela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-5, kuya ngomakhi nenhloso yengxube. Ukwazi ukwakheka kwengxube eshisayo, ungayipheka ngokwakho ekhaya uyisebenzise njengempahla yokufisela izintambo nezakhiwo zensimbi. Usebenzisa usimende, kutholakala amapensela e-thermite alungele insimbi yokufaka insimbi uma kungekho mshini wokufudumeza kagesi noma wekhabhoni. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-termite kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana ukuhambisana nemithetho yezokuphepha.

Indlela elula yokwenza ingxube ye-termite ngezandla zakho ukulungiselela ukwakheka kwendabuko kwe-iron oxide ne-aluminium powder, ongayithenga esitolo samakhemikhali amakhemikhali.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-iron ironide

I-Iron Oxide Fe₃O₄, isakhi esiyinhloko sokuqanjwa kwesimu yesiko, ukugqwala okujwayelekile. Kepha ulungiselela ingxube yamafutha uzodinga isikali esimsulwa ngamakhemikhali esitholakala ku-Fe oxide₂O₃.

Ukuze kukhiqizwe i-Fe₂O₃ Uzodinga ukunikezwa kukagesi kwe-12 V DC noma ukuphinda usebenzise ngesiguquli nesiguquli se-step-down esinikezwe amandla yinethiwekhi engu-220 V. Umthombo we-iron oxide yisipikili sensimbi noma ipuleti, elibekwa esitsheni sengilazi ngesisombululo esigcwalisiwe se-sodium chloride. Usawoti omningi kusixazululo, kuphakama ukusebenza kwawo kanye nezinga eliphakeme lokukhiqizwa kwe-iron oxide Fe₂O₃.

Ukuphela okuhle kocingo oluhlaziyayo kuxhunywe ngezipikili zensimbi, ipuleti noma induku bese kwehliswa kufakwa embizeni yobumba. Ukuphela kwesibili kufakwa kwisisombululo ukuze kungabikho ukuxhumana nenduku yensimbi.

Ngemuva kosuku lokusebenza kwensiza eyenzelwe wena, i-iron oxide ephumayo iyasuswa induku yensimbi. Izenzo ezengeziwe ngukugaya into ephumela ku-stupa ka-porcelain iye esimweni sempuphu ecolekile. Ubukhulu bezinhlayiya obukhulu akufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-0,5 mm. Ukwenza i-reagent ephumayo ilungele ukulungiswa kwengxube yama-termite, kufanele ibekwe endaweni ebethelwe futhi ibalwe ukuze ibomvu. Ingxenye yomthombo Fe₃O₄ isilungile.

Ukupheka okuqhubekayo

Ukuxuba izakhi, kukhethwa isitsha seplastiki esijulile lapho kufakwa khona i-iron oxide ne-aluminium powder esikalini esingu-75 no-25%, noma u-3: 1. Ukunxenxa ubumsulwa be-iron oxide etholakele, inani labo lingandiswa. Kulula kakhulu ukuxubanisa ama-reagents ngendlela yezingxenye eziyi-8 ze-oxide ezingxenyeni ezi-3 ze-aluminium powder ethengiwe esitolo. Ukwandisa isikhathi sokushiswa, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-sawdust, etholakala ngokusula ibha ye-aluminium noma ucingo olunefayela. Kulokhu, ingxenyeni enkulu ye-sawdust ne-powder kufanele ibe izingxenye ezi-3 ezifanayo. Ngokuhlola inani le-sawdust engeziwe, isilinganiso esivumelekile sokuhlangana singatholakala ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwengxube ye-thermite.

Ukwenza ipensela yesigxobo

Ipensela lesigamu induku yensimbi yecabbon ehlanganiswe ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-termite. Isetshenziselwa ukushisela imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yensimbi. Senziwa ngesimo sesilinda samadayimitha ahlukene, ngokuya ngobukhulu bensimbi ebunjiweyo. Imbewu noma intambo isetshenziselwa ukukhinyisa ingxube.

Ekhaya, ipensela elula kunazo zonke yesitende yenziwa ngengxube yendabuko yensimbi oxide ne-aluminium exutshaniswe neglue. Ukuqanjwa kulungiselelwe njengenhlama evamile yokuxova inhlama. Ubuningi obumpompo bufakwa kucezu lwensimbi yensimbi yobude obudingekayo bese idluliselwa kububanzi obufunayo. Ngezimo zasekhaya, kwanele ukwakha amasilinda 2-3 mm ubukhulu.

Ekupheleni kwesilinda esiphumela, glue isetshenziselwa ukulungisa imbewu kusuka engxube kasawoti weBerthollet nge-aluminium powder. Ngemuva kokumiswa, ipensela isilungele ukusetshenziswa futhi ayidingi ukubalwa kokuqala.

Uma kunesidingo, amapensela angenziwa kusuka kuthengwe i-yethusi yethusi. Intengo yengxube yethusi ye-thermite ingaphezulu kuneye-iron thermomix, futhi kusuka kwikhilogremu yempuphu ethengiwe amashumi amaningana izinduku zingalungiswa ngamapayipi wensimbi noma amakhona angaphezu kwama-5 mm ubukhulu. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yamapensela abumba ithusi isuselwa ekuxubeni i-glue ne-powder eqediwe nokwakha amasilinda.

Ama-Magnesium shavings noma izingcezu zepulasitiki ezinokushisa okushisa okungaba ngu-1600 degrees zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amapensela wesimo sethusi. Ngezandla zakho, ipulasitiki ingenziwa ngamabhodlela epulasitiki noma nge-polystyrene ngokuwaqeda ku-acetone kuze kube yilapho kutholakala isisindo esiningi se-taut.

Ukuphepha Nokugcina

Lapho umbuzo wendlela yokwenza ingxube ye-thermite uxazululwe, kuvela enye inkinga - ukuphepha kokukhiqiza nokugcina i-termite etholakele. Ukwakheka kwendabuko kwengxube yamafutha kudinga amazinga okushisa okushisa ebangeni lama-1000- 1500 degrees, futhi izakhi azisebenzi ngamakhemikhali ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kwesiqu kungaphephile.

I-Thermite powder kufanele igcinwe esitsheni se-polypropylene egxishwe ngokuqinile emihumeni yomswakama engekho ngaphezulu kwama-80%. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lingama-degrees angama-30, ngakho-ke izingxube zigcinwa egumbini elinomoya omncane nelipholile kude nemishini yokushisa. I-powder iyavutha, yize inokushisa okuphakeme okuphezulu. Ukugcinwa okufanele kwe-thermoset kuphephile, yingakho kungenzeka ezimweni ezijwayelekile zasendlini.

