Le yiTarbagan

Siyaqhubeka nokukhuluma ngezilwane ezingajwayelekile kumakhasi esiziza sethu sabazingeli (ingqikithi yenye yezincwadi zethu ezedlule yayiyincazelo ye-saiga kanye nobuntu bokuzingela yona), futhi namuhla sikumema ukuthi ukhulume nge-tarbagan - isakhamuzi sendawo esezintabeni eMongolia. Masifunde sonke ngemikhuba yalesi silwane nokuthi sifanekiselani ukubaluleka kokuzingela.

Izindawo zokuhlala zaseTarbagan

Izinkozi ezinkulu zikhuphuka emoyeni osentabeni ocacile futhi kuzwakala amazwi okububula kwamadada abomvu. Izimbaza zeTarbagany ziyabonakala yonke indawo, lapho zidla khona ngokuthula esitebhisini, kodwa ngokubona okuncane kwengozi - zigijimela phambili zibheke ezingubeni zazo. Sebefinyelele kule ndawo yokukhosela, bacindezela ngokucophelela umzimba bawuse phansi, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile bakhonkotha ngokushesha nangokuxinana, besonteka ngomzimba wabo wonke, yingakho imisila yawo, icindezelwa emhlane wabo, indiza njengamaphawu wezibonakaliso.

AbakwaTarbagany ababona nje kuphela abahlali bendawo esezintabeni, kodwa ngokwezinga elithile bangabakhi bayo nabaklami bayo, ngoba yibona abadala izindawo ezinjengalezi zinhlaka. Akumangazi ukuthi i-steppe lapho lezi zilwane zihlala khona kungathi imbozwe ngamatende aluhlaza - lokhu kungumphumela womhlaba omkhulu walezi zidalwa.

AmaTarbagans ahlala emakoloni

Ngakho-ke, bahlela imisele yabo emhlabathini, njalo ngonyaka ama-margot tarbagany aletha amathani amaningi omhlaba kusuka enhlabathini engaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlabathi ekhishwe ngesikhathi sokumba inezinye izakhiwo kunezingqimba zomhlaba, futhi lokhu kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimila. Ikakhulu, ukhula, olukhula emhlabathini lukhipha kusuka kuzimbobo, ngokushesha luqhamuke ngemuva kwesizinda se-steppe ngombala walo okhanyayo nokuphakama okukhulu.
Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wasemhlabeni wamaTarbagans wawuphela amadlelo, ngoba izitshalo ezihlala kule marmond zinezimpawu ezimbi kakhulu zokudla.

ITarbagan ayisiye umlimi nje kuphela, kepha futhi ingumakhi ohlinzeka ezinye izakhamizi zezintaba ezisezintabeni. Esikhathini esidala esilahliwe saseTarbaganyach, izimpungushe, amabheji, amakati we-manula, izimpisi, izidenge, ama-tolai hares namadada abomvu kuvame ukuhlalwa. Kuseziseleni ezinjalo lapho bezala khona inzalo yabo.
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Ubusika amaTarbagans

Esimweni sezulu esibuhlungu se-straba sentaba, uboya obukhulu kanye nemisele ebanzi, ubude bayo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, vikela i-tarbagan hhayi kuphela kubusuku obubandayo, kepha futhi nasebusika obunzima. Sebeqongelele kufinyelela ku-kilogramu yamafutha ekwindla, bawela ekubandakanyeni, bavale umnyango wokungena kwabo ngemisele yabo ngejamu lomhlaba ebusika. AmaTarbagans alala izinyanga eziyisithupha emazingeni okushisa emgodini eduze kwama-zero degrees, kanti ngaphezulu kungakhona iqhwa, kanti ikholomu ye-thermometer ingehla ibe ngama-45 degrees ngaphansi kwe-zero.

Entwasahlobo - ngoMashi-Ephreli, ama-tarbagan avuka ebuthongweni bawo obude obusika afike ebusweni. Kuyiqiniso, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi intwasahlobo yase-Asia Ephakathi ayifani kakhulu nentwasahlobo yendawo ephakathi. Akunakusakazwa kwe-sonorous, akunaphunga entwasahlobo womhlaba omanzi, akukho luhlaza, akukho zimbali nezingoma zezinyoni. Umhlabathi owomile, ongenalutho, ophukile ngemuva kwezinyanga ezinde zesomiso, imimoya ebandayo, namafu amnyama othuli - lokhu kuyintwasahlobo eMongolia. Futhi, le nkathi ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezinzima kunazo zonke zalezo zilwane ezidla utshani namajikijolo. Kodwa-ke, amaTarbagans asakwazi ukuzitholela ukudla - noma kunjalo, ngenxa yalokhu kufanele abaleke emgodini. Ama-Gophers nezinsalela zamafutha ezinqwabelwe yizo ziwela usizo lokugcina.
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Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-tarbagans

NgoMeyi, ama-5-6 amathole angenakusiza futhi angaboni azalwe eTarbagan, ngalinye lazo linesisindo esingama-gramu angama-50. Kodwa-ke, izilwane zikhula ngokushesha futhi kungakapheli isonto imizimba yazo imbozwe ngoboya obuthambile nobushelelezi, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili ivula amehlo ayo, kuthi emva kwamasonto amane ifike ebusweni bese iqala ukuzimela izitholele ukudla kwayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane azinandaba kakhulu futhi zingabanjwa ngezandla ezingenalutho.

