Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-infraclass: | I-Placental |
Ukukhishwa okukhulu: | URodent |
Subfamily: | Ama-squirrel wesigcawu |
Ubulili: | Ama-Gophers |
UGopher (lat.Spermophilus noma ICitellus) - uhlobo lwamagundane aphakathi nendawo omndeni we-squirrel (I-Sciuridae).
Incazelo
Ubude bomzimba 14 cm cm, umsila 4-25 cm (imvamisa lingaphansi kwengxenye yobude bomzimba). Izingalo zesandla emuva zinde kunangaphambili. Izindlebe zimfushane, zibubende kancane. Umbala wangemuva wehluke kakhulu - kusuka kokuluhlaza okotshani kuya kokwephuzi. Imvamisa kuba nokudlanga okumnyama emuva, imivimbo emnyama emide, imisinga ekhanyayo noma amachashazi amancane. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kungadlula imivimbo elula. Isisu sivame ukungcola ophuzi noma simhlophe. Ngobusika, uboya be-gopher buba buthambile futhi bube nobukhulu, ehlobo buyancipha, bufushane futhi buqinile. Kukhona izihlakala esihlathini. Izingono ezisuka kwezimbili kuya kwezingu-6 [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-446 ] .
Ukusatshalaliswa
Ama-Gophers asabalele e-steppe, emahlathini asezingeni eliphansi, ema-meadow-steppe kanye nasezindaweni ezingamahlathi ezishisayo zezwekazi laseNorth Hemisphere. Isici sezindawo ezivulekile zomhlaba. Ezingxenyeni zemigwaqo yezigodi zemifula zihamba ngale kwe-Arctic Circle, futhi ezingxenyeni eziwugwadule - ezindaweni eziwugwadule ngisho nangogwadule, ezigabeni zezintaba zikhuphukela ezintabeni ziye endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Indlela yokuphila isemhlabeni, bahlala emakholoni, ezigodini abazimbela bona. Ubude bembobo nesakhiwo sayo kuncike kuhlobo lwe-gopher kanye nesimo sendawo ethile. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, mude kunawo wonke - kuze kube ngu-15 m ubude nobude obuyi-3 m, ezinhlabathini zobumba ezihlanganayo akuvamile ukuba kube ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-7-7. Ngaphakathi kwalomgodi kuvame ukuba negumbi lokudlela elakhiwe ngotshani obomile. Ama-Gophers ayaziwa ngomkhuba wawo wokuma emilenzeni yawo yangasemuva asengozini futhi enze imisindo ekhalayo yokushaya.
Ama-squirrels angaphansi komhlaba adla ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu komhlaba nezingaphansi komhlaba, ezihlala ziseduze kwemisele. Ezinye izinhlobo zidla ukudla kwezilwane, imvamisa izinambuzane. Ukulondolozwa kokudla okubalulekile kwenziwa ngembewu yezitshalo ezine-herbaceous nokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Iyasebenza ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa, usuku lusetshenziselwa imisele. Ngenkathi ebandayo, iwela ekubandakanyeni, ubude besikhathi nesikhathi saso kuncike kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala. Kanye ne-hibernation yasebusika, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo nazo zinezikhathi zasehlobo ezihambisana nokuntuleka kokuphakelayo.
Ukumbuna kwe-gopher kuvame ukuqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuvuka ekhathazekile. Insikazi iletha amazinyane ayi-1 ngonyaka. Inani lamawundlu kulo liqala ukusuka ku-2 kuye ku-12. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa cishe siyizinsuku ezingama-23- 28. [ Umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku ezingama-93 ]
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-squirrel asemhlabathini zibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo zoboya. Futhi zingaba yizinto zokuzingela imidlalo ekhethekile - ukufudumala.
Izinhlobo eziningi ziyizinambuzane ezingathi sína zezilimo zokusanhlamvu nezithwali zemvelo zezifo ezingamagciwane amaningi wezifo (inhlupho, i-tularemia, i-brucellosis). Izidumbu zomlondolozi wefossilised ziyaziwa kusuka eMiocene.
Izici nendawo yokuhlala
Kuhlala uGopher Iqembu lezilwane, amakoloni amancane abantu abangamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu, laba ikakhulukazi bangomama abangabodwa abanamawundlu, abakulungele ukusindana. Ama-Gophers ahlala emabeleni amade amamitha ukuthi azimbele wona, ukungena kuwo wonke amabhala kusondele komunye nomunye.
Imisele imakwe ngezindawo ezincane. Imigudu enjalo ingadlula ngisho ngaphansi kwemifula namachibi. Ngaphakathi nendawo yokuhlala kwakhiwa ikamelo lokudlela, elimbozwe ngotshani obomile. Esidlekeni esinjalo, i-gopher ilala bonke ubusika futhi iningi ehlobo, ichitha amanoni aqokelelene lapho iphaphama.
Ngesikhathi sobusika, udla imbewu notshani obekwe emgodini. Izilwane zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile emahlathini, emaqeleni, ogwadule olungaphumi futhi ngisho nasehlane. Lawa ma-rayisi awomhlaba wonke futhi awathandi ukuhlangana nezinkampani, inani eliphakeme labantu ababili emgodini ngamunye.
Njengoba ihlala emaphethelweni ashisayo, lesi silwane kufanele sicashe ngemuva komsila waso, njengesambulela, ukuze sigweme ukweqisa. Ntambama, lapho ilanga seliseduze, ama-gophers siesta emiseleni epholile. Njengoba ama-squirrel kusuka emndenini we-squirrel, akhuphuka izihlahla ngokuphelele.
UGopher - indawo yokuhlala, indlela yokuphila, ukudla kanye namaqiniso ajabulisayo ngama-gophers (izithombe ezingama-90)
Ama-Gophers ayizihlobo ezikude futhi ezikhudlwana zama-squirrels. Uhlobo lwazo luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili, ezinye zazo ezihlala eRussia. Imisindo eyenziwe yilesi silwane ngesikhathi sokuxhumana, futhi sayinikeza igama - "susati" ngokuhunyushwa kusuka ku-Old Slavonic kusho "i-hers".
Isimilo nendlela yokuphila
Izilwane ze-Gophers uhlakaniphile kakhulu futhi uhlakaniphile. Zinezitha eziningi, ezinjengesinambuzane, izinkozi, izinyoka, ama-lynx, ama-raccoon, izinyamazane, izingwe, izimbotshana, izimpisi nezimpungushe. Bonke abanandaba nokudla i-gopher enempilo.
Zingavunwa futhi ngenxa yezikhumba zazo, ezisetshenziselwa ukuthunga imikhiqizo yoboya. Nganoma yikuphi ukusola okuyingozi, i-gopher imile emilenzeni yayo yangemuva futhi ibheke nxazonke. Lezi zilwane zikhala zisengozini, zikhipha i-punak noma ikhwela, zixwayisa umndeni futhi ziwanxuse ukuba aphephe emiseleni.
Lalela gopher
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho umuntu esondela, inyamazane noma inyoni yenza imisindo yobukhulu obuhlukile, iphawula ukuthi ngubani osondelayo. Elinye lamaphakethe lihlala lisemsebenzini isithombe sesilwane se-gopher Ungabona ukuthi ume kanjani ekunwetshwe kuye okuthunyelwe.
Izilwane azinamehlo amahle ngenxa yokuba khona njalo komhlaba, ngakho-ke zigibela ezindaweni eziphakeme ukuze zikubone kahle ukunyakaza kwezitha. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izikhova zomhume ziyazisiza, ezihlala kuma-gophers avele.
Izinyoka zingangena ngemisele futhi zidle inzalo. Ukuvikela izingane zakhe, umama uwela umgodi futhi amaze umsila wakhe kakhulu, kwakheka ukubukeka njengongaphezu kwengokoqobo. Uma inyoka nomlobi beya emafutheni, umama akabuyeli ngisho nokukulunywa yizinyoka ezinobuthi.
Ama-Gophers anomuthi olwa nemithi yokuluma inyoka, engaholeli ekufeni. Ama-Gophers kuyaqabukela asuka kude nezimbobo zawo ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu ukuze abe nesikhathi sokucasha.
Zihamba kahle emhubheni ngemuva nangaphambili, ngenxa yomsila wazo ozwelayo, ophenya izindonga zezindinyana. Uma owesilisa edle kahle izinqolobane ezinamafutha, khona-ke uyangena ekubandakanyeni kwasekuqaleni kukaJuni, bese kuba yizinsikazi ezindala, kuthi ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaJulayi nasekuqalekeni kuka-Agasti kube njalo. Ngemuva kokuqothuka, ama-gophers avuka kuphela emva kokudla kokuqala, ngasekupheleni kukaMashi.
Nakani!
Lezi zilwane zihlala ngamaqembu abantu abangama-20 emigodini emide engaphansi komhlaba, yona uqobo ebimbayo. Umuntu ngamunye ugaya imink ehlukile, okuhlukile ngumama onamawundlu.
Ubude bezimbobo buxhomeke enhlabathini: odakeni aludluli kumamitha ayi-8, esihlabathini kwesinye isikhathi lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-16. Ungaqonda ukuthi ama-gopher ahlala lapha, kungenzeka emagqumeni esihlabathi ebusweni.
Ukungena kwizimbobo akutholakali kude komunye nomunye futhi kugadwe abantu abaningana. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, basayina abafowethu: bavuka imilenze yabo yangemuva bayishaye ikhwela.
Izilwane ezifihliwe ngaphansi komhlaba, izilwane zazinamacembe ngotshani ngokucophelela. Lapha kufanele balinde hibernation ebusika.
