Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Umzimba nosayizi kufana ne-Redstart ejwayelekile. Isisindo 11-20 g, ubude bomzimba cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-15.

Incazelo. Ensimini yeRussia YaseYurophu, izinyoni zezindawo ezimbili ezingaphansi komhlaba ziyahlangana futhi zidleke. I-European Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. gibral-tariensis) Owesilisa ubuswa ngompunga omnyama, ocishe ube mnyama, abe “nobuso” obumnyama nesifuba. Ama-webs amhlophe angaphandle ezimpaphe zesigaba sesibili nesesithathu zidala ibala elimhlophe kwephiko eligoqiwe, noma kunjalo le ndawo ingavezwa ngezindlela ezihlukile, kuze kube lapho kungekho khona ngenxa yokuthi imingcele yezimpaphe ezikwenza iguge. Insikazi ikakhulukazi imnyama, ibhulunga nsundu, ihluke kowesifazane ngokubomvu ngokungafani namathoni abomvu esifubeni nokukhula kwawo okuncane emhlane ongezansi, kungahle kube nokukhanya okukhanyayo ezimpaphe zesibili zezimpaphe, futhi ezakhiwe ngemingcele ekhanyayo egqokwa kalula.

Izinyoni ezincane ezisesibayeni sezidleke ziyafana nowesifazane, kodwa ngesimo se-scaly esishiwo ku-contourage, ziyahlukahluka kusuka kumafishi aphansi avamile ngombala omnyama ojwayelekile futhi uma kungekho zinki ezikhanyayo eziphezulu ngaphezulu. Umsila wazo zonke izinyoni ubomvu, njenge-redstart ejwayelekile. Caucasian Blackstart Redstart (Ph. o. ama-ochruros) Umbala uyashintsha. Iningi labesilisa lisahluka kusuka kowesilisa wase-chernushka wase-Europe ngokuba khona okukhulu noma okuncane kwezimpaphe ezibomvu esiswini, kepha abanye abesilisa banombala ocishe ufane nowabesilisa bezinsizakusebenza zaseYurophu. Abanye abesilisa banesibuko esimhlophe ephikweni. Izinyoni zesifazane nezinsana zidwetshwe cishe ngokufanayo nasezinsizeni zaseYurophu. Ngo-ekwindla, umbala wezinyoni zazo zombili izinhlobo zemigwaqo engafani nhlobo uvame ukufana nentwasahlobo eyodwa futhi uhlanganiswa kancane nje yimingcele ebomvu ezimpaphe. Owesilisa we-chernushka uhlukile kowesilisa we-redstart ejwayelekile ekukhuleni okukhulu kwezwi elimnyama esifubeni.

Vota. Ingoma ingeyakudala futhi inzima kakhulu, iqukethe kakhulu ama-troll aura, imvamisa ifaka uchungechunge olufushane lwezimpawu eziphindaphindwayo. Izikhalo zokuxakeka ziyinhlanganisela yokushayela ikhwela "fie"Futhi ngokuchofoza"ubuchwepheshe". Kubukeka njengokukhala kwe-redstart ejwayelekile, kodwa kubukhali kancane.

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. I-European blackstart redstart ihlala eningizimu ye-Europe, empumalanga cishe kuya e-Urals, isidleke saziwa empumalanga yeTatarstan, eningizimu yesifunda sePre, sithathwa kwezinye izingxenye ze-Urals. Umngcele osenyakatho webanga uguquka kancane uye enyakatho. Indawo ebomvu yokuqothula yaseCaucasan isakazeke ezintabeni zaseCaucasus nasemazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi; ngaphakathi kweRussia YaseYurophu, ihlala eNyakatho neCaucasus. Ubusika baseningizimu yeYurophu nasenyakatho ne-Afrika.

Indlela yokuphila. Izindawo ezithandekayo zokuhlala izidleke ziyindawo enezakhiwo zamatshe, ikakhulukazi ezihlala ezindaweni zokwakha eziseduzane nemigwaqo yedolobha. Ngokwesimo "sasendle" abahlala phakathi kwamadwala, nansi indlela enkulu yokudla izidleke zohlobo lweCaucasian subspecies. Isidleke sitholakala obala noma isigamu-obala - kuyi-niche, kwi-cornice, esinqeni nakwezinye izindawo ezifanayo. Njengoba kusetshenziswa izinto zokwakha isidleke, utshani, iminyuzi, izimpande, izimpaphe, uboya kanye ne-tow, ukotini, izindwangu, iphepha nokunye. Ku-clutch 4-7, imvamisa amaqanda ayi-5, umbala wawo umhlophe. Owesifazane kuphela ofaka i-clutch izinsuku eziyi-12 ukuya kwezi-13, zombili izinyoni ezindala zondla amantshontsho. Amathanga ashiya isidleke eneminyaka engu-12 kuya kwezingu-12. Ekulandeni okuphakathi kweYurophu, ukwenziwa kwezi-2 kanye nezi-3 kuvamile phakathi nenkathi.

