I-Daphnia ibhekisela Cladocera, lolu hlobo lwama crustaceans amancane lunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150. Noma yimuphi umuntu wasemanzini ozihloniphayo uyazi ukuthi abukeka kanjani. daphnia crustaceansnjengoba kungukudla okudumile kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zasemanzini.

Izici nendawo yokuhlala daphnia

Kuya nge cishe ukuthidaphnia, usayizi wabo ungasukela ku-0,2 mm kuye ku-6 mm, ngakho-ke cwaninga isakhiwo se-daphnia kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu. Isidumbu salawa ma-crustaceans sinomumo o-oval, simbozwe ngesihlangu esikhethekile samaphiko amabili (i-carapace), esivikela izitho zangaphakathi.

Ikhanda limbozwe ngegobolondo le-chitinous futhi linobuhlalu obunjengomlomo (rastrum), ngaphansi kwalo lapho kukhona khona izinzwa zangaphambili ezenza umsebenzi we-olfactory.

Ubukhulu bezintuthwane ezingemuva zihlaba umxhwele ngokwengeziwe uma ziqhathaniswa nezangaphambili, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukunyakaza kwesibindi. Egcina zombili izinzwa ngasikhathi sinye, u-Daphnia uxosha amanzi bese ezintanta, enze gxuma ebukhali. Ngalesi sici daphnia ezejwayelekile evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "flea yamanzi."

Iso le-facet likhona ekhanda le-crustacean - isitho esingafakwanga esibhekele umbono. Inani lezinhlangothi lincike ezinhlotsheni futhi lisukela ku-22 liye ku-300. Kwabamele izitha, ukwakheka kwamehlo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kunezici eziningi. Okuncane okuncane kune-facet yi-nauplius.

Amabele e-Daphniaembozwe ngamabhulashi amaningi isebenza njengohlobo lokuhlunga lapho i-crustacean idlula khona ulwelwe olungalingani namabhaktheriya amiswe emanzini. Imilenze yenza imivimbo efinyelela ku-500 ngomzuzu.

Izithombe ze-Daphniaeyenziwe ekukhuliseni okuphezulu yenza sikwazi ukubona kahle ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwe-crustacean. Ngenxa yolwelwesi olu-translucent, inhliziyo, amathumbu abonakala ngokucacile, futhi kwabesifazane - isikhwama sezingane esinemibungu eminingana.

I-Daphnia yohlobo oluthile noma kwenye ingatholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokugcina imile - ukusuka echibini elincane ukuya echibini elijulile. Kukhona abamele abathile balolu hlobo lwama-crustaceans e-Eurasia, South kanye naseNyakatho Melika, ngisho nase-Antarctica.

Isici esibalulekile sobukhona babo obujwayelekile ngamanzi amile, lapho kunesilinganiso esincane sezinhlayiya zenhlabathi. Kanye emanzini agobhozayo, ama-daphnid ahlunga inhlabathi kanye ne-algae futhi kancane kancane avale amathumbu awo.

Izinhlayiya zesihlabathi esidliwayo ziqongelela futhi zivimbele i-crustacean ekuhambeni ngokujwayelekile, futhi kungekudala izofa. Daphnia Izwela kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kaningi lapho kuhlolwa ikhwalithi yamanzi ezindaweni zokugcina.

Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo

Uhlobo lweDaphnia lachazwa ngo-1785, kwenziwa ngu-O.F. Muller. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-50 ziphakathi kwezinhlobo zeDaphnia, futhi eziningi zazo zinomehluko omkhulu kusuka kwezinye. Njengohlobo lwenhlobo, iDaphnia longispina isetshenziswa, echazwa yi-Muller efanayo.

I-Daphnia ihlukaniswe ngama-subgenera amabili amakhulu - empeleni iDaphnia neCtenodaphnia. Lezi zokugcina zihluka ngezindlela eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwendawo yokuphumula esihlokweni senhloko, futhi ngokuvamile zinesakhiwo sakudala esithe xaxa. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi zenzeka phambilini: izinsalela zemvelo zithi imvelaphi yazo zombili zenzeka ngasikhathi sinye.

Ividiyo: Daphnia

Abameli bokuqala bemilenze ye-gill bavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-550 edlule, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona okhokho baseDaphnia. Kepha bona uqobo bavuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zasendulo zingaphansi kwenkathi ephansi yeJurassic - okungukuthi, zineminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-180-200.

Lezi akuyona izikhathi zasendulo njengoba umuntu angalindela ezintweni ezilula kakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi nezinyoni zavela ngaphambili kakhulu. Kepha, njengabanye abamele iqembu le-crustaceans enamagatsha anamanzi, ngaleso sikhathi i-Daphnia yayifana neyamanje, futhi lokhu kwehluka ezinhlotsheni ezihleleke kakhulu zakudala ezifanayo.

Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu akufanele acabange ukuthi iDaphnia ayiveli: kunalokho, banokuhlukahluka okukhulu nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, futhi bahlala bekhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha. Ukwakheka kokugcina kohlobo lwe-Daphnia kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqothulwa ekugcineni kweCretaceous.

Amanye Amaqiniso Omile Mayelana Daphnia

Eqinisweni, asikho isiqinisekiso sokuthi iqhawe lethu yi-Daphnia pulex, kungenzeka ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, D. magna, kodwa okuncane kuya ngesigaba esiqondile, bonke banomqondo ofanayo.

Ngakho-ke igama elijwayelekile daphnia (Wikipedia):

Uhlobo: ama-arthropods Ukwahlula: crustaceans, Ibanga: imilenze gill Isikwele: cladocera Isigcawu: Ama-Daphniiformes Isizinda: I-Anomopoda Umndeni: Daphniidae Ubulili: Daphnia

Ngakho-ke, ngegama elithi "Daphnia" sibiza wonke ama-crustaceans alesi hlobo, angaqondi ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zawo.

Ukubukeka nezimpawu

Isithombe: Daphnia Moina

Izinhlobo ze-daphnia zingahluka kakhulu: ukwakheka komzimba wabo, kanye nobukhulu bawo, kunqunywa yizimo zemvelo abahlala kuzo. Noma kunjalo, ezinye izici ezijwayelekile zingaqokonyiswa. Ngakho-ke, imizimba yabo imbozwe ngegobolondo le-chitinous elinama-valve asobala - izitho zangaphakathi zibonakala ngokucacile. Ngenxa yokungabonakali emanzini, i-daphnia ayibonakali kalula.

Igobolondo alimbozi ikhanda. Kukhona amehlo amabili kuso, noma kwesinye isikhathi ahlangana esweni linye eliyinkimbinkimbi njengoba bekhula, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iDaphnia inesithathu, kodwa imvamisa ivelele futhi inosayizi omncane. Ezinhlangothini zezinsizwa, iDaphnia ihlala izishukumisa, ngosizo lwazo zihamba zigxuma.

Ekhanda, i-rostrum iyi-exgrowth efana noqhwaku, futhi ngaphansi kwayo kunezimbambo ezimbili zezintuthwane, ezingemuva zikhulu futhi zinemabhulashi, ngenxa yokuthi indawo yazo ikhula kanjani. Besebenzisa ukushintshwa kwalezi zinsizwa, ukunyakaza kuyenziwa - lapho sekudlule indiza, kundiza kakhulu, kube sengathi kwenza gxuma. Lezi zinzwa zakhiwe kahle futhi zinemisipha eqinile.

Isidumbu sithambile kusukela ezinhlangothini, imilenze yathambile futhi yathuthuka, ngoba ayisetshenziselwa ukunyakaza. Kakhulu yayisetshenziselwa, ukushayela amanzi amasha ukuya ku-gill nezinhlayiya zokudla emlonyeni. Uhlelo lokugaya luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ku-crustacean omncane kangako: kukhona i-esophagus ephelele, isisu namathumbu, lapho kuphuma khona isibindi.

I-Daphnia ibuye ibe nenhliziyo esenkingeni ngesivinini esikhulu - ukushaywa okungu-230-290 ngomzuzu, okuholela ekucindezelweni kwegazi kwezulu le-2-4. I-Daphnia iphefumula ngesembozo sonke somzimba, kepha ikakhulukazi ngosizo lokuphefumula emaphethelweni.

Imishini yokulwa

Ukuze ukhule ama-crustaceans, ithangi ifakwe imishini ye-aeration. I-Aeration iyadingeka uma i-daphnia moin ikhule ekhaya.

Ngosizo lwamadivayisi anjalo, uketshezi lwe-aquarium lugcwele umoya-mpilo, oluthinta kahle ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton. I-oksijini ivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwefilimu.

Imishini ye-Aeration ikhethelwa i-aquarium, ebonakala ngokusebenza okumaphakathi. Ngempela, inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-bubble lifukamisa ukwanda kwesiphazamiso ebusweni bamanzi.

Ihlala daphnia kuphi?

Isithombe: Daphnia Magna

Abamele lolu hlobo lwesithako bangatholakala cishe kuwo wonke uMhlaba. Batholakala nase-Antarctica kumasampula athathwa emachibini eqhwa ayisiyingi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iDaphnia iyakwazi ukuhlala cishe kunoma iyiphi imvelo yalabo abamelelwe emhlabeni wethu.

Kodwa-ke, uma ikhulu leminyaka edlule bekukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zazo zinobuqili, khona-ke kwatholakala ukuthi ngayinye yazo inobubanzi bayo. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, zibanzi impela futhi zifaka amazwekazi amaningi, kodwa nokho akukho neyodwa esakazeke yonke indawo.

Bahlala eMhlabeni ngokungalingani, bekhetha isimo sezulu sangaphansi kwezwe kanye nendawo enomoya opholile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bambalwa kakhulu kuzo zombili izigxobo zomhlaba, futhi eduze nasenkabazwe, esimeni sezulu esishisayo. Uhla lwezinhlobo ezithile selwenze izinguquko ezinkulu muva nje ngenxa yokuthi luhanjiswa ngabantu.

Isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-Daphnia ambigua zivela eGreat Britain zaya eMelika futhi zaqala izimpande ngempumelelo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uhlobo lwe-Daphnia lumholtzi lwalethwa eNyakatho Melika luvela eYurophu, futhi lwaba yinto evamile kwizindawo zokugcina kuleli zwekazi.

Kwama-daphnia, amadamu ngaphandle kwamanje, njengamachibi noma amachibi, kuyathandwa. Imvamisa bahlala ezihlahleni ezinkulu. Emifuleni egeleza kancane, kuncane kakhulu kwako, futhi akunakuba nzima ukuthola kuyo imifula esheshayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala emanzini amasha.

Kepha amandla okuzivumelanisa nawo abonakala nalapha: i-daphnia, eke yatholakala ezimeni eziyomile, lapho kuphela izidumbu zamanzi ezinosawoti zazingafanga, kepha zaba nokuqina. Manje, izinhlobo ezivela kuzo zibonakaliswa ngokuthandwayo kwama-reservoirs ngokuqukethwe okunosawoti omningi.

Okuhle kunakho konke, bahlala emanzini ahlanzekile - kufanele abe namanzi amancane aphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Yize kunjalo, i-daphnia idla ngokuhlunga amanzi futhi, uma ingcolile, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi nazo zingena esiswini sazo kanye nama-microorganisms, okusho ukuthi zifa ngokushesha kakhulu emizimbeni yamanzi angcolile ngenxa yesisu esimboziwe.