Impilo yeshelf nokukhiqiza kabusha
Endle, isikhathi sokuphila somthakathi yiminyaka engama-2-3, njengesilwane esisifuywayo - inyuka yaba ngu-8.
Entwasahlobo, ngemuva kokuvuka, isikhathi sokuzala siqala, sithathe cishe isonto nesigamu. NgoMeyi, ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwezinsuku ezingama-29, kuzalwa amathole azithulu nezimpumputhe.
Kungakapheli nenyanga, lo gopher osemusha eqala ukubheka ikhaya elisha. Ngonyaka uzokuthomba. Abesilisa ababambi iqhaza ekukhulisweni.
Isabelo sokudla
Ama-Gophers athanda ukudla kwemvelaphi yezitshalo. Ngenxa yezinketho zabo zokunambitheka, sebephenduke izinambuzane kubantu: baphanga umhlaba wezolimo ngonya.
Cishe wonke umuntu udla: izimbali, imbewu, amajikijolo nemifino - izaqathe, isithombo. Ama-Gophers ngeke awenqabe amakhowe, izinambuzane, ama-voles asensimini kanye nezinyoni ezincane. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuluma u-carrion.
Izilwane ezihlala ezintabeni, ngokwesibonelo, entwasahlobo zidla izimpande zama-dandelion, ama-tulips, kanye namahlumela aphezulu wezitshalo. Ehlobo, ama-dandelions, i-bluegrass, i-geranium awela ekudleni.
Umsuka wokubuka nencazelo
Imvelaphi yama-gophers yahlala inkungu isikhathi eside kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside bakhonjwa emindenini ehlukene, ezinhlotsheni kanye naku-oda.
Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-38 kanti ezikhona ezivame kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
Ekugcineni, banokhokho abajwayelekile abaphila muva nje. Lokhu kuvezwe sibonga iziboshwa zaseGulag ezathola izidumbu eziningi zama-gophers emgodini weYakutia ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-12. Ngemuva kokulandela enye yezakhi zofuzo nokufunda indlela yezakhi zofuzo, kwatholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-Indigir luneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ubudala.
Ngesikhathi se-Oligocene, kwenziwa umjikelezo omusha wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngenxa yalokho kwavela imindeni emisha, ikakhulukazi squirrel, lapho izinhlobo zakudala zama-squirrels, izinhlobo ze-Indigir, zingokwakhe. Kuyavela ukuthi ama-gophers ayizihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zemarmot, incane futhi ibe buthakathaka. Kanye nama-squirrels, ama-squirrel ezindizayo kanye nezinja zokudla.
Umndeni we-squirrel, nawo ungowokuhleleka kwasendulo okudala kakhulu kwamagundane. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi basungulwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60-70 edlule, kanti abanye banesiqiniseko sokuthi kungukuqhubeka okunengqondo kokuvela kwesikhathi seCretaceous. Kepha, noma kunjalo, kungaphikiswa ukuthi zingenye yezilwane ezindala ezasinda kuze kube namuhla.
Ukubukeka nezimpawu
Ama-Gophers izinduku ezincane, ngoba ubude bomzimba buhlukahluka kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-38 cm, nomsila kusuka kumasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwamashumi amathathu. Unezindlebe ezincane ezimbozwe phansi. Umbala ohlukene we-emuva uvela ku-greenish kuya ku-purple. Imisipha emnyama noma izindwani ngemuva. Isisu sikhanya noma siphuzi. Ngobusika, uboya buba bukhulu futhi bube isikhathi eside, ngoba ukubanda sekusondele.
Ama-gophers ase-Europe mancane ngokuya ngokujwayelekile. Umzimba mude kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-16 kuye kwangama-22, umsila umfushane: kuphela cm angama-5 000. Umhlane upendiwe ngombala onsomi ngombala ophuzi noma omhlophe. Izinhlangothi ziphuzi nge-tint e-orange elula. Amehlo azungezwe izindawo ezinamabala akhanyayo, nesibungu esinomthunzi ophuzi ophuzi.
I-American gopher inkulu kakhulu kunomakhelwane wayo waseYurophu. Izakhamizi zeChukotka 25-32 cm ubude, zaseMelika kusuka kuma-30 kuye kwangama-40 cm. Sika amagremu angama-710-790. Ubukhulu besilisa abuafani neze nabesifazane, kepha banesisindo esingaphezulu. Zinomsila omfushane futhi omuhle ofinyelela ku-13 cm. Ngemuva ingemuva ngombala onamabala akhanyayo, nekhanda linsundu. Ebusika, uboya buba lula, futhi abantu abasha bavele ngombala onsomi.
Umlazi omkhulu mkhulu ngempela futhi ngosayizi wesibili kuphela ophuzi. Zinobude bomzimba obungu-25-33 cm nomsila ongamasentimitha ayi-7 000. Isisindo sifinyelela kilomunye nohafu wamakhilogremu. Umhlane uhlala umnyama, uvame onsundu kakhulu, uhlukile ezinhlangothini ezibomvu. Umhlane uboshwe ngamabala amhlophe, kanti isisu simpunga noma siphuzi. Ama-gopher amakhulu amakhulu anama-chromosome angama-36 ku-karyotype, ngokungafani nezihlobo, mhlawumbe yingakho eqala ukukhulisa uboya basebusika ngoJulayi.
I-gopher encane ingu-18-25 cm ngosayizi, futhi isisindo asifinyeleli ngisho nengxenye yekhilo. Umsila ungaphansi kwamasentimitha amane. Abantu basenyakatho banombala onsundu onsundu emuva, eningizimu baphenduka baba mpunga. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingafika ku-9 ezingafani ngokubukeka futhi eziningi ziba zincane ngokuya ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Umdwebi wezintaba ufana ne-gopher encane, ngaphambi kokuba abantu abambalwa babahlukanise. Ubukhulu bomzimba abufinyeleli ku-25 cm, kanti nomsila ungafika ku-4 cm. Ingemuva lingwevu ngombala o-brownish-yellow hue. Kukhona amabala amnyama emhlane. Izinhlangothi nezisu zilula ukwedlula ingemuva, ngokuhlanganiswa okuphuzi. Abantu abasha bumnyama futhi banamabala amakhulu kunabantu abadala.
Uhlala kuphi lo gopher?
Umlobi waseYurophu waba ngumqambi kanye nowokuhlala emaqeleni, njenge-marten, yize okwamanje kunqabile. Ihlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yesikhungo nasempumalanga yeYurophu. Kaningi eJalimane, ePoland eSilesian Upland. Kuhlala futhi e-Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Futhi njengengxenye esentshonalanga yeTurkey neSlovakia. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ukraine, kutholakala kuphela ezifundeni zaseTranscarpathia, eVinnitsa naseChernivtsi.
Isazi saseMelika asiphili ezweni laseNyakatho Melika kuphela, kodwa nasempumalanga yeRussia. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, kuhlala eChukotka, Kamchatka naseKolyma Highlands. Izibalo zaseYang nase-Indigir zikhona ngokuhlukile kubo bonke abanye. Ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika, kukhona abaningi e-Alaska naseCanada. I-gopher enkulu ingena emaphethelweni ezintaba namathafa aseKazakhstan naseRussia. Indawo yokuhlala iqala eMfuleni iVolga entshonalanga futhi igcina ngokuhlangana kwe-Ishim neTobol empumalanga. Ngaseningizimu, umngcele udlula phakathi kwemifula yeBolshoi neMaly Uzen, futhi enyakatho, eduze kwesikebhe sokudla, i-Agidel.
Ama-gophers asentabeni avame ukusatshalaliswa eduze nemifula yaseKuban naseTerek, kanye nesifunda i-Elbrus. Zikhuphuka kakhulu: 1250 - 3250 m ngaphezu kolwandle. Indawo yokuhlala kabusha ingamahektare ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu, okuyisilinganiso esiningi futhi ikhombisa inani elihle. Ziphila kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka: lapho kutholakala khona izimila ongazidla.
Ngabe badlani ama-gopher?
Ngaphambi kwalokho, izazi ze-European gophers zazibhekwa njengama-imifino engafani nalutho, ngoba ukudla okuyinhloko kwakuqukethe izitshalo. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi badla ngokudla okuhlukahlukene okuvela kwimvelaphi yezilwane. Njengomphumela wokuvuka, bazivuselela ngamabhule wezitshalo, bese beguqukela ezinhlangeni zamabele. Ehlobo, yidla ikakhulukazi izithelo zamakhambi namajikijolo. Uyakwazi ukwenza amasimu amancane angenalutho.
Ukudla okumbalwa kutholakala ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona izingwekazi zaseMelika, ngakho-ke zikulungele ukudla konke okusendleleni yazo. Ngaphambi kokuthi hibernation, zondliwa ngama-rhizomes nama-bulbs zezitshalo, zengeza amajikijolo namakhowe angahlangana nawo. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kudliwe amacimbi, amabhungane omhlaba, izintethe, kwesinye isikhathi i-carrion. Ukwenza indlela yakhe kuleyo ndawo kuthola ukudla emigqonyeni kadoti, kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezimo ze-cannibalism. Impilo yesisekelo saseMelika iyingozi: ungabulawa yindlala noma udliwe yisihlobo.
Ama-gophers amakhulu ahlala ezimweni ezikahle futhi adla okusanhlamvu namakhambi aqhakazayo. Entwasahlobo bayathanda ukuthola ama-izimpande nezimpande zezitshalo, kuphendukela kuzimbali namaqabunga. Cishe ukuwa, ukudla okuhlukahlukene kunezela i-rye, ukolweni, amabele nama-oats. Ebusika, ukudla akugcinwa. Ama-gophers amancane adla ezimpandeni, amaqabunga nezimbali zamakhambi. Kwesinye isikhathi azideleli ukudla kwezilwane. Ukudla okwenziwe ngomsoco kwenziwa kakhulu ngokudla izitshalo ezikhula ngabantu. Udonsela ngaphandle ama-acorns kanye nembewu yemaple, hazel. Kusuka ezitsheni ezinjenge-apricot.
