Impungushe isilwane esingesomndeni we-canine. Emvelweni kukhona inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezimpungushe. Kepha impela impungushe enkulu kubhekwe uhlobo oluyingqayizivele nolungavamile kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lubizwa kanjalo ngoba abameleli balo banezindlebe ezinde kakhulu, eziphakeme kakhulu ezifika kubude obungaba ngamasentimitha ayi-15.

Igama lalezi zinhlobo elihunyushwe lisuka esiGrekini liye esiRussia lisho "inja enkulu, enamehlo amakhulu." Emazweni amaningi e-Afrika, lesi silwane sithathwa njengesisulu kanye nosongo emfuyweni emincane, kwezinye izindawo libuye lifuywe njengesilwane esifuywayo.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Isithombe: I-fox enkulu

I-fox enkulukazi enkulukazi eyizilwane ezincelisayo, iyinhlangano emele i-carnivores, umndeni we-canine, ihlukaniswa kuhlobo kanye nezinhlobo ze-fox izibungu.

Izimpungushe ezinkulu ezinamehlo amakhulu, njengabanye abamele umndeni wama-canine, zivela eMiacid ngasePaleocene ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingamashumi amahlanu. Kamuva, umndeni we-canine wahlukaniswa waba yimibandela emibili: i-canine ne-cat-like. IProsperosion yayingukhokho wasendulo wabantu abakhulu, kanye nezinye izimpungushe. Izidumbu zakhe zatholakala endaweni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTexas yanamuhla.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Photo: Animal fox

Ngokubukeka, ifana kakhulu nezimpungushe nezinja ze-raccoon. Impungushe inomzimba omncane obuthaka nemilenze emfishane, emincane. Imilenze yangaphambili inemifino emihlanu, insikazi ine-ezine. Embonisaneni kukhona izindebe ezinde, ezibukhali, ezifika ngamasentimitha amabili nengxenye ubude. Benza umsebenzi wethuluzi lokumba.

Isibalo sesilwane sincane, sikhombe, siphakeme. Isizalo sinamehlo ayindilinga, anombala wombala omnyama. Inohlobo lwamaski owenziwe ngoboya obumnyama, abacishe babe mnyama. Izindlebe zombala ezifanayo nezinyawo. Izindlebe zikhulu, zinesimo esingunxantathu, zincishisiwe kancane emaphethelweni. Uma impungushe izisonga, zimboza kalula lonke ikhanda lesilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusezindlebeni ukuthi inani elikhulu lemithambo yegazi ligxilisiwe, okusindisa impungushe ekushiseni ngokweqile ezimweni zokushisa okukhulu nokushisa kwase-Afrika.

I-fox enkulukazi enkulukazi ayihlukaniswa ngemihlathi eqinile, enamandla noma amazinyo amakhulu. Unamazinyo angama-48, kufaka phakathi amazinyo ama-4 acwebezelayo. Amazinyo mancane, kepha ngenxa yalolu hlaka lomhlathi inyamazane iyakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla khona manjalo.

Ubude bomzimba womuntu oyedwa omdala bufinyelela kuhafu wemitha. Ukuphakama kokubuna akudluli amasentimitha amane. Isisindo somzimba siyehluka phakathi kwama-kilogramu ama-4-7. I-dimorphism yezocansi ayithandeki. Lolu hlobo lunomsila omude, omfushane. Ubude bawo bucishe bulingane nobude bomzimba futhi ngamasentimitha angama-30- 40. Ithiphu yomsila imvamisa kakhulu isesimweni sebhulashi elimnyama elineflash.

Umbala wesilwane nawo awufani nowezimpungushe eziningi. Inombala ophuzi onsundu, ingaba nethephusi lesiliva. Izitho zinombala onsundu, noma zimnyama, intamo nesisu zikhanya ophuzi, mhlophe.

Ihlala kuphi impungushe enkulu?

Isithombe: I-fox enkulu enkulu ye-African fox

Izimpungushe ezinkulu zihlala ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo anesimo sezulu esomile ezwenikazi i-Afrika. Bahlala kumasango, ezindaweni ezinama-steppe, endaweni lapho kukhona khona izihlahlana zezihlahla eziphakeme, utshani, amahlathi akhanyayo. Ziyadingeka ukuze izilwane zicashe elangeni elishisayo nelokushisa, kanye nokucasha ekuxosheni nasezitheni.

Indawo yokuhlala kwe-eared fox:

Endaweni yokuhlala impungushe enamehlo amakhulu, ukuphakama kwezimila akufanele kube ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-25-30. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ukudla okwanele nezinambuzane ezivela emhlabathini. Uma kunokudla okwanele esifundeni lapho izilwane zihlala khona, zizofuna enye indawo yokuhlala, lapho engingondla khona ngaphandle kobunzima.

Isebenzisa umgodi njengendawo yokuhlala. Kodwa-ke, akujwayelekile ukuthi laba abamele umndeni wama-canine bazimbele bona ngokwabo. Basebenzisa imisele ebunjiwe abanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane, kepha ngasizathu simbe abahlali. Iningi losuku, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sosuku, bacasha ngemisele epholile. Ezasetshenziswa kakhulu yimibhede ye-aardvark, ethi cishe nsuku zonke izenzele ikhaya elisha.

Ngenxa yokwanda kwezihlwathi, izimpungushe ezinkulu kakhulu zihlukaniswe zaba yizinhlobo ezimbili. Omunye wabo uhlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika kusuka eSudan kuya enkabeni yeTanzania, elesibili - engxenyeni yayo eseningizimu ukusuka eRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika kuya e-Angola.

Ngabe sidlani impungushe enamehlo amakhulu?

Isithombe: I-fox enkulu

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimpungushe ezinkulu zinezilwane ezidla inyama, umthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwazo akuyona neze inyama. Ngokumangazayo, zondla izinambuzane. Ukudla okuthandayo kungamashubhu.

Iqiniso elihehayo. Umuntu oyedwa omdala udla cishe ama-isigidi ayi-1,2 wezigidi ngonyaka.

Laba abamele umndeni we-canine unamazinyo angama-48. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amandla emihlathi yabo aphansi kakhulu kunamandla emihlathini yabanye abazingelayo. Lokhu kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi akubona abazingeli, futhi abadingi ukudla inyama, bagcine inyamazane bese beyihlukanisa. Esikhundleni salokho, imvelo yabavuza ngekhono lokuhlafuna ukudla cishe khona manjalo. Ngempela, ukuze kugcotshwe, isilwane sidinga inani elikhulu lezinambuzane.

Isilwane sisebenzisa izindlebe ukufuna ukudla. Bayakwazi ukuthatha imisindo emincane kakhulu yokuhamba kwezinambuzane ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba. Njengoba ibambe umsindo ojwayelekile, lesi silwane sigaya umhlaba masinyane ngezinselo eziqinile, ezinde futhi zidle izinambuzane.

Uyini umthombo wokudla:

• Ama-termites
• Izithelo,
• Ijusi, amahlumela amasha wezitshalo,
• Izimpande
• Livare
• Izinambuzane, izimbungulu,
• Izinyosi
• Izicabucabu
• Scorpions
• Izibazi
• Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.