Ngakho-ke, ngenani le-daphnia endaweni yokugcina amanzi, umuntu angahlulela ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile kangakanani kuwo. Zihlala ikakhulu kukholamu yamanzi, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziphansi ngokuphelele. Abakuthandi ukukhanyiswa okukhanyayo futhi kuya ngokujula lapho ilanga liqala ukukhanya ngqo emanzini.

Kukhula daphnia ekhaya

Ukuzalaniswa kwe-Daphnia ekhaya kuhlukaniswa ngokulula nokulula, ngakho-ke ngisho ne-novice aquarist ingakhula ama-crustaceans. Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma isitsha lapho kuzokhula khona ukudla okuzayo kwezinhlanzi esikhathini esizayo. Ukuze ukhule ngempumelelo daphnia ekhaya, izincomo ezilandelayo mayelana nomthamo kufanele zilandelwe:

• Ukuze ukhule inani elincane, khetha umkhumbi onomthamo wamalitha ayi-15-20.
• Izinto okwenziwe kuzo isitsha kumele zibe nobungani bemvelo. Lapho ukhetha isitsha sensimbi, kukhethwa insimbi engagqwali.
• Uma uhlela ukukhulisa ama-crustaceans ethangini elijwayelekile, khona-ke indawo ehlangene nomoya kufanele ibe nkulu kakhulu.
• Lapho ugcina isiqukathi elangeni eliqondile, ivolumu yesitsha kufanele okungenani libe amalitha angama-40.

• Usawoti - amanzi okukhula kwama-crustaceans kufanele abe musha.
• I-oksijini - ama-crustaceans awathandi i-aeration enamandla noma yamandla amakhulu, ngakho-ke udinga ukusetha uphawu lwamandla we-aerator lifike ezingeni elijwayelekile.
• Inani le-ammonia ne-acidity liyizinkomba ze-7.2-8.5 pH.
• Izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu ngu-18-22C.

Ngabe idaphnia idlani?

Photo: Daphnia in the aquarium

• ciliates
• amanzi olwandle,
• amagciwane
• ukudambisa,
• ezinye izinto ezincane ezintanta emanzini noma zilele phansi.

Ziyondla, zihlunga amanzi, zona zihambisa imilenze yazo, zenze ukuba zigeleze. Ukuhlunga komsinga wamanzi ongenayo kwenziwa ngabalandeli abakhethekile kumabhulaki wokuhlunga. Lapho-ke izinhlayiya ezifakiwe zinamathela esixukwini ngenxa yokukhuphuka bese zithunyelwa ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla.

I-Daphnia iyaphawuleka ngokuqina kwayo: ngosuku oluthile kuphela ezinye izinhlobo zidla amahlandla ayisithupha isisindo sazo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwehla kwesilinganiso sokudla, inani labo esigcini liba lincane - lokhu kwenzeka lapho isimo sezulu esibandayo siqala ukungena, futhi i-Daphnia iba yiyona eningi kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo.

IDetritus idliwa yilezo zinhlobo ze-daphnia ezingazifihli ebusika. Bachitha ubusika ezansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi nasezingxenyeni zamanzi eziseduzane nayo - kuyisixhumo esivela ekudleni, okungukuthi, izinhlayiya zezicubu noma i-extreta yezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Nazo ngokwazo zisetshenziswa njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ku-aquarium - ziwusizo kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi esiswini sakho kunokudla okuningi kwezitshalo. IDaphnia inikezwa yomile futhi yethulwe iphila ngaphakathi kwe-aquarium. Lokhu kuyasiza futhi uma amanzi okuwo eba ngamafu: i-daphnia idla amagciwane, ngoba kwenzeka lokho, kanti nenhlanzi yona idla isiphithiphithi.

Kuyini daphnia

I-Daphnia ejwayelekile ingquza encane. Ngenxa yenhlangano ngokushaqeka okukhulu, ithole igama lesibili - isikhumba samanzi.

Ngokuya ngohlobo, osayizi bangasukela ku-0,2 mm kuye ku-6 mm. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zifinyelela usayizi wepea omncane futhi zingabukwa ngaphandle kwesibonakhulu.

Ngokwanda, ukwakheka kwe-crustacean kubonakala kahle. Umzimba weDaphnia uthambekele kancanyana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi unesimo se-oval. Ukusuka ngaphezulu igqoke igobolondo lesikhumba se-bivalve - i-carapace, ephetha ngenaliti yomsila futhi ivikele izitho zangaphakathi.

Ikhanda

Ikhanda limbozwe ngesembozo esinzima se-chitinous. Inokuhluma okufana nomlomo - i-rostrum, etholakala ngaphansi kwezimpondo zangaphambili ezimfushane - izinambuzane ezenza umsebenzi we-olkidory ngenxa yokuphuma okufushane okukuzo ezinezimpawu zazo. Izintuthwane ezingemuva zinde, zimboziwe ngama-ukuphuma. Basiza i-Daphnia ukuhambisa ikholamu yamanzi, yenze gxuma.

Ama-crustaceans anamabili ngamabili wemilenze yesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Amabele e-Daphnia enza imisebenzi esemqoka yokuphefumula nokudla. Zitholakala ekhanda. Ungakapheli umzuzu owodwa, i-crustacean yenza imivimbo engu-500 nabo, bedlula kuyo belu-algae kanye namagciwane amiswe emanzini. Emilenzeni kukhona ama-gill sacs, agcwele umoya-mpilo ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kwawo.

Umhlangano wombono

I-Daphnia inesitho sokubona esikabili, esiphindwe kabili kubantu abavuthiwe. Iso elikhulu le-facet liqukethe izici ezingama-22. Kwezinye izinhlobo, inani lezinhlaka lingafinyelela kumakhulu amathathu. Ngaphansi kweso le-facet yi-nauplius ocellus.

Ngokunyuka kwe-daphnia, izitho zangaphakathi zibonakala ngokucacile esithombeni. Umsele wamathumbu uqhamuka lapho kuvulwa umlomo. Ohlangothini lwasemuva inhliziyo idonsa. Izinsikazi zinegumbi lokufunda izingane lapho amaqanda etholakala khona phakathi komzimba nasenqabeni ye-dorsal.

Incazelo, ukwakheka, indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala yemvelo

I-Daphnia ingeyamalungu e-genus planktonic crustaceans futhi iyisidalwa esinezimbali. Igama lesibili, i-Water Flea, litholwe ngenxa yesakhiwo esifana nalezi zinambuzane, kanye nekhono lokugxuma okubukhali kwikholamu yamanzi. Uma ubheka ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, ungachaza ukubukeka:

• umzimba oyindilinga ongu-2-6 mm ubude uboshwe ngemidwebo ye-chitin esobala,
• kukhona ama-antenna agqamile ekhanda asiza ukuhamba ngokungafanele emanzini,
• isici sabantu abavuthiwe simunye, kepha kukhona iso eliseduze nalo,
• ngaphambili kwekhanda kuqhamuke ukukhula okumise okomlomo obizwa ngokuthi i-rostum, futhi ngaphansi kwawo kukhona i-antennae nge-olildory setae,
• Imizimba engu-4-6 yemilenze ye-pectoral imbozwe ngamabhulashi amaningi futhi inama-sache gill enzelwe ukuphefumula nokungenisa ukudla,
• ngemuva komzimba kunomsila ofakelwe ubuhlalu obabhanqiwe kanye no-anus wokuhlanza umzimba wezinhlayiya ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe,
• ekuphumeni kwesikhashana, amaqanda akha ifomu ngemuva.

Ubukhulu nombala weDaphnia kuncike kunobuhlakani bayo nendawo yokuhlala. Ngakho-ke, ezindaweni zokugcina ezihlanzekile ezingenalutho ezinenani elanele le-oksijini nezinto eziwusizo zikhanyisela abantu abangwevu noma abaluhlaza, futhi emadamini amancane angcolile bathola umbala obomvu onsundu.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sinezimpawu ezilandelayo:

• ubuchopho kanye ne-nerve chain ku-peritoneum kunesibopho sohlelo lwezinzwa,
• imisipha egxilile isiza ukuhamba kwezintuthwane, umsila kanye nemilenze ye-pectoral,
• uhlelo lokugaya luqukethe ukuvulwa komlomo, amathumbu amancane naphakathi, ukuphuma kwe-hepatic kanye nesisu sangemuva esine-anus,
• eduze emuva kunenhliziyo, okuvela kuyo 2 ostia, ogcwele igazi, umuke,
• isitho sokuphefumula asivezwanga, i-oksijini ingena emzimbeni nge-membrane nokusuka ekukhuleni kwemilenze,
• ezinhlangothini ezimbili zamathumbu kukhona amaqanda amaqanda kwabesifazane noma izivivinyo emadodeni.

IDaphnia ihlala emizimbeni enamanzi amnandi namanzi amile. Zijabulile, kufaka phakathi amachibi e-Antarctica. Ukuzalanisa okuphumelelayo, badinga kuphela indawo ehlanzekile enobuncane besilika nokungcola phansi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kunengozi yokuqolwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emathunjini omdlavuza, okuholela ekufeni kwawo.

Ikholamu yamanzi ikhona njenge-plankton, igeleza ngokukhululeka ngokusakaza. Bacasha ngaphansi lapho ilanga likhanya kakhulu, bese kuthi sonke isikhathi sokubhukuda babheke phezulu. Isikhathi sokuphila esisezingeni elifanele izinsuku ezingama-22, kuthi endaweni enkulu kufinyelele ezinsukwini eziyi-110-150.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Ukuqongelelwa okukhulu kwama-crustaceans kuyabonakala ezindaweni zokugcina zesikhashana - imisele, izingulule, amachibi amancanyana anamanzi amile. Lapho usungene emanzini, ngisho nangesifundo esibuthakathaka, isihlungi se-daphnia simiswe okwesikhashana izinhlayiya zenhlabathi bese sivale amathumbu. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi ukunyakaza kwakhe futhi kubangele ukufa kwabo.

Ama-crustaceans achitha iningi lempilo yawo kukholamu yamanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo, amanzi okuhlunga, adla ku-microscopic algae, ezinye zihlala eduze nezansi futhi zidla izinhlayiya zezitshalo nama-invertebrates. Ezinye izinhlobo, ama-halophiles, zibekezelela kalula isomiso, hibernating.

Lezi zidalwa zinobuhle kakhulu. Umthamo wansuku zonke wokudla okumunyu ungafinyelela ku-600% wesisindo sabo. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-daphnia amabhaktheriya, imvubelo ne-algae eluhlaza okotshani. Ukuqongelelwa okukhulu kakhulu kwama-crustaceans abonwa ezitolo ezinamanzi "aqhakaza", lapho azalela khona kakhulu.

I-Daphnia ihlangana ngokuqinile nokukhanya. Ngokukhanya okukhanyayo, uzama ukusondela ezansi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi.

Isakhiwo se-Daphnia

Ngifisa ukukhuluma kancane ngokuthi ahlelwa kanjani la ma crustaceans angamagatsha, esiwabiza ngeDaphnia. Imizimba yabo icindezelwe kakhulu kusukela ezinhlangothini, lezi zimbozwe ngegobolous chitinous igobolondo. Imvamisa i-daphnia inamehlo amabili, atholakala ekhanda, kepha kwesinye isikhathi abantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili bayahluka ebusweni beso elilodwa eliyinkimbinkimbi, eduze kwalo kungaba nelinye iso elincane. Ekhanda elincane, kukhona nezimbili zezintuthwane. Ibhangqa elingemuva (lesibili) lifakwe ngamabritish futhi likhulu. Kungenxa yokushaywa yilawa ma-antentha athi uDaphnia ahamba ngohlobo lokuxhuma. Ngakho-ke, abantu babizwa nangokuthi "izimbiza zamanzi."