Incazelo yokubukeka

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo ezinamadwala zinokuhlukahluka okuhlobene:

• Ngombala womzimba.
• Chitin-camera umzimba.
• Ngobukhona esifundeni esiyi-thoracic, yize sakhiwe.
• Inekhanda elikhulu elihlome ngemishini enamandla yomlomo.

Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, kanye nesimo senhlalo, izinambuzane zikhula ubude ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-15 mm. Izisebenzi namasosha azinamehlo nhlobo, noma zinawo, kepha zithuthukisiwe. Ekhanda ungabona i-antennae nyembamba, kungathi ixhumeke izingxenye eziningi. Ubude babo buxhomeke eminyakeni yesinambuzane, ngakho-ke iminyaka yabo ibonwa kalula.

Ubukhulu bezinambuzane buya futhi ngezinhloso zabantu. Abantu abasebenzayo abafani ngosayizi omkhulu, kepha amasosha angaba nobude obungafika emasentimitha amabili. Ngaso leso sikhathi, zinenhloko enkulu ngokwanele futhi inamandla amakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, abakwazi ukudla ngokwabo futhi bondliwa ngabantu abasebenzayo. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka ngokuthi kwakhiwa inhlansi ekhethekile ekhanda labo. Lokhu kuhlasela kukhombisa ukuthi amasosha angazidubula izitha zawo ngohlobo olukhethekile oluvimbelayo.

Izindawo ezinamaphiko zihlome ngamabili ngamehlo anezinhlayiya namehlo amabili alula. Ngemuva kokuthi abantu bebathole izindawo ezamukelekayo, baphuka amaphiko abo emseleni othile. Yize amaphiko awo emakhulu, abuthakathaka, akahloswanga izindiza ezikude, kepha lapho kukhona umoya bangazihambisa kude. Ngakho-ke, azindiza njengoba zihlela. Abantu abanamaphiko banikezwe impahla yokukhiqiza kabusha, enikezwa abantu abasebenzayo kanye namasosha, ngoba abanazo i-gonads.

Kubalulekile ukwazi! Ama-termites ezinamaphiko ayakwazi ukuthatha indawo yamakhosi nabafelokazi abafileyo. Lapho ziqala iminyaka, zingathwalwa ngemisinga yomoya ebangeni elide kakhulu. Kulesi simo, izindunduma ezintsha zesimu zivela ngokuqhela kude nendunduma yendawo yomdabu. Esigabeni sokuqala, abantu abanamaphiko ngokwabo benza umsebenzi wokwakha indawo yokuhlala, banakekele amaqanda bese kuthi isibungu. Ngemuva kokuthi "izingane" zabo sezikhulile futhi zaphenduka abantu nezinsizwa ezisebenzayo, ngokushesha baqala ukwenza imisebenzi yabo futhi baqale ukunakekela "abazali" babo.

I-tsar, futhi ikakhulukazi indlovukazi yama-termite, ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo, okuyinto ebonakala ngohlobo lwezinhlobo "eziphambili", lapho abantu abasebenzayo beba mancane amahlandla ayishumi kunendlovukazi. Ngokubukeka, indlovukazi yama-termite ifana nendlovukazi yezintuthwane. Indlovukazi ihlala izibophela kule ndaba yokuthi ishada nenkosi futhi ibekele amaqanda. Ngenxa yalokhu, isisu sakhe siyelulwa kangangokuba uyeka ukuzimela. Uma kunesidingo, amathuna okusebenza asevele awudlulisela kumagumbi angomakhelwane.

Ezinhlotsheni zakudala ngokwengeziwe, indlovukazi, noma ihluke ngosayizi, ayibalulekile. Indlovukazi yama-termite ingaphila okungenani iminyaka eyi-10, ngenxa yama-enzyme akhethekile anomphumela we-antioxidant.

Inkosi yama-termite yalingana nabantu abasebenzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi ihlala iseceleni kwendlovukazi. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukukhiqizwa kwesikazi okufika ngesikhathi.

Abamele eminye imindeni baneziqu ezikhethekile emakhanda abo, engxenyeni engaphambili, lapho kuvela khona amaferromones of ukukhathazeka, athunjwa ngumndeni wonke.

Uhlobo ngalunye lunesilinganiso salo sabasebenzi namasosha. Njengomthetho, inani lamasosha alikho ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti ama-3, yize kunezinhlobo zama-termites ezingenawo amasosha nhlobo noma isibalo sawo sisezingeni lamaphesenti ayi-15 noma ngaphansi. Ngenxa yososayensi baseJapan, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-chromosomes angama-X anecala lokwehlukaniswa kobulili kwezi zinambuzane zenhlalo. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwalesi sakhi, kungabonakala abantu besifazane noma abesilisa, kanye nabantu abasebenza noma amasosha. Lesi sici sibonisa izinhlobo zezinhlobo "eziphambili". Ngokuqondene nezinhlobo “ezisezingeni eliphansi” ezingatheni, isimo senhlalo sezibungu zazo sincike kuma-ferromones akhethekile, nakuhlobo lokudla kwazo.

Ama-termites, njenganoma yiziphi izinhlobo zezinambuzane, anezimbili ezi-3 zamalunga. Umbala wezinhlobo uhlukile ngisho ngaphakathi kwegceke elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi kwendunduma ye-termite, ezindimeni zayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ungathola izinambuzane, zombala omnyama nokukhanya kombala womzimba.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha kanye nomjikelezo wokuthuthuka

Kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-10 yokuphila, indlovukazi yama-termite ishada nenkosi izikhathi eziningi. Lapho kuqala ihlobo, abantu abasebenzayo benza imfucumfucu odongeni lwendunduma yesimu, lapho abantu abanamaphiko baphume khona.

Izindlovukazi zesikhathi esizayo ziheha amakhosi asikhathi esizayo ngemfihlo yezindlala ezikhethekile. Ngemuva kwalokhu, lo mbhangqwana uphinda ungene emgodini wemba, lapho ukuhlangana kwenzeka. Kwezinye izinhlobo, insikazi ingabeka amakhulu amaningana, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane, zamaqanda ngesonto.

Kunezinhlobo zezilwane lapho insikazi ibekela amaqanda angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-80 ngosuku, kanye nezinhlobo zabesifazane ababekela amaqanda afinyelela kwizigidi eziyishumi ngonyaka. Esithombeni ungabona indlovukazi eneziqu.