Owesilisa nowesifazane kanyekanye banakekela ukukhulisa abancane. Imvamisa ungabona ukuthi bakubukela kanjani ngenzalo inzalo yabo, okuthi izungeze umgodi. Ekwindla, abazali bagcwala inzalo yabo kulo nyaka, kanti udoti wonyaka odlule nawo uyajoyina - akumangazi ukuthi kungani kungaba nezimbotshana zokulala eziyishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu emgodini.
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Izandla zeTarbagans

ITarbagan ingashaywa kalula

La ma-tarbagans asemancane abolekisa ngokuphelele ekuthambiseni, futhi aphendule ngisho nesidlaliso, athathe ukudla ezandleni zawo, futhi adle okuhlekisayo, elele emilenzeni yawo yangasemuva, nangaphambili, acindezelwe izingqimba, efaka izingcezu emilonyeni yazo. Ama-Gophers ayawathanda kakhulu amaswidi - amakhukhi, ushukela, amaswidi ngisho ujamu. Badla umpetha wobumnandi obunjalo, bemboza amehlo abo ngentokozo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lo mthakathi, uma esedle izibiliboco, ucela okungaphezulu.

Ama-tarbagans ahlekisayo futhi adlalayo afana kakhulu namawundlu (kuphela amancane). Badlala ngokuzithandela ngezingane nangezilwane, bagijime, bawele, baphebe futhi babambe amahlaya abathandana nabo kulo mdlalo ngamazinyo abo aqinile (kuyilapho bengakaze balume kabuhlungu).
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Izitha zeTarbagan

I-Tarbagan endala inezitha ezimbalwa phakathi kwezilwane. Kuhlaselwa impisi kuphela futhi ukhozi lwegolide. Kepha, ngokuba yisilwane esiqaphile, esinokuzwa nokukhula kahle kombono, iTarbagan iyakwazi ukuqaphela ingozi ngokushesha futhi isabele kuyo ngejubane lombani. Lokhu futhi kuqhutshwa yindlela yokuphila yamakoloni yalaba ma-gopher, nesiginali eyanele evela esilwaneni esisodwa kusuka koloni olunje, njengoba bonke abanye ochwepheshe bejubane beya emiseleni yabo yokusindisa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izilwane ezidla izinyamazane zomhlaba ezincane zingaxoshwa ngisho nasendaweni yazo ngamaTarbagans. Ngakho-ke, lapho isazi sezilwane esisodwa sikwazile ukubuka isithombe esijabulisayo -

AbakwaTarbagans balandela i-ferret, eyangena endaweni yabo. Ngasikhathi sinye, enye yezilwane yaze yavuka emilenzeni yayo yangemuva ukuze ibone kangcono isitha. Emva kwalokho, wenza ikhwela elibukhali futhi elihlaba umkhosi futhi waphuthuma kwi-ferret. Amanye ama-tarbagans asekele umhlaseli ngokukhala. Obucayi kwadingeka abaleke, ashiye le ndawo engenalutho.
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Inani lokudoba laseTarbagan

Njengesakhamuzi esiningi nesikhulu sezintaba ezisezintabeni, i-tarbagan ingenye yezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izikhumba ze-tarbagan zilethe iMongolia ngaphezulu kuka-50% wemali yonke etholwe yileli lizwe kwezohwebo.

Kodwa, ngaphezu koboya bama-tarbagans, amanoni alezi gophers nenyama ayebaluleke kakhulu.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukudoba ama-tarbagans kunomlando omude. Futhi, ekuqaleni lezi zilwane bezingafuniswanga uboya bazo, kodwa inyama yazo. Futhi, namuhla ungahlangana nabazingeli abanentshisekelo kuma-tarbagans kuphela kusuka endaweni yokubukwa yokudla, nezikhumba, ngokubheka iresiphi ekhethekile yokupheka okugazingiwe, akusetshenziswa zona nhlobo. Indishi enjalo yenyama ye-tarbagan ibizwa ngokuthi yentshebe, ukubopha kusuka egameni lesiMongolia.
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Iresiphi yaseTarbagan ye-boodykha