Zondla futhi zondle amachwane ngezinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates amancane, zidla amajikijolo.

I-Blackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros)

Ukuvela kwe-redstart redstart

I-blackstart redstart ifana nondlunkulu wasendlini ngosayizi. Isisindo somzimba 11 - 20 g, amaphiko ama-23 - 26 cm, ubude bomzimba 13 - 14,5 cm.

Imilenze emifushane imnyama. Uqhwaku olubanzi esisekelweni lunombala onsundu ngombala omnyama. Umsila upendiwe ngombala obomvu ngomucu omnyama phakathi, kanti i-nadhvost ibomvu ngokugqamile. Ngenxa yalo mbala, le nyoni yathola igama elithi "Redstart". Umbala wonke womzimba owesilisa nowesifazane uhluke kakhulu. Imibala emnyama ilawula umbala wesifuba nomzimba ophezulu wesilisa. Umhlane wazo ungwevu omnyama, futhi izihloko zamakhanda awo ngimpunga eluhlaza. Abamele inani labantu base-Asia banesisu esishubile, futhi bampunga okukhanyayo kuzinyoni ezihlala eYurophu.

Futhi, abesilisa baseYurophu banendawo emhlophe ecacile ephikweni. Izinsikazi ze-nigella zifana kakhulu nezinsikazi zezinsikazi ezijwayelekile, noma kunjalo, azinalo ubomvu obomvu ezinhlangothini nasesifubeni. Umzimba wezinsikazi onsundu ngombala onsundu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Abantu abasha ngokubukeka bafana kakhulu nowesifazane. Kwabesifazane, njengakubesilisa, i-iris yeso inombala onsundu.

IBlackstart Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros).

I-Native Redstart Habitat

Ngokwemvelo, izidleke ze-nigella zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zasenyakatho nentshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye ne-Eurasia.

Umngcele osempumalanga wobubanzi ngu-111 ° C. e Central China engxenyeni esenyakatho yethafa elisogwadule i-Ordos. Izilokotho ezisentshonalanga nasenyakatho yalesi sifunda ikakhulu zixhunywe ezinhlelweni zezintaba zaseSouthern Siberia, Southeast Kazakhstan neMongolia. Lezi yizindawo zezintaba ezinjengeKhangai, Altai, Tien Shan, Western Sayan, Ulytau no Dzhungarsky Alatau.

Esigodini sase-Irtysh, izidleke ezinomnyama zinezindlwana ezifika ku-51 ° C. sh., kwiYenisei ukuya ezingeni lama-52 ° c. w. Umngcele wokusabalalisa oseningizimu-mpumalanga udlula eHindu Kush, emithambekeni eseningizimu yezintaba zaseHimalaya, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTibet nezintaba zaseSino-Tibet. Ezindaweni ezise-steppe, ezisezingeni eliphansi nezingagwadule zaseTurkmenistan nase-Uzbekistan, i-chernushka ayihlali, nokho, entshonalanga yalezi zindawo kuvela futhi emithambekeni ye-Elbrus, Kopetdag nasezintabeni ze-Greater Caucasus. ENingizimu Iran, inani elincane lalezi zinyoni liqoshwa ezintabeni zaseZagros.

I-blackstart redstart iyakwazi ukulenga emoyeni isikhashana, njenge-hummingbird.

E-Europe, i-blackstart redstart yasakazekela kude kakhulu kwezintaba. Manje ihlala eningizimu yeSweden, eLatvia, eningizimu yeNgilandi, eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeFinland. Izinyoni ezinamantongomane zaqoshwa esifundeni sasePoltava ngasosebeni lomfula iDnieper. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kusatshalaliswa, ubuningi bezintaba buphakeme kakhulu kunamathafa.

Izinsimbi zeBlackstart Redstart

Izindawo zokuhlala zalolu hlobo lwezinyoni ziyehluka kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwe-Western Palaearctic, i-blackstart iyona kuphela inhlobo etholakala kuzo zonke izifunda, kusukela emithambekeni yezintaba kuya olwandle. Le nyoni ayihlali ngaphezu nje komugqa weqhwa. IChernushka izizwa imnandi kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala nasezintabeni ezinesimo sezulu esinomswakama nesomile.

Ngokwemvelo, le nyoni ithanda izikhala ezivulekile ezingenazo izimila ezinotshani. Esimweni sendawo kuvame ukuba nezindawo eziveziwe zamatshe, noma izakhiwo zezitini noma zamatshe esikhundleni sazo.