Njengoba indlovukazi ingakwazi ukuhamba noma ukudla ngokwayo, yondliwa ngabantu abasebenzayo, namasosha agada.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Imfihlo ekhethekile enama-pheromones ihlala iqoqwa emzimbeni wendlovukazi. Zondliwa yizinambuzane ezisebenzayo, futhi ziyithwala ngawo wonke ama-mazes. Ngokusho kososayensi, le mfihlo ihlanganisa umndeni. Ososayensi bakholelwa futhi ukuthi ngale ndlela balawula ukubukeka kwabantu abanamaphiko. Njengomthetho, avele ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-2-3, lapho ikoloni ivuthwa.

Amasosha nezisebenzi kukhona izibungu ezingekho ngaphansi, ngakho-ke azinazo izitho zokuzala. Ngasikhathi sinye, imfihlo ekhutshwe yindlovukazi yama-termite ayibavumeli bonke abantu ukuba baphenduke izinambuzane ezinamaphiko ezikulungele ukuvuthwa. Lapho indlovukazi isaluphala futhi ingenayo imfihlo eyanele yawo wonke amasimu, khona-ke abantu abasebenzayo, ngemuva kwesikhashana, nabo bayavuthwa ngokocansi.

Izibungu ezizalwa zidlula ezigabeni eziningana zokukhula. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Izisebenzi namasosha ngemuva kokuncibilika baba izinambuzane zabantu abadala.
• Ngemuva kwe-molt yesibili, ukwahlukana kube ama-nymphs kwenzeka.
• I-nymph ikhulu ngandlela thile, futhi ezingxenyeni zayo ezinobuhle obonayo ukuqala kwamaphiko.
• Njengomthetho, izibungu zidlula ezigabeni ezi-3 noma ezi-4 zokukhula kwazo.
• Ama-Nymph abuye futhi ngezigaba eziningana zentuthuko. Esigabeni sokugcina, unamaphiko amade.

Abantu abasebenzayo bondla izibungu ngama-ekhethekile akhethekile, kanye nezinhlamvu zamakhowe ezichotshoziwe, abazikhulisa emasimini abo ngaphakathi kwesiqu. Inqubo yokuzala ihlotshaniswa nenqubo yokuzala, kepha uma kungekho owesilisa, abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kwabo. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, bonke abantu bangabesifazane.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Esimweni sokufa kwendlovukazi okungalindelekile, abantu abanamaphiko bangayithatha indima yakhe, yize zigcina zonke izici zokungakhuli.

Uma i-termite inkulu, khona-ke kungaba khona izindlovukazi eziningana ezihlala zizalanisa. Ngokusho kososayensi, ukuba khona kwabantu abasebenzayo kuvuselela inqubo yokuzala kabusha.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amasimu okusebenza nawo anganda, yize edinga okungenani inyanga ukwenza lokhu ukuze abe ngabantu bokuzala. Abantu abanjalo babizwa ngama-ergatoids. Ezimweni zaselebhu, ososayensi kwadingeka beqe ama-ergatoid ngama-nymphs nama-ergatoids. Kulokhu, umphumela waba inzalo, lapho amaphesenti ama-castes ayehluka.

Imiphumela yokuhlola okunje ifingqiwe kuthebula:

Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi abantu abanamaphiko abakheki kuze kube yilapho ikoloni selisesigabeni sokuthuthuka. Ngakho-ke, wonke amandla asetshenziswa ekwenzeni kabusha izinambuzane ezisebenzayo ekwakhiweni, ekunakekelweni nasekuqoqweni udoti, njll.

Indawo yokuhlanza amatimu, okuwuhlobo olunamahlahla noma olunomswakama, alunazo izikhala ezisebenzayo, futhi indima yawo inikezwe abalingisi be-pseudo-ergats. Le Caste ibizwa nangokuthi "abasebenzi" bamanga. Izibungu ezinde zesikhathi eside, kepha zihlala zisebenza. Kwenzeka ukuthi emva kwesikhathi esithile laba bantu baba amasosha.

Ukudla

Cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-termites zondla nge-cellulose. Egayilini lokugaya kwabantu abasebenzayo, uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-microorganism luhlala, olubhubhisa i-cellulose. Ngakho-ke, kuphela abakwaziyo ukondla indlovukazi, kanye namasosha. Isisekelo sokudla kwalezinambuzane izihlahla ezifile nezihlahla, amaqabunga awile kanye ne-humus. Ezinye izinhlobo zidla izikhala eziluhlaza, zilimaza itiye namahlamvu okusanhlamvu.

Ngasikhathi sinye, kunezinhlobo eziqhubekayo "I-Termitidae", lapho kungekho khona ama-microorganisms avumela ukucubungulwa kwe-cellulose. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi namanje abayazi indlela yokuqhekeka kwe-cellulose, esebenza kulolu hlobo.

Ama-termites, njengoba wazi, awadli kuphela i-cellulose, ngoba akhula uhlobo oluthile lokhunta endunduma yethimu. Badonsa amaqabunga nezingcezu zokhuni ezidlekeni zabo, bayazisika bese batyala amakhowe phezu kwazo.

Amakhowe abhujiswa yi-inignible lignin, emva kwalokho ukudla kuthola ezinye izakhiwo futhi kungenwa kalula ngama-termites. Ngakho-ke, ama-termites ngentokozo adla izingadi zamakhowe zizonke, nokunye ukudla okucebiswe ngezakhi zomzimba. Izingadi zamakhowe zingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwezibungu.

Amaqiniso Ahehayo! U-A. Brem othile wahlanganyela iqiniso elithandekayo nabalingani bakhe. Kwake kwathi lapho umArabhu elala eduze kwesiqu, kwathi lapho ephaphama, kwavela ukuthi wayenqunu ngokuphelele, ngoba ama-termites adla zonke izingubo zakhe. Ngekhulu le-18, izivakashi zavela ngengozi eSt Helena, ngemuva kwalokho zadla ngokuphelele idolobha laseJamestown.

Ama-termites atholakala ezindaweni zethu awafani ku-gluttony enjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusolakala ukuthi umonakalo odalwe ukuzamazama komhlaba wase-Ashgabat ubungeke ube nzima kangako ukube ama-termite awalimazanga aze afike kumaphesenti angama-25 ezindlu.

