Umhlanga noma umsele we-marsh (lat. Circus aeruginosus) ungowomndeni Hawk (Accipitridae). Igama lakhona elejwayelekile livela egameni lasendulo lesiGrikhi elithi kirkos, elisho "umbuthano". Yayinikezwe ama-hawks, anomkhuba wokujikeleza emoyeni, efuna inyamazane. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokuzingela ifana kakhulu nokujwayelekile (Circus cyaneus) kunenyanga eshisayo.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inani labantu belilokhu lincipha ngokuqinile ngenxa yomsebenzi owenziwe eYurophu wokukhipha amachibi. Waqala ukwelulama kancane kancane kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izinkulungwane ezingama-20-25 zahlala e-Central Europe, kanye nama-40-60,000 ngazimbili ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zeRussia. Isamba sabantu silinganiselwa ku-100-180 izinkulungwane zabantu abadala.

Ukubhebhetheka

Indawo le ihlanganisa iningi lezwekazi laseYurophu kanye nezindawo ezisentshonalanga ye-Asia. EYurophu, izinhlobo azikho e-Ireland nasenyakatho yeScandinavia. Eningizimu, umngcele wobubanzi ugeleza ogwini lwaseNyakatho Afrika udlula eTurkey naseMiddle East uye eSiberia.

Izinyoni zidla ubusika eYurophu e-Afrika engezansi kweSahara ukusuka eSenegal kuya e-Ethiopia naseMozambiki. Izindawo zabo zobusika zihlangana ngokwengxenye yezinto zokuzingela zenyanga yemashi yase-Afrika (Circus ranivorus), eziholela ekuhlaleni kokuhlala phansi. Amazwe ase-Asia asebusika eNdiya, eMyanmar naseSri Lanka.

Izinyoni zindizela eningizimu ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi nasekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, bese indiza izidleke zayo kusuka ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli.

Kunezindawo ezingaphansi ezi-2. Izindlela zokuxhumana ezisatshalaliswa zisatshalaliswa zisuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu ziya eCentral Asia. I-subspecies Circus aeruginosus harteri ihlala eMorocco, Algeria naseTunisia.

Lokhu kuyathakazelisa!

UMarching harrier ungomunye wabamele izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinamaphiko ezivela emndenini we-hawk. IMarsh marsh, ehlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zase-Eurasia, inkulu kakhulu kunensimu yayo nezihlobo zayo. Naphezu kwekhono lakhe lokuzifihla ngobuhlakani ezitheni, namuhla kungenzeka ahlangane nenyoni yomhlanga endaweni yezilwane zasekhaya kanye nemvelo yokugcina kunasendaweni yezidumbu zamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokubhekelwa ngabazingeli kanye nokubhujiswa okusebenzayo kwendawo yayo yemvelo - i-marshland, eguqulwa ngamabomu umhlaba wezolimo.

Okuphawulekayo yinyoni, inani labantu layo lehla ngokuqinile, yiziphi izici zalo kanye nezici zokuziphatha ezihlukile, esizicabangela ngezansi.

Ukucaciswa kwangaphandle nezithombe

Ngobukhulu obuncane bomzimba kusuka ku-45 kuya ku-60 cm, amaphiko enyanga yexhaphozi ahlaba umxhwele ngenani lamamitha ayi-1.5. Ngamaphiko abanzi, akumangazi ukuthi inyanga idonsela ukunaka kwababukelayo ngendiza yayo enhle. Isisindo esijwayelekile somuntu sifinyelela ku-500 kuye ku-750 amagremu. Le nyoni ekhuphuka kalula isancamela ukungandiza phezulu emhlabathini, kodwa ikhuphuka kahle ngaphezu kobuso.

Izinyanga zesifazane ezibunjiweyo zinkulu kunezabesilisa futhi zinombala onsundu omnyama, amabala amade aphansi ngamaphiko nasekhanda. Amapheya ezinsikazi acebile futhi aqhakazile ku-Palette yemibala, futhi agcwaliswa ngopende ompunga onsundu, omhlophe nomnyama.

Isembozo se-feather senyanga yokubhukuda siyahlukahluka ngobudala kuya ngokuya kwesikhathi sonyaka. Uqhwaku lugobekile phansi, lumnyama ngombala futhi lubukhali, imihlakulo efanayo, ewusizo oluhle ekuzingeleni.