AbakwaRedstart badla ama-invertebrates amancane abambeka emhlabathini nakulokhu kubhabha, kanye nezibungu zabo namajikijolo.

Ematsheni nasezakhiweni, le nyoni ihlela izidleke nezihlahla. Izinyoni zifuna ukungena kulezo zindawo ezivulekile unyaka wonke. Engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka, izinyoni ezihlala kulo mbhangqwana wedolobha ziqala ukuhambela umhlaba wezolimo oseduze. Ikakhulu bathanda amasimu ommbila nomhlaba "ngaphansi komusi." Imihlanga emnyama emincane iyagwemeka yi-chernushki, noma ngabe kuningi kwezinambuzane nokunye ukudla kulezi zindawo.

Ukudla iRedstart

Ukudla kususelwa ezinambuzaneni ezahlukahlukene nakwezinye invertebrates eziphakathi nendawo. Ekwindla nasehlobo, ukudla kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi amajikijolo, kufakwa kule menyu. Izinambuzane ezivela emindenini engaphezu kuka-50 ziba yisisulu se-nigella. Lawa ama-arthropods ahlukahlukene, iminenke, ama-arachnids nezinye izilwane ezihlala ngaphezu komhlaba. Inyama ebomvu i-Redstart ngokuvamile inosayizi womzimba ongu-2 kuya ku-8 wamamilimitha. Kodwa-ke, ngesinye isikhathi izinyoni zidla iminyonyane nemikhonyane, ubude bayo bomzimba ingafinyelela ku-7 cm. Ngaphambi kokudla inyamazane enkulu enjalo, i-chernushka iyiklebhula ibe yizicucwana.

Isibonakaliso esichazayo esibonakala kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi inyoni inegama elinje - i-tart ebomvu ekhanyayo nomsila ohlale ungquza.

Lapho ukuzingela ebusweni bomhlaba, i-redstart ilinda isisulu kunoma yiliphi igquma lendawo: idwala, umgibeli ophahleni, itshe, igatsha. Lapho nje kutholakala ukuthi inyamazane okuthiwa ibanjiwe, inyoni yehla ngokushesha, ibambe inyamazane ngoqhwaku lwayo, ihambe ngejubane lombani. Ngaphezu kwale ndlela, i-chernushka ivame ukubhekela ekuzingeleni impukane. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi izindlela zokuzingela, kanye nokudla kweRedstart, yizo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kulolu daba, inyoni iguquguquka ngezindlela eziningi futhi iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko eziqinile ekuhlinzekweni kokudla.

Ukuzala kabusha iRedstart

Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili kwizinyoni kuza nokuphela konyaka wokuqala wokuba khona. Njengomthetho, i-nigella iyisidina, kepha kwesinye isikhathi iduna elilodwa lingaba nezinsikazi ezimbili. Abesilisa baqala ukundiza baye ezindaweni zokuthola izidleke, bese izinsikazi zifika esikhathini esivela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kuya emasontweni amabili emva kwazo. Ngesikhathi sokufika kwezinsikazi, ngayinye yabesilisa isivele inendawo yayo yokuvikela izidleke.

Owesilisa uphawula insimu yesidleke esizayo, uhleli esihlahleni futhi uqinisa iculo. Ubungako besiza esidlekayo bungasuka ku-0,35 kuye ku-7 ha. Lapho kuvela imbangi yabesilisa endaweni yezidleke, inyoni ikhala ngokubabaza, indizela eduze kwesitha futhi kwesinye isikhathi ize ihlasele nayo.

Ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyishumi, amaphuphu akhuphuka ngesisindo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-10, kuthi ezinsukwini eziyi-11 emva kokuzalwa abe nenqwaba.

Isidleke kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukuvulwa noma kufihlwe. Ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala, isidleke sakhiwa emabhilidini ahlukahlukene. Ezintabeni, isidleke sitholakala imifantu, phakathi kwamatshe amatshe, endaweni enamatshe noma ku-cornice. Isidleke se-chernushka redstart ngumklamo omkhulu obunjiwe wendebe. Izinto zokwakha kuye ikakhulukazi iziqu ezinde zotshani ngonyaka odlule.

Ingaphakathi lesidleke liqukethe izimpande, i-moss, i-lichen, ukotini, iphepha ne-tha. Ngaphansi kufakwe izimpaphe noboya. Ekwakhiweni kowesilisa nowesifazane kufanele bahlanganyele ekulinganiseni ngokulinganayo. Kwesinye isikhathi, isidleke esenziwe ngonyaka esedlule sisetshenziselwa izindlu.

