1. Izinyoni zindiza ezulwini
Amagagasi ashaya amadwala
Ukufafaza inhlanzi emanzini
Nayi isayizi enjalo!
Beats umsila namaphiko,
Futhi kuyakhazimula ngesikali!
Kepha okwamanje - singabangani
Abazange babambe neyodwa!
R: Akunandaba - ukubanda!
Futhi ukushisa, nemvula nomoya nomoya - akunandaba!
Ngoba ngaphandle kokusebenza,
Ngoba ngaphandle kokusebenza
Musa ukubamba inhlanzi enkulu echibini!
2. Sihlale isonto lonke,
izinhlanzi kuphela ezingakuluma!
Izimpukane zisanda kunqotshwa
Ilanga libhaka ikhanda lakho!
Umoya uyahleka ngenhliziyo:
Iflothi elungisiwe.
Kepha, ngiyazi, woza
Wonder fish hook.
R: okufanayo
(inothi yombhali - kwisitayela se-reggae)
Kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kolimi olukhulunywayo, okhokho bethu babekhulumisana besebenzisa ukushukuma komzimba. Futhi manje, okuningi esikutshelanayo akuyona into engamlomo. Kepha kungani sigaqa amazinyo ethu lapho sifuna ukubonisa ubungane? Kungani sihleka? Ithiyori kanye neZenzo zihumushele i-athikili ngomqondo wemvelaphi yokumamatheka.
Izinkulumo zethu zemizwa zibonakala zingaphakathi; ziyingxenye yefa lethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Noma kunjalo, i-etymology yabo ihlala iyimfihlakalo. Singakwazi yini ukulandelela lezi zimpawu zomphakathi kusukela ekuqaleni, kusuka ezimpandeni zazo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuya ekuziphatheni kokhokho bethu?
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, elabhorethri yasePrinceton University, safunda ukuthi ubuchopho bayibona kanjani indawo yokuphepha ezungeze umzimba futhi ilawula ama-tilts, ama-shrinks, ama-squiling nezinye izinto ezisivikela emiphumeleni yabanye.
Ukuhlolwa kwethu bekugxile kusethi ethile yezindawo ezisebuchosheni babantu kanye nezinkawu. Lezi zindawo zobuchopho ngokushesha “zasebenza” isikhala esiseduze nomzimba, zasebenzisa imininingwane yokuqonda futhi sayiguqula yaba ukunyakaza. Silandelela umsebenzi wama-neurons ngamanye kulezo zindawo, sizama ukuqonda ukusebenza kwawo. Lapho sibuka amavidiyo ethu, ngabona ukufana okuthusayo yonke indawo: izindlela zokuvikela izinkawu zazifana kakhulu nezimpawu zomphakathi ezijwayelekile. Kungani, lapho ushaya inkawu ebusweni, isisho sayo simangalisa ngokungathi ukumamatheka komuntu? Kungani, ukuhleka, kubonakala ngathi sisebenzisa ezinye izinto zokuzivikela?
Ekugcineni, asibanga ngabokuqala ukufuna ubudlelwane phakathi kokuzivikela nokuziphatha emphakathini. UHaney Hediger, umgcini weZurich Zoo kuma-60s, wabelana nathi ngokuqonda kwakhe. Wazama ukuqonda ukuthi ahlukanisa kanjani isikhala se-zoo phakathi kwezilwane ukuze anakekele izidingo zazo zemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngesinye isikhathi wacela isazi sebhayoloji enkulu ye-zoo ukuthola izeluleko. Futhi wayevame ukumangala lapho ethola ukuthi izilwane zixhumana kanjani nemvelo.
Ngesikhathi esendleleni eya e-Afrika, lapho abamba khona amasampula amasha e-zoo, uHediger wabona indlela yokuziphatha ephindaphindwe njalo phakathi kwezilwane ezizingelwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Isibonelo, i-zebra, ayimane nje ibaleke ibhubesi. Esikhundleni salokho, ubonakala esakha ipherimitha engabonakali eyizungezile. Ngenkathi ibhubesi lingaphandle kwale ndawo, i-zebra iphephile. Lapho ibhubesi liwela umngcele, idube liguqula indawo yalo futhi libuyisele indawo yezokuphepha. Uma ibhubesi lingena endaweni encane, i-zebra iyaphunyuka. Amadube ngokwawo 'anezindawo zokuzivikela' ezifanayo phakathi kwawo, futhi yize zincane kakhulu, ziphathwa ngenhlonipho efanele. Esixukwini, amadube awasondeli. Bayanyathela futhi bahambe ukuze kugcinwe isikhala esincane esihlelekile phakathi kwabo.