UMnu Tail uyancoma: I-Daphnia njengokudla kwezinhlanzi

Osomabhizinisi abaningi basomabhizinisi bakhetha ukutshala ama-Water Fleas njengesilimo sokuphakela ukondla izinhlanzi ezincane nezincane. Bangathola nama-crustaceans nganoma yiluphi uhlobo:

• uphilela ukuzalaniswa kwasekhaya,
• u-ayisikhilimu ufakwe emabhulashini,
• yomile njengokudla okuqediwe.

Ukudla okunjalo kunezici eziningi ezinhle futhi kunomthelela omuhle kuzitshalo nezilwane zasemanzini.

Ukwehluka kobulili

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, iDaphnia ayinabo abesilisa. Abesifazane bazala izinhlobo zabo. Ngaphansi kwezimo eziguqukayo, ingxenye yabesifazane izala abesilisa.

Abesifazane nabesilisa banomehluko othile kusakhiwo sangaphandle nangaphakathi:

• izinsikazi zikhulu
• kwisihlangu ekhanda nesembozo sangaphandle sowesifazane kukhona iphethini yama-rhombus nama-polygons, abonakala ngokucacile lapho kusondeza,
• umlenze wokuqala nowesibili wemilenze emadodeni unezimbobo eziphuma emzimbeni ezibavumela ukuba banamathele kwabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala.

Ukuhlasela kweDaphnia

Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa e-aquarium Daphnia emincane eminingi yayivele igxuma ngokuxhamazela - enkulu, ngokusobala, yazala inzalo. Ama-triops nawo akhula, ngakho-ke, ngobukhulu konke bekubukeka njengokuzijabulisa okungenakuvinjwa: yonke indawo lapho kukhona okuthile okunyakazayo, okunyakazayo, okugoqayo, okugxuma. Ukubuka le mpi yempilo bekujabulisa kakhulu.

Futhi esikhathini esithile kamuva, yonke iDaphnia yanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo. Ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokufakwa esikhundleni kwengxenye yamanzi, noma ama-capops akhule kakhulu kangangokuba angakwazi ukuncintisana ekugijimeni kwama-crustaceans amancane futhi aqothula masisha wonke umphakathi.

Inani nezinzuzo

IDaphnia ikhuliswa kanye ne-Bloodworm, iGammarus, izimpukane zeCaddis, iBokoplav, iSyclops, iPrudovik nezinye izidalwa ezondlayo. Ngokwenani le-caloric, bonke bacishe balingane, kepha okwedlule kunokuqukethwe kweprotheni okwandisiwe. Ama-amino acid amuncwa izinhlanzi ezisencane anomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Daphnia isetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhweba, ingeza kokuphakelayo okuningi komile. Kuleli fomu, bangama-50% wesisindo esakhiwa amaprotheni.

Ukudla okubukhoma kubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwezinhlanzi. Iyanciphisa izehlakalo zabo, kulula ukugaya uma kwenzeka kugula futhi kusiza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha.

Kuma-crustaceans, isisu sivame ukugcwala izinhlayiya zezitshalo, ngakho-ke zithandwa ukudla ngabakwaGuppies, uDanio, amaFerrous Barbuses, iKarasi, iCarps kanye nezinye izakhamizi zasemanzini. E-aquarium, lokho kudla okunempilo kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanzini ezingenayo ukudla okungokwemvelo. Igobolondo le-Chitinous, elingagaywanga, lisebenza amathumbu liqale ukuhlanzwa kwalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zizithoba ekunakekelweni futhi zizalela ngokushesha ngokwanele. Zisiza yonke i-aquarium ngokuhlunga amanzi kuyo. Ngosuku, umuntu oyedwa udla ukudla okuphindwe kayisithupha kunesisindo. Lokhu kusiza ukuqeda ama-microorganisms angaphandle echibini noma ethangini.

Daphnia magna

Le nhlobonhlobo isetshenziswa njengokudla okubukhoma kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini, ngoba inenani eliphakeme lokudla. Ubude bomzimba sowesifazane buyi-3-5 mm, owesilisa ungaphezu kuka-2 mm. Abantu abasanda kuzalwa banobukhulu obukhulu. Umbala oyinhloko wesembozo esingaphandle uphuzi noma ophuzi osawolintshi. Lolu hlobo lubekezelela kalula ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa. Kuyivelakancane ngokwemvelo, kepha ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingapheli ziningi. Isikhathi sokuphila sezinhlobo zabantu abadala siyizinyanga ezintathu.

Ukuzala abantu

I-Daphnia ihlukaniswa yisixakaxaka - ukuzala inzalo ngaphandle komanyolo. Abesifazane balolu hlobo banegumbi lokufundela. Kuvikelwa emaphethelweni echibi futhi litholakala ngemuva. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, umuntu osemdala angabeka amaqanda angama-50 kuye kwangama-100 angenawo amaqanda. Emgodini ukhula, futhi abesifazane kuphela, bese beshiya ngokuzimele. Kwabesifazane, ngemuva kwalokhu, ukuqala kokuncibilikisa kuqala.

Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, inqubo yokuzala iqala ukuphinda. Abantu asebekhulile vele baxhumekile kumjikelezo onjalo, ngakho-ke konke kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu. Owesifazane oyedwa kuyo yonke inkathi yokuphila uyakwazi ukunika izingane izikhathi ezingama-25. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi sasehlobo ungabuka umbala obomvu wamanzi amachibi lapho kuhlala khona uDaphnia. Kumane kugcwele iplankton eningi.

Ngokuqala kwekwindla, abesilisa baxhumene nenqubo yokuzalanisa. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, igobolondo emaqanda liba mnene ngokwengeziwe. Inzalo yesikhathi esizayo iyakwazi ukumelana nesithwathwa, futhi yomisa izidumbu zamanzi, futhi isabalale ngothuli. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, umjikelezo wokuzala uqala futhiselokhu kuvela abesifazane. Inani elisha labantu ngezikhathi ezihlukile zonyaka lingahluka ngesimo somzimba.

Daphnia pullex

Ubude besifazane abadala abudluli ku-4 mm, owesilisa - 1.5 mm. Umbala wethala langaphandle uhlukahluka kusuka kokukhanya okuphuzi kuya kokubomvu. Ngaphandle, ama-crustaceans afana ne-Daphnia magna. Umehluko ulele ngosayizi omncane nobude bokuphila, obudlula inyanga eyodwa nohhafu. Izinhlobonhlobo zibonakala ngokuzala okungakholeki. Abesifazane bazalela amaqanda njalo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu. I-clutch ngayinye inamaqanda ayi-15.

Izinzuzo kanye nokulimala kwe-aquarium

Lezi izidalwa ezinenzuzo ezihlunga amanzi futhi zilawule i-microflora ye-aquarium. Zisebenza njengokudla okubukhoma kwezakhamizi eziningi zasesitolo sasekhaya.

Igqiza lamanzi alikwazi ukuluma umuntu noma ukulimaza izinhlanzi zasemanzini, ngoba ama-crustaceans awanawo umlomo ohlaba ukubhoboza. Izinsolo mayelana noku kulunywa ziyinganekwane.

Ukulimala okuyinhloko kwama-Copepods kuhlotshaniswa nokuqina kwawo okuphezulu. Ukusabela komzimba kubangelwa ukumiswa ngothuli okutholwe ngokuwomisa ukuze kusetshenziswe njengokudla okomile.

Uma izinhlayiya zothuli zingena kumuntu, impendulo yokungezwani komzimba ingaqala, ihambisane nokukhwehlela okungomile, ukubomvu kwamehlo, ukuphuma kwesibindi, impumulo egelezayo, ukwanda kwesifuba somoya. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvela ukuqubuka esikhunjeni, ukulunywa isikhumba, kuvutha.

Ukwelapha i-allergies, kufanele ufune usizo lodokotela ngokushesha noma uthathe i-antihistamine.

Inani njengokudla kwenhlanzi

I-flea yamanzi isetshenziswa kaningi njengokudla kwezakhamizi zase-aquarium. Ama-crustaceans aqukethe amaprotheni afinyelela ku-70% Inikezwa inhlanzi ngendlela eyomile, entsha noma eqandisiwe. Ama-crustaceans abanjwa emanzini noma azalwe ekhaya.

Ungazithola kanjani ngokuzimela emachibini

I-Daphnia ibanjwa kusukela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla, kuze kube yilapho izidumbu zamanzi zimbozwe yiqhwa. Ukudotshwa kunconywa ekuseni noma kusihlwa kusesimweni sezulu esinamandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, asondela eduze kwamanzi. Ngokudoba, ungasebenzisa inetha lebhabhathane elijwayelekile.

Izinhlobo zethu zokufakelwa kufanele zifakwe esitsheni se-tin bese zithuthumele ngezikhathi ezithile. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ekufeni kwabantu kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhamba bangafa. Izindlu ze-crustacean ziyahlanzwa zidlule ngocelemba ukuze zihleleke ngosayizi.

Izilungiselelo zemvelo

I-Daphnia ingatshalwa cishe kunoma iyiphi imvelo.

Ama-crustaceans azizwa ekhululekile kakhulu emanzini ngamapharamitha alandelayo:

1. Ukushisa. Izinkungu zamanzi zizizwa zizinhle endaweni yokugcina amanzi enobubanzi obuhlukahlukene bokushisa. Izinga lokushisa elikhulu ngamadigri ayi-18- 24.
2. Usawoti. I-Daphnia ibhekisa kuma-crustaceans anamanzi acwebile, ngakho-ke amanzi asemthonjeni kufanele abe musha.
3. I-oksijini. Ezimweni zemvelo, i-daphnia ingahlala ezindaweni zokugcina ezinamanzi angcolile, ngakho-ke izinga le-oxygen lingasukela ku-zero liye ku-saturated kakhulu. Lokhu kukhuthazelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuhlotshaniswa namandla abo okukhiqiza i-hemoglobin. Ama-crustaceans awazibekezeleli i-aerate ezinzulu ngenani elikhulu lama-bubble amancane. Lapho umthamo we-oksijini ugcwala kancane, ungqimba lwamagwebu luba khona ebusweni, olungabulala.
4. Amoniya. Ngisho nenani elincane le-ammonia linomthelela ongemuhle emzimbeni weDaphnia futhi lingathinta ukuqina kokuzala kwalo.
5. Amaminerali.Ama-crustaceans asabela ngokunamandla ezinguquko ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali zamanzi. Ukwanda okuncane kwesilinganiso se-zinc, i-magnesium noma i-potassium endaweni esemanzini kungaba yingozi kubo. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda okuncane kwesamba sethusi kunciphisa umsebenzi weDaphnia, futhi i-phosphorus ingadala ukufa kwabantu abasha.

I-Aeration

Ukucebisa okwengeziwe ngamanzi nge-oxygen kuyinto efiselekayo lapho kukhula izinhlobo ezithile. I-Aeration ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-phytoplankton futhi ivimbele ukwakheka kwefilimu ebusweni bamanzi. Ukugeleza komoya kufanele kube ngamandla aphakathi ukuze kungabangeli ukuphazamiseka.