Lalelani izwi le-redstart redstart

ECentral Europe, izinyoni zakha imfuhlumfuhlu emibili kuya kwemithathu ngesizini. I-clutch yokuqala imvamisa inkulu kakhulu futhi iqukethe amaqanda ama-4 kuye kwayi-7 (ngokwesilinganiso ama-5). Uma kubekwa kaninginingi, inani lamaqanda, njengomthetho, alidluli ku-4. Igobolondo leqanda livame ukupendwa ngombala omhlophe qhwa, kwesinye isikhathi ngibe nombala ogqamile. Insikazi iqala ukufukamela ngemuva kokubeka iqanda lokuqala. Isikhathi sokufakwa kwesinye isikhathi sithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-12 kuye kwezingu-17. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa uphuma esidlekeni futhi akaveli kuso.

Imikhaza ivela emaqandeni ngezikhathi ezithile zamahora ambalwa. Ngenqubo yokuqomisana nokuphakela amaphuphu, bobabili abazali bayabamba iqhaza. Ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyishumi zokuphila, isisindo samachwane sanda amahlandla ayi-10. Eminyakeni engu-10 yezinsuku, izimpaphe zokuqala ziqala ukudabula amachwane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-13 - 19, amaphuphu asevele azi ukuthi angandiza kanjani ngokubekezela, kepha ahlala esidlekeni cishe amasonto ama-2, emva kwalokho andiza ukuphuma kuwo angabe esabuya, eqala impilo ezimele.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba ongu-140 mm, izimpiko 80-90 mm, umsila 60-65 mm, uqhwaku u-13.5-15 mm. Umbala wesilisa wabantu abadala ungwevu omnyama ngaphezulu, unezisekelo ezingaphezulu noma ezingabonakala kancane ezimnyama okwezimpaphe zemuva, umsila kanye nomsila zibomvu ngombala, umbala ophakathi nendawo umswakama omnyama onemiphetho ebomvu, u-feathery unombala onsundu, amabala angaphandle asemuva abukeka mhlophe ngokubukeka , umucu omfishane ngenhla komlomo, izembozo zezindlebe, umphimbo kanye nomqala kumnyama, isigaxa kanye nesifuba kumnyama ngombala ompunga wezinsiba, izinhlangothi, isisu kanye nezangaphansi kukhona okumpunga okukhanyayo, isikhumba sangaphansi sibubende obomvu, maphakathi nesisu simhlophe, imigqa yezimpunga imfushane. s ufa kanye nesifuba kuyanyamalala. Uqhwaku, imilenze - umnyama, u-iris onsundu.

I-dimorphism yezocansi iyakhiwa. Izinsikazi zilingana ngombala onsundu ngombala ngaphezulu nangaphansi, umsila nangaphansi komsila ziyefana nezabesilisa. Mncane ngaphandle kwama-oblique, kuphela ngemiphetho emnyama yezimpaphe zaphezulu, ngokuvamile kubukeka njengabesifazane. Impukane yesibili imfushane kuneyesithupha noma ilingana nesikhombisa, ifeni elingaphandle linciphisiwe kulokho okuvela okwesithathu, okwesine, kwesihlanu nokwesithupha.

I-Carnivore Charnushka (ngaphambili - i-Carnivore Charnushka)

Yonke insimu yeBelarus

I-Drozdovye Yomndeni - iTurdidae.

E-Belarus - Ph. o. gibraltariensis.

Ukufuya okujwayelekile, ukufuduka nokudlula inyoni efudukayo. Uhlobo lwemvelaphi yaseMedithera, luhlala endaweni yaseBelarus ngekhulu lamashumi amabili. EBelarus, yaqala ukutholwa ngonyaka we-1956 esifundeni iStolin, lapho ingena khona ngesikhathi sokuhlala kabusha enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga kusuka ezifundeni zeCarpathians, Zhytomyr naseKiev. Kakade ngo-1961, yafika kwi-Minsk, futhi manje isatshalaliswa ezweni lethu lonke.

Kakhulu ngokulingana kune-redstart ejwayelekile. Ubunhloko besilisa, izihlathi, umphimbo kanye nesifuba kumnyama, ingaphezulu lekhanda, emuva namaphiko ampunga ansundu, izingxenye zezimpukane ezincane zimhlophe. Umsila, njengalowo we-redstart, ubomvu obomvu - umsila ubomvu okhanyayo, umbala wabo ophakathi umnyama. UBill umnyama, imilenze ibinsundu. Umbala lowesimame onsundu onsundu, umsila ubomvu okhanyayo. Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nowesifazane, kodwa zinamabala akhanyayo ohlangothini lwe-dorsal nasesifubeni. Emvelweni, i-chernushka ibukeka imnyama grey, noma imnyama ngaphambili. Isisindo sowesilisa singama-14-21 g, owesimame ungama-12-19 g. Ubude bomzimba (bobabili ubulili) buyi-15 cm cm, amaphiko akhe kube ngu-24-28 cm.