Iqiniso elihehayo. Kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi laba abamele umndeni we-canine izinyo elimnandi. Zithanda ukudla uju lwezinyosi zasendle nezithelo ezinoshukela. Phambi kokudla okunjalo kungakudla isikhathi eside kuphela.

Kuwo wonke umlando wezakhamizi zezwekazi lase-Afrika, alikho nelilodwa icala lokuhlaselwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo elirekhodiwe. Leli qiniso liyaqinisekisa ukuthi empeleni ababona abazingeli. Izimpungushe azifiki endaweni yokunisela, ngoba isidingo somzimba womswakama simbozwa ngokudla izithelo nokunye ukudla okunejusi komsuka wesitshalo.

Babheka ukudla ikakhulu ebumnyameni ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu. Ekufuneni ukudla, bayakwazi ukunqoba amabanga amakhulu amakhulu - amakhilomitha angama-13 kuye kwayi-14 ebusuku.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Big-Eared Fox wase-Afrika

Labo abamele umndeni we-canine baphila impilo yokuphamba ngokweqile. Bazivumelanisa nensimu ngokuya ngenani lokudla. Ngokudangala kwayo, bathuthela kwezinye izindawo.

Izimpungushe zigxila emvelweni. Abesilisa bakhetha owesifazane abaphila nabo impilo yabo yonke. Imibhangqwana ihlala ndawonye ngaphakathi komgodi ofanayo, ilala eceleni, isizane ukunakekela ijazi, igcina ihlanzekile. Kunezimo lapho abesilisa behlala ngasikhathi sinye nabesifazane ababili, bakha uhlobo lwenduna.

Ezimweni ezingandile, bangahlala eqenjini. Umndeni ngamunye noma iqembu ngalinye linendawo yalo yokuhlala, engaba ngamahektare angama-70-80. Azona izici zokumaka indawo yazo futhi zivikele ilungelo lokuyithatha.

Iqiniso elihehayo. Ngokwemvelo, izimpungushe ezinkulu zinamehlo abhekwa njengezilwane ezithulile, kepha zibonakaliswa ngokuxhumana ngakunye ngokushicilelwa kwemisindo ethile. Bangenza imisindo yama-frequency ayisishiyagalolunye ahlukene. Eziyisikhombisa zazo ziphansi, futhi zenzelwe ukuxhumana nezihlobo zazo, ezimbili zakhiwe kakhulu ngamathoni futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nezimbangi nalabo ezincintisana nabo.

Uma izilwane zingatholi umgodi wamahhala, zizimba ezazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, afana nama-labyrinths angempela anama-entry amaningi kanye nokuphuma, amahholo amaningana. Uma abahlaseli bengakwazi ukubona umgodi, umndeni wempungushe uphuma ngokushesha endaweni yawo ugaye omusha, ungabi nzima futhi umkhulu.

Uma impungushe iba yinto yokuzixosha kusukela ohlangothini lomhlaseli, ithatha indiza ngokushesha, iwele phakathi kwamakhakhasi otshani noma izihlahlana, bese isishintsha ngokushesha isixaka sayo, ivule esinye sangaphambili sayo. Ukujikisa okunjalo kukuvumela ukuba ulondoloze ijubane futhi ungene uthule ungene kwelinye lamalebhu esiphephelo sakho. Futhi, kuyinto engokwemvelo ezilwaneni ukudida izinyamazane, ibuya ngemikhondo yazo.

Ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kuya ngesimo sezulu. Ekushiseni okwedlulele, ukushisa kusebenza kakhulu ebumnyameni, kanti ebusika kuyasebenza nasikhathi sasemini.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Photo: Fox-eared

Izimpungushe ezinkulu zinamehlo amancanyana emvelweni, futhi bebelokhu zihlala nowesifazane oyedwa impilo yazo yonke. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo lapho abesilisa bekhetha abesifazane ababili futhi bahlala nabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basondelana ngokuthula nabanye, basize ekunakekeleni inzalo.

Umndeni womuntu wesifazane uhlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu - usuku olulodwa nje. Kungalesi sikhathi esifushane lapho abantu bekwazi ukushada khona izikhathi eziyishumi nambili. Izimpungushe zizalwa kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-60-70. Amawundlu azalwa ngaleso sikhathi lapho inkathi yemvula isemasimini ezwekazi lase-Afrika, kanti inani elikhulu lezinambuzane liyabonakala ukuthi liyadingeka ukondla insikazi namawundlu.

Imvamisa kuzalwa ingane eyodwa kuya kwezinhlanu. Owesilisa uthatha ingxenye enkulu yokuzinakekela. Uvikela umgodi, abatholele ukudla, asize ekunakekeleni uboya. Uma kukhona abesifazane ababili, owesibili uyasiza futhi ekuzondleni nasekuwanakekeleni. Bazalwa bengaboni, behamba ze futhi bengasizi. Owesifazane unezingono ezine kuphela, ngakho-ke, ngokomzimba akakwazi ukondla inani elikhulu lezimpungushe. Imvamisa kuba nezimo lapho yena uqobo ebulala izingane ezibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ezingathandeki kakhulu.

Umbono uvela ngezimpungushe ngolwesishiyagalolunye - usuku lweshumi. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, shiya umhume uyohlola isikhala esiseduze. Ngalesi sikhathi, umzimba wezilwane umbozwe nge-grey fluff. Ubisi luphakela ubisi lukamama kuze kufike amasonto ayi-15. Ngemuva kwalokho, bashintshela ngokuphelele ekudleni okujwayelekile kwabantu abadala. Kancane kancane funda ukuzimela ukuthola ukudla kwabo. Isikhathi sokuthomba siqala kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-7-8 ubudala. Kwezinye izimo, izinsikazi ezincane zihlala eqenjini.

Izitha zemvelo zezimpungushe ezinkulu

Isithombe: I-African Larger Fox

Ku-vivo, izitha zalowo omele umndeni we-canine yilezi:

Ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke kubantu ngumuntu, ngoba ubulala ngentshiseko izilwane ukuze athole inyama, kanye noboya obalulekile besilwane esingandile. Ngobuningi, izimpungushe eziqothulwe ziyaqothulwa. Intsha eshiywe kungakhathalekile okwesikhashana ngabantu abadala isengozini enkulu yokubhujiswa. Hhayi izitha ezinkulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinyoni zidla izitha zazo.

Ngokuphawulekayo kunciphisa inani lezifo zezilwane ezinjengamarabi. Izimpungushe ezinamalebe amakhulu, njengabanye abamele abomndeni wama-canine, zingatholwa yilesi sifo. Cishe ikota yabo bonke abantu abakhona kule nsimu bayafa minyaka yonke.

Abazingeli ngobuningi babulala izilwane, ngaphandle kwazo abomdabu kanye nobunye ubuzwe bezwekazi lase-Afrika liphanga izimpungushe. IFur iyadingeka kakhulu futhi iyabaluleka, nenyama ibhekwa njengodli lwangempela ezindaweni zokupheka zasendaweni.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Isithombe: I-fox enkulu

Kuze kube manje, inani lezilwane lincishiswa kakhulu. Abaphenyi - izazi zezilwane zithi asongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Kulokhu kuhlangana, akuhlu ku-Red Book futhi ukuzingela akuvunyelwe ezingeni lomthetho.