Ama-gophers amakhulu acishe abe nohlu lokudla olukhulu kunawo wonke, amaMelika ngokoqobo kufanele asinde, futhi ama-gophers asezintabeni awacabangi nje ukuthi namuhla balinde isidlo sasekuseni, isidlo sasemini kanye nesidlo sakusihlwa. Ikhulukazi ezintabeni awuhambi ngempela uzungeze. Cishe zonke izingxenye zezitshalo zezitshalo ziyadliwa, kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa ukudla kwesilwane, kepha akuvamile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Umlobi waseYurophu uyawathanda amathafa asezingeni lokuhlala nasezihlathini, ahlala ezindaweni lapho kudla khona izinkomo, futhi ezingakulungele ukuhlwanyelwa okusanhlamvu. Akazithandi izindawo ezinamanzi, izihlahla nezihlahlana. Bahlala kumakholoni we-7 000 abantu. Imisele ihlala yaphakade futhi ingeyesikhashana, ibe miningi. Kubandakanya amakhamera amaningi esidleke.
Imikhosi yama-gophers aseMelika ifinyelela abantu abangama-50! Iziza ngazinye zifinyelela ku-6 ha. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, imisele ibanga ukujula okungamamitha ayi-15 nobubanzi obuyi-3 m. Lapho i-permafrost ingashonile khona kuno-70 cm. Ngesikhathi sasebusika hibernation, iphonsa imisele yayo ngomhlabathi. Ezindaweni zokuhlala bahlala esisekelweni sezindlu namahholo okugcina izithombo. Isebenza kusuka emahoreni angama-5 kuye kwangama-20 ngosuku.
I-gopher enkulu ihlala emakoloni aminyene, inezimbobo zomuntu uqobo ezingama-8-10, umhlaba wawo osatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni eseduze. I-hibernation yasebusika ihlala izinyanga ezi-9, abesilisa bafika kuqala, bese kuba abesifazane. Ikhulelwe isikhathi esingangenyanga, kuzalwa amawundlu amathathu kuya kwayi-15. Ngemuva kwenyanga, bakulungele impilo ezimele, eminyakeni emibili bangaletha inzalo entsha.
Ama-gophers amancane asenkingeni yezinyanga ezi-9 futhi avuke lapho iqhwa selincibilikile.Ehlobo elishisayo, ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo zifa, izilwane ziba namanzi emzimbeni, ziyakwazi ukuwela hibernation ehlobo, ezingashintsha zibe yi-hibernation yasebusika. Akuvamile ukusinda eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-3.
Ama-gophers asentabeni asebenzisa isikhathi esinzima e-hibernation, ubude bawo buxhomeke ekuphakameni lapho bahlala khona. Isikhathi somsebenzi yizinyanga eziyisithupha. Kuya futhi ngezinga lamafutha. Ngakho-ke, kunalokho abantu abadala bangagcwala phambilini, kanti nezilwane ezincane zidinga ukudla ukuze ziphile ebusika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Izinduna zama-squirrels aseYurophu ngemuva kokuvuka ziqala ukulinda izinsikazi, emva kwalokho umjaho uqala. Kaningi abesilisa belwela abesifazane. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwenyanga, futhi izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zivele ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Sekukonke, angazalwa kusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabangu-9. Banesisindo cishe esingu-5 g ngobude obungama-4 cm. Ngemuva kwesonto, amehlo ayavuleka, kuthi ngemuva kokukhula kwezinwele 2. Maphakathi noJuni, izinsikazi zimba imbobo ehlala izingane zazo.
Ama-gophers aseMelika nawo azala kanye ngonyaka. Abesifazane bavuka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, ngemuva kwalokho kuqale imidlalo yokuzalelana, evame ukwenzeka emabeleni. Ukukhulelwa kufushane kancane kunokwe-gophers yaseYurophu, futhi ama-gophers asencane azalwa kamuva ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, kodwa ngamanani amakhulu: ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-13-14.
Amadoda amakhulu ama-gopher nawo alinde izintokazi futhi ngemuva kokuphaphama aqala ukubhekana nezinkinga zabantu. Umehluko ukuthi izinsikazi azizimbi izimbobo ezihlukanisiwe, kodwa zakha kabusha lezo zokuhlala. Umgodi onjalo unamakamelo okugcina izidleke ukusuka kuhafu wemitha kuya ekujuleni ezimbili. Kusuka kumazinyane amathathu kuya kwayi-16 kungazalwa! Ukukhulelwa kungahlala izinsuku ezingama-20 noma inyanga.
I-gopher encane yabesifazane ibeletha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25 ukusuka kuma-5 kuya kwayi-10 ama-cubs, kuyilapho inemibele efinyelela ku-15. Ezimweni ezingezinhle, ingxenye yombungu iyayeka ukukhula futhi ixazululwe. Kumaviki ama-3 angaba nesisindo esingama-25 g, ambozwe ngoboya obumnyama bese eshiya umgodi. Ngenkathi amawundlu esejwayela lesi simo - umama wemba izimbobo abese eshiya izifaca.
Ama-gophers asentabeni anemijikelezo ehlukile yokuzalela, ngoba kuya ngokuthi ukuphakama kokuhlala kwabo nesikhathi nesikhathi sokuvuka. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20 kuya kwengama-22, ngenani elincane lama-gophers azalwe: kusuka kwababili kuya kwabane. Bazalwa beyimpumputhe, beyisithulu futhi ingenaboya. Isikhathi esingangenyanga, insikazi iyabanakekela, kuthi emva kwalokho baphume baye ekukhweni okumhlophe bese behlala kweminye imisele endaweni ethile.
Izitha Zemvelo Gopher
Umqaphi wase-Europe usanda kwehla kakhulu kubantu bakhona ngenxa yezitha ezizungezile futhi akaze abe nomthelela ohlelweni lwendawo. Ngokuyisisekelo, wahlaselwa izilwane ezincelisayo. Lezi bekuyizinyoni: ama-steppeg kanye nezinyanga, phakathi kwabazingeli bomhlaba kufanelekile ukugqamisa i-steppe ferret.
Ama-gophers aseMelika anesimo esibi. Kuzo zonke izinkathazo nobubi, izidlozi zengezwa ngohlobo lwe-skuas, izimpisi, amabhere amnyama kanye nezikhova ezisokolayo, ezingakuthandi nakancane ukufakwa kwalezi zigilamkhuba zomhlaba ekwakhiweni kwe-tundra. I-gopher enkulu ibuye ivezwe yizimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene ezingefani. Kungahambisa inhlabathi, idonsele entwasahlobo, noma ilimaze umuntu. Ngokuqondene nama-squirrels aseYurophu, ama-steppe ferrets ayingozi enkulu kwabakhulu, abawadla unyaka wonke, ngisho nangesikhathi sehibernation.
Futhi, ama-Korsaks nezimpungushe awazideleli izisulu ezilula, futhi lezo ezincanyana zidla izinsimbi nezinsimbi zomzimba. Ngisuka esibhakabhakeni ngiyakwazi ukuhlasela okhozi, izingane zokungcwaba, izindunduma nezinkukhu ezimnyama, enyakatho nazo izikhova ezisenyakatho. Ama-gophers amancane azingelwa yizinyamazane cishe ezifanayo ezihlala kulesi sifunda. Imisele ikwazi ukudwengula izimpungushe, amakhorali nezinsimbi zomzimba. Ubungozi obuvela ezulwini bufanekiselwa yi-steppe nezinkozi zethuna. Abantu abancane noma abangagugile bahlaselwa yi-saker, crows noma izibungu.
Isimo sabantu kanye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo
Ama-gophers aseYurophu ahlala ezingxenyeni ezikhethekile zendawo encane. Ifakiwe kwiNcwadi Ebomvu yamazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, futhi nasemazweni angomakhelwane ivikelwe ngokucophelela. Ekhulwini lokugcina, bekukhona umzabalazo wangempela nabo, ukuzingela nokubhubhisa. Baphoqa abalimi ukuthi babulale ama-squirrels, basebenzise ukolweni onoshevu, futhi baphoqa izingane zesikole ukuthi zilwe “nezinambuzane”.
Naphezu kwezimo ezinzima zokuphila, ukuntuleka kokudla kanye nezitha ezinyanyisayo, ama-gophers aseMelika azizwa emuhle futhi ephumelela. Ngasikhathi sinye, baba nethonya elizuzisayo emvelweni. Izilwane eziningi zihlala emiseleni yazo, futhi lapho zibila, zithwala imbewu ziye phezulu. Ngenxa yezici ezinhle zokuzala zekwelekazi elikhulu lomhlaba, akuyona eyezilwane ezisengozini. Kepha kwezinye izindawo kuncishiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokulinywa kwezindawo zobuntombi kanye nokubhujiswa okuqondile. Isibonelo, eKazakhstan kuthathwa njengesilwane. Futhi yi-ejenti ebangela ubhubhane nezinye izifo ezingezinhle.