Ifika entwasahlobo engxenyeni yokuqala - maphakathi no-Ephreli. Kubonakala eningizimu ye-republic ekupheleni kukaMashi. IScot iigratsiya Chernushki yenzeka ngokumelene nokwandisa isikhathi sasemini kusuka emahoreni ayi-12 kuye kwayi-16 ngenani lokushisa okuyishumi leminyaka ebangeni lika-2.3. + 10.3 ° C. Uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lezinsuku eziyishumi liphambuka esikhathini esedlule sezinsuku eziyishumi ngu-5 ° C noma ngaphezulu ngaphansi kwelejwayelekile, isikhathi sokufika sifika ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7.

Ukuculwa komuntu wesilisa kuthule, kuyangqongqoza, kufakwe amazwi okulingisa amanye amazwi ezinye izinyoni nokuvela okuthule.

Ihlala endaweni enamasiko kuphela. Ukuzalelwa emadolobheni (kufaka phakathi amakhulu ezimboni), emadolobheni amakhulu, emadolobhaneni nasemizaneni phakathi kwezakhiwo ezintsha, ezindaweni zokwakha, ezindaweni zama fektri, amafektri. Izindawo ezithandwayo emadolobheni ziyizakhiwo ezinamakamelo amaningi ezakhiwa, kepha izakhiwo ezindala ezilahliwe noma ezingezona zokuhlala, emadolobhaneni - emapulazini. Ngokuvamile, i-corynus redstart yakhetha izindawo ezigcwele imfucumfucu yenhlabathi, izinqwaba zamatshe, zokwakha, i.e., izindawo ezifanayo kakhulu ngokubukeka kwendawo yazo yezimpande - indawo enamadwala.

Ngemuva nje kokufika, izinyoni zingena ezindaweni zokudla izidleke futhi ziqale ukwakha isidleke. Izinhlobo ngokuzala ngokwehlukana. Izilokotho zifakwa ezakhiweni ezihlukene, okhalweni, emakamelweni nasemifantwini ezakhiweni, kuma-attic, ngaphansi kwama-eyeves, ngemuva kwamapulangwe, emagumbini angaphakathi, kwesinye isikhathi inqwaba yamatshe noma izitini. Ingakwazi futhi ukuhlala ngohlobo oluvulekile lwezidleke zokwenziwa ezisezindaweni ezihlala zodwa, kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala izidleke ezindala.

Isidleke sikhululeke kakhulu futhi asinakekeli ukwedlula i-redstart ejwayelekile, sinenqwaba yezimpande, iziqu zezitshalo ezine-herbaceous notshani. Ukufakwa ngocingo kufaka phakathi izinwele, uboya, izimpaphe. Ezidlekeni ezakhiwe emadolobheni, kuzwakala izinto zokwakha eziyinhloko, uthayela, imicu yoboya nokunye okufana nalokho. Owesifazane wakha isidleke. Ubukhulu bama-Nest: ububanzi besidleke esingu-5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 isilinganiso), ukuphakama kwesidleke u-5.0-6.8 cm (6.0 isilinganiso), ububanzi be-tray 5.1-7.2 cm ( i-avareji engu-6.6), ukujula kuka-tray 4.0-5.0 cm (isilinganiso esingu-4.6).

E-clutch 5 egcwele, kuyaqabukela amaqanda ama-4 noma ama-6 (amaqanda angama-4,9). Igobolondo licwebezelayo, limhlophe qhwa, linombala ocwebezelayo obonakalayo, okuvamisile ukuba namachashazi abomvu ansundu. Isisindo seqanda esingu-2.2 g, ubude 18-20 mm, ububanzi 14-15 mm.

Njengomthetho, i-redstart redstart imvamisa inezinduku ezimbili: eyokuqala ivela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ngoMeyi, eyesibili ngoJuni - Julayi. Insikazi ifukamela izinsuku eziyi-12-16.Eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBelarus, inani lamachwane esidlekeni lalisuka ku-3 liye ku-6, isilinganiso se-4,4, inani lamancanyana emaqandeni lalisuka ku-1 liye ku-5, futhi isilinganiso se-3.2.

Bobabili abazali bondla amachwane. Amachwane ashiya isidleke eneminyaka eyi-12-16 yezinsuku, engazi ukuthi angandiza kanjani, emva kwalokho owesifazana ngokushesha akha isidleke esisha, bese lo mbhangqwana udlulela kumjikelezo wesibili wokuzalela. Abazali bondla izingane ezincane esidlekeni isikhathi esingangesonto.