Eminyakeni yama-60s, isazi sezengqondo saseMelika u-Edward Hall saguqula umqondo ofanayo ngokuziphatha komuntu. U-Hall uthole ukuthi umuntu ngamunye une-zone evikela u-60-90 cm ububanzi, enwebeka ekhanda futhi ophonsa imilenze. Isizinda asinaso usayizi ohleliwe: uma unovalo, luyakhula; uma uvuseleleka, lunenkontileka. Kuya futhi ngesizinda sakho sesiko. Isikhala somuntu sincane eJapan nokuningi e-Australia. Beka amaJapan kanye nawase-Australia egumbini elilodwa - kuzolandelwa umdanso ongajwayelekile: amaJapan azodlulela phambili, ama-Australia azothatha isinyathelo abuyele emuva, ngakho-ke azolandelana ngokulandelana. Mhlawumbe ngaphandle kokunaka ngokwenzekayo.
UHediger noHall basiholele ekutholakaleni okubalulekile. Imishini esiyisebenzisela ukuvikela nayo iyisisekelo sokufakwa kwethu emphakathini. Ekugcineni, uhlela uhlobo lwenethiwekhi ngaphakathi kwesikhala senhlalo.
Ukumamatheka, elinye lamathuluzi aphambili wokusebenzisana komphakathi, kuyinto eqondile kakhulu. Umlomo omkhulu uphakama ukukhombisa amazinyo. Ushizi usakazekela ezinhlangothini. Isikhumba esizungeze iso imibimbi. UDuchenne de Boulogne, isazi sezinzwa esaphila ngekhulu le-19, waphawula ukuthi ukumamatheka okubandayo, okungelona iqiniso kuvame ukuba semlonyeni, kuyilapho ukumamatheka kwangempela nobungane kuhilela amehlo. Ukumamatheka okuqotho manje kubizwa ngokuthi kukaDuchen kuye.
Ukumamatheka kungakhombisa nokuzithoba. Abasebenzi abangaphansi kothile bamamatheka kakhulu, ngokuba phakathi kwabantu abanethonya. ("Kwenzekile, / Ngokumamatheka, kwahlangana iminsalo, / angizange ngiguqe, / Njengasethempelini!" - uPatroclus uphawula nge-Achilles ku- "Troilus and Cressida").
Lokhu kunezela imfihlakalo nje. Kungani ukubonisa amazinyo kuwuphawu lobungane? Kungani lokhu kuwuphawu lokuthobeka? Akudingeki amazinyo yini ukufakazela ulaka?
Iningi lezazi zokuziphatha liyavuma ukuthi ukumamatheka okuvela embonweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo yinto yakudala nokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwayo kutholakala ezilwaneni eziningi. Uma ubuka iqembu lezinkawu, uzophawula ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi zinikezana lokho okubukeka njengodumo. Bakhulumisana ngaphandle kolaka; izazi zokuziphatha zibiza lokhu ngokuthi "ukubonakaliswa buthule kwamazinyo." Abanye abakholelwa ukuthi lesi senzo siqhamuke ngokuhlukile noma ngaphansi - ukulungiselela ukuhlaselwa.
Kepha ngicabanga ukuthi ngokugxila emazinyweni kuphela, baphuthelwa kakhulu. Eqinisweni, lokhu "kuboniswa kwamazinyo" kufaka wonke umzimba. Cabanga izinkawu ezimbili, u-A no-B. Monkey B bawela indawo yangasese yenkawu A. Umphumela? Ama-neurons amabili abhekene nokuqapha isikhala somuntu siqu aqala ukuphahlazeka, edonsa impendulo evikela kakhulu. Monkey A uyahlikihla, uvikela amehlo akhe. Umlomo wakhe ongaphezulu udonswa phezulu. Uhambisa amazinyo akhe, kepha lokhu kumanewumphumela oseceleni: okushiwo izindebe eziqinisiwe akukuningi ukulungiselela ukuhlaselwa, kodwa ukuqinisa isikhumba ebusweni, ukumboza isikhumba kancane ngamagoqo eso. Izindlebe "zihamba" emuva, zivikelwe emonakalweni. Ikhanda liyabuya futhi namahlombe asukume ukumboza umphimbo nentamo. Ikhanda liyaphenduka entweni engenayo. Ishubhu liya phambili ukuvikela isisu. Ngokuya endaweni okusongelwa kuyo, izandla zingase zidabule phambi kwethoshi noma ebusweni. Izinkawu zivame ukuthatha isimo esivamile sokuvikela, esivikela izingxenye ezintekenteke zomzimba.