Okufanele ukondle

Ku-vivo, i-daphnia idla nge-microplankton, amagciwane, nemvubelo.

Ukuthola amagciwane, thambisa amakhasi webhanana emanzini afudumele bese ugcizelela izinsuku ezingama-6-7. Lapho amanzi eba ngamafu, i-nati yezakhi ingafakwa ku-aquarium ngesilinganiso samalitha ayi-0,5 ngamalitha amanzi ayi-20.

Okondla, ungasebenzisa imvubelo yombhaki eyomile noma emanzi, enothile ngezakhi zomzimba. Ukondla kufakwa emazingeni angama-28 amagremu ngamalitha amanzi ayi-20 nsuku zonke.

I-Chlorella isetshenziswa njenge-microscopic algae, ehlala cishe yonke imizimba yamanzi. Ukuze ukhiqize ulwelwe olunjalo, vele ubeke inani elincane lamanzi avela e-aquarium endaweni efudumele nenokhanyayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-algae iqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo.

Ukwehlukanisa ukudla kwama-crustaceans, kunconywa ukufaka inani elincane le-beet, iklabishi noma ijusi le-karoti emanzini, elizosebenza njengomthombo owengeziwe wamavithamini.

Ungawukhulisa kanjani umkhiqizo okhulayo

Ukukhula daphnia ekhaya akunzima ngisho nakubaqalayo.

Ukhuphula umkhiqizo, sebenzisa imihlahlandlela elandelayo:

• ekutholeni ithangi lapho ufuya ama-crustaceans, sebenzisa isihlungi sendiza esisetshenziswa emakhejini ngoFry,
• amanzi athathelwa indawo ngokubheka okuphakelayo okusetshenzisiwe kanye nenani lethangi, uma i-aquarium inkulu, bese ubuyisela amanzi aze afike ku-30% kanye ezinsukwini ezingama-7-10,
• qoqa ukuhlangana njalo, lokhu kuzosiza ukugcina ukukhiqizwa kabusha nokukhula kwama crustaceans,
• Isikhathi sokukhanya kosuku kumele okungenani sibe ngamahora ayi-18, indawo efanelekile yokuthola ukukhanya kwewashi.

Izimo ezidingekayo

Ama-Daphnia aphile futhi azalela kuphela endaweni ejwayelekile yasemanzini. Imizamo yokuzalanisa ama-crustaceans emanzini ompompi ngeke yehluleke.

Indawo evumayo yi-aquarium enamazinga okushisa amanzi afinyelela kuma-25 degrees, ukukhanyisa okuhle kanye nokuba khona kokudla ngesimo somvubelo owomile noma i-unicellular algae.

I-Daphnia ayibekezeleli amakoloni amakhulu futhi ingafa ngokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Ngokukhula kwesibalo sama crustaceans kufanele atshalwe kwesinye isitsha.

Isikhathi sokuphila

Isikhathi sokuphila kuncike ezinhlotsheni futhi sisukela ezinsukwini ezingama-22 kuya kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ziphila isikhathi eside kunalezo ezincane.

Isikhathi sokuphila sithinteka ekushiseni kwamanzi. Ezitolo zokugcina ezifudumele, izinqubo ze-metabolic ziqhubeka ngokushesha, okuholela ekukhuleni ngokushesha komzimba nokufa ngokushesha.

Intengo yedaphnia ngesimo sokuphakelwa

IDaphnia iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni, ngakho-ke kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lusebenza njengokudla okuhle kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyabiza. Iphakethe le-daphnia elomile elinesisindo sama-gramu ayi-100 libiza ama-ruble angama-30-50, eqandisiwe - kufika kuma-ruble angama-100. Imvamisa ezitolo zezilwane ungathola ukudla okuphilayo. Banempilo yeshelufu emfishane futhi abekho ngaphansi kokudla okunempilo kuya kwabandayo.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Ukuzalanisa okuhehayo daphnia - isigaba Ama-crustaceans aboniswa isici esinjenge-parthenogenesis. Lokhu yikhono lokuzala kabusha inzalo ngaphandle kokukhulelwa okuqondile.

Lapho izimo zokuphila zalolu hlobo lwe-crustacean zithandeka impela, izintokazi zaseDaphnia zizala nge-parthenogeneis, zizala abesifazane kuphela.

Ngokwesilinganiso, umuntu oyedwa unikeza inzalo enanini le-nauplii, elikwazi ukuzala selivele ngosuku lwe-4 luzelwe. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe, i-daphnia yowesifazane iletha ezizukulwaneni ezingama-25.

Lapho izimo zezemvelo ziba zimbi kakhulu, kuzalwa owesilisa, futhi isizukulwane esilandelayo sama-crustaceans sizala amaqanda adinga ukuvundiswa. Amaqanda eDaphniakwakheka phakathi nenkathi ekhula ibe imibungu emincane, ambozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile lokuzivikela bese eyongena ebusika.

Ngale ndlela, imibungu yaseDaphnia ingasinda kokubili isomiso nesithwathwa esinamandla. Lapho izimo zemvelo zibuyela kokujwayelekile, zikhula zibe ngabantu abadala. Isizukulwane esilandelayo sizophinda sivelise abesifazane kuphela abazokwazi ukusebenzisa i-parthenogeneis.

Enye into ethokozisayo yedaphnia yi-cyclomorphosis. Ngezinkathi ezahlukile zonyaka, abantu bezimo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba bazalwa ngenani elifanayo.

Ngakho-ke, izizukulwane zasehlobo zaseDaphnia zinenalithi yomsila ephakeme nokungena kwesigqoko. Phakathi kwama-hypotheses amaningi mayelana nokufaneleka kwalolo shintsho, into esemqoka ukuvikela izinyamazane, ezisebenza kakhulu ehlobo.

Isikhathi sokuphila se-daphnia sifushane futhi siyahlukahluka kusuka kumaviki ama-3 kuya ezinyangeni ezi-5 kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ezinjengeDaphnia Magna ziphila isikhathi eside kunabalingani bazo abancane.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwe-daphnia futhi sincike ekushiseni kwamanzi - ngokwengeziwe, izinqubo ze-metabolic ezisheshayo zenzeka, umzimba ukhula ngokushesha, ubudala futhi ufe ngokushesha.

Izinhlobo zeDaphnia

Uhlobo lwazo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zama-crustaceans anezihlahla, zemindeni engaba yishumi. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezintathu:

• IMagna ithathwa njengekhulu kunayo yonke, ifinyelela ubude obungu-6 mm kowesifazane, 2 mm kwabesilisa no-0.7 ku-larva. Iqala ngezinsuku eziyi-12- 12 futhi inikeze okokwehla emasontweni ama-2, ibeke isilinganiso esingu-20-30, namaqanda angama-80 (ama-ephippias) ngasikhathi. Ihlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-110-150.

• Amaphuleji aphakathi ngosayizi, insikazi ikhula ibe ngu-3-4 mm, kuthi owesilisa angabi ngaphezu kuka-1-2 mm. Kusakazeke njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-3-5, kunikeza ama-testicles ayi-10-25. Umjikelezo wempilo izinsuku ezingama-26- 47.

• I-Moina yincane kunazo zonke, inegobolondo elithambile futhi ilungele ukondla uFry. Akakhuli ngaphezu kuka-1.5 mm, kanti izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zingama-0.5 mm. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka kungakapheli usuku, futhi amalitha avela njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-1-2, aze afike kuma-ephippias angama-53 lilinye. Ihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-22.

Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zingabelwa ngisho ngama-amateurs, ngaphandle kokudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Kepha izici zokubanakekela nokubambisana nabanye abahlali kusafanele ukwazi.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Photo: Daphnia crustaceans

Itholakala kakhulu kukholamu yamanzi, ihamba ngosizo lwe-jumps, kwesinye isikhathi ikhasa phansi ngaphansi kwedamu noma ezindongeni ze-aquarium. Imvamisa zihamba ngokuya ngokuthi yisiphi isikhathi sosuku: lapho kukhanya, zingena shí emanzini, futhi ebusuku ziba semaphethelweni.

Amandla amaningi asetshenziswa kulezi ukunyakaza, ngakho-ke kumele babe nesizathu. Kodwa-ke, bekungakenzeki ukuthi uthole ukuthi ungubani ngempela. Kunokucatshangwa okuningi okungenzeka. Isibonelo, leyo daphnia enkulu iyaphoqeleka ukuthi icwila ngokujulile phakathi nosuku ukuze ingabonakali kakhulu kwizinyamazane - phela, izingqimba ezijulile zamanzi zikhanya kakhulu.

Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuqinisekiswa yiqiniso lokuthi ezindaweni zokugcina izinhlanzi lapho kungekho zinhlanzi ezidla khona eDaphnia, ukuthutha okunjalo kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu. Kunencazelo elula - ukuthi i-daphnia imane ilwela lowo ungqimba wamanzi, lapho izinga lokushisa nokukhanya lilungile kubo, futhi phakathi nosuku lihamba liye phezulu naphansi.

Ukusuka ezinhlotsheni kuya ezinhlotsheni, isikhathi sokuphila kwabo sehluka kakhulu. Imvamisa iphethini ilula - enkulu futhi iphila isikhathi eside. IDaphnia Encane inezinsuku ezingama-20-30, ezinkudlwana ezinsukwini eziyi-130-150.

Iqiniso elikhangayo: Kwi-daphnia kuyisiko ukuhlola izinga lobuthi bezisombululo ezihlukahlukene. Baze baphendule nokugxila okuphansi - ngokwesibonelo, bangancipha noma bacwenge phansi.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

I-Daphnia igcwele kakhulu, futhi ukuzala kwayo kuyathakazelisa ngezigaba ezimbili - baphinda baziveze ngokobulili nangokobulili. Esimweni sokuqala, abesifazane kuphela babamba iqhaza kuyo futhi i-parthenogeneis isetshenziswa. Okusho ukuthi, bazala kabusha ngaphandle komanyolo, futhi inzalo yabo ithola uhlobo olufana nolwomzali ongayedwa. Sibonga i-parthenogenesis, lapho kufika izimo ezinhle ukuthi inani labo endaweni yokugcina amanzi likhula kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu: imvamisa le ndlela yokuzala eDaphnia isetshenziswa ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo, lapho kunokudla okuningi kubo.

Ukuzala kabusha kuleli cala kungokulandelayo: amaqanda abekwa emgodini okhethekile futhi akhule ngaphandle komanyolo. Ngemuva kokuba ukukhula kwabo kuphelile futhi kuqhamuke ibanga leDaphnia elisha, izinkomo zesifazane, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-6 kuphela, kungaqala umjikelezo omusha. Ngaleso sikhathi, izintokazi ezivele okokugcina zikulungele ukuzala.

Ngokukholwa ukuthi inqwaba yeDaphnia entsha ivela ku-brood ngayinye, inani labo ku-reservoir likhula ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi emavikini ambalwa lingagcwaliswa - lokhu kuyabonakala ngomthunzi obomvu wamanzi. Uma ukudla kuqala ukuntuleka, abesilisa bavela esintwini: bancane futhi bayashesha ukwedlula abesimame, bahlukaniswa ezinye izici zokuhleleka. Zithambisa izinsikazi, ngenxa yalokho kuvela amaqanda kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-ephippia - ulwelwesi olunamandla lwe-chitinous oluvumela izimo ezisindayo.