Ukuqina kokudla kwe-nestling Redstart eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeBelarus kulandelwa. Abazali baletha ukudla emachwaneni izikhathi ezingama-6-30 ngehora. Kwakukhona iziqongo ezimbili zokuphaka: ekuseni - phakathi kuka-6: 00-9: 00 kusihlwa - 18: 00 - 20: 00.

Izimo zezulu zithinta inkambo yokondla: esimweni sezulu esinomoya nesinethayo, imvamisa yokondla iyancishiswa. Indawo yesigaba sokuzingela indawo ebomvu emnyama endaweni yesikhungo sokuzilolonga sase-Orkhovo (isifunda saseBrest) ngesikhathi sokuzalela ingamamitha ayi-6 ukuya kuma-3²².

Ama-bird broods, kanye nezinyoni ezindala, ahlala endaweni yokwakha isikhathi eside.

Ubuningi besikhathi sasehlobo sokuqala kabusha kwesimnyama kwabaningi emfundweni yemvelo eningizimu-nentshonalanga yeBelarus ukusuka ku-2.7 ac / km² ezindaweni ezikhuphuka kakhulu zeBrest kuya ku-30,5 ap./km² emadolobhaneni aphakathi wesifunda saseBrest. Ngeminyaka yama-1980 ezindaweni ezakhiwe i-Belovezhskaya Pushcha, kwabalwa ama-8.5 os / km², kusukela kumabili kuya ku-5 ka-nigella ahlala cishe kuyo yonke idolobhana. Ubuningi be-Redstart Redstart ngonyaka we-1982-2014 kwahlukahluka esigodini saseTomashovka kungakapheli u-12-44 ind./km², endaweni yasesigodini sendawo iLesnianka - ngaphakathi kuka-8-31 ind./km².

Ukudla - njenge-redstart ejwayelekile. Okuphakelayo kuqoqwa emhlabathini namagatsha ezihlahla, izinambuzane ezinkulu zibanjwa lapho kubhabho. Isisekelo sokudla izinambuzane ezincane nama-arachnids. Eziswini zezinyoni eLuzvezhskaya Pushcha, kutholakale izinsalela zamabhungane amaqabunga, amabhungane omhlabathi nezintuthwane.

Ukuhamba nendima - kusukela ngo-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kukaSepthemba; abanye abantu batholakala ngo-Okthoba. Ukufuduka kwe-Autumn kwenzeka ngokuncipha okuqhubekayo esikhathini sokukhanya kosuku kusuka emahoreni ayi-14 kuye kwayi-10 kuqhathaniswa nesizinda sokushisa kwesilinganiso seminyaka eyishumi se- +16.7. + 7.6 ° C.

Inani lokuqalwa kabusha kwe-chernushka eBelarus lilinganiswa ngamabili angama-20 ukuya kwangama-35, inani liyanda.

Ubudala obukhulu obubhalisiwe eYurophu buyiminyaka eyi-10 izinyanga ezi-2.

1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Umbuso wezilwane waseBelarus. Ama-Vertebrates: incwadi yemibhalo. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399 k.

2. Nikiforov M.E., Yotesky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Izinyoni zaseBelarus: A Handbook-Guest for Nice and Egg" Minsk, 1989. -479 k.

3. UGaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I. V. "Isayensi yezinyoni eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBelarus. Passeriformes: a monograph." Brest, 2013.

4. UFedyushin A. V., UDolbik M. S. "Izinyoni zaseBelarus". Minsk, 1967. -521s.

5. Abramova I. V., Gaiduk V. E. "I-Ecology ye-blackstart Phoenicurus ochruros (Turdidae, Passeriformes) eningizimu nentshonalanga yeBelarus" / I-Baikal Zoological Journal. No. 1 (18) 2016. Irkutsk, 2016. S.7-10

6. UFransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) KUSUKELA uhlu lwamarekhodi okuhlala isikhathi eside kwezinyoni zaseYurophu.

Vota

Ingoma iyisidala futhi imvamisa iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu, ezithatha imizuzwana emi-2,5 kuye kwengama-4. Kuqala, le nyoni ikhipha umfushane “jir tititi” omfushane, lapho umthamo unyuka kancane kancane. Ngemuva kokuhlaba ikhefu kwesibili, kulandela i-trill ende ebukeka kabi, engxenyeni yesibili iphenduka isigaba sesithathu esilinganiswa okuthile, into efana ne "chier-cher-cher-cher-cherr". Iculo lingaphindwa kaninginingi zilandelana, ukulandelana kwezingxenye kuvame ukubuyiselwa emuva. Isigaba sokugcina singaba nezinketho ezahlukahlukene, zombili ezihlukaniswe ngokwendawo nakubantu abathile. Isibonelo, ezinyangeni ezivela e-Central Asia, ukucula kufana kakhulu - izingxenye zokuqala nezokugcina ziqukethe imisindo efanayo.