Monkey B angafunda okuningi ngokubuka ukusabela kwenkawu A. Uma inkawu A izivikela, njengokungathi iphendula ngokugcwele ezenzweni zenkawu B, khona-ke lokhu kuyisibonakaliso esihle esibonisa ukuthi inkawu A iyasaba. Akakhululeki. Isikhala sakhe sithathwa ngaphezulu. Ubona i-monkey B njengesitha, njengobukhulu kunaye emphakathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkawu u-A ingaphendula “ngokunqobayo” ngokunciphisa amehlo ayo nokubuyisela ikhanda emuva. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkawu A ayesabi ikakhulukazi - ayiboni monkey B njengomuntu ophakeme ngokwenhlalo noma njengesitha.
Imininingwane enjalo ilusizo olukhulu kumalungu eqembu lezenhlalo. Monkey B angafunda lapho angahlala khona ukuze akhombise inhlonipho monkey A. Ngakho-ke, kuba khona isibonakaliso senhlalo, ukukhethwa kwemvelo kuyokhetha izinkawu ezingakwazi ukufunda ukuzithoba eqenjini labo futhi zilungise indlela yokuziphatha ngokuhambisana nazo. Ngendlela, le mhlawumbe yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yale ndaba: iningi lokucindezela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo liwela kulabo abathola isinali, hhayi kulabo abalithumelayo. Le ndaba imayelana nokuthi saqala kanjani ukuphendula ukumamatheka.
Imvelo imvamisa umjaho wezingalo. Uma i-monkey B ingakwazi ukuqoqa imininingwane ewusizo ngenkathi ibuka inkawu A, khona-ke inkawu A ilusizo ekukhohliseni lolu lwazi ukuthonya inkawu B. Okusho ukuthi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhetha izinkawu ezingakwazi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ngokudlala ukuzivikela. Kuyasiza ukukholisa abanye ukuthi awubesabisi.
Ake sibheke umsuka wokumamatheka: lokhu kulingisa okufushane okwenziwe ngesimo sokuzivikela. Ebantwini, kunohlobo lwayo olucwengekile kuphela, lapho kuhlangana khona izicubu zobuso: umlomo ongenhla uqinisiwe, izihlathi ziphambukela ezinhlangothini naphezulu, amehlo aqhephukile. Namuhla sikusebenzisa kakhulu ukuxhumana sisuka esimweni sokuhlaselwa ngobungane kunokuba sisuke esikhundleni sokuthumela nokusiza okuphelele.
Noma kunjalo, sisakwazi ukubona isenzo “senkawu” ngokwethu. Kwesinye isikhathi siyamomotheka ukukhombisa ukuzithoba okuphelele, futhi lokhu kumamatheka okuncane kungabonakala kanye nokuthunyelwa kweposi okuvikelayo emzimbeni wonke: ikhanda phansi, amahlombe phezulu, ukuphakanyiswa kwefu, izingalo phambi kwesifuba. Njengenkawu, sisabela kulezi zimpawu ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngeke sikwazi ukusiza ngaphandle kokuzwa imfudumalo ngokubhekise kulabo abakhanyisa ukumamatheka kweDuchenne. Ngeke nje kodwa sizizwe sidelela umuntu olalela ngaphandle, njengoba nje singeke kodwa sisole labo abalingisa imfudumalo yokumamatheka okungenampilo ngamehlo aqandayo.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi okuningi kangaka kungaqhamuka empandeni elula kangaka. Indlela yokuzivikela yakudala, indlela ehlaziya isikhala esiseduze nomzimba futhi ihlelele ukunyakaza okuzivikelayo, ngokuzumayo izithole isezweni le-hypersocial of primates, lizungezwe ukumamatheka, ukuhleka, ukukhala nokufiphala. Unembe ngamunye walezi zinhlobo zokuziphatha uhlukaniswa uhlukaniswe ezinye eziningana, ukhula ube yikhodi yezimpawu ezizosetshenziswa ezimeni zenhlalo ezahlukahlukene. Akusizo zonke izinkulumo zabantu ezingachazwa ngalokhu, kodwa ziningi kakhulu. Ukumamatheka kukaDuchenne, ukumamatheka okubandayo, ukuhleka ihlaya, ukuhleka ukwazisa ngobukhali obuqili, ukuhleka okukhohlakele, ukuhuga okwenzelwe ukubonisa inhlonipho ngaphambili, noma ukubuyela emuva ngqo kukhombisa ukuzethemba, izingalo ezidlulayo ezikhombisa ukusola, izingalo ezivulekile ("Welcome!"), Sad umugqa lapho sibonisa ukuzwelana ngayo ngendaba yomuntu odabukisayo - lonke lolu hlaka lwezinkulumo lungaphuma emishini eyodwa yokuvikela imizwa engenzi lutho ngokuxhumana.