Abantu abanjalo abanentshebe balungiswa kanjena - lesi silwane silengiswa ngabasiki ocingweni, abasisusi i-Shurka, futhi ngomgodi omncane phakathi kwezinqamu bakhipha okufakwa ngaphakathi. Isikhwama esinjalo sezikhumba esinenyama siyabhakwa. Izingxenye zalo zangaphakathi zithathwa njengezingxenye ezidliwayo - isibindi nezinso zazo futhi zifakwa ngaphakathi “esikhwameni” esinjalo. Ngokubambisana nabo babeka amatshe amatshe avuthayo ngomlilo phakathi. Ukuze ulondoloze kangcono iphunga lesitsha esinjalo - intamo yesidumbu iboshwe ngokuqinile. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa kwangaphakathi, uboya buqala ukugoba. Ingasuswa kalula ngezandla zakho. Ngemuva kwalokho isidumbu sithosiwe kuze kube nsundu wegolide. Ngemuva kokusika kancane, kuphuma amatshe amatshe futhi isidlo singabhekwa ukuthi sikulungele.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndlela yokulungiselela ifana nesiko. Ngempela, ujusi ovela ngaphakathi, ubizwa ngokuthi yi-bodyhan shul, abazingeli baphuza ubukhosi.

Ngale ndlela, uMarco Polo owabiza uTarbaganov ... amagundane kapharaonic, wabhala embhalweni wakhe ukuthi abantu bendawo bathanda ngempela ukudla izilwane ezinjalo.

Ukuzingela kweTarbagan

ITarbagan ingazingelwa ngezindlela eziningi. Kepha, iningi labazingeli basebenzisa izingalo ezincane. Futhi, ukuze basondeze isilwane kude nebala - basebenzisa amasu akhethekile. Lezi zinqubo ziye zahlala kusukela kulezo zikhathi lapho amarobhu anjalo ayezingelwa ngeminsalo. Ngakho-ke, umzingeli olandela i-tarbagan ufaka isudi ekhethekile, equkethe ijazi elide elimhlophe, elimhlophe kusuka koboya bembuzi. Ekhanda lakhe ugqoka isigqoko esimhlophe soboya enamadlebe amade namade, njengawembongolo. Kulesi sambatho, ephethe isibhamu ngesandla esisodwa nomsila we-yak ngakolunye uhlangothi, umzingeli uqala ukuzungeza imibuthano eya kumaTarbagans, elokhu ephenduphenduka futhi edonsa ngomsila we-yak, futhi kwesinye isikhathi elele phansi, avele phansi. AbakwaTarbagans, bebona okuthile okungaqondakali, bame ngezimbobo zabo futhi bamemeze ngokungafanele, kepha ungafihli, ngoba banelukuluku lokuthola ukuthi luhlobo luni lwesilwane. Ngakho-ke, umzingeli usondela kubo ebangeni lokudubula futhi angaqala ukudubula.

Ungase futhi uzingele i-tarbagan nezinja, uyibambe ngesicupho nezingwegwe, usinde emgodini onamanzi, ugaye umgodi ebusika ...
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Kuphi enye indawo i-tarbagan

AmaTarbagans akahlali nje kuphela ezintabeni zaseMongolia, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni eziphakeme maphakathi ne-Asia. Futhi nazi izihlobo eziseduze zeTarbagan - i-marmot baibak - ehlala eRussia, e-Ukraine, naseKazakhstan ...

Namuhla sikhulume ngesilwane esithandekayo njenge-tarbagan. Bafunde ngendawo ahlala kuyo, imikhuba, indlela aziphatha ngayo, mayelana ne-gopher yokuzingela yazisa umuntu onjalo nokuthi angamzingela kanjani. Uma kwenzeka uvakashela iMongolia noma amanye amazwe lapho kutholakala khona i-tarbagan, uzokwazi ukuthola lesi silwane.

Wake wakuzingela yini i-tarbagan noma i-baibaka? Yabelana ngesipiliyoni sakho sokuzingela nathi.

Le ndatshana yalungiswa ngokusekwe ezintweni zikaProfessor A. Bannikov othathwe kwimithombo yamahhala.

Lapha futhi ungafunda ngezici zokuzingela eKyrgyzstan.

Silinde impendulo yakho namazwana, ujoyine iqembu lethu le-VKontakte!

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Izimbaza zaseMongolia zitholakala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, njengazo zonke izihlobo zazo, kepha indawo leyo ifinyelela engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSiberia, iMongolia kanye nenyakatho yeChina. Kuyisiko ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwama-subspecies amabili we-tarbagan. I-Orginary noma Marmota sibirica sibirica sihlala eTransbaikalia, e-Eastern Mongolia, e China. I-Khangai ibheka iMarmota sibirica caliginosus itholakala eTuva, ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga nezisenkabeni neMongolia.