Ama-Termites izinambuzane ezibucayi kakhulu ezimweni zokushisa, umswakama, kanye nokukhanya. Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi badla izakhiwo zokhuni ezivela ngaphakathi futhi akuvamile ukubonakala ngaphandle. Kulokhu, kubonakala sengathi iziqu zezihlahla ziphephile futhi zizwakala. Umsebenzi we-termite obalulekile minyaka yonke ubangela ukulimala okukhulu kwezomnotho zamazwe amaningi. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zelentshisi zinezidleke ezahlukahlukene ngesimo.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezidleke

AmaHlubi izinambuzane zenhlalo ezihlala emindenini enkulu. Izidleke zazo zingatholwa emhlabathini, ezihlahleni zezihlahla, ohlelweni lwezimpande zezihlahla, nasezindunduma ezingama-termite, ezihlukahlukane ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yobunjiniyela. Kuyaziwa ngendunduma enkulu yama-termite, eyaphakama ngamamitha ayi-13 ngaphezu komhlaba. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi eNdiya, kutholakale imunduma yesigxobo esimanzonzo, imiqulu yayo iyamangaza, ngoba indlovu yayingangena kuyo.

Kukholelwa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yesidleke ingaphansi komhlaba. Umklamo wesidleke uqukethe imigudu, imipheme, amakhamera, kuyilapho kuphela ama-termites angakwazi ukuvela esidlekeni. Lapho izitha zemvelo zingena ngaphakathi kwendunduma yama-termite, ngokushesha zilahlekelwa ukuqondiswa futhi zihlaselwa ngamasosha. Konke kunikezwa esidlekeni, ngakho-ke kunamagumbi lapho kugcinwa khona ukudla, lapho kuphekelwa khona izibungu nalapho indlovukazi ibekela amaqanda.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Endlovukazi nenkosi, kunikezwa igumbi elivikelwe kakhulu, elimanzi, elifudumele nelinomoya. Izidleke zitholakala ukuze amagumbi angaphansi komhlaba akhona enkabeni. Indlovukazi esitokisini sayo itholakala ngendlela yokuthi ikhanda layo liqondiswe empumalanga, nesisu siye entshonalanga. Ososayensi bazamile ukubeka indlovukazi ngenye indlela, kepha wayehlala enesikhundla esifanayo.

Izinto zokwakha zezindunduma zesikhumbuzo ngamathe, izinhlayiya zokhuni, ubumba nokungcola. Lapho le khompiyutha yomile ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, kunzima ukuyonakalisa ngamathuluzi anjenge-chaka noma i-pickaxe. Lapho kuhlala khona amasimu, kuvame ukwenzeka ukubona imvula ngesimo samahlobo ashisayo. Ukuze umelane nomuhlwa, zonke izindonga azinamanzi, kanti nama-awnings namaqhubu akhiwe ngamakhowe ayasetshenziswa. Ngamanye amagama, umenzi wama-termite ukwakheka kobunjiniyela okuyinkimbinkimbi lapho yonke into icatshangelwa imininingwane emincane kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-termite ivikelekile kuma-shawa, inohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokufaka umoya omncane, ukuze sikwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ezingeni elithile. I-microclimate engaphakathi esidlekeni ingagcinwa kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku sibonga ngomsebenzi wabantu abasebenzayo, noma ngabe banciphisa noma bandisa imisele yomoya.

Izigxobo ezikhipha amanzi zingena shí emhlabeni zikhiphe inhlabathi emanzi. Ama-termites ahlala e-Ivory Coast angangena ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-10, kanti ama-termites ahlala eSouth Africa athatha amanzi kusuka ekujuleni okufika kumamitha angama-40.

Maphakathi nendunduma ye-termite, njengomthetho, "yi-" nursery ", enezinto ezithambile. Kukhona izibungu, kuyilapho i- "nursery" itholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30 ngaphezu komhlaba. Ezinhlangothini ze "nursery" kunamakhamera lapho kubekwa khona amaqanda, futhi ngaphansi kwe- "nursery" kuyikhamera yendlovukazi uqobo. Emazingeni aphansi, axhumene nohlelo lonke lwemihubhe namaphasi, ama-pantries atholakala lapho kugcinwa khona imithombo yokudla, kanye nokutshala konke kwamakhowe.

Ezinye izinhlobo zase-Afrika zakha izindunduma zohlobo lwama-termite ezinohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphefumula. Ngenxa yalokhu, umoya omusha uhlala ukhona ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Izindunduma zase-Australia zinezimo ezicacile ezisuka eningizimu ziye enyakatho, ezibavimbela ekushiseni ngokweqile.

Esimweni lapho kubhujiswa ingxenye yengulu yesimu, izinambuzane eziningi ziqala “ukudonsela phezulu” endaweni yengozi ukuze kuvalwe igebe ngokushesha okukhulu.

Wonke umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo wenziwa kusukela ngaphakathi, kanti akulona inani elikhulu lamasosha azama ukuvikela ukungena kusuka ngaphandle kusuka kwizibungu, izintuthwane nezinye izitha zemvelo. Abantu abasebenzayo basheshe babhekane nale nkinga, kanti abanye babo bahlala ngaphandle ukuze bawufeze ngokugcwele umsebenzi wabo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Kuningi kakhulu okubhaliwe mayelana nama-termite ngababhali abanjengo S. Lemoy, mine Read, J. Verne, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane ngabo ayilona iqiniso. Njengomthetho, amasimu achazwa njengezinambuzane ezinonya ezinemihlathi emikhulu ebhubhisa konke okusendleleni yazo. Eqinisweni, lokhu akunjalo futhi kuvame kakhulu ezindunduma zesimu, eduze kwalezinambuzane nako “kungokudla” - ama-termite-phages, ngesimo samabhungane, izilwane ezincane nezinyoni. “Abaqashile” baphephela emagqumeni angama-termite asuka ezitheni noma esimweni sezulu esibi.

Kuneminye imisebenzi etshela ngamakhono amangalisayo alezi zinto eziphilayo. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba lapho ufunda okuningi ngama-termites, kulapho uqala ukucabanga khona njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphile, yize iqiniso lokuthi awahlukanga ngosayizi omuhle, kepha yizidalwa ezincane.

Ekugcineni

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi izinambuzane ezincane ezinjalo zingakha indawo yokuhlala enamazinga amaningi, ngandlela thile kukhumbuza idolobha elikhulu, nakho konke ukuxhumana okudingekayo. Kunemigudu eminingi nokudlula kukho okuthi ungalahleka ngokuzithandela, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinambuzane azinawo amehlo noma ezinye izitho ezikhethekile zombono ebumnyameni.

Kukholakala ukuthi ama-muhlwa asezinambuzane eziyingozi, yize futhi edlala indima ohlelweni lomhlaba wethu. Njengomthetho, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zibandakanyeka ekubhujisweni kwezinkuni ezingaphili.