Esikhathini esidlule, inani lezilwane lalilikhulu ezindaweni ezisempumalanga naseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, namuhla aqothulwa kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi. Kwezinye zazo kunokusongela kokunyamalala kwabo ngokuphelele.

Kodwa-ke, izazi zezilwane zithi ngokwanda komhlaba wezolimo, indawo yamadlelo aluhlaza inyukile, futhi lokho kwandise indawo yokusatshalaliswa komthombo wokudla wethimu. Kulokhu, kulezi zifunda inani lezimpungushe ezinkulu zinamehlo afinyelela kubantu abangama-25-27 ngekhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele. Leli nani livamile kwezinye izifunda zezwekazi laseNingizimu Afrika.

Kwezinye izifunda, inani lalaba abamele umndeni we-canine liphansi kakhulu - ukusuka kumuntu oyedwa kuya kwayi-7 ngekhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele. Abaphenyi bathi ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke ukubhujiswa kwengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso semvelo, okuthi, uma ichithwe ngokuphelele, ayinakubuyiselwa. Futhi, ngokuncipha kwenani lezimpungushe, inani lamaphethelo liyanda, okufaka ingozi kubantu bendawo.

I-Big Eared Fox isilwane esihle kakhulu futhi sithakazelisa. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu, inani labo esimweni semvelo lincishiswa kakhulu. Uma izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi zokulungisa nokubuyisa inani labantu zingathathwanga, imiphumela engenakuphikiswa ingavela.

Habitat

Njengendawo yokuhlala, lezi zilwane zithanda isimo sezulu esishisayo. Basakazeka kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika. Zihlala kuma-savannas nama-steppes, lapho kukhona khona utshani obude nezihlahlana. Ngenxa yabo, izilwane zingacasha ekushiseni okuphezulu. Lapho bacasha khona ezitheni zabo.

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Indawo yokuhlala yezimpungushe ezinkulu

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• ININGIZIMU AFRIKA,
• IBotswana,
• IZimbabwe,
• IZambia,
• ESudan,
• I-Mozambique.

Ziyatholakala naseKenya, e-Ethiopia. I-Uganda, Somalia kanye neLisote.

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Endaweni yokuhlala kwalezi zilwane, utshani abuphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30, ngoba uma kungenjalo kuzoba nzima ngokwabo ukuthola ukudla kwabo. Uma kunokudla okuncane esifundeni sabo, bathuthela kolunye uhla.

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Umsoco

Izimpungushe ezinamalebe amakhulu ziyizilwane ezidla inyama ezidla ikakhulu izinambuzane. Isisekelo sokudla kwabo siqukethe ama-termites. Yinye kuphela impungushe enamehlo amakhulu idla ama-termites afinyelela esigidini esisodwa ngonyaka. Yize iqiniso lokuthi amazinyo angama-48 asemihlathini yezilwane, awakulungele ukudla izilwane ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akubona abazingeli, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokuthi badle inyama bagcine isisulu. Kodwa-ke, bagaya ukudla abakudlayo ngokushesha okukhulu. Izindlebe ziyabasiza ukuba bathole izinambuzane, ezibamba imisindo ecashile yezinambuzane ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba. Lapho nje impungushe enamehlo amakhulu izwa umsindo, ngokushesha ibamba umhlabathi ngezinqa zayo bese idla isinambuzane.

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Ngaphezu kwezihlwathi, la maqabunga adla izithelo, izitshalo, izibungu kanye nezibungu. Iqiniso elimangalisayo lokuthi laba bameleli bathanda ukudla okumnandi. Imvamisa bangadla uju nezithelo.

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Ukuseshwa kokudla kuqala ebusuku, ngoba ezimweni zokushisa okwedlulele abakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile isikhathi eside. Ebusuku bahamba amakhilomitha ayi-14.

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Isikhathi sokuzala

Kwabamele izimpungushe ezinkulu, i-monogamy iyisici. Imibhangqwana eyakhiwe yahlala cishe yonke impilo yabo. Kukhona izimo lapho abesilisa behlala khona nabesifazane abaningana. Ngesikhathi se-estrus, esigcina usuku oluthile, abantu bangashada amahlandla amaningi. Izimpungushe zizalwa kanye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha izinsuku ezingama-70. Ukuzalwa kwamawundlu kwenzeka ngenkathi yemvula. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinambuzane zokudla liyavela. Ngokuvamile, azikho ngaphezu kwezingane ezi-5. Owesilisa ubamba iqhaza ekukhuliseni kwabo. Ugada umgodi, afune ukudla futhi awanakekele.

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Ekuqaleni, izimpungushe zincane kakhulu futhi azisizi ngalutho. Babonwa ngosuku lwe-10 lokuphila.Ngemuva kwamaviki amabili, bangashiya izimbobo zabo bayohlola insimu. Ngalesi sikhathi, asivele embozwe ngmpunga phansi. Kufika kumaviki awu-15 badla kuphela ubisi lwabesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho bashintshela kancane ekudleni kwabantu abadala. Baqala ukukhula ngokomzimba lapho bezinyanga eziyi-8.

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Izitha

Ubungozi bezimpungushe ezinkulu zinezimpondo, amakati, izingulule, amabhubesi nezimpungushe. Kodwa-ke, okubi kakhulu kunabo bonke okwenziwa ngabantu. Imvamisa lezi zilwane ziyaqothulwa ukuthola inyama noboya. Izinsalela zabo zifunwa kakhulu. Imvamisa izilwane ezincane ezihlushwa izilwane. Baba izisulu zezinyoni ezidla inyama nezilwane ezincelisayo.

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Okunye okubalulekile ekunciphiseni amanani abo ngamarabi. Bathinteka kakhulu ngalesi sifo, esibulala cishe ikota yazo zonke izilwane ezithelelekile.

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Indlela yokuphila

Lezi zilwane zibonakaliswa indlela yokuphila yokufuduka ngaphakathi kwebanga lazo. Bazivumelanisa ngokushesha nezimo ezintsha. Isilo ngasinye sezilwane neqembu elihlelekile linendawo yaso efinyelela kumahektare angama-80. Kodwa-ke, indlela yabo yokuziphatha yendawo ayijwayelekile.

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Njengezindlu, izimpungushe ezinkulu zinezikhala ngemisele ebukeka njengama-labyrinths. Uma isilwane esihlaselayo sithola isiphephelo sazo, siyamshiya bese siqala ukuhlela indawo entsha.

I-Otocyon megalotis (Desmarest, 1822)

Ukusatshalaliswa: kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ze-allopathic, enyakatho (O. m. Virgatus) - eMpumalanga Afrika kusuka e-Ethiopia, eSomalia kanye naseSudan Sudan ngokusebenzisa iKenya kuye eTanzania, eningizimu (O. m. Megalotis) - INingizimu Afrika isuka eningizimu yeZambia kanye naseningizimu ye-Angola iye eSouth Africa , empumalanga kuye eMozambiki, eBotswana naseZimbabwe, ngasentshonalanga koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic.

Amazwe asezingeni: i-Angola, iBotswana, iZimbabwe, iKenya, iMozambiki, iNamibia, iSomalia, iSudan, iTanzania, i-Uganda, i-Ethiopia, neNingizimu Afrika.