ITarbagan, njengezinhlobonhlobo eziyishumi nanye ezihlobene futhi ezinhlanu ezanyamalala zezimbaza ezikhona emhlabeni namuhla, zaqhamuka egatsheni lohlobo lweMarmota kwaProspermophilus eLate Miocene. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo e-Pliocene zazibanzi. I-European isalokhu ivela kwi-Pliocene, kuthi abaseNyakatho Melika baqale ukuphela kweMiocene.

Ama-marmot anamuhla agodle izici eziningi ezikhethekile zesakhiwo se-axial skull Paramyidae yesikhathi se-Oligocene kunabanye abamele abameleli bamaqembu asemhlabeni. Hhayi ngokuqondile, kepha izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zemarmond yanamuhla kwakungu-American Palearctomys Douglass no-Arktomyoides Douglass, ababehlala eMiocene emadolobheni namahlathi anqabile.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani iTarbagan

Ubude besidumbu bungu-56,5 cm, umsila ungama-10,3 cm, okulinganiselwa ukuthi angama-25% ubude bomzimba. Isigaxa singama-8.6 - 9.9 mm ubude futhi sinebunzi elincane futhi eliphakeme namachashazi abanzi. Ku-tarbagan, i-tuborcle ye-postorbital ayikhulunywa njengezinye izinhlobo. Ijazi, mfushane, lithambile. Umbala uphuzi ngokuphuzi, ophuzi, kepha uma usubhekisisa kahle, amathiphu amnyama obuthi bomsipha wangaphandle wezinwele. Ingxenye engezansi yesidumbu ibomvu-grey. Ezinhlangothini, umbala uyasa futhi uqhekeka ngawo wonke umhlane nesisu.

Ingaphezulu lekhanda limnyama, libukeka njengesigqoko, ikakhulukazi ekwindla, ngemuva kokuncibilika. Awudluleli ngaphandle komugqa oxhumanisa phakathi kwezindlebe. Izihlathi, i-vibrissae zilula futhi umbala wazo uhlangana. Isikhala esiphakathi kwamehlo nezindlebe siyakhanya. Kwesinye isikhathi izindlebe zibomvu kancane, kepha kaningi, grey. Le ndawo imnyama kancane ngaphansi kwamehlo, futhi imhlophe izungeze izindebe, kepha kunomngcele omnyama emakhoneni nasesilevini. Umsila, njengombala wangemuva, umnyama noma onsundu ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba nalo uhlangothi lwalo luphansi.

Izifiso zaleli pende zithuthuke kangcono kakhulu kunama-molars. Ukuvumelana nezimo kwempilo ngemijondolo kanye nesidingo sokumba ngayo nge-paws yazo kunomthelela ekunciphiseni kwazo; izitho zomzimba wasemuva zashintshwa ikakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa namanye ama-squirrel, ikakhulukazi ama-chipmunks. Umunwe wesine we-rodent ukhuliswa uqine kunesithathu, kanti i-forelimb yokuqala kungenzeka ukuthi ayikho. AbakwaTarbagans abanazo izikhwama zezihlathi. Isisindo sezilwane sifinyelela kumakhilogremu angama-6,5, sifinyelela ku-9.8 kg, kuthi lapho kuphela ihlobo 25% wesisindo sikhuluphele, cishe yi-2-2.3 kg. Amafutha we-subcutaneous angama-2-3 ngaphansi kwamafutha wesisu.

Ama-Tarbagans wezindawo ezisenyakatho zobubanzi azincane ngosayizi. Ezintabeni, kutholakala abantu abakhulu nabanombala omnyama. Izinhlobo zaseMpumalanga zilula, kudlulela entshonalanga, umbala mnyama wezilwane. UM. i-sibirica incane futhi ilula ngosayizi nge "cap" emnyama ebukhali. UM. i-caliginosus inkulu, ingaphezulu ipendiwe ngemibala emnyama, ukuze itshokolethi nsundu, kanti cap ayikhulunywa kangako njengoba kusencwadini edlule, uboya bude obude.

Ihlala kuphi i-tarbagan?

Isithombe: I-tarbagan yaseMongolia

AmaTarbagany atholakala ezinyaweni kanye nasezintabeni ze-alpine meadow steppes. Izindawo abahlala kuzo ezinotshani obanele bokudla amadatha: izihlahla, izihlahlana, izintaba zezintaba, imithambeka yezintaba, izitebhisi ezivulekile, izitebhisi zasehlathini, imithambeka yezintaba, iziwombe eziwugwadule, amadlanzana emifula nezigodi. Zitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3,8 ngenhla yolwandle. m., kepha ungahlali emameleni aluhlaza impela. Ama-solonchaks, imigodi emincane nembobo kuyanqandeka nazo.