I-gopher encane iyisidleke impela, sidla izitshalo ezikhulwe ezingadini nasemasimini ngabantu, futhi sichitha nezitshalo ezithandwa kakhulu emadlelweni. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ihlushwa isifo kanye nezinye izifo eziningana. Kepha ngenxa yokuzala okuphakeme kanye nokudla okuhlukahlukene, akuyona eyezinhlobo ezivikelayo. Umlando wesintu ubangela ukwesaba okuncane ngokusinda. Futhi akumangalisi, ngoba uhlala lapho abanye bengahlali phansi, udla okuthile abangomakhelwane abangakuthandi, kuyilapho engahluphi muntu, ngokungafani nama-gophers amancane.
Zonke izinhlobo zama-gophers ziyefana kakhulu, ngoba:
- Yidla ukudla okufanayo
- Hola indlela yokuphila ehlukile
- Banamadlozi afanayo
- Babukeka becishe bafana.
Abanye babo balimaza abantu, abanye bazuzisa imvelo kuphela. Omunye ucishe wasondela ekuqothulweni, ephila ezimeni ezinhle, kanti umuntu uyaphila futhi uphilile, usesimweni esinzima. At gophers izinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kepha ngaphezulu kufana.
Ukudla kukaGopher
Izilwane ze-Gophers ama-herbivores adla izitshalo, amaqabunga, izimbali, imbewu, amajikijolo nezithelo, ezinjengezaqathi, isithombo, neminye imifino enamanzi. Abantu abanjengegundane abazideleli izibungu, izibungu, izinambuzane, ezibuyisa ukudla kwazo ngamaprotheni.
Indlela yokuphila ka-gopher iqinile, ihlala idla izikhathi ezimbili ngosuku: ibhulakufesi ekuseni kakhulu futhi isidlo sakusihlwa sakusihlwa. Ama-Gophers ayadla, asheshe agxishe izihlathi zawo emgodleni, futhi adle endaweni yawo.
Izihlathi zisebenza njengezikhwama, ngosizo lwazo zidlulisa amasheya kwizimbobo zazo. Kubantu, lamagundane angaba yinhlekelele yangempela, ngoba avame ukubhubhisa izitshalo emasimini.
Ngalesi sizathu, abalimi ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona amagundane, badubule noma badle ushevu walezi zilwane. Kukhona insiza ebhekene nokubhujiswa kwalezi zinambuzane.
Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Abesilisa baphindeke kabili kunabesifazane. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuvinjezelwa, ama-squirrel asemhlabathini alungele ukuzala, angazala kaningana phakathi nonyaka. Lezi zilwane zivuthwa kusenesikhathi zokwenza ucansi, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha sezikulungele ukuvuthwa.
Inqubo yokuvundiswa i-canine-like. Owesifazane uphethe imidlwane amasonto amane, abantu abazalwa yinzalo kusukela kwababili kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili. ISteppe gophers yezilwane ozalwe eyisithulu, eyimpumputhe futhi uhamba ze. Eminyakeni evikini elilodwa, abantu abasha bakhulisa ijazi loboya obuluhlaza, uchungechunge lwamabili luvula amehlo abo.
Izinyanga zokuqala, izingane zincike kubisi lukanina nokunakekelwa kwazo. Imvuthuluka iphuma emgodini ngemuva kwenyanga noma ezimbili. Lapho sezinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, izilwane ezincane azikakenzi umuthi wokubulala izinyoka, ngakho-ke zisengozini enkulu. Umama okhathalelayo ugaya imbobo entsha yezilwane ezisencane futhi azihudule ukuze aphile ngokwahlukana.
Ama-Gophers ahlala unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu, ezinye izinhlobo zama-gophers ngokwemvelo ziphila iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Izilwane ezifuywayo zasekhaya zingahlala kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu. Izinhlobo eziningi azikhathazeki ngokuqothulwa kwazo.
Ama-Gophers aphila ngemvelo
Ngokungafani nama-squirrels, izakhamuzi zasehlathini eliqinile elinomthunzi, elincane, elincane, elinombala ngenhlabathi eshisiwe, ama-squirrel omhlabathi ajwayelekile njengesiqalo esivulekele ukukhanya kwelanga. Ziphinde zitholakale emahlangeni otshani obuphansi, ezintabeni ezingenalutho, emaphethelweni amasimu. Bakhetha izindawo ezivulekile nezomile ngotshani obunqabileyo, lapho kulula khona ngezilwane eziqaphela ukuqaphela ingozi ngesikhathi. Gwema amahlathi, izindawo ezimbozwe ngezihlahla noma ukhula, kanye namaxhaphozi. Emizini yabo bazama ukukhetha izindawo eziphakeme.
Umlondli waziwa ngomkhuba wawo wokuma phezulu kwikholamu; lokhu kuyinto eyinqayizivele yocwaningo. Esithombeni ngumuntu onobuso obheka indawo ezungezile.
Ama-Gophers ahola indlela yokuphila engaphansi komhlaba futhi, ngengozi encane, acasha ngemisele, okuthi, njengabagibeli bemvelo, bazimbele. Kwesinye isikhathi ukujula komgodi kungafinyelela amamitha amathathu, futhi ubude buba ngamamitha ayi-15! Imvamisa kuba namagatsha amaningi emiseleni. Ekupheleni kwekhaya labo, izilwane zihlomisa indawo yokuphumula kusuka emaqabunga notshani obomile.
Izilwane zihlala zodwa noma emakoloni. Umuntu ngamunye omdala unomgodi wakhe ohlukile nendawo yawo encane.
Emgodini, umlobi uchitha ubusuku futhi aphumule amahora amaningi phakathi nosuku. Ekuseni, isilwane sishiya imbobo kuphela lapho amazolo egcwala amanzi. Ngokushona kwelanga ilanga lishona emgodini wobusuku.
UNora ukhonza njengomlobi futhi oyisiphephelo ezitheni, okuvame ukuba khona izimbongi: oklebe, izinkozi, izinyoka, izindunduma, amarabi, izingwe, izimpisi, izimpungushe. Kodwa-ke, izindima eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukuqaphela kwemvelo kanye ne-dexterity, kuvame ukukuvumela ukuba ushiye abalandela bakho ngekhala. Kodwa i-steppe polecat nokubopha amabhande kuyingozi enkulu yesilwane, okuthi, ngenxa yomzimba wabo omude futhi omncane, angenza indlela yawo ngqo emgodini we-rodent.
I-gopher ngayinye iyazi kahle imbobo yayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, iphunyuka esitheni, i-rodent iphuthuma ukucasha emgodini ongaziwa. Kulokhu, umnikazi uvikela ikhaya lakhe ngentshiseko: okokuqala ushaya isivakashi esingamenyiwe nezimbobo zakhe zangaphambili ebusweni, sengathi unikeza umuntu ngempama ngempama, bese eqala ukugedla amazinyo kumuntu angamaziyo futhi lokho kumenze athathe umhlalaphansi. Kodwa-ke, imihlangano enjalo ayivamile.
Njengama-rodents amaningi afanayo ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila, ama-rodents, phakathi kwawo adume kakhulu ama-marmot - izakhamizi ezikhudlwana futhi ezinokuthula ngokwengeziwe kwama-steppes, kanye nama-hamsters - ama-rodices amancane anemibala egqamile yendawo eshisayo, ama-gophers achitha ubusika esesimweni sokulala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla nokunyakaza, ukusetshenziswa kwemali okusetshenzisiwe kwamafutha aqoqiwe kusukela ekuweni. Ekubhekeni komoya, zonke izinqubo zokuphila zihamba kancane: inhliziyo ishaya kancane, ukuphefumula kaningi, kanye nokushisa komzimba kuyehla. Ngokufika kokushisa kuphela entwasahlobo lapho i-gopher iyaphila futhi idle.
Kukholelwa ukuthi ubuthongo be-gopher ngesikhathi hibernation buqine kakhulu. Isilwane singakhishwa ngisho nasemgodini, wehlise ijubane ngendlela othanda ngayo, futhi ngeke sivuke. Ngasikhathi sinye, ososayensi baseMelika bathola ukuthi lesi silwane siphaphama ngokwehla kwamandla okushisa komoya (kuya-26 ° C).
Ezinye izinhlobo nazo zingacasha ehlobo. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yezimo ezomile zentwasahlobo, ezibangele ukuthi ukushiswa kwezimila kuqala, futhi ngenxa yalokho, izilwane azondliwa ngokwanele.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-gopher kuyaqabukela ihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu kuya kwemine.
Ezokuxhumana
Njengoba ososayensi bethole, phakathi kwezilwane, ama-gophers anolimi olunzima kakhulu lokuxhumana. Ngaphezu kokushaya ikhwela nokuhlebeza, izilwane ziyaxhumana ngomshini ngamunye. Kwesinye isikhathi zikhala kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ziyakhala futhi ziyagobhoza. Kepha i-Wheezing yingxenye encane yesiginali umuntu noma yisiphi isilwane esingayizwa. Iningi lesiginali lihamba emafraneni e-ultrasonic.
“Ngokuxoxa” kwabo nge-tonity ehlukile, isigqi kanye ne-timbre, izilwane zingasichaza kahle ngokunembile isisulu esiseduze, ukubukeka kwaso, usayizi nesakhiwo saso, futhi sitshele ukuthi ingozi le ikuphi.
Ngabe idlani squirrel?
Ukudla kwama-squirrels omhlabathi kuyizitshalo ikakhulukazi, uma kwenzeka kushoda, zondla izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izintethe, kanye nezimbungulu ezahlukahlukene, isikhonyane, amacimbi. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-gophers ahlasela ngisho namagundane asendle kanye nezinyoni ezincane. Ukudla kwezitshalo zezilwane kuqukethe amahlumela amasha, isiqu namaqabunga, kanye nembewu. Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezidliwayo yizilwane kuhlukile: ama-knotweed, ama-yarrow, ama-clover amnandi, i-nettle eshaye phansi, izinhlamvu ezihlukahlukene, njll. Imicu imvamisa idla ukudla okuphakathi kwensimu efanayo, abayimaka ngokukhuthele.