Ukusuka grin ukumomotheka .. isinyathelo esisodwa kanye nezigidi zeminyaka zokuvela kwemvelo
Ngalezozinsuku lapho umuntu ebengehlukile ikakhulukazi kubafowabo kwiplanethi (izilwane), wakhombisa amazinyo akhe nabantu angabazi ngokucophelela. Ukumamatheka, njengesenzo esamukelekayo, kwakungekho ngaleso sikhathi.
Abantu nezilwane bagedle amazinyo abo ukukhombisa izikhali zabo (kunamazinyo, ngakho-ke ngiyakwazi ukuluma). Ukulwa akuqalanga nge-bay eshintshashintshayo, kwandulelwa yilahla, ukumemeza, ukubhonga. Abantu nezilwane bagijimela empini kuphela uma inkinga ingaxazululwa ngokusongelwa ngababili.
Lapho-ke i-grin ebantwini yaphenduka ukubonakaliswa kwamandla. Abameli ababili abanohlonze beHomo sapiens emhlanganweni ngobunono bakhombisana omunye nomunye ngamazinyo abo, kungathi bathi, "Nginamandla, ngihlomile futhi ngiyabingelela, elilingana namandla kimi." Ngakho ukumamatheka okunobungani kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Lokhu akwenzekanga ezilwaneni. Kubo, i-grin yahlala iyinsika.
Kepha uyazi ukuthi kungani inja yezilwane zasekhaya ijabule ngokumamatheka kwakho?
Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wakujwayela lokhu kuziphatha kwakho, futhi, ngokubona kwakhe, wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi uma uluma amazinyo akho,-ke usesimweni esihle futhi ujabule ngokuziphatha kwakhe.
Izinja ziyizidalwa eziqaphelayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, zizizwa zinesidingo esikhulu sokukujabulisa, njengomholi wephakethe. Ngakho-ke, ubudlelwano nawe abukhokhelwa kangako ngemvelo ngokwemvelo yokuhlangenwe nakho kokuxhumana: kahle, uyaxaka lapho konke kuhamba kahle, kuyamangaza Yebo, kodwa yini ongayenza? Into esemqoka ukuthi (umholi) wanelisekile.
Futhi zama ukumamatheka izinja ezingama-32 ezilahlekile
Lokho wukuthi, ungazami. Inja ekhulele phakathi “kwayo” futhi engakhulumanga nomuntu izobona ukumamatheka kuphela, njengokusongela. Uma ebaleka, uzobaleka noma akhombise amazinyo akhe, futhi okubi kakhulu, uzokujaha akulume.
Lokhu kusebenza kwengxenye enkulu hhayi kulezo zinja ezidukelayo ezihamba edolobheni, kodwa kulabo ongase uhlangane nazo ngaphandle komugqa wedolobha, okungukuthi, ingxenye noma isigijime ngokuphelele zasendle.
Uma ungafuni ukuxabana ngezinja ezidukelayo - akunamazinyo. Ungabamomotheka ngamakhona ezindebe zakho namehlo, uma kungenzeka ngaphandle kokubheka ngamehlo akho, noma ushiye ubuso bakho bunganakile. Elesibili liyathandeka.
Siyabonga "ukuthandwa. Lesi siteshi sinikezelwe ezilwaneni, sizibhalisela, uma sinentshisekelo :)
Amaculo
ICULO Lika-ANTOSHA
Muses O. Sandler, amazwi kaB. Turovsky
Phezu kwezintaba eziphakeme
Ngemuva kwezigodi ezibanzi
Ukusakaza kugijima njengengoma ekhalayo!
Kunokulindelwa okukude
Intombazane enamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka,
Ntombazane yami ethandekayo!
Imithambeka engaphansi komfula,
Umfula oyintantayo - ukuqwasha
Lapho, ngiyolinda kuze kube kokusa naye.
Ulinde incwadi yezimpendulo,
Ulinde incwadi yabafayo,
Umama omdala, onothando.
Phezu kwezintaba eziphakeme
Ngemuva kwezigodi ezibanzi
Abangani bangilindile lapho.
Isithandwa sami silindile lapho,
Izwe lami engilithandayo
Izwe lami elikhulu!
I-Overcoat
Izingoma B. Terentyev, igama A. Oislander.
Kwenziwe ngu: Boris Chirkov.
Lapho siya platoon thina
Mbali kude
Ikhumbi lami elikhulu
Njalo ngisemgwaqweni nami.
Uhlala njengintsha
Imiphetho itshaliwe
Umkhosi, onokhahlo,
Isithandwa sami.
Lapho isitha sinesihluku
Ezimpini sizonqoba
Sizobuya sivela kude
Ezintombini zakhe.
Futhi susa okungalibaleki
Ezweni lakhe lokuzalwa
I-overcoat ephukile ezimpini,
Amubelethe.
Siya impi yabantu
Sinenhloso engcwele
Njalo ngathi
Ukunqotshwa kwezempi.