Izinhlobo: Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) = Swamp [umhlanga] lun

Ukubukeka: Inyoni ephakathi nendawo ephakathi enamaphiko amade nomsila omude. Esikhulu kunazo zonke futhi esibanzi kunazo zonke izinyanga. Amaphayi aphuzi ngombala, imvamisa akhanya ngokungafani nezinye izinyanga. Owesilisa unombala omnyama. Umhlane unsundu omnyama, namaphiko amboze. Izimpiko zilula noma ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kepha iziphetho zamaphrimimusi zimnyama, okuholela ekutheni iphiko elinemibala emithathu (isisekelo sinombala onsundu, isikhungo simpunga noma simhlophe, isiphetho simnyama). Umsila uphuzi grey noma onsundu nge-tartar elula. Isisu sibomvu noma sinsundu. Ikhanda nomphimbo zi-buffy, zinemisipha emide emnyama-nsundu. Amehlo aphuzi.

Izinsikazi zinombala onsundu omnyama ngombala onemiphetho emnyama yamaphiko (inhloko emnyama). Ingaphezulu lekhanda nangemuva lekhanda libomvu noma ligolide. Umphimbo ubomvu noma mhlophe. Amahlombe angaphambili abomvu noma agolide. Amehlo ansundu.

Isisindo 0,4-0.8 kg, ubude 48-55 cm, abesilisa amaphiko 37.2-42.0, insikazi 40.5-43.5 cm, amaphiko ama-110p5 cm.

Imibala emnyama, emnyama ngombala, imvamisa inezinhlanga ezihamba ngezinyawo eziqongweni zeziphephelo nezisekelo ezilula zezimpukane zokuqala. Amehlo ansundu. Ngokuvamile, abasha bafana nowesifazane, kodwa ngaphandle kwesigqoko segolide nombala wegolide ngaphambili kwehlombe. Abesilisa abesilisa abadala (abaneminyaka emi-3 ubudala) abanamaphiko ezindiza angcolile nama-helmsmen, bavame ukuba neziqongo ezifihlayo ezimnyama ezimboze ngaphezulu nangaphansi.

Isambatho sokuqala esinciphile samantshontsho simhlophe qhwa, okwesibili - sinendawo emnyama eduze kwamehlo.

Zindiza ziqonde phansi emhlabathini, kube sengathi ziyazulazula, ngamaphiko amaphiko angavamile. Ama-Wings abamba ngokuqinile (i-V-shape), enamandla kakhulu kune-buzzards (genus Buteo). Kusuka kwezinye izinyanga (Circus ssp.) Zihlukaniswa ngombala omnyama, onqabile, nezimpiko ezibanzi.

Habitat

Ihlala amaxhaphozi amakhulu anezimila ezingaphezulu komhlaba athuthukile kanye namachibi akhula ngokweqile. Amagobolondo e-sphagnum, agqunywe nge-sedge, ukugwema, noma izidleke kuwo kuyaqabukela, akhetha amathanga aminyene omhlanga.

Ukufika kwemibhede yomhlanga kumachibi amakhulu, okokugcina amanzi kanye namachibi ayindawo eyintandokazi yokwakha isidleke. Izifunda ezinamahlathi asezindaweni eziningi zinabantu abaningi kakhulu kule hlobo. Idala hhayi kuphela amachibi amachibi nezifufula ze-intra-echibini, kepha futhi nezinsizakalo ezibanzi zomhlanga, kanye nezimbungulu ezahlukahlukene eziphansi. Ibuye izidleke emifuleni yezikhukhula ezigcwele imifula egcwele umhlanga, emizimbeni endala yamanzi asezindaweni zombili zamahlathi.

Ku-steppe zone, kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, imifula yezikhukhula nemifudlana kasawoti omanzi.

AmaJacks

Njengomthetho, isidleke sitholakala phakathi kwamanzi endaweni encanyana noma ekugudluleni kwasolwandle, iziqu zeziqu ezomile zomhlanga noma ikhathalogi, ku-hummock, cishe njalo ezungezwe uhlaza oluphezulu lwendawo.

Isakhiwo esidlekayo siyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngokusobala esakhiwe ngeziqu ezomile zomhlanga, ikhathalogi nezinhlanga, ezixutshaniswa namagatsha wewillow. Ngokuya ngomswakama wedivayisi yokwakha isidleke, ingaba isicaba (kwi-hummock) noma enkulu ngesimo sesigaxa esimisiwe (emanzini angajulile). Ugqoko lufakwe emaphethweni ezinhlamvu, ama-sedges nezigqoko zamahhashi. Ubukhulu besokhethi: ububanzi obungama-42 cm, ukuphakama okungu-18 cm, ububanzi be-tray 20 cm, cm tray deep 6 cm.