Izinhlobo zikaGopher
Zingama-38 izinhlobo zamagundane ezaziwayo, ezihlukaniswa njengama-gophers. Bangu-9 kuphela abahlala ku-CIS: abancane, baphuzi, abanamabala, amaCaucasian, abomvu umlomo, uDaurian, uBeringian, omkhulu, omude. Okufundwe kakhulu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- I-European. Isilwane esiphakathi nendawo esinomsila omfushane nomzimba size sibe ngamasentimitha angama-25. Emuva kukhona uboya obunsundu obunamachashazi, amasongo akhanyayo abonakala kahle eduze kwamehlo. Basabalaliswa eTurkey, bavikelekile, njengoba besongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
- WaseMelika I-gopher enkulu, enesisindo sayo ingafinyelela kumagremu angama-800, nobude bomzimba - amasentimitha angama-39. Umsila ubambile, cishe amasentimitha ayi-12. Umhlane unombala onsundu, onamabala amakhulu akhanyayo. Ebusika, isikhumba siyakhanya. Ihlala endaweni yasenyakatho Melika nase-Europe. Bahlala emindenini. Imfuyo ingafinyelela abantu abangama-50.
- Enkulu. Umzimba unobude obungama-31 cm, umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-9. Amacala nemilenze zibomvu, emuva kun nsundu, ikhanda liphuzi. Ihlala emaqeleni nasezintabeni zehlathi, emaphethelweni ehlathi. Inhlabathi enobumba iyagwemeka, ngoba kunzima ukumba izimbobo kuyo.
- Encane. Umzimba awudluli ku-22 cm. Umhlane ulula, uvame ngama-specks. Umngcele uvezwa buthaka emsileni. Ihlala endaweni yeLake Balkhash (East Kazakhstan) naseDnieper. Ngezikhathi zesomiso nokushisa, kungakhinyabeza.
- Izintaba. Ngaphandle, kufana ne-squirrel encane yomhlaba futhi inobude bomzimba obungu-20-23 cm. Ngemuva ingemnyama, nenani elincane lemibala yezindawo. Isisu nezinhlangothi zingwevu. Ihlala ezigangeni eziphansi zezintaba zeCaucasus.
- Ahlikihle obomvu. Umzimba we-rodent ufinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-25. Kwezinye izinhlobo, amabala afana nesigaxa ahlukaniswa yiwo. Zinombala we-ocher futhi zitholakala endaweni yemikhonto nesihlathi esiphakeme. Sisatshalaliswa eSiberia, eMongolia, eCaucasus, eKazakhstan. I-gopher ene-red-cheeks ihlala ehlathini-steppe. Imisele imisele kakhulu.
- Okuphuzi. Ummeleli omkhulu wohlobo lwayo. Umzimba ufinyelela kubude obungu-38-40 cm, umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-111. Umhlane upendiwe ngombala omuhle ophuzi, kepha kunenani elincane lezinwele ezimnyama. Isisu sikhanya. I-Fur ebusika ihluke kakhulu ehlobo: iminyene ngokwengeziwe, i-fleecy. Ukuphila ezindaweni ezinendawo ehlukile - ezintabeni, ezigodini zemifula, ezinkangala naseziwuleni zesihlabathi. Akaphuzi amanzi, aneliswa uketshezi oluqukethwe ekudleni.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-squirrels abhalwe phansi kwiNcwadi ebomvu yaseRussia Federation kanye nezincwadi ezibomvu zesifunda. Izinhlobo ezinemibala, ezincane, ziphuzi, ezibomvu, zamaDaurian zisondele ekuqothulweni. Isizathu ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwamagundane ngabantu ngenxa yokuchitheka kwabo kwezilimo.
Habitat
Lapho kuhlala khona i-gopher, i-atlas ekhethekile izotshela. Izilwane zazihamba kahle endaweni yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Bangakwazi ukuhlala ngale kwe-Arctic Circle nasezintabeni., kepha kuvame ukuhlala endaweni yama-steppes, ama-steppes amahlathi, ama-tundra kanye nehlathi-tundra, ekhetha izindawo ezivulekile. Izilwane zigcinwa emakoloni amancane (izinhloso ezingama-30- 35 ngamunye,) eziyingxenye yenqwaba yabantu. Ngaso leso sikhathi zakha imisele nemisele engafika kumamitha ayi-15 ubude. Ukujula kwezindima ezingaphansi komhlaba, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kufinyelela ku-1.5 m.
Ama-Gophers ayasebenza phakathi nosuku. Emakoloni, bahlala ngokwehlukana, abantu abangu-1−2 emgodini. Ukuhamba kwe-mink ngakunye kutholakala eduzane, futhi izilwane, uma kunesidingo, ziyasizana. Isikhathi sokuphila sezilwane sifinyelela eminyakeni emi-3. Ezimweni ezinhle, lesi sikhathi sinwetshwa iminyaka emi-5. Ubudala oburekhodiwe obukhulu buyiminyaka eyi-8.
IHibernation ayibonwa ebusika kuphela, kepha futhi ehlobo, ngesikhathi sesomiso lapho kungekho khona ukudla. Isikhathi saso sincike esifundeni sokuhlala kanye nendawo yesimo sezulu. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ama-squirrels angaphansi angalala ebusika izinyanga eziningana. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukulala kwabo kufushane.
I-squidrel emhlabathini ophuzi (is sandwich) (Spermophilus fulvus Lichtenstein)
I-squidrel emhlabathini ophuzi ihlala ikakhulukazi ogwadule nasezinhlangwini ezingamawele, nokho, iyenzeka nasezindaweni ezomile zeLower Volga.Phakathi kwabafowabo, umi kuqala, okokuqala, ngamasayizi asondela ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo ezincane zama-floorhogs (ubude bomzimba wakhe bungafinyelela kuma-38 cm), futhi ngokubukeka naye uyafana nezingwegwe zomhlaba. Ihluka nge-gopher enkulu ngombala woboya obufana namathoni anesihlabathi-aphuzi anamamaki omnyama omnyama.
I-gopher ephuzi ihlazo kunawo wonke uhlobo lweSpermophilus. Ngaphambi kokuphuma emgodini, uvikela ikhanda lakhe aze afike kulokho, futhi njengoba ekulesi sikhundla isikhathi eside, uhlola isifunda. Ngenkathi esondla, uhlala ebuka nxazonke. Elutshanini obude, udla ikholamu, kepha uma izimila zincane, wondla ehlezi phansi noma elele, enamathela emhlabathini ngomzimba wakhe wonke. Mhlawumbe isizathu sokuphaphama okunjalo kuyindlela yokuphila eyedwa lapho isilwane siphoqelelwa ukuba sizinakekele ngokuphepha. Umuntu ngamunye uhlala endaweni encane (efinyelela ku-0, ha ha), egada ngentshiseko ekulweni nokuhlasela kwezihlobo. Uma izinsongo zingathinti umfokazi, kusetshenziswa amazinyo.
IHibernation kulolu hlobo ingenye ende kunawo wonke ama-squirrel asemhlabeni - izinyanga eziyi-8-9.
Imikhuba yokudla
Isisekelo sokudla kwabamele noma yiluphi uhlobo ukudla kwesitshalo. Kodwa-ke, imenyu iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ezintabeni, izilwane zidla ngonyaka kanye notshani obusika, izihlahlana. Entwasahlobo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zama-tulips no-Tien Shan anyanisi, izimpande ze-dandelion, indawo ephakeme, amahlumela eziluhlaza zezitshalo zidla ukudla. Ehlobo, amagundane adla ngembewu ye-bluegrass, i-geranium, i-Mountaineer, i-ostracis.
Isisekelo sokudla kwama-squogrels komhlaba we-steppe - i-tulip, umhlonyane, izinhlobo ezihlukile ze-anyanisi, ezinemilenze emincane. Ekufuneni ukudla, abafuni ukusuka kude nezimbungulu. Isibonelo, uma kunesihlahla esiseduze esine-blackberry esivuthiwe, ama-gopher ngeke afune enye into. Ukunotha kokudla kwezilwane, kuba ngcono imizwa nenhlala-kahle yazo.
Izilwane ngeke ziziphikise ngokwazo injabulo yokudla amajikijolo, amakhowe, amagatsha amancanyana, i-yernik. Ama-voles, izinyoni ezincane nezinambuzane nazo ziya ekudleni. Ama-Gophers awayideleli i-carrion, nokho, kwatholakala ukuthi uma kunokunye ukudla okwanele, abesifazane abakhulelwe kuphela abadla izidumbu zezilwane.
Izilwane zidla kabili ngosuku. Ukudla kokuqala kwenzeka ekuseni, kwesibili - kusebusuku kakhulu. Badla ngokushesha okwanele, befaka izihlathi zabo. Ngaphambi kokuhlafuna, beka ukudla ezitolo emlonyeni, okusebenza njengezikhwama zangempela. Isilwane esinesihlathi esigcwele singabukeka simnandi kakhulu. Ama-Gophers ajwayele ukuletha imbewu ye-mink, izitshalo ze-herbaceous, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okutshaliwe bese enza amasheya. Kwesinye isikhathi baphuza amanzi. Ikakhulu namagundane abakhulelwe nabesifazane asebekhulile bayayidinga.
Ubomvu, noma i-gopher enkulu (S. Pallas enkulu)
I-gopher enkulu itholakala kumazibuko kanye nasezimfobeni zotshani bezinyathelo ukusuka kuVolga maphakathi kuya e-Irtysh. Ngobukhulu, i-gopher ebomvu ingeyesibili kuphela ephuzi, ubude bomzimba wayo bungafinyelela kuma-33 cm, umsila - 6-10 cm.