Ukwenza isibonelo, abanandaba nokubanda noma ukomisa indawo yokugcina amanzi, bangathwalwa ngumoya kanye nothuli, abafanga lapho bedlula ohlelweni lokugaya izilwane. Ngisho nokuba khona kukasawoti onobuthi kuzixazululo akunandaba nabo, igobolondo labo lithembeke kakhulu.

Kepha, uma iDaphnia izala nge-parthenogenesis ngokumane, ukuzala okuneziqu zamehlo kudinga umzamo owengeziwe, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi izintokazi ziyafa ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda. Ngemuva kokuwela ezimweni ezinhle, isizukulwane esilandelayo se-daphnia sisuselwa emaqanda futhi sisakazwa futhi nge-parthenogeneis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane kuphela abonakala, ngoba abesilisa abaziphili izimo ezinzima.

Manje usuyazi ukuthi uzalela kanjani i-Daphnia. Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izingozi ezilindele i-Daphnia endle.

Umsoco

Indima ebalulekile kulinywe kwama crustaceans idlalwa ngokudla. Amapheya amanzi adla ngama-bacteria kanye ne-plankton, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwama crustaceans ekhaya, abasebenza emanzini banikeza lokhu kudla okulandelayo ukudla okungenzeka kunhlanzi:

• Imvubelo - okondlayo, khetha umkhiqizo owomile noma omanzi, owengezelwa endaweni yasemanzini ngesilinganiso sama-28 g / 20 l wamanzi, okuyisiko lansuku zonke lokudla kwama-crustaceans.
• Isigaxa esincane kunazo zonke - lo mkhiqizo ukhishwa emithonjeni yemvelo, ukhuphuka uketshezi echibini eligelezayo futhi ubeke isitsha esinamanzi ngaphansi kokukhanya kwemvelo, noma endaweni eshisayo.
• Ijusi yemifino - ivolumu iyi-1 tsp / 5 l yamanzi. Ijusi yemifino yehlukanisa umsoco, futhi iletha amavithamini adingekayo wokuthuthuka.
• Amagciwane - ekhaya, amagciwane atholakala ezikhunjeni zikabhanana, indle nokungcola kokudla, afakwe emanzini afudumele futhi ashiywe izinsuku ezingama-5-6. Amanzi anama-bacterium asebenza njenge fodder ye-daphnia anezelwa esitsheni ngengxenye ye-450 g / 20 l.

Izitha zemvelo Daphnia

Photo: Amaqanda Daphnia

Izidalwa ezinjalo ezincane nezingenakuzivikela zinezitha eziningi - izinyamazane ezidla kuzo.

• izinhlanzi ezincane
• gazinga,
• iminenke
• amasele
• izibungu zezintsha kanye nezinye izilwanyana zasemanzini,
• ezinye izakhamizi ezidla ezinye zezindawo zokugcina amanzi.

Izinhlanzi ezinkulu noma eziphakathi nendawo ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo azinandaba - ngoba ziyinyamazane encane kakhulu, edinga kakhulu ukuba zanelise. Kepha isimangaliso olunye udaba, ezinhlanzini ezincane, uma kunesiphithiphithi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, basebenza njengomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokudla okunempilo.

Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu, ngoba kubaphasiphithi abancane ubukhulu bazo busebenza njengesivikelo - ngisho nenhlanzi encane ngeke ixoshe umuntu ogwedla engxenyeni yesigamu, enye into abantu abakhulu baka-3-5 mm. Kuyinhlanzi eyisidlakudla esikhulu esiqothula iDaphnia, ngaphezu kwalokho, zondla izinhlanzi ezinkudlwana ezinkudlwana. Kubo, i-daphnia nayo ingenye yemithombo eyinhloko yokudla.

Kepha noma kungekho zinhlanzi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, zisabhekene nengozi eziningi: abantu abakhulu badliwa ngamasele namanye ama-amphibians, kanti izibungu zabo zidla nezincane. Iminenke namanye ama-mollusks adla inyama adla ngesiphithiphithi - yize i-daphnia ingazama “ukugxuma” kwabanye babo, ngokungafani nenhlanzi eyimbadlana.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Ukuqonda kabusha i-Daphnia genome kuveze izinto eziningi ezithokozisayo kososayensi: cishe ama-35% wemikhiqizo yezakhi zofuzo etholakala ku-genome ahlukile, kuyilapho ezwela kakhulu kunoma yiluphi ushintsho olukhona emvelweni. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi iDaphnia ivumelana nezimo ngokushesha okukhulu.

Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo

Photo: Daphnia emanzini

Inani le-Daphnia elihlala emizimbeni yamanzi yomhlaba alinakubalwa - kuyacaca nje ukuthi likhulu kakhulu futhi akukho lutho olusongela lolu hlobo lokusinda. Bahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba, ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, bashintsha futhi bazivumelanise nezimo ngisho nalezo ababengaziphileli phambilini. Ngisho nokuzisusa ngenhloso kungaba ngumsebenzi owesabekayo.

Ngakho-ke, zinesimo sokusatshiswa okuncane futhi azivikelwe ngumthetho; zingabanjwa ngokukhululeka. Isibonelo, abanikazi abaningi bezindawo zasemanzini benza lokhu. Ngempela, uma uthenga i-daphnia eyomile yokudla kwezinhlanzi, zingabanjwa emizimbeni engcolile futhi enobuthi.

Imvamisa zivimbelwa ukuthengiswa emanzini angcolile ezitshalweni zokwelapha indle - azikho izinhlanzi lapho, ngakho-ke zidalwa kakhulu ngenkuthalo. Lokhu kubuye kukhombise ukuthi bakulungele kangakanani, kepha kukwenza ukhethe ngokucophelela ukuthi uzobabamba kuphi, ngaphandle kwalokho izinhlanzi zingase zinobuthi. I-Daphnia ethunjiwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi ehlanzekile futhi yethulwe ku-aquarium izoba ngumanyolo omuhle kakhulu kubo.

Iqiniso elithokozisayo: Izizukulwane ze-daphnia zingahluka kakhulu ekwakhekeni komzimba kuye ngokuthi zikhula ngasiphi isikhathi. Isibonelo, izizukulwane zasehlobo zivame ukuba nesigqoko ekhanda nenaliti emsileni. Ukuze uzikhulise, udinga ukusebenzisa amandla amaningi, ngenxa yalokho, ubumfihlo bomuntu buyehla, kodwa lokhu kunesizathu sokuthi ukuphuma kwangaphambi kokuvikela kuvikela izinyamazane.

Ehlobo, kunezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, futhi ngenxa yalokhu ukuphuma, ezinye zazo ziba nzima kakhulu ukubamba i-Daphnia, kwesinye isikhathi nazo zihlephula inaliti yomsila, ngenxa yokuthi uDaphnia angaphuma. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuphuma kusobala, ngakho-ke akulula ukuthi sikubone lokho.

Daphnia - Umhlali omncane futhi ongabonakali wamachibi, amachibi ngisho nezindunduma, enza imisebenzi eminingana efanelekile ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphandle kokufunda kwabo kubaluleke kakhulu kososayensi. Yebo, futhi bayazi ngokwabo abanikazi bezindawo zasemanzini - awukwazi ukunikeza iDaphnia eyomile kuphela izinhlanzi, kodwa futhi uqale la ma-crustaceans ngokwawo ukuze ahlanze amanzi.

Daphnia ku-aquarium

Ukususa ama-crustaceans emathangini avaliwe, kufanele unikeze izimo ezithile zokuba khona kwawo:

• khetha isitsha esihlanzekile senziwe ngengilazi noma nge-plexiglass, ekuqaleni sinomthamo wamalitha ama-1-3, usisuse esikhundleni sokwenyuka kwesibalo sezakhamizi, kucatshangelwa ubunzima be-0.3-1 kg / m³,
• Sebenzisa amanzi ahlanziwe noma ompompi, ngobulukhuni be-6-18 ° ne-pH engathathi hlangothi engu-7.2-8, ngaphandle kwe-chlorine nokungcola kwamakhemikhali, okungase kungcoliswwe ngakho,
• yibeka kude nelanga eliqondile, njengoba ama-crustaceans engakuthandi ukukhanyiswa ngokweqile,
• faka isibani se-20 W fluorescent, sinikeze ukukhanya okukhanyayo amahora angama-14-16 nsuku zonke,
• qiniseka ukuthi izinga lokushisa likububanzi obungu- + 20 ... + 24 ° C we-Daphnia vulgaris no + 26 ... + 28 ° C weMoin, endaweni enhle izinga lokuzala lizokwehla,
• ahlinzeke ngokudla okunempilo, ancibilise ukugqoka okungaphezulu ku-ketshezi kuze kube yilapho edonsa kancane, futhi engeza ingxenye entsha ngemuva kokukhanyiselwa,
• njengoba kunesidingo, hlanza futhi uguqule amanzi ukuze udoti kanye nosilika kungabi buthelelezi ngaphansi, kanye nohlu lwamatshe odongeni,
• sebenzisa i-aeration ebuthakathaka ukususa ifilimu ebusweni, hlanganisa ukudla, unikeze ukufinyelela kwe-oxygen okungenani i-3-8 mg / l kanye ne-oxidizability ye-14.8-26.2 mg O2 / l.

Okokuqala, kufanele uthenge amaqanda we-crustacean bese uwaqhuba esitsheni esilungiselelwe. Abantu abavuthiwe asebevele bedinga ukubanjwa ngenethi ukuze bondle ngokushesha, yome noma iqhwa.

Izimo zokuzala

Abantu abaningi bazalanisa i-daphnia ekhaya, okulula kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukucubungula okufanele kufanele kunikezwe kule nqubo. Indima enkulu idlalwa umbala wamanzi esitsheni. Kufanele ibe nsundu noma ibe nsundu.

Ungakhohlwa ukufaka imvubelo ekudleni kwakho

Abanye abamele izindikimba zamanzi, isibonelo, ama-cyclops, akufanele bavunyelwe ukungena ethangini laseDaphnia. Ekhaya, ukudla kwama-crustaceans kufanele kube ne-lettuce eyomile noma amagilebhisi. Imvubelo ye-Baker's ingeziwe ekudleni. Zichotshozwa zibe yiphutha bese zihlungwa nge-gauze. Ukuze uqale ekhaya, udinga ukuthatha amanzi ngama-crustaceans angama-50 avela emthonjeni wemvelo ngokudla okulungiselelwe bese kuphela ugijimela esitsheni esilungiselelwe.

Ezinye izithombe nokubukwa

Ngiletha izithombe ezimbalwa eziphumelelayo ze-daphnia pullex.

Uhlaka olulandelayo lukhombisa kahle i-nauplii ebunjiwe kanye nentshebe emhlophe yama-ciliates, emboza ingaphezulu le-crustacean.

Daphnia ekukhanyeni okubonakalisiwe, embozwe amakoloni we-ciliates

Futhi nokho, i-daphnia ekubukeni okugcwele ibukeka iyamangalisa. Lo mfokazi! Noma umkhumbi wabantu ongabazi, nakanjani:

Daphnia ngokubuka okugcwele - umkhumbi wabafokazi

I-Daphnia pulex ekhaleni lamanzi

Ukubamba i-Daphnia

Amapheya amanzi angaqoqwa ngokuzimela emachibini amancane, amachibi anamanzi amanzi, imigodi, imigodi nezinye izidumbu zamanzi ngenani eliphansi lezakhamuzi zasemanzini. Azafuyi ezimweni zasemfuleni, kodwa kuphela emanzini aqinile. Kulula ukuzithola ngokugcina ubukhulu beshizi grey-green or brownish.