Ummeleli omncane wama-canine anemilenze emincane, umsila omude osesihlahleni nezindlebe ezinkulu eziphawuleka. Abesilisa (4.1 kg) bakhulu kunabesifazane (3.9 kg) (3.9 kg ngokwesilinganiso kubo bobabili ubulili), yize abesifazane besisindo esincane eBotswana kunabesilisa.

Ikhanda, emuva nemilenze engenhla ingwevu. Isizumbulu simnyama ngaphezulu futhi simhlophe ezinhlangothini. Isifuba nomzimba ophansi uhluka kusuka kokumhloshana kuya kphuzi uju. Izindlebe zimhlophe ngaphakathi. Uhlangothi lwangemuva lwezindlebe, ingaphambili lesifumbu, isigaxa sobuso, ingaphambili lemilenze yangaphambili nezingxenye ezingezansi zemilenze yangasemuva, isifunda esiphakathi somsila simnyama. Imisipha emhlophe isuka ebunzini iye phansi futhi ibe ngu-3/4 onqenqemeni lwangaphambili lwezindlebe. Kwabanye abantu, imicu emaphakathi ebanzi igijima ngemuva. Ukusuka ku-beige kuya kuju, uboya buhlanganisa umhlathi ophansi kusukela ekugcineni kwesizalo bese udlula ngomphimbo, esifubeni kuya komzimba ophansi. Umbala wabantu asebekhulile ubumbala. Uboya emzimbeni kanye nomsila bukhulu futhi buthambile, ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu izinwele zimnyama ezansi ngamathiphu amhlophe anikeza ijazi ukubukeka okungwephuzi noma okumpunga. Izinhlangothi zibukeka ziphuzi ngokwengeziwe. Isembozo esingaphansi komzimba ongenhla sinobude obungamamitha angama-30, kanti izinwele ezisele zoboya obukhulu zibalelwa ku-55 mm, nezinwele ezisabalele (ezingafika ku-65 mm).

Amazinyo 46-50, okuyisibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezingezona ezi-marsupial zomhlaba.

Abesifazane banezingono ezi-4-6.

Inombolo yediploid yama chromosomes ingu 2n = 72.

Ubude bekhanda nomzimba (phansi kuhlanganisiwe) 46-66 cm, ubude bomsila 23-34 cm, ukuphakama kwehlombe 30-40 cm, ukuphakama kwezindlebe 11.3-13.5 mm, isisindo 3.0-5.3 kg.

Uhlobo olufana nalolu lwe-fox lwaseNingizimu Afrika (i-Vulpes chama) luncane ngandlela thile, lunezinwele eziphezulu ezinesiliva, eziphansi ukusuka kokumhlophe kuya kphuzi ophuzi, ikhanda kanye emuva kwezindlebe kubomvu ophuzi, akukho mnyama ngomhlane, umsila umkhulu, kuphela iphunga elimnyama.

Ibanga lokwehlukaniswa ezindaweni eziwugwadule nezisendaweni eyomile yaseMpumalanga naseningizimu ye-Afrika ezindaweni ezimbili ezingenakubalwa (ezimele izinkampani ezihlukile), ezihlukaniswe cishe yi-1000 km. Amabanga amabili kungenzeka axhunyiwe ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Lokhu kusabalalisa okuhlukile kufana nendawo ye-Earthwolf (Proteles cristatus) ne-jackal enekhanda elimnyama (i-Canis mesomelas). Ukwanda kwebanga eningizimu ye-Afrika eminyakeni yamuva kungenxa yezinguquko kwezulu.

Uhlobo lolu luvame ezindaweni zokonga eSouth naseMpumalanga Afrika, ezingafumaneki ezindaweni ezomile futhi nasemapulazini aseNingizimu Afrika, lapho kwesinye isikhathi zixoshwa khona. Endaweni yokuhlala elinganiselwe, inani lingasukela kokukhulu kuya kokuvamile ngokuya ngesilinganiso semvula, ukutholakala kokuphakelayo, isigaba sokuzalela nezifo.

Eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeKalahari, ubuningi bungashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ukulinganisa okujwayelekile endaweni eyomile yomfula engamakhilomitha angama-21 kufinyelela kwabangu-7-140 abantu, isb. 0.7-14 km². ELimpopo, eSouth Africa, izimpisi ziwu-5.7 izimpungushe ngekhilomitha eyodwa, kanti eMashatu Nature Reserve, eBotswana, izimpungushe eziyi-9,2 km ngalinye ngesikhathi sokuzalela kanye nezimpungushe ezi-2.3 ngekhilomitha ngesinye isikhathi. E-Tussen-die-Riviere Nature Reserve, eFree State, South Africa, ubungqabavu buphakathi kwezimpungushe ezi-0,3-0,5 nge-km² ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu, ngenkathi emapulazini amabili maphakathi neKaroo, eNyakatho Kapa, ​​ububunzima babukhona 1.1-2.0 izimpungushe nge-km² ngayinye. I-Serengeti iqophe ubuningi bezimpungushe ezi-0.3-1.0 km² ngayinye.

Izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu zijwayelaniswa nokudla okungavikeleki kakhulu. Izindlebe ezinkulu ezisetshenziselwa ukuthola izinambuzane ziyinto ebonakalayo kakhulu yokubonisa isimo sokuziphatha futhi zinomsebenzi we-thermoregulation. Ukondliwa kwezinambuzane kuthinte inani nokwakheka kwamazinyo e-fox.

Amabanga okusatshalaliswa kwezimpungushe ezinkulu nezinwebu namaHimsotermes nama-Microhodotermes agqagqene ngama-95%. Ama-termites (ama-Hodotermes mossambicus) enza ama-80-90% wokudla. Ezindaweni ezingenawo amaHodotermes, izimpungushe zidla ezinye izinhlobo zesimu; ama-Odontotermes nawo enza ukudla okungaphezulu kwama-90% ezingxenyeni ezithile zeKenya. Amanye ama-invertebrates adliwayo afaka izintuthwane (i-Hymenoptera), amabhungane (i-Coleoptera), amakhethini nezintethe (i-Orthoptera), imishini yamatshe (Myriapoda), izimvemvane namafomu awo ama-larval (Lepidoptera), scorpions (Scorpionida) ne phalanx (Solifugae). Kufakwe ekudleni izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kanye nezirhubuluzayo. Ngengozi badla utshani ngenkathi bondla izinambuzane. Amajikijolo, imbewu nezithelo zasendle sezivele zidliwe ngenhloso. Lapho amajikijolo edonswa, izimpungushe ezikhudlwana ezivela emgodini zilandela ngqo endaweni eziyaziyo futhi zidle izithelo. Ukuphangwa kwezinyoni nokudla i-carrion kuyithuba elingahleliwe, hhayi ukukhetha. Wenqabile ukudla ama-Trinervitermes trinervoides ama-trinervitermes, axutshwe namafutha futhi engezwa ekudleni kwawo, ngokusobala ngenxa yokuthi awabekezeleli ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali kwamasosha angama-termite.