Ngaphezu kwengoma yendawo, kuvame ukushicilela ikhwela elifushane elithi "fiat" bese uqhafaza "tech", uvame ukuwahlanganisa abe ukwehluka okuhlukahlukene. Le misindo isetshenziswa lapho kukhulunywa phakathi kwezinyoni, ngesikhathi sokuvuka, noma njenge-alamu. Ukuchofoza okuzwakalayo nokubukhali kwe-tech-tech kuvame ukukhombisa indlela yomhlaseli womhlaba.

ECentral Europe, ukucula kwezinyoni ezithambile kungazwakala ekuseni kakhulu ngoMashi noma ngoJuni, imvamisa kuqala ihora, kwesinye isikhathi kube kubili ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga. Ngakho-ke, i-redstart redstart ivuka ngasikhathi sinye njengama-blackbird, futhi kwii-Alps kuphela ukuculwa kwe-heater ejwayelekile okungaqala kuzwakale ehoreni lokuqala. Ngamakhefu amafushane, ukucula kuyaqhubeka kuze kuhlwe kusihlwa, okuyinto ebonakala kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Esimweni sezulu esihle, le nyoni ichitha cishe amahora ayisithupha ngosuku icula, kuyilapho iphinda leli vesi elifanayo ngokuhlukahluka kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-5,000. Kwesinye isikhathi ukucula kuzwakala ebusuku.

Ukuziphatha

Inhlangano yezenhlalo yabasebenzi abamnyama enziwa kabusha njengoba ayivezwanga, futhi nangaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa cishe njalo bathola ukudla kwabo futhi batholakala bodwa. Kuphela yisimo sezulu esibuthakathaka noma ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwezinambuzane eziningi endaweni eyodwa, njengasosebeni lomfula, lapho izingqimba zezinyoni ezincane zingabonakala. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nakulesi simo, abantu ngamunye abahlangene ngandlela thile futhi bahlala kude kakhulu komunye nomunye.

Esikhathini sasemini, i-chernushka ivame ukuthatha ukushiswa yilanga, ihlale phansi endaweni ethile evulekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa kwenkathi yonyaka. Akavamile ukuthatha izinqubo zamanzi, futhi kuphela ezimeni ezihlukile lapho ungabona inyoni ibhukuda othulini.

Ukufuduka

Iningi lezinyoni ezisuka eNyakatho nePhakathi Yurophu zihamba amabanga amafushane nje nobusika ezindaweni eziseduze noLwandle iMedithera, enyakatho yeSahara neNhlonhlo yeSinayi. Umngcele osenyakatho wobusika ubusika cishe uhlangana nomugqa we-isotherm kaJanuwari + 7.5 ... + 10 ° C. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni ezingavikeleki, i-chernushka ishiya izidleke zayo sekwephuze kakhulu futhi ibuyela kusenesikhathi: ngokwesibonelo, enkabeni yeYurophu kuqala abesilisa bavela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaMashi, futhi ukuhamba ngobuningi kwenzeka engxenyeni yesibili ka-Okthoba, eCarpathians, izinyoni zifika ngasekupheleni kukaMashi nasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli futhi zindiza ziye ukuqala kuka-Okthoba.

Imiphakathi yaseNtshonalanga naseNingizimu Ntshonalanga, njengomthetho, iphila impilo yokuhlala lapho noma ifuduka ibheke phezulu, yehla isuka esifundeni sase-Alpine iye ezigodini eziseduze kubusika obubandayo. E-Asia Ephakathi nasemahlathini asentshonalanga weHimalaya, ama-nigella ngokuvamile ayizinyoni ezifudukayo; amakamu abo ebusika atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya, iPakistan, iningizimu ye-Iran, iNhlonhlo ye-Arabian, kanye nasemaThafeni ase-Ethiopia naseSomalia. Ukusuka emithambekeni esempumalanga yeHimalaya, iTibet kanye nentshonalanga yeChina, i-redstart iqhubekela enyakatho neMyanmar naseningizimu yeNdiya.

Umnotho

I-blackstart redstart yachazwa okokuqala ngokwesayensi ngo-1774 ngusosayensi wemvelo waseJalimane uSamuel Gmelin owayesenkonzweni yaseRussia. Igama elejwayelekile I-Phoenicurus kwaqhamuka emagameni amabili esiGreki: φφῖῖ ξξξ ("phoenix" - umbala onsomi noma we-carmine) no-œὐρά ("oura" - umsila). Ngakho-ke, umbhali ugcizelele umsila okhanya ngokungathandeki wale nyoni - isici esiphawulwa ngezilimi eziningi zaseYurophu, kufaka phakathi isiRussia. Buka igama ama-ochruros Futhi kuthathwe kwisichasiso sesiGrikhi ὠχρός (ок okros '- pale), esigcizelela umehluko nolunye uhlobo lwe-European - redstart ejwayelekile, enomsila okhanyayo.