Akumele uwafune ezindlini ezinamanzi amaningi, amachibi anezinhlanzi eziningi nezinyamazane. Ukuba khona kwalokhu okugcina kuzothinta hhayi kuphela inani le-plankton, kodwa futhi nekhwalithi yayo, futhi kuzokhulisa nengozi yokusakazeka kwezifo ezinhlanzini zasemanzini.

Ukuze ubambe i-bioplankton, udinga ukuthatha inetha elinomhede noma isihlakala sendwangu ye-muslin. Ukuhamba kwe-Scooping kufanele kulandele isibalo sesishiyagalombili futhi kube kancane. Ukuskena okusheshayo kuholela ekucindezelweni okwandayo kuma-crustaceans nasekufeni kwawo.

Isikhathi esihle salokhu yisikhathi sezimbali, lapho ukugcwala kwama-algae kuyo kukhuphuka. Futhi kulula ukwenza lokhu endaweni enezihlakala zamanzi angajulile, kusihlwa noma ngosuku olunamafu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isilinganiso sama crustaceans elangeni elikhanyayo asilungile, ngaphansi kwawo kufana neplankton efana ne-plankton efana nokusondela ezansi.

Habitat

IDaphnia itholakala kakhulu kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi emile, kusuka echibini kuya echibini elijulile. Lezi crustaceans zitholakala ngisho e-Antarctica. Isimo esikhulu sendawo yokuhlala kwedaphnia singamanzi amnandi afudumele ngenani elincane lezinhlayiya zenhlabathi.

Lapho i-daphnia ingena emanzini asemhlabathini, ihlunga inhlabathi bese kancane kancane iqongelela amathumbu ayo nge-algae, iwavale. Lawa ma-crustaceans awazithandi izilondolozi ezingcolile, ngakho-ke, angasetshenziswa ukwahlulela ukuhlanzeka komfula, ichibi noma ichibi.

Baphila cishe izinsuku ezingama-22

Ezitolo zokugcina lapho iDaphnia ihlala khona, iningi lezimpilo zabo lidlula kwikholamu yamanzi. Ezinye izinhlobo zingakhela phansi, zidle izingxenye zokudla zezitshalo lapho, izinsalela zama-invertebrates. Zingatholakala nakwezinye izindawo - imigodi, imigodi ngamanzi. Ama-crustaceans asabela kakhulu ekukhanyisweni, futhi lapho kukhanya kakhulu aya ekujuleni. IGreater Daphnia ihlala izinsuku ezingama-110-150. Umjikelezo wokuphila wezinye izinhlobo uncane kakhulu futhi ungaba izinsuku ezingama-22.

Ukuzalanisa okungokwemvelo nokuzalela kweDaphnia

Ama-fleas Amanzi akuzona izidalwa ezisexual, okufakazela ukuba khona kwamaqanda kwabesifazane nokuhlolwa kwabesilisa. Ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu nangokwakheka kwezintuthwane. Kepha kuzo, njengabo bonke abalimi abasebenza ngamagatsha, ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka nge-cyclic parthenogeneis. Ukukhiqizwa kobulili obufanayo kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kuphela abesifazane besifazane besele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ehlobo efudumele ehlobo izintokazi ezisencane zikhula emaqandeni azo angenazimpawu. Ekwindla nalapho amadamu omisa, abesilisa bavela kuma-eippippias afanayo. Imibungu yabo ivela ngaphansi kopopayi bese belinda izinyoni eziningana, bese beya ngaphandle.

Ngomanyolo ogcwele, abesilisa abancane nabashesha ukuhlangana nabesifazane, banamathela emaphethelweni ongemuva we-carapace. Ngesikhathi se-parthenogenesis, wonke amalitha anobulili obufanayo. Ngemuva kokupholisa nokuncipha esikhathini samahora okukhanya kosuku, ukuzala okuvela ngasikhathi sinye kwenzeka. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa bazalwa kubantu abathile, kanti abanye bahlehlisa ama-ephippias, aphumule kuze kufike umquba. Zisakazeka nomoya, ezinyaweni noma izimpaphe zezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, emathunjini ezinhlanzi. Ebusika, zitholakala ebusweni bamanzi noma ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu ze-silt. Amelana neqhwa noma ukoma ngaphandle, futhi lapho engena endaweni enhle, ukukhula kombungu kuqala.

Ukuze kulinywe, amaqanda owomile ayathathwa abekwe endaweni efanelekile. Ziyakhula futhi zanda ngokushesha okukhulu, okwenza sikwazi ukuthola ama-30-50 g ama-crustaceans kusuka ku-1 m3 wama-eppippies. Ukondla kunezikhombisi ezimbili:

• Ukuhlangana, lapho ukudla kungeniswa ethangini neDaphnia. Ukungcola kungukungcola okusheshayo kanye nesidingo sokushintshwa kwamanzi njalo.
• Hlukanisa elula i-dilution. Kulokhu, i-algae ikhula esitsheni esihlukile, esingeniswa ethangini izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngosuku ngesikhathi sokudla.

Manje ukutshala kwezimboni kwama-feed ama-crustaceans echibini elikhulu nasemadamini kuyathandwa. Kulokhu, umkhiqizi ushintsha amanzi kanye njalo emavikini noma ezinyangeni ezimbalwa abese ebopha kabusha isivuno ukuze avimbele ukuguga kwawo.

Ingozi ebantwini

Ngokuhlangana nezinambuzane, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Water Fleas iyaluma. Kodwa azinazo izitho ezifanele, okusho ukuthi ukulunywa okunjalo kukhishwe ngaphandle. I-Daphnia ingadala ukulimala kuphela ngokubangela ukusabela komzimba kubantu abazimisele ngakho. Ngokudonsela ukudla, ziqongelela impova eyingozi, ukugcwala kwayo okukhuphuka kwezinto ezomile.

Ngokwezibalo, cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabane akabhejane ama-crustaceans. Liziveza izimpawu ezinjalo:

• imishayo yesikhumba ekhanyayo, njengezinkalo,
• ukoma nokuxinana kwamakhala
• ukuthuthumela okuhlala njalo
• i-allergic conjunctivitis ngokuqhekeza,
• ubunzima bokuphefumula ngenxa ye-bronchospasm
• isifuba somoya.

Ukuthola lesi simo, odokotela bahlaziya ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba. Uma kwenzeka kuba nemiphumela emihle, kunqunywe ama-antihistamines kanye nokususwa ngaphandle kokuxhumana ne-Daphnia.

Ukuzala ngemvelo

Ezinyangeni zasehlobo, i-daphnia ijwayele ukutholakala echibini eligelezayo nasemachibini, okukhona kuwo inqwaba yolwandle. Ukuzala kwe-daphnia kumangalisa ngokumangalisayo, okuhambisana nokwenziwa kwe-parthenogeneis.

I-Parthenogenesis yikhono lokuzikhiqiza kabusha ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufaka inzalo, lapho inzalo iphinda ngokuphelele uhlobo lomzali, futhi noma ikuphi umehluko esimweni sokuphila komzimba kunqunywa yizimo zemvelo. I-Parthenogenesis ivumela i-daphnia ukuthi ikhule ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ngemuva nje kokuphuma kwamaqanda. Emvelweni, ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo kanye nokwindla yokuqala, kuye ngezinga lokushisa, ukutholakala kokudla kanye nokuba khona kwemikhiqizo ye-metabolism yabo, i-daphnia iphindaphindeka ngokwengxenyegenetically, okwenza kube nesilinganiso se-nauplii eyi-10 ngomuntu ngamunye. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesifazane kuphela abakhona echibini. Umbungu okhulayo uvame ukubonakala ngaphakathi kwesitho somama ngaphandle kwesibonakhulu. Abesifazane besizukulwane esilandelayo bayakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ngemuva kokukhula kwezinsuku ezi-4, ngokuzalwa kwenzeka njalo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kwempilo yayo, insikazi ingaba nesikhathi sokubeletha amahlandla angama-25, kepha uma isebenzisa leli nani incipha kancane kanti insikazi ivame ukungazaleli inzalo engaphezu kwe-100.

Ngokuntuleka kokudla, amaqanda athile akhula emaduna, bese izinsikazi ziqala ukukhiqiza amaqanda okumelwe avundiswe. Lokhu kugcina kukhula kube imibungu emincane, ebese igcwele hibernate, embozwe ngegobolondo elimnyama / elimnyama, elaziwa ngokuthi yi-ephippia. Ngale ndlela, i-daphnia ingabekezelela izimo ezinzima zemvelo, ukomiswa kafushane kwendawo yokugcina nokuqandeka kwawo. Abesifazane abazalelwa ukwakha i-ephippia kulula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu abathile be-parthenogenetic ngoba i-ephippia ekhulayo ikhona njengendawo emnyama ekugcineni kwasemzimbeni. Lapho izimo zemvelo ziphinda ziba zinhle, kuvela isizukulwane emaqandeni, okuthi nawo azalele izinsikazi, kuyilapho onke amadoda efa ngaphambi kokuqala kwezimo ezingezinhle.

Amapharamitha wamanzi

Ekuzaleni okuphumelelayo kwemayini yaseDaphnia, kuyadingeka imingcele ethile yomkhiqizo:

1. Ukuba khona kasawoti. Njengoba la ma-phenotypes ngokwemvelo ehlala emanzini amasha, i-aquarium kufanele futhi igcwaliswe ngoketshezi olufanele.
2. I-oksijini. Ama-crustaceans ahlala emanzini, lapho izinga le-oxygen lihlukile. Ukuhlala unomphela kuthinta kabi ukuthuthukiswa kwama-crustaceans. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, zanda kakhulu.
3. Umswakama. Isekelwa ezingeni lamayunithi angama-7-8.
4. Ukushisa. Ilungele amazinga okushisa akhulayo ayahlukahluka ebangeni lama-degrees angama-18-22.

I-Daphnia ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu (ividiyo)

Esithombeni ungabona izindebe ezinkulu kakhulu eziphimboza umlomo, ezimboza umlomo wamazehlo wamanzi. Noma yiziphi izitho ezingalunywa ezingasetshenziswa azikho ku-daphnia. Izindebe zinezindlala zamathe, ezibandakanya amaseli amakhulu e-polyploid. Imfihlo ye-salivary ukufaka ushukela izinhlayiya zokudla kube yinhlama eyodwa. Umuntu omdala udla cishe amaphesenti ayisithupha esisindo sawo ngosuku.

QAPHELA! Ukususa ngokushesha amabalengwe, kunezindlela ezintathu kuphela ezisebenzayo:

• Ucingo lwensizakalo yokuhlanza (kubiza kakhulu),
• Ukuthengwa kokuthengiswa kabusha ngogesi (ama-ruble ayi-1390),
• Amakhemikhali (umphumela ongabazayo).

Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ku-athikili yama-moose fleas.

I-Aquarium / Daphnia Tank Ukulungiswa

Kuyadingeka ukufaka amanzi (okungenani ama-25% wevolumu) ngamanzi amasha okushisa afanayo njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Kungcono ukuthi uhlanganise ushintsho lwamanzi nokuhlanza phansi, lapho okuzohlalwa khona imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene organic kanye nama-crustaceans afile. Amanzi akhanywa kusetshenziswa i-siphon - imvamisa indima yawo idlalwa yi-hose ejwayelekile yesiphambano esincane (phakathi kuka-1 cm) nge-tube ekugcineni. Kuyinto elula ukushayela ipayipi phansi, uncela udoti. Njengase-aquarium ejwayelekile, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izindonga zizohlanganiswa ngembozo ye-organic. Kulula ukuyikhipha ngesikhafu, nezinhlayiya eziwile ukususa i-siphon.