Ku-clutch kusuka emaqanda amathathu kuya kwayi-7, amaqanda ama-4-5 kaningi. Umbala wamaqanda mhlophe, uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma uluhlaza okotshani. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba khona ucezwana olungaqapheleki kakhulu kumaqanda. Usayizi weqanda: 42.0-57.0 x 34.4-42.5 mm, isilinganiso esingu-49.59 x 38.49 mm.

Insikazi ihlala iqinile, noma kunjalo, lapho isondela esidlekeni somuntu, iyishiya ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi indizela kude ibangana. Lapho ziphazamisekile, izinyoni ezindala zindiza ziklabalasa zisuka esidlekeni futhi azihlaseli.

Ibanga phakathi kwezidleke zababili abahlukene emaqenjini aminyene, ikakhulukazi emapulazini amakhulu ezinhlanzi noma amachibi asezingeni elithile, ahluka ukusuka kuma-200 kuye kwangama-800 m, imvamisa angama-500. Ezindaweni ezingagcwele kakhulu, izidleke zamarash ezihlala ku-1-5 km, imvamisa ezi-2,5 km zamamusi ngababili, ngokweqile - ngaphezu kwe-5 km.

Ukulandela kokuphila

Ukulandelanisa okuphathelene nempilo kungabalwa ngezinsalela zezinyoni ezisondelene namanzi, lapho inyanga yomswakama ixhuma endaweni lapho izobanjwa khona, ihleli emhlangeni (zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zizama ukubalekela okhalweni olubhukuda nesisulu). Izinsalela zokudla kwakhe ziyisixhaxaka sezimpaphe kanye namathambo onke emilenzi, ahlukaniswe omunye komunye. Ingaphakathi alidli. Esikhathini sokudlekwa, inyanga yezinyoni kuphela ama-pluck, bese ithwala isidumbu esidlekeni.

Ukudla i-muskrat (i-Ondatra holimothica) ngesikhathi sokungahlanganisi kuyakudla kanye kumaqhubu noma ezindaweni ezivulekile eduze kwemisele yesilwane. Izinsalela ze-muskrat zingaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba sonke esinamathambo emilenzandlebe aphumele ngaphandle. Ikhanda lesilwane alithintwa noma inyama idliwe kancane kude nesisekelo sayo, igebhezi liphelele noma akuvamile ukuthi liphuke engxenyeni yalo yesilungu nasemhlathini ophansi, ikholomu ye-vertebral ihlanganiswe noma isikhumba noma idwengulwe futhi iseceleni kwayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kwephulwe izicucu eziningana.

Imvamisa ihlanza izidleke zezinyoni eziseduze namanzi enezinqe, ziphuza amaqanda ngqo ezidlekeni zesisulu, ngemuva kokudonsa igobolondo ngomlomo waso.

Amaphethelo makhulu, aminyene (noma ngabe ahlanganisa izimpaphe zezinyoni), umbala wawo uvame ukuba mpunga, yize ushintsha ube mnyama, kepha ulula ukwedlula lowo wekhabethe. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyanga, izinsalela zamathambo emugqeni zingama-5-10%. Ama-pogode aqukethe izinsalela ze-muskrat, ama-voles wamanzi (kwi-pod eyodwa aqukethe izinsalela ezingama-2-3 zalezi zilwane), izinyoni eziseduze namanzi (amadada Anass sp., Grebes Podiceps ssp., Sandpipers Tringa ssp., Cowgirls Rallidae ssp.). Emaphazili, anezimpaphe zezinyoni, ama-helmsmen nama-flywheel agobile kabili, kathathu. Ubungako bamaphethelo buyi-6.0-8.5 x 2.5-3.5 cm. Ngokungafani nemishayo, ezinye izinyanga azidli izinyoni ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi amadada (kwesinye isikhathi abamba itali i-Anas crecca kanye no-A. Querquedula meadow harrier Circus pygargus, kepha izindandatho zakhe zincane).

Amathrekhi ayalingana nalawo ma-kite (amaMilvus afudukayo), kepha anomusa futhi ubude bomunwe wangemuva buphindwe kabili - i-1.5-2 cm. Umunwe wangemuva umfishane kunowomaphakathi, umunwe wangaphandle mude kakhulu kunowomuva futhi kwesinye isikhathi ujikeleza okungaphezu kwama-90o kusuka ukuphrinta kwe-paw. i-axis yephakathi (iminwe emaphakathi nangaphandle kwephrinta iphrinta yakha i-angle yangakwesokudla). Usayizi wokuphrinta wePaw: cm 8.0-9.0 x 7.0-8.0 cm. Ububanzi bezandla zeminwe phansi ngu-0.7-0.9 cm.