Umbala wangemuva wesilwane umnyama, onsundu-onsundu, unendawo engacacile yobumhlophe, isisu simpunga. Ingaphezulu lekhanda limpunga yesiliva, yehlukile kumbala wangaphambili wangemuva. Esihlathini nangamehlo angenhla avela amabala ahlukahlukene abomvu noma ansundu.
Ukusuka kwezinye izinhlobo, i-gopher ebomvu iyiselula eyengeziwe: uma ifuna ukudla emgodini wayo, leli pondo lingahamba ngamamitha angamakhulu amabili, futhi uma imifino yoma, iya ezindaweni ezicebile zokudla.
Ama-gophers amakhulu angawela imifula ebanzi!
Izici Zokuphindaphindeka
UGophers uzalela ngemuva kokulala ebusika. Minyaka yonke, insikazi ishiya inzalo eyodwa kuphela. Abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhulisweni kwezingane. Ukuzala kuthatha cishe inyanga, emva kwalokho kuzalwe amawundlu angama-5-7 ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Isibeletho sikamama sihlala cishe inyanga.
Izinsana zivula amehlo emavikini amathathu emva kokuzalwa, kuthi emva kwamasonto amane zishiye umgodi ziqale ukudla utshani. Kumaviki ama-2 alandelayo, basadinga ubisi lukamama. Ngenxa yalokhu, umama ushiya amawundlu anenyanga eyodwa nesigamu. Bahlala ezimpondweni zomakhelwane, baqale impilo yokuzimela.
Ukuvuthwa ngokobulili ohlotsheni ngalunye kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanele. Izinhlobo ezincane zamagundwane ahlala eningizimu aqala ukuzala kabusha ngemuva kokuqala kokuzala. Abahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho - ngonyaka wesibili. Cishe ama-70% ama-gophers afa ngonyaka wokuqala wempilo. Imbangela yokufa kungaba ngabantu, izitha ezivela ezweni lezilwane, isimo sezulu esibi (inhlabathi ebandayo, intwasahlobo sekwephuzile).
Umncane kaGopher (S. pygmaeus Pallas)
U-gopher omncane uhlala emaqeleni asuka esifundeni saseVolga, eDnieper nasezintabeni zaseCaucasus, ukuya ogwini lolwandle olumnyama, i-Azov nolweCaspian. Lesi ngesinye sezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke, ubude bomzimba waso abudluli ku-24 cm, umsila awudluli ngaphezu kwama-4 cm.
Umthelela empilweni yomuntu
Ama-Gophers angabaphathi besifo esiyingozi, i-tularemia kanye nezinye izifo ezingathi sína okungaholela ekukhubazekeni noma ekufeni. HhawuUkudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane - okusanhlamvu nezithelo zezitshalo, ngenxa yokuthi yiliphi ipulazi eliba yindawo yokuhamba lapho ufuna izinto ezinhle. Lokhu kuthinta isivuno futhi kucasule abantu ukuthi bathathe izinyathelo zokubhubhisa ngamagundane (setha izicupho, baphathe izimbotshana zezimbobo, bashiye izithiyo ezinobuthi).
Abanye abantu banama-gophers njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngokuqeqeshwa ngekhono, bayakwazi ukwenza amaqhinga ahlukahlukene nabaninizi abajabulisayo. Besebenzisa isibonelo sabo, ososayensi baphenya into efana ne-animation emisiwe (ukwehla kwesikhashana kwezinqubo ezibalulekile emzimbeni ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto zangaphandle). Inzuzo inikezwa futhi uwoyela we-gopher, osetshenziswa ku-cosmetology nasemithini ekwelapheni umkhuhlane namanxeba.
Ayikho imikhuba noma indlela yokuphila yama-gophers efanelekile ukugcinwa ekhaya. Izindonga zithanda isikhala. Kunzima kubo ukujwayela i-cage noma i-aviary. Ngeke babe ngabolile, njengengulube noma i-chinchilla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akubavimbeli abalandeli bamagundane abazama ukubenza balahlekise ngazo zonke izindlela abangase bazenze.
Lapho usungula i-gopher, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane ngokwezigaba azikulungele ukuhlala eflethini. Akunakwenzeka ukuzala kabusha izimo eziseduze nemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinduku zizomaka insimu, futhi nephunga lokukhishwa kwabo licacisiwe.
Ungazama ukugcina ama-gophers emakhejini evulekile endlini yangasese, inqobo nje uma engasuthisa isidingo esingokwemvelo sokumba imigodi. Futhi badinga ukuhambisa okuningi - gijima, gxuma, gxuma. Ubungako bendawo ebekiwe yokubhangqa ama-squirrels womhlaba kufanele okungenani bube ngamamitha ayi-1.5x1.5. Ngaphakathi, udinga ukubeka amadivaysi okukhosela - amabhokisi, izindlu, izingcezwana zamapayipi.
Ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo kungahluka. Kufanele banikezwe ukuxuba okusanhlamvu, ukudla okulungiselelwe okwenziwe ngamagundane, i-zucchini entsha, imbewu ye-sunflower, ubhanana, ama-apula, namapheya. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kudlani squirrel osemhlabeni, ubanikeze utshani obuluhlaza - ulethisi, i-alfalfa, i-clover, i-plantain, i-dandelion. Ngezikhathi ezithile, udinga ukudla kwamaprotheni - izimpethu zikafulawa, izintethe, amakhokho. Yondla izilwane izikhathi ezi-2 ngosuku. Amanzi ahlanjiwe kufanele abekhona ekuphuzeni.
Ngobusuku be-hibernation (ekupheleni kuka-Agasti), izilwane kufanele zilethe utshani obusha, amaqabunga kanye notshani. Izindwangu zisebenzisa lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukulungisa umbhede wokulala. Ngesikhathi sokulala ebusika, izilwane zigcinwa eyodwa ngasikhathi. Ama-gophers amancanyana alungele ukugcinwa ngokufakwa ngaphakathi. Ziqalwa ngamaqembu noma ngababili. Ekuthunjweni, izilwane ziphila okuncane kunalokho obekulindelwe.
Umqaphi waseCaucasian (S. musicus Amamenyu)
I-Caucasian (intaba) squirrel yomhlaba itholakala esifundeni i-Elbrus, ezimfundeni nasezintabeni eziphakemeyo. Izindawo ezisetshenziswayo zaleli pende zingaba ngamamitha ayi-1000 kuye kwangama-3200 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
Kubukeka njenge-gopher encane. Ubude bomzimba wakhe bufika kuma-24 cm, umsila - 4-5 cm. Lolu hlobo luthanda ukuthula: lubonakala ngokungabikho kwezindawo zokudla ngazinye. Izilwane zigada kuphela imisele yazo yaphakade, futhi iziza zokudla ziyabiwa.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Ama-Gophers ngokuvamile amelelwa ezithombeni komagazini nasezincwadi zombala. Kodwa-ke, ukubabona emvelweni kuyathandeka kakhulu. Lezi zilwane ezinhle ziyamangaza ngokuziphatha kwazo nendlela yazo yokuphila. Ukufundwa kwamagundwane kuvumele ongoti ukuthi baveze amaqiniso athakazekako mayelana nama-squirrel womhlaba ku -inyathelo
- Ukulala kukaRodents ebusika kunamandla kakhulu. Isilwane singasuswa emgodini bese sihamba kancane njengoba uthanda, kepha ngeke avuke. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ososayensi bathola ukuthi lapho izinga lokushisa lehla laya ku-26 degrees ngaphansi kwe-zero, ama-gophers ayavuka.
- Ama-Gophers emvelweni anezitha eziningi. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi yiziphangi - izimpungushe, izinsimbi, izinsimbi, izikebhe, amakati asekhaya nezinja. Ukuzingela kwenzeka ikakhulu ngenkathi efudumele. Kodwa-ke, ama-ferrets akwazi ukumba ama-squirrel komhlaba emiseleni ngesikhathi sokuqothuka kwawo. Phakathi kwezinyoni eziyingozi - izikhova ezikhozi, izingwamza, ama-gull, ama-kites amnyama.
- Lapho inyoka ingena emgodini wobumba, insikazi ivuka iye emgodini bese iqala ukwethusa i-reptile ngomsila wayo. Ngeke ayilahle inzalo yakhe futhi ayivikele ekugcineni, noma ngabe ngemuva kokulunywa yinyoka.
- Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezilwane kwenzeka kusetshenziswa i-ultrasound. Umuntu uyibona njengokuhleba okuhlekisayo.
- Insimu yekoloni ihlala igadwe ama-gophers. Uma kwenzeka ingozi, zenza umsindo ofana nokukhala. Lesi isibonakaliso wonke amalungu epakethe aphendula kuwo.
Imininingwane enikeziwe izosiza ekuhlanganiseni umyalezo ophelele futhi omfushane mayelana ne-gopher.
Umbala
Ingemuva iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka onsomi, imvamisa ine-ripples emnyama, imivimbo emnyama yobude obude, imichilo ekhanyayo noma amachashazi amancane. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba kukhona imivimbo elula. Isigubhu singcolile ophuzi noma simhlophe. Ebusika, ijazi liba buthambile futhi likhulu, ehlobo liyancipha, lifushane futhi libe mfushane. Kukhona izihlakala esihlathini.