Uma kuphela amanzi ethathelwa indawo, kuyacebeka ukufaka uthayela omuhle ekugcineni kwe-siphon, lapho kuhlala khona ama-daphnias amaningana, avele awele emthonjeni. Ama-crustaceans abanjwe ngale ndlela azokwengeza ekudleni kwezinhlanzi.

Okubaluleke ngokufanayo, futhi mhlawumbe esinqumayo, ukuba khona kwezibambo endaweni yokugcina amanzi, iminenke eminingi. Lezo ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zasemanzini. Basebenza njengabahlanzayo abaphilayo futhi baphephile eDaphnia. Izinsalela zokuphaka nezinye izinto eziphilayo ziyadliwa, kanti amagobolondo abo asebenza njengendawo yokwakhiwa kwamakholoni amagciwane a-nitrifying abathintekayo emjikelezweni we-nitrogen. Siyabonga kubo, izindleko zabasebenzi zokulondolozwa kwe-aquarium enama-crustaceans zincishiswa kakhulu futhi ubungozi bokwanda kokugxila kwe-nitrite ne-nitrate kumanani ayingozi kuncishisiwe.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama crustaceans ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba

EYurophu naseMelika kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-150. Abaningi babo bawa kwamanye amazwekazi. Futhi kaningi lokhu kwenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukile.

Ama-crustaceans ayizilwane ezimangalisa kakhulu. Ososayensi banikeza isibonelo: uma lezi zidalwa zivela kudoti ofanayo, kodwa ziphila ezimweni ezahlukahlukene nasezindaweni ezihlala kuzo, zingakhula zingafani.

I-Daphnia (noma ama-crustaceans omfula) angabiliswa emachibini. Imvamisa zisetshenziswa njengokudla kwefry nezinhlanzi.

Umkhumbi noma i-aquarium yokukhula

Ukuze kutshalwe "ukudla okuphilayo" isitsha samalitha ayi-15- 20 sihle kakhulu. Endabeni yokukhetha umkhumbi, cabanga ngemiyalo elandelayo:

• yenza ukukhetha ngokuthanda okuthile okungakhiphi amakhemikhali ayingozi emanzini (ngokwesibonelo, ama-polymer). Isitsha esifanelekile yisitsha sengilazi noma i-aquarium,
• uma usebenzisa umkhumbi olula wengilazi, indawo ethintana nomoya kufanele ibe yikhulu kakhulu. Lesi simo siyadingeka ekushintshelaniseni igesi yemvelo nokunikezwa kwama crustaceans amancane nge-oxygen,
• uma ngabe kunjalo wakhetha isitsha sensimbi - akufanele senziwe ngensimbi engenasici,
• uma uhlela ukugcina umkhumbi onama-crustaceans egumbini elinamalambu akhanyayo noma emgwaqweni ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga ekhanyayo - thatha isitsha esinevolumu encane yamalitha angama-40.

Emanzini, ungazalela izinhlanzi ezinjengama-guppies, udokotela ohlinzayo, i-arovanu, i-discus, i-gourami, i-pecilia, i-astronotus, inhlanzi ye-cockerel, i-veiltery, i-clown fish, i-lalius, ancistrus, i-pecilia, i-catfish, i-barbs kanye ne-parrots.

Izimo ngokomzimba

Okulandelayo, cabanga ngezimo zomzimba ezidingekayo ekuzaleni ngempumelelo kweDaphnia.

• Ukushisa. Ama-crustaceans azivumelanisa namazinga okushisa ahlukahlukene. Izinga lokushisa elifanelekile lingu-18-22 ° C. I-Daphnia puleks ibekezelela ukuguquguquka okungaphezulu kuka-10 ° C. Kuma-Magna crustaceans emvelweni, izinga lokushisa elikhulu lifinyelelwa kanye ngonyaka.
• Usawoti. IDaphnia iyisidalwa esiphilayo samanzi aphilayo. Uhlobo lwama-crankaceans ama-planktonic crustaceans, okungokwalo, alufaki abameleli basolwandle. Ama-99% ama-crustaceans angamanzi amasha, kanti amanye ahlala ikakhulu emanzini angenamkhawulo nawolwandle. Ukutholwa komuntu ngamunye kutholakale emanzini anosawoti ngaphezulu kwe-0.004 ppm.
• pH kanye ne-ammonia. I-optimum iyinkomba ye-hydrogen (pH) ka-6.5-9.5. I-Amoniya, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, inobuthi kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, endaweni ye-alkaline, izinga lobuthi be-ammonia bukhuphuka kakhulu, okungathinti impilo yama-daphnids, kepha kuthinta kabi ukuzalwa kwabantu. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-pH ephansi ne-ammonia akusona usongo ekuzaleni ngempumelelo kwe-daphnia. Ukwanda okukhulu kwenkomba ye-hydrogen kuthuthukisa ubuthi bamagesi ancibilikisiwe kanye namaminerali.
• I-oksijini. Ama-crustaceans azizwa emnandi emanzini angcolile. Kulesi simo, inkomba komoya ophefumulisiwe ingasukela cishe ku-zero iye emazingeni aphezulu. Lokhu kukhuthazela kwesiko kungenxa yekhono lokwenza i-hemoglobin. Ama-crustaceans awabekezeleli ukushintshaniswa komoya okujulile ngamabhamuza omoya amancane. Lama-bubble angabulala abantu abancane. Kodwa-ke, i-aeration yokuzilibazisa kakhulu ingabulala nama-crustaceans amancane. Ukushintshwa komoya okuhamba kancane kwakha ungqimba we-foamy olimaza lezi zinto eziphilayo eziphezu kwamanzi.

• Amaminerali ancibilikile. Ama-crustaceans asengozini enkulu yezinguquko ezingxenyeni zamakhemikhali zemvelo yawo. Bafa lapho kufakwa i-magnesium, i-potassium, i-zinc, i-sodium ne-calcium. Okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-phosphorus kusebenze inqubo yokuzala, kepha-ke, ukugcwaliswa okweqile kwe-0.001 ppm kuyabulala izilwane ezincane. Ngisho nokuqukethwe okuphansi kakhulu kwethusi kubangela ukwehla kokuhamba kwalezi zinto eziphilayo. Izinto ezincane nazo zitholakala kalula kokuqukethwe kobuthi obuncibilikisiwe (izinambuzane, ama-bleached, okokuhlanza). Futhi, i-nitrogen, evusa ukukhula kwe-algae, ayithinti i-daphnia. Ukususa i-chlorine ku-aquarium, kufanele kusetshenziswe i-aeration noma i-dechlorination. Ungangeza futhi nedosi elincane letshe le-tuff (kwifomu le-powder). Amanzi asemadolobheni noma emvelo avame ukungcoliswa kakhulu.Awungeke usebenzise amanzi ancishisiwe, ngoba ayinawo amaminerali adingekayo. Ukuze uthole daphnia, kungcono ukuthatha amanzi, akhishwe ku-aquarium enezinhlanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi acocekile echibini noma amanzi emvula kuyavunyelwa.

Indlu yezinhlanzi zasemanzini kanye nezinye izakhamizi zasemanzini zidinga amanzi ahlanzekile aphezulu, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho izifuyo zakho ezintantayo ngeke zijabule kakhulu futhi kungenzeka zingahlali nawe. Funda ukuthi ungayikhetha kanjani isihlungi, izitshalo kanye nesizinda se-aquarium, nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani i-methylene blue aquarium conditioner.

Amachaphaza amanzi adlani?

Endaweni yokuhlala yazo yemvelo, amabafu e-aquarium adla ngamagciwane, ama-ciliates, i-algae kanye ne-fungal spores. Ehlobo, atholakala emanzini, atholakala ngokweqile nge-phytoplankton. Umthombo wamandla ebusika yi-detritus. Ama-Crustaceans enza ukunyakaza okunesigqi ngemilenze yawo. Ngakho-ke bakha umfudlana wamanzi. Zinezibambo emilenzeni yazo esifubeni, ezidingekayo ekuhlunga ukudla. Ukudla kusesitolo, futhi ukusuka lapho kuya esophagus. Imvamisa, i-daphnia itshalwa ngokukhethekile e-aquarium ukuze bayihlanze nge-algae.

OKUQUKETHWE

Kuphela yi-DAPHNIA magna, daphnia pulex, daphnia mion ezalaniswa ngabathandi. Kepha futhi badinga ukunakekelwa, ukugcinwa okufanele, nokudla okunempilo. Kulokhu, i-daphnia izokhiqiza ngokugcwele futhi ikhule ukuze ibe ukudla okusezingeni eliphakeme kwezinhlanzi.

Ukuthola i-Daphnia yokulungiswa kwasekhaya kulula: ungathenga noma ukuqoqa echibini. Amachibi ane-waterfowl, amachibi lapho kunezinhlanzi ezimbalwa noma ezingenazo (kuzobanjwa izinhlungu kanye nezifo kanye nezinhlanzi) kanti namathangi anamanzi axazululiwe angabanjwa. Kudlalelwa ekhaya kuthululelwa esitsheni esithe xaxa, mhlawumbe kube mhlophe. Ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukuhlunga okuphakelayo okuzayo, njengoba Izinto ezingaphandle zizohlala phansi noma zinamathele ezindongeni ezimhlophe, lapho zibonakala kahle.

Uma ama-crustaceans aqoqiwe esiya ekudobeni ukudliwayo, amanzi lapho ukudla okuhlala khona kungathelwa echibini elivamile. I-Daphnia ikhethwa ngenetha le uvemvane ukuze lingatheleleki kubantu base-aquarium. Abamele i-Daphnia Abamele i-cladocera bagcinwe endaweni enomthunzi, ngoba baphatha kabi. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elijwayelekile lempilo lihla lisuka ku-20 liye ku-24 ° C (ngezinhlobo ze-daphnia moin - 26-27 ° C), i-aeration iyalingana ibe buthakathaka.

IPlankton iyadliwa: imvubelo yombhaki ehlanganisiwe, amanzi ebomvu ebomvu (ijusi yenyama, egezwe ngamanzi), chlorella. Imvubelo ifrunjwe ngombala onsundu, amagremu ama-3 afakwa 1 ilitha lamanzi afudumele. imvubelo, lokhu kuyindlela evamile. Amanzi wenyama anika kusuka ku-0,5 kuye ku-2 cm3 ilitha lamanzi ngalinye. Esikhundleni se-chlorella emsulwa, ungamane ungeze amanzi aluhlaza we-aquarium. Ukuze izinhlanzi zibe nokudla okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, kufakwa umquba wamahhashi ne-ammonium nitrate ekudleni.

Ungawakha kanjani amanzi aluhlaza eDaphnia feed

Ukuhlinzeka nge-Daphnia ngokudla kwemvelo, ungazilungiselela amanzi aluhlaza ngokwakho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga i-aquarium encane noma elinye ithangi eligcwele amanzi e-aquarium. Kungani amanzi kufanele aqhamuke e-aquarium? Iqiniso ngukuthi amanzi e-aquarium afana namanzi avela endaweni yokugcina amanzi emvelo.