Izilinganiso ze-taxa ezahlukahlukene ekudleni ziyahlukahluka ngezikhathi ezithile. E-Serengeti, amabhungane obulongwe angumthombo oyinhloko wokudla ngenkathi yezimvula, lapho umsebenzi wethimu uncipha. Lapho kukhona ezimbalwa kuzo zombili, izibungu zamabhungane zivame ukumba phansi emhlabathini.

Ama-typites nama-ndle amabala ajwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlalwa ngamaqembu emindeni yezimpungushe ezinkulu, futhi umehluko wendawo kubuningi be-H. mossambicus ulingana ngokulingana nobukhulu bendawo ekuhlalwa kuyo izimpungushe. Ubuningi bokuphuma kwezidleke zeHodotermes kuhlotshaniswa kahle nokuhlukahluka okuningana kwabantu kanye nokuzala, okufana nosayizi we-litter nezinga lokuzala labesifazane. Noma izidingo zamanzi ezilwane zingahlangabezana nokuqukethwe komswakama ophezulu wezinyamazane noma izinambuzane ehlobo eningizimu ye-Afrika, amanzi angumthombo obucayi ngesikhathi sokuqunjelwa. Kodwa-ke, eminye imithombo iveza ukuthi akukho okubukwayo kwezimpungushe eziphuza emithonjeni yamanzi evulekile.

Akukaphawulwa ukuthi izimpungushe ezinkulu-ezinamalebe zifihla ukudla ngokweqile noma ukuzingela okungaphezu kokudla. Ezilwaneni zasekhaya, imvamisa zishiya nje inyama esele.

Indlela yokondla incike ohlotsheni lwenyamazane, kepha ukudla kuvame ukutholakala ngokuhamba kancane kwesikhonyane, kwehlise ikhala layo emhlabathini nokuphakamisela izindlebe zalo phambili. Indawo yesisulu inqunywa ikakhulukazi ngomsindo, ukubona kanye nephunga kudlala indima encane. Izinguquko ekutholakaleni kwansuku zonke nezinkathi ze-H. mossambicus zithinta ngqo amaphethini womsebenzi we-fox. EMpumalanga Afrika, ukudla kwasekuseni ebusuku. ENingizimu Afrika, ukondla ebusuku ehlobo kuguquka kancane kancane kuze kube kuphela kokudla kwasemini ebusika, kubonise ushintsho emsebenzini kaH. Mossambicus. Emini, iziqongo zomsebenzi wokuphaka zihambelana nokuphakama komsebenzi wezinambuzane. Izinga lokugcoba nelokudla liphakeme ngokudla kwama-termite kunokudla kwezinambuzane ezihlakazekile (ngokwesibonelo, izibungu noma amabhungane).

E-Serengeti, njengoba sebeshiyile umhume wabo kusihlwa, amaqembu avame ukuhambahamba ezindaweni ezingamaHodotermes abazaziyo endaweni yabo. Lapho zidla kumasayithi ama-termite, amalungu eqembu adla ngokusondelana, kepha lapho edla amabhungane, izibungu noma amabhungane, ahlukanisa aze afike kumamitha angama-200 komunye nomunye. Amalungu aleli qembu axhumana nawo ezindaweni ezinothile okudla ngokushayelwa ikhwela okuphansi.

Akukho ukubhaliswa kokuchithwa kwemfuyo. Kodwa-ke, eNingizimu Afrika, izimpungushe ezinkulu ezinamalebe kwesinye isikhathi ziyaphucwa izinyamazane eziyingozi lapho zidla izibungu zezimpukane izidumbu zamawundlu.

Okuvame ukutholakala emasimini ngotshani obufushane (ukuphakama kotshani obungamamitha ayi-100-250) nasezindongeni ezisezindaweni ezomile nezomile, kepha lapho zisongelwa, zifihla otshanini obude noma izihlahlana eziminyene. Ngesikhathi somoya onamandla kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi baphephelela ezimvinini noma emigodini ezembiwe ezimele. Izimpungushe zilungisa kabusha izimbobo ezikhona bese zisebenzisa imigodi emincane ukucasha elangeni maphakathi nosuku. Uncamela umhlaba ongenalutho noma utshani, obufinyezwa ngokungadli noma ukungasha, eNingizimu Afrika kuvame ukuphumula ngaphansi kwezihlahla zohlobo lwe-Acacia.

Umsebenzi ungaba yimini noma ubusuku, kuya ngesizini nezimo. Umsebenzi wansuku zonke uhlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi wezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi amasimu. Izimpungushe ezazivela eMfuleni iNossob owomile (iKalahari Gemsbok National Park, ENingizimu Afrika) zichithe isikhathi sazo ezingama-70-90%, kepha imisebenzi yazo yahluka unyaka wonke. Ebusika, amaqembu ezimpungushe esiteshini ayesebenza phakathi nosuku, bonke abantu babuka ebusuku balala. Ngesikhathi sezinyanga zasehlobo zaseNingizimu Afrika ngoDisemba noJanuwari, umjikelezo wokusebenza washintsha.

Amasayizi wesakhiwo sasekhaya abhalisiwe asukela ku-0,3 kuye ku-3,5 km². Izingxenye zasekhaya zamaqembu zibonisa ukunqwabelana okubalulekile noma okuncane kwesigaba esisodwa kwesinye. Khetha inyamazane eqoqiwe (amakoloni ama-termite), lokhu kuholela ekujuleni kwabantu nasezindaweni ezincane zasekhaya lapho kudliwa ama-termite (15-19 foxes ngaphakathi kwe-0.5-5.3 km²) kunalapho kudliwa enye inyamazane. Izindawo zasekhaya zincane ngesikhathi sasebusika saseNingizimu Afrika, lapho amasimu enza ingxenye enkulu yokudla kunasehlobo.

Ubungako beqembu buyahlukahluka ngokuya ngesikhathi sonyaka futhi kusuka ku-2 kuya ku-15 izimpungushe. Ubaba ugada umhume nemidlwane, kanti umama yena udla okhiqizwa ubisi. Amaqembu emindeni adla ndawonye kusukela ngoDisemba kuya kuJulayi, ngemuva kwalokho ahlukane. Amaqembu ajwayelekile kakhulu abantu aba-2. Amaqembu amakhulu abantu abadala enziwe abazali nabazukulwana babo abadala. Ababili namaqembu abaziwayo awatholakalanga ngenkathi elandelayo yokuzalanisa kule ndawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu azisebenzisi insimu efanayo yonyaka unyaka nonyaka. Isikhathi sokuzala, lapho utshani bukhula bude kakhulu, izimpungushe zishiya iziza zazo.

ENingizimu Afrika bahlala emibhangqwaneni eminyene enamawundlu, kuyilapho empumalanga ye-Afrika amaqembu emindeni ahlanganisa owesilisa aze afinyelele kwabangu-3 abesifazane abahlobene kakhulu bahlala namawundlu. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile nasendaweni, ukuze ukuzala kuhambisane nezimvula nobuningi bezinambuzane. Isikhathi sokuzala sisuka kuJuni kuya kuSepthemba eSerengeti, ngoJanuwari e-Uganda. Ukuzala kabusha kungenzeka unyaka nonyaka ezingxenyeni ze-East Africa. ECalahari, ukwakhiwa kwamabili kwenzeka ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, njengoba kufakazelwa ngokuziphatha kokumaka kwendawo. EMpumalanga Afrika, imidlwane izalwa kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, eKalahari kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuLwezi. Ukuzalwa eBotswana kwenzeka kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguDisemba.