Izithombe nencazelo yezinhlobo

Ukuthi abukeka kanjani njengoba enjalo kuncike ezinhlotsheni zawo, ezindaweni ahlala kuzo nendawo akuyo ohlelweni lwe-colte kolony. Izithombe nezincazelo zezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezahlukahlukene esimweni ngasinye zizohluka kancane, kepha kuma-termites abahlala ngaphakathi kwe-USSR yangaphambili, izici ezijwayelekile zangaphandle zingahlukaniswa.

• Ubungako bethemu lisukela kumamilimitha ama-4 kuye kwamasentimitha ayi-1,3.
• Umzimba ubukeka unezingxenye ezimbili - inhloko enkulu eyindilinga enamadevu amade nomzimba omile obambe ongezansi onomphetho omfushane.
• Izinqaba zabasebenzi zinemizimba emhlophe ethambile futhi zifana nezibungu ezigabeni zokugcina zentuthuko.
• Amasosha ama-termite anombala onsundu amnyama anamakhanda amakhulu, athweswe imiqhele ngamakhola amabili amakhulu, lawo awasebenzisayo ukuvikela ikoloni.
• Amakhosi ama-termite nezindlovukazi abukeka njengezibungu ezinkulu ezinekhanda lesinambuzane esidala futhi agcwele ukwenziwa ikoloni ngaphakathi esidlekeni.
• Abantu abazalanayo banemizimba eqinile, bangacishe babe mnyama ngombala bese kuthi ngandlela thile bathole amaphiko ukuze basungule ikoloni elisha ngesikhathi sendiza.

Namuhla, isayensi yazi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zama-termite, kuphela ezi-3 zazo ezitholakala eRussia.

Isigatshana ophuzi

• Igama lesiLatin lezinhlobo (zesayensi) yiKalotermes flavicollis.
• Amanye amagama ama-termite aphuziwe amabele, i-termite ebhekiswe ebusweni ophuzi, ithempeli elinombala ophuzi.
• E-Russia, itholakala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama esifundeni iSocrhi kanye naseningizimu ngasogwini.
• Imvamisa kuhlala ngokhuni olubolile nolomile, izimbobo zezihlahla neziqu emakholoni kusuka kumakhulu amaningana kuya kwezinkulungwane ezimbili zabantu.
• Bangakwazi ukuhlala ezindlini ezenziwe ngamapulangwe nasezakhiweni uma isimo sokhuni sihlangabezana nezidingo zamakati.
• Indiza yenzeka ngoJulayi-Septhemba.

Ithimu laseMpumalanga Ekude

• Igama lesiLatin lezinhlobo yiReticulitermes speratus.
• Uyisigigaba saseJapan.
• Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala eRussia esifundeni iVladivostok, yingakho yathola igama lesiRussia.
• Ihlala itholakala kakhulu ezindaweni eziseduzane nezibuko, okukhombisa ukuthi izinambuzane zingena kakhulu edolobheni nezimpahla ezivela eChina, Japan nakwamanye amazwe, okuyindawo yemvelo yalolu hlobo.
• Bahlala ezihlahleni eziwile, iziqu, izakhiwo zamapulangwe, imfucumfucu yamapulangwe, isidleke sitholakala ngokwengxenye ngaphakathi kwezinkuni, ngokwengxenye enhlabathini.
• Isikhathi sendiza singoMeyi-Julayi.

I-Photophobia termite

• Igama lesiLatini libizwa ngokuthi yi-reticulitermes lucifugus.
• Ibizwa nangokuthi i-European termite, itimu elimazayo.
• E-Russia, ihlala endaweni ephakathi koLwandle Olumnyama nolweCaspian, Volgograd kanye neNyakatho Caucasus.
• Izinduna zenziwa emhlabathini ziye ekujuleni kwengxenye yemitha, ngaphansi kwezimpande zeziqu, izihlahlana, izihlahla notshani, zivame ukuhlala ezindlini zokugcina izithombo.
• Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, amakoloni ambalwa ama-termites ahlala eduzane angadala ukubonakala kwendawo eyodwa, adale izindunduma ezinkulu zentaba.
• Indiza iqala ngo-Ephreli futhi iphela ekupheleni kukaMeyi.

EMoscow naseSifundeni SaseMoscow, ama-termite, ngokusho kwemininingwane etholakala njengamanje, awatholakali. Uma uthola isinambuzane esifana nesigodi, kungenzeka ingene ngengozi endlini yakho - kanye nemikhiqizo evela esifundeni lapho itholakala khona, noma izimpahla ezithwalwayo ngemuva kweholide, noma, ngokunokwenzeka, kuyisiphithiphithi nezinye izinambuzane. Uma udinga ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwesinambuzane, ungalibamba futhi ulinikeze liphile ngezindleko zakho zokuhlaziywa kweZikhungo Zokuhlanzeka kanye ne-Epidemiology yaseMoscow noma amagatsha awo.

Izidleke zesimu

Ukubukeka futhi kuphi izidleke zesimu kuncike ohlotsheni lwezinambuzane. Izidleke ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezifana nama-stalactites, akhula kusuka emhlabeni kuya phezulu, zakhiwa ngama-termites ase-Afrika ezinhlobo zeMacrotermes bellicosus. Umuhlwa wawo ungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-13 ubude futhi ube nobubanzi obungafika kumamitha angama-30 ezansi. Izidleke zezihlobo zazo ezincane zingafana nezigaqa zamatshe noma udaka, noma zibe izindunduma ezincane emhlabathini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-termites angenza izidleke ngobumba, azisebenzele ngokuzimela i-cellulose, asebenzise ukubola, ukomisa iziqu kanye nezihlahla eziwile kulokhu, noma abambe imigudu emhlabathini, awahlanganise nengxenye enokhuni yesidleke.

Ngokwemvelo, ama-termite awazona izinhlaka, kepha angaba njalo kubantu uma eqala ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zamapulazi nezindlu njengesisekelo sokuhlela isidleke. Kulokhu, ama-termite angatholakala ezindaweni lapho ezimanzi futhi ezifudumele:

• Amapayipi avuzayo ompompi
• Egunjini lokugezela
• Engaphansi efudumele
• Ngaphansi kwesitezi
• Ku-attic ophahleni lwamanje
• Phansi kwezindonga nezitezi zokhuni
• Emakhabetheni ngaphansi kosinki nasekhishini
• Ngaphansi kwezinkuni ezihlanganisiwe
• Kuthala, iveranda noma i-gazebo

Izindunduma zama-termite nazo zingavela engadini, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izithombo nezindawo zokugcina izithombo. Ufuna indawo yesidleke, ama-termites akhetha indawo lapho izinkuni ezimanzi zizosondela khona ezomile, ngakho-ke amathuba okuwathola kuzo zonke izindawo ezilingana nalezi zindlela aphakeme kunakwezinye izindawo.