Kuze kube muva nje, isiko lokuzalwa kabusha ngokwesiko lalingumndeni wama-thrush. Kodwa-ke, izifundo ezimbili ezizimele ezihlangene ezenziwa eminyakeni yamuva nje - ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA hybridization kanye nokulandelana kwe-gentochrome mitochondrial DNA gene b - yafika esiphethweni sokuthi uhlobo I-Phoenicurus ihlobene kakhulu nama-flytraps (I-Muscicapidae) kunamabhande amnyama. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-chernushka sibhekwa njengokuqala kabusha kwensimu okuhlala eTibet (Phoenicurus hodgsoni) Ezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene nazo zifakwe engcebweni efanayo ne-chernushka - Siberian (Phoenicurus auroreus),-red-belued (Phoenicurus erythrogastrus) futhi mhlawumbe u-Alashan (Phoenicurus alaschanicus) Qalisa kabusha. I-redstart ejwayelekile, naphezu kokufana kwe-morphological, ayisondelene nayo njengezinhlobo ezingenhla. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziyahlukahluka emvelweni nasekuziphatheni. Yize kunjalo amacala ezenzalo ezaziwayo (hybridization) ayaziwa, ama-nzalo walezi zinhlobo ezimbili kukholakala ukuthi awananzalo.

Ngokusho kwemisebenzi ka-Ertan, ukwahlukaniswa kabusha kwezidalwa zesimanje kwaqala eLate Pleistocene eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezi-3 ezedlule, kanye nokuhlala kwabantu kulo lonke elase-Esasia ekuqaleni kweMiocene eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.5 eyedlule.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokubhaliswa kwe-blackstart, eyehlukahluka kakhulu kumbala womzimba ophezulu wesilisa. Ngokusho kwezici ze-morphological, i-biogeography nedatha yokulandelana kwe-nucleotide yohlobo lwe-cytochrome b I-mitochondrial DNA konke okubhaliwe kungahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu ayi-3:

• Iqembu phoenicuroides Ihlanganisa amafomu ayisisekelo avela eCentral naseMpumalanga ye-Eshiya, ahlukanisa nedlozi futhi aqala ukusakazeka kancane kancane aye entshonalanga (3 - 1.5 million edlule). Izinsikazi nezinyoni ezincane zilula ngombala.
  • P. o. phoenicuroides (F. Moore, 1854)
  • P. o. murinus Fedorenko
  • P. o. rufiventris (I-Vieillot, 1818)
  • P. o. xerophilus (Stegmann, 1928)
• Iqembu ama-ochruros uhlanganisa amafomu asuka eNtshonalanga Asia naseYurophu ahlukanise eqenjini gibraltariensis cishe eminyakeni eyi-1.5-0,5 yezigidi edlule. Umbala wezinyoni zezinsikazi nezinsikazi maphakathi ngokuqondene nalawo maqembu angaphansi kwezindawo zokuhlala phoenicuroides kanye ne 'gibraltariensis.
  • P. o. ama-ochruros (S. G. Gmelin, 1774)
  • P. o. semirufus (IHemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
• Iqembu gibraltariensis sihlanganisa abantu baseYurophu nabase-Afrika abakhe izingqinamba ngenkathi yokugcina iqhwa. Izinyoni zezinsikazi nezinsikazi zihlukaniswa umbala omnyama.
  • P. o. gibraltariensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789)
  • P. o. aterrimus (von Jordans, 1923)

I-Molting

Izinyoni ezincane molt kusuka izimpaphe ezidlekayo ngo-Agasti - Septhemba, inxenye yomthambo - amapayipi omzimba, amakhethini amancane namaphakathi, kanye ne-3-4 yangaphakathi yembozo enkulu ephakathi eshintsha. Ezinyoni ezindala, i-molt ephelele ivela ngo-Agasti - Septhemba.

Izingubo zasehlobo zitholakala ngaphandle kokuchitha, ngenxa yokuvezwa kokuphela kwezimpaphe. Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa abasebasha ehlobo lokuqala lokuphila bahlala befana nowesifazane (futhi bezalanisa kule ngubo), kwezinye izimo, ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala, bafana nabesilisa abadala, kodwa bahluke kubo ngama-flewheels kanye nezihlwathi ezigcinwe ezingubeni.

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