Ukuhlangana kuhlala izinsuku ezimbalwa (kuze kufinyelele kwayi-10 ikhophi ngosuku), nokuqunjelwa okwenzeka cishe imizuzu emi-4, kulandelwa uhlobo lomdlalo wangemva koku kopopayi.

Umbhangqwana ozalanayo umba umhume noma ulungiswe kabusha umhosha oshiywe kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo (ngokwesibonelo, abahamba ngezinyawo uPetetes spp., Aardvark, ngisho nezindunduma ezinamaqhubu kanye nokudla okuqothula i-Phacochoerus spp.). AmaLairs angaba nezindlela ezimbalwa zokungena, amakamelo nemhubhe engafika kumamitha ayi-3 ubude futhi angasetshenziswa ukuvikela ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla noma izinto (ngokwesibonelo, kusuka ezikhukhuleni, ekushiseni okuthe xaxa), ikakhulukazi imidlwane esanda kuzalwa. Cubs ngezinye izikhathi zihanjiswa phakathi kwamadombolo, kanti ku-Serengeti izimpungushe zisebenzisa “amadada okuphakela” ukuvikela amawundlu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zendawo. Amagogo anakekelwa ngokucophelela unyaka wonke, imvamisa izizukulwane ezahlukahlukene. Ama-lairs aseNatal angahlukaniswa: eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeKalahari ngonyaka we-1976, kutholakala izindlu eziyisithupha endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-0.5 wesiteshi, futhi ngayinye yazo yathathwa ngabadala nabadala abangama-2-3 (isiyonke ingu-16). Eduze kwakukhona eminye imigodi emibili.

Ilitha kanye ngonyaka, ngokuzalwa kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguDisemba, ngemuva kokukhulelwa izinsuku ezingama-60-75. Ubukhulu be-litter busukela ku-1 kuye ku-6, eSerengeti isilinganiso esingu-2,56. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo kusuka ku-99-142 g. Imidlwane emincane ikhuliswa ngaphakathi emgodini, kamuva ngaphandle. Ngokokuqala ngqa imidlwane ivela kafushane emgodini lapho inezinsuku eziyi-8-12 ubudala.

Owesilisa uchitha isikhathi esiningi namawundlu kunowesifazane. Uyabanakekela, adlale, abavikele futhi abavikele kubazingeli. Igalelo lomama ekukhuliseni inzalo ngesikhathi sokubeletha liphezulu, kepha ngenxa yokudla okungavikelekile, ngeke, ngomqondo ojwayelekile, linakekele imidlwane. Kodwa-ke, izinga eliphakeme lokunakekelwa kwabazali besilisa livumela abesifazane ukuba bandise isikhathi sabo sokudla, esinqunyelwe yizinto zokudla ezincane, ezisakazekile. Ukungafani kokukhathalela phakathi kobulili babazali kuyethuliswa ngemuva kokuqedwa kokunceliswa ubisi (emasontweni ayishumi nanhlanu), okuthi eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeKalahari kwenzeke emva kwezimvula zokuqala kanye nenqwaba yezinambuzane ezalandela.

Amathole amancanyana aqaliswa ukondliwa owesilisa owaholayo, kanti eSerengeti, abazali benza lula ukufinyelela kwamawundlu amancane nasengozini emaqenjini ahlukahlukene akwaH. Mossambicus ngokuthumela amathole njalo asuka emgodini ongokwendalo kuya “emihumeni yokudla ebusuku”.

Umnyombo weqembu lomndeni uyaqhubeka ubakhona kuze kube nguJuni olandelayo, lapho abasebasha besuka endaweni, futhi lo mbhangqwana uhlala ndawonye impilo yonke. Iningi lentsha elisakazekele eminyakeni yobudala. Izinyanga ezingama-5-6, kepha ukuthomba kuza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinyangeni ezi-8-9. Ezinye izintokazi zisala neqembu lomndeni wazo ngokuzalanisa.

Ama-unstivtivores kakhulu futhi angalethi inyamazane ku-lair.

Esikhundleni salokho, abantu abadala abasha baletha inyamazane ethile ivela kuma-vertebrates. Ngokuvamile, imidlwane incike kakhulu ebisini.

Izimpungushe ezinkulu yizilwane zomphakathi. Bondla ngamaqembu, kuyaqabukela ngaphezulu kwama-200 m ukusuka komunye nomunye futhi kuvame ukuba kude nebanga elingaphansi kwamamitha angama-30 ezindaweni ezivulekile. Phumula ndawonye futhi uvame ukugoba. Ukondliwa komphakathi okwenziwa amaqembu emindeni kuyindlela yokulwa nezilwane ezidliwayo nendlela yokusebenzisa izinambuzane.

Ukuhlangana ngeqembu eliqinile yinto eyejwayelekile emidlwane nasebudaleni; ukuzilolana kwezinwele phakathi kwabancane nabadala kwenzeka unyaka wonke. Ngesikhathi semibuthano esondelene kangaka, i-chins eyodwa ye-fox ivame ukuphumula kwi-oblium yomunye. Ngesikhathi sokuthandana, ukugxila kubuso. Ukuzilolonga mutual kuyinto yokuxhumana eyenzeka kuqala phakathi kwabantu abadala. Amalungu eqembu angabuthana emihumeni ebusuku noma ekuseni kakhulu, ukuze kungaboli, noma kugweme ukushisa. Babuthana emoyeni ovulekile, bese belale ngezindlela ezihlukile ukwenza lula ukutholwa kwezilwane ezizingelayo. Lapho abantu abadala bebuyela emgodini, imidlwane ihlala ikhala futhi ilume ubuso bayo, kepha ukufafaza ngamathe kuyenzeka. Lokhu kuziphatha kuya lapho umuntu emdala.

Abantu abadala kanye nentsha babamba iqhaza emidlalweni, imvamisa ngemuva kokuphumula noma ukondla. Umdlalo ungaba mfushane noma uhlale imizuzu eminingana. Imvamisa umdlalo uqukethe ukujaha, imvamisa ukulwa.

Ekuxhumaneni, izimpawu ezibonakalayo nokunyakaza komzimba kubaluleke kakhulu. Imithombo ebalulekile yezimpawu zokubonakalayo yi-muzzle, indawo yeso (imaski), futhi ikakhulukazi izindlebe nomsila. Lapho impungushe ibhekisisa okuthile (ngokwesibonelo, kumuntu othile wohlobo lwayo noma impungushe), ikhanda layo liphakama, amehlo alo avulekile, nezindlebe zalo ziqonde futhi ziqondiswe phambili, umlomo wazo uvaliwe. Lapho kwembulwa ukwesaba noma ukuzithoba, ngokwesibonelo, lapho kufika inyamazane noma enye impungushe enkulu, izindlebe zicindezelwa emuva bese ikhanda ligcinwa liphansi. Le nkulumo ishintshwa yi-grin enekhanda elehlisiwe.