Ngabe amasimu ayaluma?

Okuwukuphela kwendlela yesigodi engakuluma ngamasosha. Uma ubheka isithombe esandisiwe sommeleli waso, uzobona imikhaza ebukhali ebukhali ebukeka ibabazeka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-termites awasebenzisa kuphela ukuvikela isidleke ezinsuthwaneni nalapho kuxazululwa izingxabano zomhlaba namanye amatimu. I-termite ingakuluma kuphela uma udwengula isidleke sayo ngezandla zakho. Njengomthombo wokudla, onegazi elifudumele, futhi empeleni noma yiziphi ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, lezi zinambuzane azinandaba.

Ingabe ama-termites athwala noma yisiphi isifo?

Ngokusho kwedatha yesayensi yamanje, amasimu awakwazi ukudlulisela noma yisiphi isifo kubantu. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana okuthinta izinambuzane, ukumbumbuluzwa kwazo, isisulu, umuthi kanye nomhlabathi lapho zihlala khona, kungadala ukungahambi kahle komzimba kanye nesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-termite, njengamakhaza, ahlala ezimeni ezihlanzekile kakhulu, ngakho-ke angathwala amagciwane, kubandakanya namagciwane, emizimbeni yawo.

Enye inkinga yezindlu ezihlanzekile zasendlini isikhunta. Izinambuzane zihlala ngokhuni olunomswakama, okuthi ngasikhathi sinye indawo enhle yokukhula nokukhula kwesikhunta. Kudluliswa izinhlamvu emizimbeni yazo, izinambuzane zinomthelela ekusakazekeni kwazo. Ngokuphefumula isikhathi eside kwezikhunta ezingapheli kubantu nasezilwaneni, izinkinga zohlelo lokuphefumula zingaqala noma izifo ezingalapheki zinganda.

Izixhumanisi ezinconyiwe

Lapho kuhlala khona amashemu

Ama-termites awakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa amabi nobusika, ngakho-ke asatshalaliswa ikakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezibanzi, kuyilapho izindawo zawo zihlukaniswe phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zesimuzi zingatholakala e-Afrika (cishe i-1000), i-Asia (mayelana ne-435), iNingizimu Melika (cishe i-400) ne-Australia (360). Inani elincane kunazo zonke lezihlobo ezingama-termite zihlala eNyakatho Melika (hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-50) naseYurophu (cishe nge-10). Emazweni e-USSR yangaphambilini, izinhlobo ezi-7 zihlala, eRussia zine-3 kuphela, bese kuba nokwelulwa, ngoba isikhundla sendawo eseMpumalanga Ekude eVladivostok ayinakubizwa ngokuthi sizinzile. Indawo okukuphela kwayo emhlabeni lapho ama-termite engahlali khona yi-Antarctica.

Izidleke zesimu

Ukubukeka futhi kuphi izidleke zesimu kuncike ohlotsheni lwezinambuzane. Izidleke ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezifana nama-stalactites akhula evela emhlabeni, zakhiwa ngozalo lwase-Afrika zohlobo lweMacrotermes bellicosus. Umuhlwa wawo ungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-13 ubude futhi ube nobubanzi obungafika kumamitha angama-30 ezansi. Izidleke zezihlobo zazo ezincane zingafana nezigaqa zamatshe noma udaka, noma zibe izindunduma ezincane emhlabathini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-termites angenza izidleke ngobumba, azisebenzele ngokuzimela i-cellulose, asebenzise ukubola, ukoma iziqu nezihlahla eziwile kulokhu, noma abambe imigudu emhlabathini, awahlanganise nengxenye enokhuni yesidleke.

Ngokwemvelo, ama-termite awazona izinhlaka, kepha angaba njalo kubantu uma eqala ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zamapulazi nezindlu njengesisekelo sokuhlela isidleke. Kulokhu, ama-termite angatholakala ezindaweni lapho ezimanzi futhi ezifudumele:

• Amapayipi avuzayo ompompi
• Egunjini lokugezela
• Engaphansi efudumele
• Ngaphansi kwesitezi
• Ku-attic ophahleni lwamanje
• Phansi kwezindonga nezitezi zokhuni
• Emakhabetheni ngaphansi kosinki nasekhishini
• Ngaphansi kwezinkuni ezihlanganisiwe
• Kuthala, iveranda noma i-gazebo

Izindunduma zama-termite nazo zingavela engadini, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izithombo nezindawo zokugcina izithombo. Ufuna indawo yesidleke, ama-termites akhetha indawo lapho izinkuni ezimanzi zizosondela khona ezomile, ngakho-ke amathuba okuwathola kuzo zonke izindawo ezilingana nalezi zindlela aphakeme kunakwezinye izindawo.

Zidlani izimbila?

Ukudla ama-termites kudinga ukuthi ngabe angamalungu amasimu aphezulu noma aphansi. Ama-termite aphezulu adla noma yiliphi i-humus, ukhuni, utshani, amaqabunga, izimpande zezitshalo, indle. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-termite aphansi yi-cellulose. Imvamisa bathola i-cellulose ezihlahleni abahlala kuzo, kepha uma amasimu engamakhosi, konke-ke okuqukethe leli khompiyutha kusengozini. Ngaphezu kwezinkuni, kungaba:

• Ukotini nayo yonke imikhiqizo yayo
• Iphepha
• Ilineni
• Iphepha lokunamathisela odongeni
• Izincwadi
• Ikhadibhodi
• Glue
• Amanye amaphilisi
• Ama-Emulsifiers, ama-thickeners kanye nabazinza ekudleni
• Ukufakwa kwamaphepha okusekwe ephepheni
• Ifilimu le-Cellophane

Ama-termites ase-Afrika aqhamuka kumafrithermitinae angaphansi kwe-Microbermitinae aphuca amapulazi amakhowe wonke lapho efule, akhula lawo okuthiwa ama-termite mycoses - isikhunta esisemfanekisweni nezinambuzane futhi singakhuli ngokuhlukile kuwo. Kulokhu, asikhulumi ngamagciwane amancane, anjengesikhunta, kodwa ngamakhowe, usayizi wezigqoko ezifinyelela kumitha eyi-1 ububanzi.