Enyakatho yebanga, bahlala khona emithambekeni eseningizimu, efudumele, kepha ingahlalwa yimiphetho yamahlathi emithambekeni esenyakatho. Izindawo ezithandekayo ziyizitezi zamagquma nezintaba. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kuhlinzeka izilwane ngokudla isikhathi eside. Kunezindawo lapho utshani bujika buhlaza ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nezindawo ezinomthunzi lapho izimila zingashisi khona ehlobo isikhathi eside. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ukufuduka kwesizini kwama-tarbagans kwenzeka. Isikhathi senkambiso yezinto eziphilayo sithinta umsebenzi wokuphila kanye nokuzala kwezilwane.

Lapho ukushisa kwezitshalo kuqeda, ukufuduka kwe-tarbagan nakho kuyabukwa, okufanayo kungabhekwa ezintabeni, ngokuya ngokushintsha konyaka kwebhande lokunyusa, ukudlula kokufuduka kwendabuko. Ukuhamba okumile kungamamitha ayi-800-1000 ukuphakama. Ama-Subspecies ahlala ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-M. s. i-sibirica ithatha ama-steppes angaphansi, noM. S. i-caliginosus ikhuphuka phezulu ezintabeni nasemithambekeni.

Imarmot yaseSiberia ithanda isiphephelo:

• okusanhlamvu kwezintaba nodaka, umhlonyane ongavamile,
• ama-forbs (umdanso),
• izimpaphe, notshani, ezixubene ne-sedge kanye nemfoloko.

Lapho ukhetha indawo yokuhlala, ama-tarbagans akhethwa yilawo anokubuka okuhle - ezindaweni ezinotshani obuphansi. ETransbaikalia nasempumalanga yeMongolia, kuhlale izintaba kanye nama-gorges abolile, kanye nasezintabeni eziphakemeyo. Esikhathini esedlule, imingcele yendawo yokuhlala yayifika endaweni yehlathi. Manje isilwane sigcinwe kangcono esifundeni sezintaba esingafinyeleleki saseHentei nasezintabeni zasentshonalanga kweTransbaikalia.

Manje uyazi ukuthi itholakala kuphi i-tarbagan. Ake sibheke ukuthi kudliwa yini umhlabathi.

Ngabe kudlani i-tarbagan?

Isithombe: Marmot Tarbagan

Izimbaza zaseSiberia ziyabulala ukhula futhi zidla izingxenye eziluhlaza zezitshalo: okusanhlamvu, i-asteraceae, amabhu.

ETransbaikalia yasentshonalanga, ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-tarbagans yile:

• tansy,
• umpheme,
• i-kaleria
• utshani bephupho
• buttercups
• i-astragalus,
• scutellaria,
• dandelion,
• ihlazo,
• i-buckwheat
• ziboshwe
• cymbaria
• ukhula,
• ukugcwala,
• insimu
• ama-breadcrumbs
• kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zo-anyanisi wasendle nomhlonyane.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Lapho zigcinwa ekudingisweni, lezi zilwane zidle izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-33 kusuka ezingama-54 ezikhula emaqeleni eTransbaikalia.

Kukhona ushintsho kokuphakelayo ngesizini. Ngentwasahlobo, ngenkathi kungekho luhlaza okwanele, lapho ama-tarbagan eshiya izimbobo, adla i-turf ekhulayo kusuka okusanhlamvu kanye nama-sedges, ama-rhizomes kanye nama-bulbs.Ukusuka ngoMeyi kuye maphakathi no-Agasti, ukudla okuningi, angazondla ngamakhanda akuthandayo e-Asteraceae, aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi nezinto zokugaya kalula. Kusukela ngo-Agasti, naseminyakeni eyomile nangaphambilini, lapho sekushiswa imifino ye-steppe, okusanhlamvu okuphekwe ngamagundane kuyeka ukukudla, kepha emthunzini, ekucindezelekeni kokukhululeka, utshani kanye nomhlonyane kusalondoloziwe.

Njengomthetho, ama-marmot aseSiberia awadli ukudla kwezilwane, ekudingisweni anikezwa izinyoni, ama-squirrel omhlaba, izintethe, amabhungane, izibungu, kepha ama-tarbagans awakwamukelanga lokhu kudla. Kepha mhlawumbe, uma kunesomiso nangokuntuleka kokudla, badla ukudla kwezilwane.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Izithelo zezitshalo, imbewu ayigaywa yizimbotshana zaseSiberia, kepha ziyahlwanyelwa, kanye nomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo zifafazwe ungqimba lomhlaba, lokhu kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwesinyathelo.