I-California Gopher (Spermophilus beecheyi)
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-30 cm. Umsila ungafika ku-18 cm ubude, uqweqwe. Uboya bunobala. Ngemuva nangekhanda lekhanda kufakwe amabala, anemibala grey futhi ekhanyayo ansundu nemnyama. I-tummy ilula. Uboya obuzungeze amehlo bumhlophe, nezindlebe ezizungeze amnyama.
Izinhlobo zivame eMexico naseNtshonalanga Melika.
I-European noma i-Western noma i-Grey Gopher (Spermophilus citellus)
Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-23 cm, butholakala emsileni ngo-cm cm angama-5.Imuva lingwevu ngombala onsundu ngombala onemibala ephuzi emhlophe. Izinhlangothi zinombala ogqamile ngombala, umdumba uphuzi. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona izindandatho ezikhanyayo. Umsila onomngcele omnyama ekugcineni.
Kutholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeCentral neMpumalanga Yurophu, eJalimane, ePoland, e-Austria, eHungary, eCzech Republic, eSlovakia, kuze kufike ezingxenyeni zaseYurophu iTurkey neMoldova, e-Ukraine. Uhlobo olunqabile, luvikelekile emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.
UDaurian, noma iTransbaikal gopher (Spermophilus dauricus)
Izinhlobo ezincane ezinemisila emide ezinobude bomzimba kusuka ku-18 kuye ku-23 cm, zinomsila ubude ngu-4,5 cm.Ngemuva ilula, inombala ophuzi ngombala nge-tint eqinile, ngaphandle kwamabala. Ingaphezulu lekhanda namabala ngaphansi kwamehlo kumnyama. Umphimbo umhlophe, isisu siphuzi, izinhlangothi ziphuzi ngokuphuzi.
Izinhlobo zingena eTransbaikal Territory. Kuyatholakala nasempumalanga yeMongolia naseNyakatho mpumalanga yeChina.
U-G-red-cheeked Gopher (Spermophilus erythrogenys)
Igama lanikezwa ezinhlotsheni ngenxa yamabala eziseleni sombala onsundu noma obomvu. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-24 - 28. Emuva nekhanda kusuka ku-brownish-ocher kuya ku-ocher-grey ngombala.
Sisatshalaliswa eningizimu yeNtshonalanga yeSiberia, iMongolia neChina, zihlala ogwadule oluyindawo enotshani obomile kanye notshani obomile bezimpaphe.
I-squidrel emhlabathini ophuzi noma i-sandstone ye-gopher (Spermophilus fulvus)
Enye yezinhlobo ezinkulu ezinobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-23 kuya kwangama-38. Ubude bomsila bungama-6-12 cm. Isisindo samadoda angama-700- 900 g, izinsikazi zingama-600-800 g, ngaphambi kokuba i-hibernation ifinyelele ku-1,6 kg. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-gopher ephuzi ngenxa yombala we-monophonic, wesihlabathi ophuzi ngemuva. Izinhlangothi zilula, isisu sinokudla okuphuzi. Umsila uphuzi ngaphandle futhi kumnyama ngaphakathi.
Indawo le ifaka isifunda esingaphansi kweVolga, iKazakhstan kanye neningi eliphakathi ne-Asia Ephakathi.
I-squirrel enkulu noma ebomvu yomhlabathi (iSpermophilus enkulu)
Ukubuka okukhulu ngobude bomzimba obungu-24 kuya ku-33 cm, ubude bomsila ongu-6-10 cm, isisindo ngaphambi kwe-hibernation kuze kufike ku-1,4 kg. Umhlane umnyama, onsundu ngombala, izinhlangothi zibomvu. Ngasemuva kukhona i-ripple emhlophe. Ikhanda ngaphezulu lingwevu lesiliva. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo nezihlathi kukhona amabala obomvu noma ansundu. Isisu ngimpunga ephuzi.
Izinhlobo zitholakala ezintabeni nasethafeni eliphakemeyo laseRussia nasenyakatho yeKazakhstan.
Intaba noma intaba yeCaucasian gopher (Spermophilus musicus)
Ubude bomzimba bufika ku-24 cm, umsila ubude obungu-5 cm. Umhlane ungwevu ngombala nge-tish e-brownish noma ephuzi, enebala elibuthakathaka. Izinhlangothi nezisu kuyinto elula kunasemuva, zingwevu ngombala ongwevu ngombala ophuzi ophuzi.
Kusatshalaliswa esifundeni i-Elbrus, emigodini yaseKuban naseTerek.
I-American, noma i-Beringian, noma i-gopher yase-America ende enomsila (Spermophilus parryi)
Uhlobo olukhulu olunomzimba olungamasentimitha angama-25 kuye kwangama-33. Isisindo singama-700-800 g. Umsila ubambile futhi ufinyelela ku-13 cm ubude. Ubukhulu nesisindo sezinhlobo kukhula kusuka eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Ngemuva ngumbala onsundu ngombala ngephethini yezindawo ezikhanyayo, inhloko imnyama, i-brown-rusty. I-tummy igcwele, i-fawn-rusty. Ijazi lasebusika likhanya, limpunga.
Ukuphila e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika.
Umncane Gopher (Spermophilus pygmaeus)
Ukubuka okuncane. Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-19 kuya ku-24 cm, isisindo cishe ngo-450 g. Umsila mfishane. Emuva kusuka ngwempunga yomhlaba kuya ku-grey-fawn ophuzi, amabala noma ngezimbambo. Ikhanda li-buffy, limnyama ukwedlula emuva. Isisu simpunga, umphimbo umhlophe. Izinhlangothi zintekenteke, zimpunga ngombala ophuzi.
Izinhlobo lezi zihlala ezintabeni nasezintabeni eziphansi futhi ziwugwadule eDnieper, eCiscaucasia, eLower Volga.
Xwayisa, noma uTien Shan gopher (Spermophilus relictus)
Ubude bomzimba bungu-20- 28 cm, umsila mude, ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-8 cm. Ngaphandle, ubukeka njengompunga kanye no-goropher waseDaurian. Umhlane ungumbala onsundu ngombala, onemivimbo ebonakalayo. Miderals nezinhlangothi zombala obrey grey.
Itholakala emithambekeni yezintaba iTien Shan nePamir-Alai, ezindaweni eziphakeme ukusuka ku-500-800 kuya ku-3000-3300 m ngaphezu kolwandle.
ICascading Mountain Gopher noma iCascading Gopher (Callospermophilus saturatus)
Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-29 kuya ku-32 cm. Isisindo sisebangeni lama-200-350 g. Uboya budwetshwe ngombala omnyama onsundu. Ezinhlangothini kukhona imivimbo emhlophe eyakhiwe emnyama.
Itholakala ezintabeni zeCascade zaseBritish Columbia (Canada) nasesifundeni saseWashington (USA).
I-squirrel emhlabathini emnyama (Spermophilus suslicus)
Ubude bomzimba kusuka ku-17 kuya ku-26 cm, bufushane ngomsila, buyi-3-5,5 cm, bunesisindo kufika ku-500 g. Abesilisa bukhulu kunabesifazane. Ikhanda likhulu, amehlo makhulu. Izindlebe ziyancishiswa. Amaphaphu amafushane. Uboya bufushane futhi bucashile, buhlala kuphela emsileni. Ngemuva kuyinto egqamile, ebunjiwe: amabala amhlophe noma aphuzi asakazeka ngemuva ngemuva kokumpunga noma onsundu. Ingaphezulu lekhanda linemibala njengasemuva. Kukhona indandatho ekhanyayo eduze kwamehlo, amabala ansundu ngaphansi kwamehlo. Intamo nekhanda kumhlophe ngezansi. Tummy kusuka grey ukukhanya kuya ophuzi ophuzi.
Ihlala emaqeleni nasezihlathini ezisempumalanga yeYurophu, isuka eDanube nasePrut ifinyelela maphakathi neVolga.
Umlobi omude onomsindo, noma umlobi ka-Eversman (Spermophilus undulatus)
Ukubuka okukhulu ngobude bomzimba obungu-20 kuya ku-32 cm, kube nesisindo esingu-300-500 g. Usayizi nesisindo sanda empumalanga nasenyakatho yebanga. Umhlane unama-brownish-buffy, izinhlangothi namahlombe zibomvu. Isisu sigqamile, sibomvu ophuzi.
Indawo yokuhlala ifaka i-Eastern Tien Shan, i-Dzungarian Alatau, izintaba zaseTarbagatai, iSiberia eseNingizimu, iTransbaikalia, iMongolia, neChina.
Ukuziphatha
Ama-Gophers aphila impilo yasemhlabeni. Imvamisa bahlala kumakholoni, kuma-minks, abazimbela bona. Ubude be-mink nesakhiwo sazo kuhluka ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zama-squirrels omhlaba futhi kuncike endaweni yazo. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, imisele ibude, ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, futhi ngamamitha amathathu ngokujula. Kule nhlabathi enobumba obukhulu ayidluli kumamitha ayi-5. Ngaphakathi komgodi kunegumbi lokudlela, lapho ama-gopher lidle ngotshani obomile. Kukhona umkhuba wama-gophers uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi yokuvuka emilenzeni nasezimpendweni.
Ukukhula okuncane kuyasebenza kusuka kuma-9-10 kuya kuma-15-16 amahora, abantu abadala bashiya izimbobo kabili ngosuku: amahora angu-1-2 ngemuva kokusa, futhi kusuka emahoreni ayi-14-15 ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Abesilisa abadala kanye nabesifazane abangazalanga bazala ama-hibernate ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, abesifazane ngemuva kokubeletha - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, ukukhula okuncane kusasebenza kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba.