Ama-Termites: ukuzalanisa kwenzeka kanjani

Ama-termites ahlala emazweni afudumele, ngakho-ke ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka unyaka wonke. Izikhathi zokundiza kwezinambuzane kuphela ezimiselwe ngesikhathi futhi zivame ukuwela ezimweni ezintofontofo kakhulu zohlobo ngalunye.

• Iziduna nezilwane ezizalanayo ngesikhathi sendiza futhi zithola indawo entsha yesisekelo sekholoni.
• Bemba igumbi lapho bechitha khona impilo yabo yonke bekhiqiza izingane, futhi bavale umnyango ongena kuwo.
• Insikazi ibekela amaqanda egumbini.
• Esigabeni sokuqala sokubunjelwa ikoloni, lingabekela amaqanda angaba ngu-20 ukuya ku-40 nsuku zonke, eminyakeni elandelayo kuze kufike emaqanda ayinkulungwane ngosuku, izinsikazi zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingama-African termite Izinhlobo zaseMacrotermes michaelseni ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngosuku.
• Ngasikhathi sinye, ubungako bomzimba wendlovukazi yama-termite banda kakhulu aze ayeke ukuzihambela yedwa, abantu abasebenzayo bayamsiza kulokhu.
• Izibungu zamachaphaza ezivela emaqanda afana nabantu abadala, kepha amhlophe futhi amancane ngosayizi.
• Izibungu zihamba phakathi kwezigaba ezi-7 zokuncibilikisa, ziphenduke kuqala zibe ama-nymphs, bese ziphenduka zibe ngabantu abathile bekhompiyutha ethile, okuncike ekuthini kusengaphambili kofuzo noma kaningi kulokho okokudla okuphelisa izibungu ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokuthi yimaphi amaphheromones afihlayo.
• Umjikelezo ogcwele wokukhula kwesigodi kanye nokuguqulwa, kuye ngohlobo kanye nemibandela, kungathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuya onyakeni.

Ngemuva kokuba ngabadala bekhamba yabo, isilokazana ngasinye senza imisebenzi yaso. Inkosi nendlovukazi, izisebenzi namabutho awalokothi ashiye indunduma yesimu. Abantu abakwazi ukuzala baphinda wonke umjikelezo ochaziwe wokuthuthuka lapho isikhathi sendiza sifika.

Inothi

Izitha zemvelo zozimu

Ukuthi ngubani odla amasimu ngokwemvelo kuncike ikakhulukazi kuliphi izwe nezimo sezulu abakhuluma ngazo. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nase-Afrika, kunezinhlobo zezicabucabu, izibankwa, izinambuzane, kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo, okudla kwazo cishe okugxile ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezinamadlavu. Izilwane ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama-termitophages. Izilimo lapho imenyu yokuhlanza ingenye yezitsha, nokunye okuningi. ENingizimu yeRussia kungaba:

Kodwa-ke, izitha ezimbi kakhulu zentwala. Kukubavikela kubo ezindaweni eziwumngcingo wokuthi amasosha adalwe ikakhulukazi. Amasu wokuhlasela izintuthwane nokuvikela izidleke zamathuna angacatshangwa futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngohlelo, uma ufunda ngalokhu, kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi izinambuzane ziyakwazi ngempela ukuthuthukisa umkhankaso wobukhali onjalo. Ngokufanelekile, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi kukhona lezo zinhlobo zama-termite ngokwazo ezidla izintuthwane futhi zonakalise izidleke zazo ngezindlela ezingekho ngaphansi.

Ama-termites: kanjani ayingozi kubantu

Uma ama-termites eqaliswa endlini noma engadini, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi kuyingozi kangakanani kubantu nasezilwaneni, noma ngabe ziyaluma nokuthi yini amathemba okulimala kwempahla okulindele.

Ngabe amasimu ayaluma?

Okuwukuphela kwendlela yesigodi engakuluma ngamasosha. Uma ubheka isithombe esandisiwe sommeleli waso, uzobona imikhaza ebukhali ebukhali ebukeka ibabazeka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-termites awasebenzisa kuphela ukuvikela isidleke ezinsuthwaneni nalapho kuxazululwa izingxabano zomhlaba namanye amatimu. I-termite ingakuluma kuphela uma udwengula isidleke sayo ngezandla zakho. Njengomthombo wokudla, onegazi elifudumele, futhi empeleni noma yiziphi ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, lezi zinambuzane azinandaba.

Ingabe ama-termites athwala noma yisiphi isifo?

Ngokusho kwedatha yesayensi yamanje, amasimu awakwazi ukudlulisela noma yisiphi isifo kubantu. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana okuthinta izinambuzane, ukumbumbuluzwa kwazo, isisulu, umuthi kanye nomhlabathi lapho zihlala khona, kungadala ukungahambi kahle komzimba kanye nesikhumba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-termite, njengamakhaza, ahlala ezimeni ezihlanzekile kakhulu, ngakho-ke angathwala amagciwane, kubandakanya namagciwane, emizimbeni yawo.

Enye inkinga yezindlu ezihlanzekile zasendlini isikhunta. Izinambuzane zihlala ngokhuni olunomswakama, okuthi ngasikhathi sinye indawo enhle yokukhula nokukhula kwesikhunta. Kudluliswa izinhlamvu emizimbeni yazo, izinambuzane zinomthelela ekusakazekeni kwazo. Ngokuphefumula isikhathi eside kwezikhunta ezingapheli kubantu nasezilwaneni, izinkinga zohlelo lokuphefumula zingaqala noma izifo ezingalapheki zinganda.

Kungani ama-termites ayingozi ekhaya?

Isikhunta siyisongo hhayi kubantu nasezilwaneni kuphela, kepha nasendlini lapho ulethwa khona umuhlwa. Njengoba izinambuzane zihlala ngaphakathi kwezinto zokwakha, "zitshala" izinhlamvu zobumba ezijulile ngaphakathi kwezinkuni, okwenza ukuthi zisuswe ngokuphelele.

Izixhumanisi ezinconyiwe

I-colony of termites ingadala ukulimala okukhulu kwizakhiwo zamapulangwe. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi izinambuzane zingahle zingakhombisi ubukhona bazo nganoma iyiphi indlela zize ziqale inkathi yokundiza. Imvamisa ngalesi sikhathi imishini isivele ilimele kakhulu izinambuzane. Ukuba khona kwezigodi kungakhonjiswa ngokungaqondile yizimbobo ezincane okhunini nasomiswe, izintambo zentaba-mlilo phansi ezungeze izindledlana kanye nenani elikhulu lamaphiko asobala asakazekile, kepha lokhu okutholakele kungakhombisa futhi ukuba khona kwezinye izinambuzane, ngakho-ke uma kuvela isiza endlini, kungakuhle ukuthi sifune usizo ngokushesha kochwepheshe, uma kungenjalo, ukulimala kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezivela ekubukeni kwazo kungadlula izindleko zenkampani eyodwa yokwelapha ngamashumi ezikhathi.