Ithiphu emnyama kanye nomucu omdonsela womsila nawo ayasebenza kumasiginali. Isikhundla somsila siyehluka kusuka ekungeneni phansi ukuze siphakanyiselwe phezulu futhi sigobe nge-arc, ukwakheka kwe-U inverted isikhundla. Isikhundla somsila ojijekile siyabonakala lapho sibhekene nokubuswa, ukusongela noma ulaka. Ibuye isetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuvuselela ezocansi, imidlalo kanye nokunyakaza kwamathumbu. Ngesikhathi sokugijima, isikhundla somsila siqonde ngqo, ngokwesibonelo, lapho siphishekela inyamazane noma sibalekela ingozi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zokusongela, uboya entanyeni, emahlombe, kwi-oblium kanye nomsila kungama ekugcineni, kwandise usayizi obonakalayo wempungushe. Imvamisa ukuvundiswa ngoboya kuyindlela yokusabela ezizwaneni ezisondelayo futhi kuhlanganiswa ne-arched back kanye nomsila.

Ukubingelela kufaka izintambo ezibonakalayo nezenzayo. Izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu zibona abantu ebangeni elingamamitha angama-30. Ukubona, ukugquma, kwesinye isikhathi kusondela noma kuhlasele kancane ngaphandle kokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo. Le ndlela kwesinye isikhathi ifomu lokuzithoba okungokomfanekiso, okubandakanya ikhanda elehlisiwe, intamo ende, izindlebe zicindezelwe emuva kanye nesinqe esiqondiswe ekhoneni lomlomo womuntu. Le ndlela iqinisekiswa ngumuntu wesibili, ethatha ikhanda enamakhanda phezulu nomsila wakhe phansi.

Sebenzisa imisindo emincane embalwa. Imisindo kungaba yizimpawu zokuxhumana noma isexwayiso futhi zivame kakhulu ebusika. Imisindo yokuxhumana iyathula futhi ayizwakali kude. Imisindo yokuxwayisa neyokuhambisa isezingeni eliphakeme futhi iza kude kunemisindo yokuxhumana, kepha imvamisa. Abantu abadala basebenzisa imisindo yokuxhumana ukubiza imidlwane ukuthi ingene noma iphume emgodini, futhi nokubizelana endaweni eningi yokudla. Imisindo eshukumisayo isetshenziselwa ukuxwayisa ezinye izimpungushe ngendlela yokuhlasela komphangi.

Sebenzisa izi-3 ezibalulekile lapho uchama: uncika phambili, uphakamisa imilenze futhi ugobe. Ngokuchama ngokomzimba, abesilisa bavame ukusebenzisa ukugoba ngaphambili, futhi izinsikazi zisebenzisa squat. Lapho kumakwa umchamo (kuqondiswa umchamo entweni ethile ekhonjiswe ukuchama kwangaphambilini noma indle), abesilisa basebenzisa isikhundla esiphakeme somlenze, abesifazane basebenzisa i-squat. Ukulebula ngomchamo kwenzeka kaningi ebusika kunasehlobo. Kwesinye isikhathi kwenziwa izimpawu eziphindwe kabili lapho uphawu lokuqala lowesifazane ebeka uphawu lwalo kowesilisa. Abesifazane baqala ukwenza amamaki okuchama ekuqaleni kwe-oestrus; imvamisa yokuphendula amamaki abesilisa ayishintshi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-secretions of gland kwezokuxhumana akwaziwa. Ukumamatheka kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuthintana ngokomzimba, okuvela ikakhulu lapho uphumula ndawonye nangezikhathi zokwehlukana kabusha.

Imvamisa abantu abangathandeki abanganakwa. Ama-mongooses amhlophe-anomsila omhlophe (Ichneumia albicauda), imichilo emincane enemichilo (iHelogale parvula) kanye nama-mongooses anemigqa (Mungos mungo) nawo awanakwa. Bayasaba izinyamazane ezinkulu - amabhubesi (Panthera leo) kanye namafonti abonayo (iCroccuta crocuta). Izinja ezinje ngeHyena (i-Lycaon pictus) nezingulule (i-Acinonyx jubatus) zijaha izimpungushe. Umhlambi ngamunye wezinja ze-hyenoid ugxile ekuzingeleni izimpungushe ezinde. Ama-brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea), izingulule, izingwe (iPanthera pardus) namabhubesi abamba izimpungushe ezinkulu ezinama-eyred, izimpungushe ezinamakhanda amnyama (Canis mesomelas) - usongo olukhulu emidlwane. Imidlwane iphephela emijondolo ngeminyango emincane evimbela ukungena kwezilwane ezinkulu ezizingelayo.

Leli qembu lixosha izinyamazane ezisondela ezindaweni zokuzalela, kufaka phakathi izimpungushe ezimnyama, ama-mongooses amnyama (i-Galerella sanguinea), amabala abonakalayo, kanye nama-mongooses amhlophe. Izilwane ezinkulu ezinamaphiko amakhulu ezinjengezimpi zempi (Polemaetus bellicosus) nezikhova zokhozi (uBubo africanus noB lacteus) zingabamba izimpungushe zabantu abadala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Lapho zixoshwa ngabazingeli abasemhlabeni noma abanezinwele, izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu zisheshe zishintshe indlela, okhulisa amathuba okubaleka. I-fox ingaguqula ukuqondisa ngokuphumelelayo lapho isebenza endaweni eyisicaba ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa isivinini. Ama-pyerons ama-hieroglyphic ase-Afrika (i-Python sebae) nawo abulala futhi adle izimpungushe.

Uhlobo luhlaselwe ngaphambili futhi lusakaze amarabi, igciwane le-canine distemper kanye ne-parvovirus yezinja. I-fox enkulu enkulu kusuka ku-Serengeti ecosystem, eTanzania, ikhombe uTrichinella nelsoni. Ukuqubuka kwamarabi kusuka ngo-1986 kuya ku-1989 kwaba yi-90% yokufa kwabantu abadala endaweni eyodwa ye-fox. E-Serengeti, ukuphuma kwamarabi kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokufa ngesikhathi sezinombolo ezivamile zokuxinana nobunzima.

Isebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano, izakhamizi zakuleli laseBotswana zidla izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi ngenxa yezikhumba. Ziyisidlakudla esisebenzayo nesibalulekile sezintwala, ezithathwa njengembudane enkulu yamadlelo.

Ekuthunjweni, isikhathi eside sempilo seminyaka eyi-13 nezinyanga eziyi-9 sabhalwa, endle, mhlawumbe esifushane.

Ukubukeka nendawo yokuhlala i-fox enkulu

Uma uqala ukubheka, kubonakala sengathi lokhu kuyimpungushe ejwayelekile, kepha uma ubhekisisa, uyabona ukuthi phambi kwethu kukhona "i-raccoon + hare + fox ebhodleleni elilodwa", imvelo isebenza ngempela ngezimanga. Isigaxa sakhe sobucayi, obukhali bunjenge-rrocon, eduze kwamehlo isibambo. Ukuzwa kukhule kahle kakhulu futhi akumangazi, ngoba ukuba nezindlebe ezinkulu, kukhonjwe futhi kubanzi, kufana ne-hare, futhi ukungazisebenzisi kuyisono. Izindlebe zimnyama kusuka ngaphandle, kanti ngaphakathi zimhlophe. I-fox enkulukazi iyazisebenzisa ukukhipha amasiginali amaningi, kufaka phakathi lezo eziqhamuka ezihlotsheni zayo kude, futhi isebenzisa nezindlebe zayo njengokuthanda ukushisa okukhulu, ngoba ihlala eNtshonalanga naseNingizimu Afrika kuphela.