Izindlela Zokuhlonza

Imiphumela emihle itholakala ngokubheka indawo yokuhlala enokubekeka endaweni ephakeme. Le ndlela isebenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi, inika imiphumela ephezulu ngesikhathi sokwakha isidleke nangesikhathi sokudla kwamachwane.

Besebenzisa le ndlela, umuntu angakwazi ngokuphumelelayo ukusesha izidleke zenyanga eshisayo. Indawo ephakeme, njengomthetho, ayinzima ukuyithola ngisho nakuyi-steppe. Uma zingekho izihlahla, imibhoshongo yokudlulisa amandla, izakhiwo, izitaki, ungahlala usebenzisa uphahla lwemoto ukuqapha indawo. Ukusuka endaweni ephakeme, ukusakazwa kwezinyoni nezindawo zokuthatha uhambo ziyaqoshwa. Ngemuva kokubhaliswa okuningana, lapho kunesethi ebalulekile yokubamba nokuthatha amaphuzu ezinyoni, kufanele uthathe i-azimuth uyihlole. Ezimweni eziningi, kunzima kakhulu ukuhamba emibhedeni emikhulu yomhlanga, ngakho-ke kungcono ukubopha indawo yokungena emhlangeni ngosizo lwe-satellite navigator (i-GPS) bese uzama ukubopha indawo, usuvele udlulile kude nebanga lesiza esidleke se-azimuth, ngenkathi ugcina umzila kwimemori ye-GPS , ukuze uthole ukuma okuhle. Lapho ufuna izidleke, kulula kakhulu ukusebenza ngokubambisana lapho omunye umcwaningi ebheka i-biotope kusuka endaweni ephakeme futhi ebhalisa amaphuzu atholakalayo abesifazane abesabekayo, bese umcwaningi wesibili ebheka i-biotope ngokuxhumana neyokuqala bese enza indlela yakhe.

Ukuziphatha

Umhlanga uhlala emhlanga ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zemars nasezimfundeni ezimanzi eduze kwamachibi akhula ngemifino, umhlanga nomhlanga. Ngenxa yokushiswa kwendawo yemvelo, waqala ukudlela emasimini enabadlwenguli nezilimo.

Izinyoni zihlala zodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zibuthana ndawonye. Bazithanda izikhala ezivulekile futhi bagwema ngokwezigxobo zamahlathi.

Izinyoni ezinezinwele zindizela phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Indiza yabo ihamba kancane futhi kwenzeka endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ambalwa ngaphezu kwezimila eziphansi. Emoyeni, inyanga eshintshashintshayo iphakamisa amaphiko ayo ngesimo sencwadi yesiLatini V futhi imvamisa yehlisa imilenze.

Umsoco

Ukudla kuqukethe izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ama-amphibians, izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezinkulu. Izinyamazane zidla izidleke zezinyoni ngokudla amachwane namaqanda. Kumenyu yansuku zonke, kuze kufinyelele ku-70-80% kuhlala abantu abasebenza izingoma, amadada, izinkukhu zamanzi (Gallinula chloropus) kanye namapholi (Fulica atra).

Ezindaweni ezinenqwaba yamagundane, ama-voles, amagundane grey, ama-gophers, onogwaja abancane, ama-hares nama-muskrats ayadliwa. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda okungondliyo inyanga ayideleli izidumbu.

Izilwane ezihlaselayo zibulala izisulu zazo ngemichilo ebukhali.

Azinazo izindawo ezingapheli zokusika nokudla inyamazane. I-trophy yokuzingela idliwa lapho itholakala khona okwamanje.

Ukuzala

NgoMashi, izinyanga zemishayo ziqala ukundiza izidleke zazo. Ngokushesha nje emva kokufika, abesilisa baqala ukundelana izindiza. Zikhuphuka zifinyelele kubude obuyi-50 kuye kuma-80 m bese zizumeka zivele zibheke phansi bese ziguqeka kakhulu eduze komhlabathi. Endizeni, owesilisa uvame ukuphonsa ukudla kowesifazane njengesipho.

Izinyoni zakha ngababili ezihlala unyaka owodwa.

Bahlala endaweni esekhaya evikela ekuhlaselweni ngabantu bezinye izizwe. Indawo yayo ifinyelela kumahektha ayi-1000.