Izindlu eziphansi

Ukwakhiwa kwesabelomali sekuba okufunwa kakhulu eRussia namuhla, ngenkathi ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eziphansi kuthuthuka ngokushesha. Ngokusebenzisa ukufakelwa amandla okufudumeza kanye nezinto zokwakha umhlobiso ngenkathi kwakhiwa isakhiwo esisezingeni eliphansi, kungenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokwakha, izindleko zezinto zokwakha nezabasebenzi.

Isisekelo ukufakwa okushisayo

I-foam ye-polystyrene enwetshiwe ukuphela kwento esetshenziselwa ukufudumeza isisekelo. Akesabi imiphumela yemvelo enomhlabathi (ayiboli), ayitholi amanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-XPS ukufakwa kanye nokuvimbela amanzi izisekelo nemisipha yezakhiwo kuqinisekiswa yimibhalo yeRosstroy yeRussian Federation.

Ukufakwa phansi phansi

Ukufakwa kwe-Thermal kanye namabhodi okwakha kufanelekile ekuvikelweni okushisayo kwamafulethi okuqala phansi naphansi phansi, ukufakwa okushisayo nokuzwakalayo kokufakwa phansi kwamakamelo aphakathi nendawo, ukubekwa kwesitezi "esifudumele", lapho kudingekile ukuba khona kongqimba oluvikelayo, ukuvikelwa okufudumele kwamagumbi afakwe kakhulu: izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, amafulethi, izakhiwo zezimboni.

Qeda amanzi

Emakamelweni anomswakama ophezulu - indlu yokugezela, i-spa, ichibi, isando - izinto zokwakha zendabuko zingathola zimanzi futhi ziwohloke. Ukuze uthole ukuqina okuhlala isikhathi eside, okuhlala isikhathi eside nokwamanje emakamelweni amanzi, kusetshenziswa ipuleti lesakhiwo, ukufakelwa kwendlu yokugezela - igwebu le-polystyrene elingaphandle.

Umhlobiso wangaphakathi

Ukuvumelanisa izindonga ngaphansi kwezimo "zokulungisa ezomile", ukufudumeza izindonga kusuka ngaphakathi kwekamelo, ukwakha izihlukanisi namafomu angaphakathi kusetshenziswa ipuleti lesakhiwo. Ukuze kufakwe ezindongeni ngaphakathi kwegumbi, kusetshenziswa i-heater. Ekuhlobiseni kwemithambeka yamawindi nezicabha, kusetshenziswa amaphaneli wesangweji.

Ukufakwa, umhlobiso we-facade

Ukuze kufakwe i-facade yesakhiwo, kusetshenziswa i-heater, emboza ngenhla nge-siding, izinkuni, insimbi. Uma ufuna ukugoqa i-facade ngemuva kokufakelwa, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise ipuleti lesakhiwo, okuyi "facade emanzi" enguqulweni eqediwe futhi elungele umhlobiso wokuhlobisa.

Ukufakwa kweLoggia

Ukufakwa kukuvumela ukuthi ungakhathazeki ngokubanda kweqhwa, isikhunta, ukuvuvukala ku-loggia. Futhi ukusheshisa ukuqeda, sebenzisa ibhodi yokwakha esikhundleni se-XPS. Ukuze kugcwaliswe i-opaque, ukuqeda i-loggia noma i-balcony kusuka ngaphandle, kusetshenziswa amaphaneli wesangweji ngokuhlanganisa kwephepha le-PVC.

Ukufakelwa kophahla

Ukwenza ukufakwa kophahla okushisayo kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze ekushiseni isakhiwo sonke, ikakhulukazi uma isikhala ngaphansi kophahla sisetshenziswa njengegumbi lokuhlala (uphahla lwe-mansard). Igwebu elingaphezulu le-polystyrene alitholi umswakama, okusho ukuthi kuyo yonke impilo yophahla alinciphisi izakhiwo ezivikela ukushisa.

Ubunjiniyela bezimboni

Ukufakwa okushisayo kufanelekile ekufakweni okushisayo kwesisekelo, phansi nezindonga zezakhiwo zezimboni, ekwakheni uphahla olungalingani, ophahleni olungasindi. Izici ezinhle kakhulu zokufaka ukushisa ezihlanganiswa nokukhanya nokuqina zivumela ukonga ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zentengiso. Ibhodi yokwakha ihloselwe ukuhlobisa izakhiwo zezentengiso ezinezimo eziphakeme zomswakama. Futhi ngomhlobiso wamahhovisi, ukwenziwa kwamabhodi wesiginali kanye nokukhangisa kwangaphandle, iphaneli yesangweji ilungile.

Ukupheliswa "kwamabhuloho abandayo"

“Amabhuloho okubandayo” kuyizinto zokubopha indlu, ezansi kokhonkolo, izingodo zophahla ophahleni olubekiwe, emakhoneni esakhiwo, amafasitela neminyango. Ngamabhuloho anjalo igumbi liphulukana nokushisa. Isixazululo esisebenzayo kuzoba ukuqedwa “kwamabhuloho abandayo” ngokufaka okufudumele ngegobolondo le-polystyrene elingaphandle ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwesakhiwo.

Ukufakwa okushisayo kwamapayipi

Isetshenziselwa ukufakwa kwamapayipi asetshenziselwa ukuthutha imikhiqizo enamazinga okushisa afinyelela ku +75 degrees. Ipuleti lisongwe ngokuphelele ngepayipi futhi livikelekile ngetheyipu yokwelula noma indandatho yensimbi. Ukufakwa okufudumele kwamapayipi kuvumela ukwandisa impilo yenkonzo yezakhiwo zobunjiniyela lapho zizonke.

Ukwakhiwa komgwaqo

Ukufakwa kwe-Thermal kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo, ojantshi kanye nemigwaqo. Ngenxa yesisekelo sokufaka ukufudumala kule ndawo yokwakha amapula, iqhwa nokugcwala kwenhlabathi akufakiwe, okuvumela ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo enezindleko zomnotho ezimbalwa, zesikhathi kanye nezabasebenzi.