Yize lezi zinhlobo kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala ehlathini elivulekile, impungushe enamehlo amakhulu ithanda imedanadan nama-savannahs, lapho kukhona khona utshani obuphansi. Imvamisa kutholakala ezindaweni ezisanda kushiswa ze-savannah eyomile. Noma kunjalo, le mpungushe idinga izindawo ezinotshani obuphakeme, lapho ungaphumula khona ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku, futhi futhi ucashe kwabazidlayo.

Ukubukeka nendawo yokuhlala i-fox enkulu

Uma uqala ukubheka, kubonakala sengathi lokhu kuyimpungushe ejwayelekile, kepha uma ubhekisisa, uyabona ukuthi phambi kwethu kukhona "i-raccoon + hare + fox ebhodleleni elilodwa", imvelo isebenza ngempela ngezimanga. Isigaxa sakhe sobucayi, obukhali bunjenge-rrocon, eduze kwamehlo isibambo. Ukuzwa kukhule kahle kakhulu futhi akumangazi, ngoba ukuba nezindlebe ezinkulu, kukhonjwe futhi kubanzi, kufana ne-hare, futhi ukungazisebenzisi kuyisono. Izindlebe zimnyama kusuka ngaphandle, kanti ngaphakathi zimhlophe. I-fox enkulukazi iyazisebenzisa ukukhipha amasiginali amaningi, kufaka phakathi lezo eziqhamuka ezihlotsheni zayo kude, futhi isebenzisa nezindlebe zayo njengokuthanda ukushisa okukhulu, ngoba ihlala eNtshonalanga naseNingizimu Afrika kuphela.

Yize lezi zinhlobo kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala ehlathini elivulekile, impungushe enamehlo amakhulu ithanda imedanadan nama-savannahs, lapho kukhona khona utshani obuphansi. Imvamisa kutholakala ezindaweni ezisanda kushiswa ze-savannah eyomile. Noma kunjalo, le mpungushe idinga izindawo ezinotshani obuphakeme, lapho ungaphumula khona ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku, futhi futhi ucashe kwabazidlayo.

Lezi izimpungushe zizimbela zona izimbobo, kepha zingaphila ezindlini ezishiywe ezinye izilwane. Izimbobo zazo zinokungena okuningana namakamelo, futhi kufana nomhubhe owelulela amamitha amaningi. Umndeni owodwa wempungushe enamehlo amakhulu ungaba nezimbobo eziningana endaweni yazo.

Ngenxa yombala onsundu onsundu wejazi, impungushe enkulukazi okhulayo ihlala ingabonakali kwabazidlayo. Kepha umbala ungahluka kusuka kokuphuzi okuphuzi kuya k uju olujulile, kuya ngokuthi impungushe ihlala kuphi nokuthi ineminyaka emingaki. Njengasezimalini eziningi, intamo nengaphansi komzimba kupende ngombala. Ubukhulu obuncane be-fox enkulukazi-eyred (ubude bayo bomzimba buyi-46-66 cm, ukuphakama lapho kubuna kuze kufike ku-40 cm, ubude bomsila 24-25 cm, isisindo 3-5.3 kg), kukhuluma ngokudla kwawo okhethekile.

Ngabe idlani impungushe enkulu

Imenyu yansuku zonke ye-fox enkulukazi enothile inothile ngamaprotheni (izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, amasimu, izinkumbi, izibungu zamabhungane, amaqanda enyoni), amavithamini (uthanda ukudla izithelo, izimpande zezitshalo), inyama ethambile (izilwane ezincane, amaphuphu wezinyoni zomhlaba). Imvamisa lesi silwane siyabonakala emhlanjini wezintuthwane noma amadube, ngoba amabhungane obulongwe abeka amaqanda kudoti wama-artiodactyls, futhi lokhu kudla kwalesi impungushe. Njengoba impungushe enamehlo amakhulu igaya izinto zayo ezinhle kusuka emhlabathini, imilenze yangaphambili ineminwe emihlanu, kanti imilenze yangemuva inemine, ifushane. Imvamisa impungushe idla umhlonyane ngemivimbo yayo enobuthi, kungabikho zimpawu ezibonakalayo zobuthi ekuziphatheni kwayo. Lolu hlobo lwezimpungushe zidla ikakhulukazi ebusuku noma phakathi nokuxakeka, izikhathi ezinamafu kosuku, ngokuhambisana nendlela yalo yokuphila yasebusuku.

Amazinyo amakhulu we-fox

Enye into engafani nalutho yimpungushe enamehlo amakhulu - lesi yisibalo samazinyo, angama-48 sawo, kufaka phakathi ama-pre-radical ne-4 acashile engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlathi. Lesi sibalo esikhulu samazinyo abukeka esabeka ekuqaleni, kepha amazinyo amancane, nokulunywa okubuthakathaka kwe-fox kungukuthoba kancane. Amazinyo empungushe enamehlo amakhulu akhonjwe kakhulu, lokhu kumvumela ukuthi ahlafuna ngokushesha imikhiqizo yakhe ayithandayo yezinambuzane ukusiza ukugaya, kunalokho ayicubungule. Futhi ukwakheka komhlathi kuphinda kuqinisekise ukuthanda kwakhe izinambuzane.

Ezindaweni lapho kunenqwaba yokudla, izimpungushe ezinkulu zingatholakala ngesikhathi sokudla ngamaqembu amancane abantu abungu-2-15. Lapho ukufinyelela kokudla kunqunyelwe, bakhetha ukudla bodwa noma ngababili.

Ukuzala Impungushe Enamakhulu Amakhulu

Impungushe enkudlwana enkulu ivame ukuba yinyama enkulukazi ekhombisa indawo encane, futhi amalungu ale nhlobo ahlala enezindawo eziwela ngaphezulu. Owesifazane ubeletha amawundlu elilodwa kuya kwamahlanu ngemuva kokukhulelwa izinyanga ezimbili. Owesilisa uzoba eduze kowesifazane kuyo yonke inkathi yokuzala. Ngemuva kokuvela kwamawundlu, owesilisa uvame ukuhlala emgodini ukuze avikeleke, kuthi owesimame ngalesi sikhathi aqhubeke nokuyofuna ukudla ukuze alondoloze izinga lebisi lakhe.

Izimpungushe ezindala, ezinkulu, zingaba inyamazane yezidleke ezinkulu ezifana namabhubesi, izingwe, izingulule, izimfene ezinsundu nezimabala, kanye nezinja zasendle zase-Afrika.

Ezokuphepha

Umzimba omncane, obambile, nohlaza omuhle wobude obuphakathi, yisona sizathu esikhulu sokunyamalala kwe fox enamehlo amakhulu, ngoba kuvame ukuzingelwa ngenxa yoboya. Ngakho-ke, inani lalezi zinhlobo zezilwane lehliswa kakhulu, futhi umphangi wazo oyinhloko ngumuntu. I-fox enkulukazi, ngeshwa, iqothulwa kakhulu ngenxa yoboya benyama nenyama.

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