I-Tarbagan idla ukusuka kwelinye kuya kwelinye nohhafu kg wesisindo esiluhlaza ngosuku. Isilwane asiphuzi amanzi. Ama-groundhogs atholakala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ephethe cishe uwoyela ongafakwanga esiswini, njengamafutha angenasisekelo, aqala ukudliwa ngokunyuka komsebenzi. Amafutha amasha aqala ukuqongelela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - Julayi.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Indlela yokuphila yetarbagan ifana nokuziphatha nempilo yemarmot, i-grey groundhog, kepha imisele yayo ijule kakhulu, yize inani lamakamelo lincane. Kaningi kunalokho, lokhu kuyikhamera eyodwa enkulu. Ezintabeni, uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala lugxile futhi luyindilinga. Izitolo zasebusika, kepha hhayi izindima eziphambi kwegumbi lokudlela, zixakwe ngejamu yobumba. Amathafa anamagquma, ngokwesibonelo, njengaseDauria, esigodini saseBargoy, izindawo zemarmot zaseMongolia zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni enkulu.

Ubusika, ngokuya ngendawo nokuma kwendawo, kuyizinyanga ezi-6 - 7.5. I-hibernation enkulu eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia yenzeka ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, inqubo ngokwayo inganwetshwa izinsuku ezingama-20-30. Izilwane ezihlala eduze kwemigwaqo noma lapho umuntu ebakhathaza khona azihambi kahle fat futhi zihlala isikhathi eside hibernation.

Ukujula komgodi, inani lemfucumfucu kanye nenani elikhulu lezilwane kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze izinga lokushisa egumbini elingaphansi kwamadigri ayi-15. Uma kwehla ku-zero, khona-ke izilwane ziba sesimweni sokuinza futhi ngokunyakaza kwazo zishiselana kanye nendawo ezungezile. Imisele, ebikade isetshenziswa yizimbaza zaseMongolia iminyaka, ikhulisa ukuphuma komhlaba okukhulu. Igama lendawo yalowo marmots li-butan. Amasayizi awo mancane kunawamabaks noma ama-marmot asentabeni. Ukuphakama okuphezulu imitha eyi-1, cishe amamitha ayi-8. Kwesinye isikhathi ungathola izimbumbulu ezinkulu kakhulu - kuze kufike kumamitha angama-20.

Ubusika obubandayo obungenabo iqhwa, ama-tarbagan angaqoqani amanoni ayafa. Izilwane ezilahliwe ziyafa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kanti kunokudla okuncane noma ngenkathi kuneziphepho zeqhwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Okokuqala, laba ngabantu abasebasha ababengenaso isikhathi sokupompa amafutha. Entwasahlobo, ama-tarbagans akhuthele kakhulu, achitha isikhathi esiningi ebusweni, aya kude nezimbobo, lapho utshani buphenduke buhlaza ngamamitha ayi-150 ukuya kwangama-200. Imvamisa idla imifino, lapho izimila ziqala khona ngaphambili.

Ngezinsuku zasehlobo, izilwane zisemiseleni, kuyaqabukela zize ebusweni. Bayaphuma bayodla lapho ukushisa kuncipha. Ekwindla, izimakethe zaseSiberia ezikhuluphele zilele kumammot, kodwa lezo ezingatholanga ziklaba ngamafutha lapho zidangala. Ngemuva kokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-tarbagan akuvamile ukuba ashiye umgodi, futhi nangaleso sikhathi, kuphela emahoreni ntambama. Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokushiswa, izilwane ziqala ukuvuna imfucumfucu yegumbi lasebusika.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Tarbagan from the Red Book

Izilwane zihlala emakoloni emaqeleni, zikhulumisana ngemisindo futhi zilawule ukubona insimu. Ukuze benze lokhu, bahlala emilenzeni yabo yangasemuva, bebuka umhlaba wonke. Ngokubuka okubanzi, anamehlo amakhulu e-convex, abekwe phezulu emqhele futhi aye phambili ezinhlangothini. AmaTarbagans athande ukuhlala endaweni engamahektha amathathu kuya kwayi-6, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle azophila kumahektha ayi-1.7 - 2.

Ama-marmots aseSiberia asebenzisa imijikelezo ezizukulwaneni eziningana, uma kungekho ozihluphayo. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, lapho inhlabathi ingavumeli ukumba imigodi eminingi ejulile, kunezimo lapho abantu abafinyelela ku-15 befihliwe egumbini elilodwa, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso izilwane ezi-3-4-5 zobusika zivula. Isisindo sokungcola esidlekeni sasebusika singafinyelela ku-7-9 kg.

Umbungu, futhi maduze wokukhulelwa, kwenzeka emabhumeni aseMongolia ngemuva kokuvuka emiseleni ebusika, ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele phezulu. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-30-42, ukukhulelwa kugcina ngokufanayo. USachat, ngemuva kwesonto elilodwa bangancela ubisi futhi badle uhlaza. Kukhona izingane ezingama-4-5 kuletha udoti. I-sex ratio icishe ilingane. Ngonyaka wokuqala, u-60% wenzalo uyafa.