Ngo-Ephreli, izinyoni zakha isidleke ngendlela yesiteji esinobubanzi obufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1 ubude nobude obufika kuma-50 cm. Itholakala endaweni engafinyeleleki kwabadli bomhlaba phakathi kwamathanga aminyene omhlanga ngasogwini lwechibi noma echibini ngqo ebusweni bomhlaba. Ukuze kwakhiwe, kusetshenziswa izingcezwana ezithambile zezitshalo.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma amhlophe qwa. Ubafukamela bodwa izinsuku ezingama 34 34. Sonke lesi sikhathi, umyeni okhathalelayo umlethela ukudla. Uma kwenzeka ulahlekelwe ukubumbana, kungabeka amaqanda futhi.

Ukuhlafunwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Zimbozwe nge-fluff emhlophe. Owesifazane uhlala esidlekeni futhi uzifudumeza izinsuku ezingama-6 ukuya kwezingu-10, kuye ngenani lezinzalo eziqanjiwe kanye nezimo zezulu. Ube eseqala ukusiza owesilisa ekutholeni inzalo ukudla.

Imikhaza iqala ukuphuma esidlekeni ineminyaka engaba yizinsuku ezingama-35.

Bese kuthi emva kwesonto babe baphephe. Izinsuku ezingaba ngu-14 - 20, amaphuphu asondele esidlekeni ngaphansi kokunakekelwa ngabazali bawo. Seziqinisiwe, zahlukana nazo futhi zedlulela ekubeni nokuzimela.

I-Winged Predator Habitat

Izimo zesimo sezulu esishisayo esinamazinga okushisa aphansi awekho enyangeni eshisayo, ngakho-ke iningi labamele le zinhlobo ziphila impilo yokufuduka. Ikhetha i-marshland, i-loonies ihlala ezihlahleni nakwamanye amagquma, endaweni eseduze nedamu. I-marsh harriers izidleke endaweni yase-Europe: ngokwesibonelo, eNgilandi, ePortugal, ifudukela ebusika iye e-Afrika, eSouth Asia.

Lapho izimo zezulu zilula kakhulu, izinyoni zihola impilo ehleliwe, ezingakhathazi izindiza: amazwe aseNtshonalanga naseNingizimu Yurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika nesiqhingi saseMadagascar, iMelika kanye nase-Australia. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinyanga ezizinzile sise-Italy, futhi ebusika isibalo sazo sikhuphuka ngenxa yezihlobo "zasenyakatho" ezifika.

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba womhlanga womhlanga bungama-48-56 cm, umsila ungama-21-25 cm.Amaphiko yi-100-130 cm.Izinsikazi zinesisindo esingu-500-700 g, kanti owesilisa angama-300-600 g.amaphiko nomsila zinde. Umsila umncane futhi uyindilinga.

I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kahle. Abesifazane bakhulu. Ingaphezulu lekhanda labo, umphimbo kanye namaphiko onsundu omnyama noma okhilimu ophuzi. Izindawo ezikhanyayo ziyabonakala esifubeni.

Abesilisa banemuva ansundu kanye nezimpiko ze-tricolor, ezidwetshwe ngo-umlotha grey, ngentambo ekhanyayo maphakathi namathiphu amnyama. Umsila ungwephuzi umlotha, ikhanda nesifuba kumhlophe qwa. Ishubhu elingaphansi linsundu. Imilenze iphuzi, kukhona i-disc yobuso izungeze amehlo.

Izinyoni ezincane ziyafana nezabesifazane, kodwa zinamakhanda amnyama anendawo encane ephuzi ngemuva kwekhanda.

Ku-vivo, isifebe semashi sihlala iminyaka eyi-12 kuya ku-12.

Ukudla nemikhuba

Yize ijubane libukeka sengathi lihamba kancane futhi libukeka lihamba kahle, umqhele wemashi iyinyoni egugile futhi ekhulile, ekwazi ukudonsa isisulu, inganakwa kuye. AmaMooney adla ikakhulu izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane (onogwaja, ama-squirrels) namagundane, kepha izidleke eduze nezidumbu zamanzi, izinyanga zemashi zifaka i-waterfowl - amadada, amasele, inhlanzi - ekudleni kwazo.

Umzingeli onamahloni uzingela, njengokuhamba ngenhla komhlaba noma emanzini, ukulandela umkhondo ngentshiseko, futhi ngokuzumayo kuhlasele kuvela okomhlanga. Amaxhaphozi amaxhaphozi alimaza izidleke zezinye, izinyoni ezincane, ukudla amaqanda namachwane atholakele, izinyoni ezincane ze-elen nazo zingaba inyamazane.