Amanzi anjalo asevele equkethe inani elincane le-algae elele, lapho, lapho izimo ezithandekayo zenzelwe zona, ziqala ukwanda ngenkuthalo, futhi izidalwa ezincibilikisiwe eziqukethwe emanzini e-aquarium zizosebenza njengokudla kwazo. Ukuze kusatshalaliswe i-algae eluhlaza, uzodinga nokukhanyiswa okukhethekile ekwakhekeni kokukhanya, okufanele kuphethwe yimisebe ebomvu.

Isibani esinesibani se-incandescent sama-40-60 watts ilungele le njongo. Isikhathi sosuku sokukhula kwe-algae kufanele okungenani sibe ngamahora ayi-8-12. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukuze wonge ugesi, umlimi nge-algae angabekwa elangeni eliqondile, ngokwesibonelo kufasitela.

Kodwa kuzohlala kuhlakanipha ukuhlakulela i-algae ne-daphnia ngasikhathi sinye ku-aquarium efanayo. Ungalawula ukuhlangana kwe-algae kumlimi ngamandla okukhanya kanye nesikhathi samahora kosuku. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-daphnia ayibekezeleli amanzi ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi i-algae, kunalokho, ihlala ikhula kangcono emanzini anjalo.

Uma ngesikhathi sokutshala i-daphnia kunezikhathi lapho i-algae inala khona futhi i-daphnia ingangezi, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi amanzi asegugile, aqukethe izinto ezincibilikisiwe eziningi eziphilayo futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuwumbeka kabusha ngokusha.

Izici zamandla

Ama-crustaceans amnyama kakhulu. Ukudla okuyinhloko kweDaphnia kumelelwa ngamagciwane kanye ne-unicellular algae. Kwezinhlobo ezihlangabezana nesikhathi sasebusika esifundeni esiphaphamisayo, indawo eyondlayo ingaphansi komhlaba kanye namachibi ajulile angenawo aqandayo. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, i-detritus ingukudla okuyinhloko kwamapheya amanzi.

Indlela yokondleka ifihlekile. Akubalulekanga kangako yikhono lokwakha imisinga yamanzi ngokuhamba kwesigqi okwenziwa yimilenze ye-pectoral. Okokuhlunga ukudla, kusetshenziswa abalandeli abakhethekile abatholakala kumabhulokhi ohlobo lokuhlunga. Isitho esinjalo sitholakala kumasayithi we-endopodites kusuka kwisithathu nesine sesibini semilenze ye-thoracic.

Uma izinhlayiya ezinkulu zibambeka kwizixhobo zokuhlunga, kuvulwa isitho esikhethekile, esifanekiselwa isisulu sangemuva kwesibeletho kanye nezihlakala saso. Abalandeli bokuhlunga basebenza njengesixhumanisi sokudluliselwa kokudla kuya egungwini lokudla esiswini, lisuka lapho lifinyelela kuma-maxilla nama-mandibles. Indawo yokugcina yokwamukelwa kwezinto zokudla yi-esophagus.

Daphnia Allergy

Ukusuka emzimbeni wamapheya amanzi, ukudla kwenzelwa izakhamizi zasemanzini. Zomile, ziphenduke impuphu. Lo mkhiqizo yi-allergen enamandla kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu abasemhlabeni.

Ukuqwashisa Ngamanzi

Lapho izinhlayiya ezincane zothuli zingena ohlelweni lokuphefumula, kuvela indlela yokungezwani komzimba:

• i-lacrimation
• ubomvu bamehlo
• ukuthimula
• ukukhwehlela owomile,
• ikhala eligobhozayo
• i-conjunctivitis,
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula
• ukuhlaselwa yisifuba somoya.

Esikhathini esizayo, ukuba khona kwe-allergen egazini kuholela ekubonakalisweni kwangaphandle kokuphendula komzimba. Kuvela imisebe esikhumbeni, ehambisana nokulunywa kanzima, ukutsha, ukungahambi kahle. Uma kungekho lusizo oluqeqeshiwe, isimo singaba nzima ngokwengeziwe.

Ama-allergia wethambo lamanzi aphathwa ngama-antihistamines, ama-ejenti angaphandle. Isikhathi sokwelashwa sinqunywa udokotela, ngokususelwa ekubandakanyeni kwesimo.

Ukuzalanisa kweDaphnia

Ezimweni eziningi, lapho izimo zokuphila zilungile, i-daphnia ibeletha abesifazane kuphela. Kepha uma ama-crustaceans ebulawa yindlala, kuvela abesilisa.

Abesilisa bakhuthazela kakhulu kunabesifazane. Bangakwazi ukusinda ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, ngisho nobusika ngeke bubakhathaze.

Owesifazane unemibungu. Ukuzala kabusha kwenzeka njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu. lapho ubuka ama-crustaceans, bekukhona isitatimende esinjalo sokuthi insikazi ingazala izikhathi ezingama-25 empilweni yayo yonke, kepha empeleni lokhu kwenzeka kaningi. Kepha uma kunezimo ezinhle ze-daphnia, khona-ke izala amagremu ama-30- 40 ama-crustaceans ngosuku olulodwa.

Amanzi amakhaza azalela kanjani

Ukuze unikele ngezinhlanzi zase-aquarium ngokudla okugcwele okugcwele, iDaphnia ikhule ngokukhethekile. Ekuqaleni, kuyadingeka ukulungiselela ithangi elilungele ukwenziwa kabusha kwama crustaceans. Isitsha sepulasitiki esifanele ukudla kufanelekile. Imvamisa ama-aquarists asebenzisa amabhodlela amanzi ajwayelekile. Ama-crustaceans akafunwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamanzi. Kubalulekile nje ukuthi ungaqukethe izinsimbi nosawoti. Ama crustaceans aphekelwa imvubelo ne-algae eluhlaza. Ukuze ukhule i-algae, udinga ukubeka ibhodlela futhi ufake kuwo isiko le-microalgae. Isitsha sihlanzwa endaweni efudumele. Emavikini amabili nje, kuzovela okuphakelayo ukuthi iDaphnia ithande kakhulu. Ukuze kwenziwe kabusha ama-crustaceans asebenzayo, kuyadingeka ukudala izimo ezinhle: izinga lokushisa lomoya lisuka ku-23 liye kuma-25 degrees kanye namahora amahora angama-24 amahora ngosuku. Ngezikhathi ezithile, amanzi nesiko laseDaphnia kuyavuselelwa.

Nini, ngamanani amanganani nokuthi ungawqoqa kanjani amaphaphu

"Ukuvunwa" kuvunyelwe ukuvunwa kuphela lapho ukuqoqwa kwama crustaceans kufinyelela ku-10-15 noma ngaphezulu nge-20 ml. Kulokhu, kufanele kubanjwe abantu abakhulu kuphela, ukuze abancane nabaphakathi baqhubeke nokukhula futhi banikeze isizukulwane esisha. Lapho nje ukuhlangana kufinyelela ama-crustaceans ayi-10 noma ngaphansi nge-20 ml, ukubamba kuyayeka. Ukuqoqwa kungenziwa ngendlela yakudala inethi enosayizi weseli okwanele ukubamba abantu abakhulu, noma usebenzise izinto ezintsha - izicupho ezikhethekile ze-daphnia. Imininingwane eminingi kuvidiyo engezansi.

Nayi i-algorithm elula okufanele uyikhumbule: ukondla, ukondla, ukubuyisela amanzi, ukuvuna ... futhi futhi, sipha, sondle, susa amanzi, uvune ...

Yini enhle izinhlanzi?

Kungani abathandi bezinhlanzi zase-aquarium bezama ukubondla nge-daphnia? Konke kulula kakhulu. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ibanjwe iqhwa elisanda kuhlanganiswa noma libanjwe okusha, isisu saso sivame ukugcwala ukudla kwezitshalo, futhi lokhu kuyasebenziseka kakhulu ezinhlanzini zasemanzini ezingenakho ukudla kwemvelo. Yingakho daphnia ku-aquarium kumele ibe. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi igobolondo laseDaphnia aligaywa, lisebenza njengento enhle kakhulu ye-ballast. Ngibonga kuye, amathumbu ezinhlanzi aqala ukusebenza, angenawo amandla okuhamba ngokugcwele ku-aquarium. Abamele i-daphnia encane kunazo zonke - i-moin, edume ngokuthiwa "ngumthwali ophilayo" - bafanelekile nje izinhlanzi ze-aquarium ezingakakhuli.

Uma uhlela ukubamba ama-crustaceans ngokwakho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lapho i-Daphnia ihlala khona, inani labantu abasebenza ngama-crustaceans liyashintsha ngokulandelana. Ngokudoba sebenzisa inetha lezicubu, amaseli awo okufanele ahambisane nokubanjiswa oyifunayo. Abanye "abadobi" abanolwazi bacebisa ukubamba inetha ngamaseli amancane kakhulu, bese kulungiswa ukudla ngosayizi ngosayizi onamaseli ahlukahlukene. Ungabamba iqhaza ekudobeni, kusukela entwasahlobo kuze kufike iqhwa leqhwa echibini. Imvamisa bakhetha ugu oluvikelwe emoyeni ngomcimbi onjalo ngesimo sezulu esipholile ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Kuhle uma ukukhanya kukhanya. Ngemuva kwalokho i-Daphnia, indawo yokuhlala ngale ndlela ethandeka ngale ndlela, izonyukela ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu.

Izimo ezinhle zama crustaceans

I-Aeration izoba nomphumela omuhle daphnia. Iyasiza ekukhuleni okuthuthukayo kwezidalwa. Lapha kukhutshwa umoya-mpilo, ozogcwala amanzi. Futhi leyo filimu ethanda ukuvela ebusweni bamanzi iyoshabalala. Futhi konke lokhu sibonga aeration.

Kepha udinga amandla okuba yisilinganiso. Amandla anamandla azophazamisa izilwane ezifuywayo. Futhi futhi la mabhamuza azongena igobolondo laseDaphnia, ngemuva kwalokho izidalwa zivuka.

Ungazibamba kanjani echibini

I-Daphnia ivame ukubanjwa kusukela ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekwindla, kuze kube yilapho kuqubuka umkhumbi eqhweni emachibini.

Kungcono ukubamba ama-crustaceans amancane ngenetha elijwayelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho zidluliselwa kuma-sieve, zihlela abantu ngosayizi ngamunye.

Iya ukudoba esimweni sezulu esizolile nesinamafu esiningi. Imvamisa kufanele kube yisikhathi sasekuseni noma kusihlwa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ama-crustaceans asukuma eduze kwamanzi.

Ngenkambiso yokudoba, iDaphnia ngezikhathi ezithile inyakaziswa esitsheni esikhethekile se-tin. Ezikotweni ezifanayo zama-crustaceans bese zithuthwa. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi ebazalini obuphezulu kakhulu, abantu bangafa ngesikhathi sokuhamba.

Kubalulekile!Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-daphnia njengokudla kwezinhlanzi, bonke abantu kufanele banqunywe futhi bahlanzwe emanzini anezinhlaka. Akwamukelekile ukuthi ungenise "ukudla okuphilayo" okungcolile esitsheni enezinhlanzi noma, okubi kakhulu, ukusithela ndawonye ngamanzi avela emthonjeni wemvelo. Ugijima engcupheni yokwethula ukutheleleka namagciwane emanzini.