Ama-marmot amancane aze afike eminyakeni emithathu ubudala awazishiyi izibopho zabazali bawo noma kuze kube isikhathi lapho ukuvuthwa kwenzeka. Amanye amalungu emindeni eyandisiwe nawo ahlanganyela ekukhuliseni izingane, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-thermoregulation ngesikhathi se-hibernation. Ukunakekelwa okufana nalokhu kuthuthukisa impilo yonke yezinhlobo. I-colony yomndeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzile iqukethe abantu abangu-10-15, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle kusuka ku-2-6. Cishe i-65% yabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili ababamba iqhaza ekuzaleni. Le nhlobo yezimbaza iba ilungele ukwenziwa kabusha ngonyaka wesine wokuphila eMongolia nakwesithathu eTransbaikalia.

Iqiniso elihehayo: EMongolia, abazingeli bezingane zonyaka babiza "ama-mundal", izingane ezineminyaka emibili - "i-cauldron", izingane ezineminyaka emithathu - "uSharakhazzar". Indoda endala - "burkh", insikazi - "tarch".

Izitha zemvelo zamaTarbagans

Kuma-raptors, ukhozi oluyigolide luyingozi kakhulu kuma-marmot aseSiberia, yize lungajwayelekile eTransbaikalia. Ama-Steppe ukhozi adla abantu abagulayo kanye nezimbaza, futhi adle namagundane afile. I-Central Asia buzzard ihlanganyela lesi sisekelo sokudla kanye nezinkozi ze-steppe, idlala indima ye-steppe ehlelekile. AmaTarbagans aheha izimbungulu namakati. Kuma-tetrapods azingelayo, izimpisi zibangela ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu ezimbizeni zaseMongolia, futhi isibalo semfuyo singancipha ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yizinja ezidukayo. Izingwe zeqhwa namabhere ansundu angazizingela.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Ngenkathi ama-tarbagans esebenza, izimpisi azihlaseli imihlambi yezimvu. Ngemuva kokuqobeka ngamagundane, izidla ezimpunga zishintshela ezifuyweni.

Izimpungushe zivame ukulala zilinde izimbaza ezincane. Ngokuphumelelayo bazingelwa yi-corsac ne-ferret ekhanyayo. Ama-Badger awawahlaseli ama-marmots aseMongolia futhi namagundane awawanaki. Kepha abazingeli bathola izinsalela zembila esiswini sebheji, ngosayizi kungacatshangwa ukuthi zazincane kakhulu kangangokuba zazingakashiyi umgodi. Ukukhathazeka kuma-tarbagans kuhlinzekwa yizimbaza ezihlala koboya, ama-ixodid kanye nemikhaza engezansi, izintwala. Ngaphansi kwesikhumba, izibungu zegciwane lesikhumba zingabumbana. Izilwane nazo zihlupheka yi-coccidia kanye nematodes. Lezi zinambuzane zangaphakathi ziletha izinduku zokuqothuka futhi nokufa.

I-Tarbaganov isebenzisa inani labantu bendawo ukudla. E-Tuva naseBuryatia, akusikho kaningi manje (mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi isilwane sesiye savamile), kodwa eMongolia yonke indawo. Inyama yesilwane ibhekwa njengemnandi, amafutha asetshenziselwa hhayi kuphela ukudla, kepha futhi nokulungiselela imithi. Izikhumba ze-Rodent bezingaziswa kakhulu phambilini, kepha ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokugqoka nokudaya bungalingisa uboya babo ngoboya obubaluleke kakhulu.

Iqiniso elihehayo: Uma i-tarbagan iphazamisekile, khona-ke ayikaze iphume ngaphandle komgodi. Lapho umuntu eqala ukusimba, lesi silwane sigxila sijule, bese kuthi leso sinyathelo siqhubeke sivale ngejamu yobumba. Isilwane esithunjiwe siyamelana ngokufutheka futhi singalimala kanzima, sishaye umuntu ngesihluku sokufa.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani nge-tarbagan

Inani labantu be-tarbagan lehlile kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Lokhu kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi eRussia.

• inyamazane engalawulwanga yesilwane,
• ukutshalwa kwezindawo zobuntombi eTransbaikalia naseDauria,
• Ukuqothulwa okukhethekile ukuze kungafakwa ukuqhuma kwesifo (i-tarbagan ngumenzi wesifo lesi).

Eminyakeni engama-30 ukuya kwengama-40 yekhulu lokugcina eTuva, ogwini lwaseTannu-Ola, kwakukhona abantu abangaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi. ENtshonalanga Transbaikalia, inani labo kuma-30s lalibuye libe yizinkulungwane eziyishumi zezilwane. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. kwakukhona ama-tarbagans ayizigidi eziningana, futhi maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka ezindaweni ezifanayo, ikakhulukazi ekuqoqweni kokusatshalaliswa, inani labantu belingaphakeme kunabantu abayishumi nge-1 km2. Kuphela enyakatho yesiteshi saseKailastui endaweni encane lapho kwakuyindawo yabantu abangama-30. 1 km2. Kepha inani lezilwane lalihlala lincipha, njengoba amasiko okuzingela eqinile phakathi kwabantu bendawo.

Inani elilinganisiwe lezilwane emhlabeni licishe libe yizigidi eziyi-10. Ku-84, ikhulu lamashumi amabili. E-Russia, bekunabantu abangafika ku-38,000, kufaka phakathi:

• eBuryatia - 25,000,
• e-Tuva - 11000,
• eSoutheast Transbaikalia - 2000.

Manje isibalo sesilwane sehlile kaningi, sisekelwa kakhulu ukunyakaza kwamaTarbagans avela eMongolia. Ukuzingela izilwane eMongolia ngeminyaka yama-90s kunciphise inani labantu lapha ngama-70%, nokususa le nhlobo kusuka “kungaphazamisi” kuya “kusengozini”. Ngokusho kwemininingwane yokuqopha yokuzingela ka-1942-1960. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1947 ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni kwafinyelela inani eliphakeme lamayunithi angama-2,5 ezigidi. Esikhathini esisuka ku-1906 kuya ku-1994, okungenani izikhumba eziyizigidi ezingama-104,2 zalungiswa ukuba zithengiswe eMongolia.

Inani langempela lezikhumba ezithengiswayo lidlula inani lokudinga izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu. Ngo-2004, zathathwa izikhumba ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane nezingama-117. I-boom ukuzingela yenzekile selokhu inani lentengo lezikhumba lenyuka, futhi izici ezifana nemigwaqo ethuthukisiwe nezindlela zokuhamba zinikeza ukufinyelela okuningi kwabazingeli bokufuna amakoloni anama-rodent.

Unogada waseTarbagan

Photo: Tarbagan from the Red Book

Encwadini ebomvu yaseRussia, lesi silwane, njengoba sisohlwini lwe-IUCN, esigabeni “esisengozini” - lokhu kunabantu abaningi eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia, esigabeni “sokwehla” eTyva, eNortheast Transbaikalia. Lesi silwane sivikelwe ezindaweni ezigcinwe eBorgoysky naseOrotsky, ezindaweni ezingamaSokhondinsky naseDaursky, kanye naseBuryatia naseTrans-Baikal Territory. Ukuvikela nokubuyisa inani lalezi zilwane, kuyadingeka ukwakha izindawo ezikhethekile zezilwane zasendle, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphinda kwenziwe kabusha, kusetshenziswa abantu abavela ezindaweni ezithuthukayo.

Ukuphepha kwalezinhlobo zezilwane kufanele futhi kubhekwe ngoba impilo yama-tarbagans inethonya elihle ekubonakaleni komhlaba. I-Flora kum marmot ine-saline ethe xaxa, ithambekele ekuphethweni ngamandla. Ama-marmots aseMongolia ayizidalwa ezisemqoka ezidlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni ezi-biogeographic. EMongolia, ukuzingela izilwane kuvunyelwe kusuka ngo-Agasti 10 kuya ku-Okthoba 15, kuye ngezinguquko enanini lezilwane. Ukuzingela kwavalwa ngokuphelele ngonyaka we-2005, 2006. ITarbagan isohlwini lwezilwane ezingandile zaseMongolia. Kwenzeka ezindaweni ezivikelwe kulo lonke uhla (cishe u-6% wobubanzi).

Tarbagan leso silwane, esinezikhumbuzo eziningi. Elinye lazo litholakala eKrasnokamensk futhi liwukuqanjwa kwezinombolo ezimbili ngesimo somvukuzi nomzingeli, lokhu kuwuphawu lwesilwane, esacishe saqothulwa eDauria. Kwafakwa esinye isithombe sasemadolobheni e-Angarsk, lapho ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokugcina kwaqalwa ukwenziwa izigqoko ezivela ku-tarbagan fur. Kunokuqanjwa okukhulu okunamanani amabili eTuva eduze kwedolobhana laseMugur-Aksy. Kwakhiwa izikhumbuzo ezimbili ze-tarbagan eMongolia: eyodwa e-Ulan Bator, kanti enye kwenziwa ngezicupho, empumalanga yezwe laseMongolia.

Ukwenza Imephu Yamagama Kungcono Ngokubambisana

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