I-squirrel emhlabathini emnyama (S. suslicus guldenstaedt)
I-squirrel emhlabathini enamabala ingenye yabamele abancane kakhulu kulolu hlobo lobuciko: ubude bomzimba - 17- 26 cm, umsila - ama-cm 3-5.Izindawo eziyizintandokazi ziyindawo eziphakemeyo zenyoka eseyintombi, amadlelo namadlelo. Ukuphila emakoloni.
Njengama-steppe amaningi asemini kanye namagundane asogwadule, ama-squirrel omhlaba acwebile ngezikhathi ezomile ezishisayo ayasebenza ekuseni nakusihlwa. Izilwane azithandi inhlabathi enomswakama, ngakho-ke, ekuseni zishiya izimbobo kuphela uma amazolo esewomile ngokuphelele, futhi esimweni sezulu esinethayo azibonakali nhlobo ebusweni. Ichitha ekubonakalweni kwezinyanga ezi-4 kuye kwezingu-8 ngonyaka, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nesimo sezulu.
Namuhla, squirrel emhlabathini enamachashazi iyisilo esiyivelakancane esisohlwini oluBomvu kwiBryansk nakwezinye izindawo. Lapho lezi zilwane seziziningi, zaze zalwa nazo, njengakwezinambuzane zezolimo. Kepha eminyakeni yamuva, indawo yezindawo ezilungele ukuhlala ama-rodent inciphile kakhulu. Kumephu, indawo abahlala kuyo esuka emgodini eqhubekayo isiphenduke iziqhingi ezingandile, futhi ziya ngokuya zincipha.
UDaurian Gopher (S. dauricus Brandt)
IDaursky, noma njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi, i-Transbaikal gopher, ihlala ezinyaweni ezomile zeTransbaikal Territory, kanye naseMpumalanga neMongolia Northeast China. Imvamisa itholakala emagqumeni, emadlelo, eceleni komgwaqo, emaceleni ezitimela, ngisho nasezingadini zemifino.
Le yinhlobo encane kakhulu: umzimba wayo ungama-17,5- 23 cm ubude, umsila wayo ingu-4-6,5 cm. Ngemuva kwe-Transbaikal gopher kukhanya, kunesihlabathi-grey esinombala okhanyayo okhanyayo, isisu sinombala ophuzi, izinhlangothi zimpunga.
Amakoloni ngokuvamile awakhiwa, kodwa uhlala yedwa.
U-Long-Tailed Gopher (S. undulatus Pallas)
Sisatshalaliswa e-Eastern Tien Shan, eCentral naseWestern Mongolia, eningizimu yeCentral Siberia, e-Altai, ezintabeni zaseTransbaikalia, eCentral Yakutia. Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo iyahlukahluka, etholakala ezindaweni ezinomile nasezintabeni zamahlathi, ezindaweni ezivulekile zamahlane nezintaba.
Umlobi omude onomsila omkhulu - uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu, ubude bomzimba lufika kuma-31 cm. Isici esihlukile salolu hlobo lwentambo ngumsila omfushane futhi omude (ngaphezu kwe-16 cm).
Umbala wangemuva usuka ku-ocher-brown uye ku-brownish-fawn, ezinhlangothini umbala ogqwala iba mkhulu, ikhanda limnyama kancane. Ngasemuva, izimfoloko ezimpunga noma ezimhlophe zibonakala kahle.
Le gopher icasha ngokweqile kwezinye izidalwa, kwesinye isikhathi emva kokuba iqhwa selivele lawa.
UBering Gopher (S. parryi Richardson)
Umlobi weBering gopher (obizwa nangokuthi i-Arctic, American and American long tailed gopher) uhlala e-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ezweni lakithi, kutholakala eChukotka, Kamchatka, naseSiberia eseNyakatho-East. Ihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile - izindawo zemihlambi kanye ne-steppe, kunoma yikuphi ukuphakama kosizo, okuvame ukutholakala emaphethelweni amadolobhana.
Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu kunazo zonke: ubude bomzimba wezinhlobo zeChukchi zingama-25-32 cm, kanti zona zaseMelika zikhulu ngisho nangaphezulu - ubude bazo bomzimba bufika ku-40 cm. Umsila wezilwane mude futhi uyashisa. Ingemuva liyi-brownish-buffy iphethini ehlukile yezindawo ezinkulu ezikhanyayo, ikhanda linombala onsundu.
Indima ebalulekile ekudleni kwalolu hlobo kudlalwa ngokudla kwezilwane (amabhungane omhlaba, amacimbi, njll.). Izici zokudla ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo.
U-G-red-cheeked Gopher (S. erythrogenys Brandt)
Ihlala eningizimu yezifunda zase-Ural naseWest Siberian, nayo etholakala eMongolia.
Le yinduku enesayizi ephakathi, ubude bayo bomzimba abudluli kuma-28 cm. Umsila mfishane kunalowo wezihlobo - u-4-6 cm. Uthole igama lawo ngenxa yezimpawu ezinsundu noma ezibomvu esihlathini. Ngemuva kwesilwane kunesihlabathi-siphuzi esinemivimbo emnyama-nsundu, isisu simnyama, izinhlangothi zinombala ophuzi. Kukhona ibala elimhlophe okhalweni. Umsila ngaphandle kwensipho emnyama, emnyama ngezansi.
Lenhlobo ihlala emakoloni, kepha isilwane ngasinye esidala sinomgodi ohlukile nendawo yaso encane.
Ukusuka emzabalazweni kuya ekuvikelweni
Ama-Gophers yiqembu lamagundane umuntu alwe nalo isikhathi eside futhi elenzelwa isikhathi eside, njengoba kunjalo ngezinambuzane zezilimo nabathwali bezifo eziyingozi ezibhekise phambili (isifo, i-tularemia, njll.). Yilezi zici, kanye nendawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo eziningi ezindaweni ezingama-anthropogenic, ezazisebenza njengesisekelo sokungqubuzana kwabantu. Ezokuvikela ezolimo kanye nezinsizakalo zezokwelapha ziye zabhekana futhi ziyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinkinga zokunqanda inani lamagundane, zisebenzisa ubuthi obukhulu bokulwa nalezi zigundane.
Lapho ubheka uhlobo lweSpermophilus, iningi lezinhlobo zazo okuye kwaqothulwa ngalo iminyaka eminingi, umuntu ngeke aqaphele iqhaza lawo emphakathini wezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimbobo luhlinzeka ngamathuba okuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, emiseleni yomsundana omncane lapho akuhlali khona noma kungaphansi - kwezinkulungwane eziyi-12 zezilwane ezahlukahlukene zamaqembu ahlelekile. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi ngokunyamalala kwama-squirrels omhlaba, inani labazingeli basemhlabeni nezinyoni zezinyamazane lehla kakhulu (ukukhanya okuluhlaza, i-steppe kestrel, i-saker, i-falcon ukhozi, njll.)
Kanye nokubhujiswa okuqondile kwama-squirrel komhlaba, kunenqubo yokuncishiswa kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindawo zabo zemvelo ngenxa yokulima nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwedolobha nezinguquko zesimo sezulu.
Muva nje, udaba lokuvikela inqwaba yabamele lo mndeni seluphakanyisiwe. Namuhla, ama-grey, ama-red, ama-brown, amachashazi, aphuzi, abomvu kanye nama-daurian abhalwe ku-Red Book of the Russian Federation kanye / noma ezincwadini ezibomvu zesifunda.
Ukugqama kwalolu daba ukuthi ochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwemvelo banikela ngezindlela zokongiwa kwe-gopher, ngenkathi izinsiza zokuvikela ezolimo nezolimo ziyaqhubeka nokunciphisa isibalo sezilwane ukuze kuqinisekiswe inhlala-kahle yesibalo sabantu nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwezitshalo.
UGopher njengesilwane esifuywayo
Eqinisweni, ama-gophers awakulungelanga ukugcinwa ekhaya. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi impilo ezimweni zemvelo igcwele izingozi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi lesi siphephelo sothando esibhakabhaka sesilwane esiqhamukayo siyojabula ngethemba lokuzinza emgedeni noma ngisho nendiza enkulu. I-gopher ayilona ingulube ye-Guinea noma i-chinchilla, evumelana ngokuphelele nokuphila ekudingisweni futhi ijwayele umuntu, isici se-gopher yisikhala nenkululeko, kodwa ayisoze yaba yincwadi yezandla, yeha ...
Kodwa nokho kukhona abathandi abanjalo be-exoticism yasekhaya abazama ukonakalisa lezi zidalo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amafulethi awakulungelanga ngokuphelele ukugcina ama-gophers - ngeke aphile isikhathi eside lapha, ngoba kunzima ukudala izimo ezamukelekile kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zizomaka insimu, nephunga lezimpawu zazo, ukukubeka kahle, kucacisiwe.
Kuvunyelwe ukugcina ama-gophers ezinkanjini ezivulekile-egcekeni lendlu yangasese, lapho izilwane zizokwazi ukufeza izidingo zazo - bamba imigudu, bagijime, bagxume bagxume. Kwama-squirrels emhlabathini, kudingeka i-aviary okungenani engu-150 × 150 cm. Ngaphakathi kufakwa ezindlini zokuhlala i-gopher, amabhokisi, iziqu zemibhobho - okokugcina izilwane, izingodo - kwabagugayo. Ngobusuku obushonile (ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba), izinduku zinikezwa imfucumfucu - udoti, utshani, amaqabunga, ukuze izilwane ezifuyayo zilungiselele indawo yokuhlala. Lezi zinto ezifanayo zimboza yonke i-aviary. Ngokwesikhathi hibernation, gophers zigcinwa eyodwa ngasikhathi.
Isisekelo sokudla komlobi ziingxube zokusanhlamvu, i-oats, ukolweni, ibhali, imbewu yejongilanga, ummbila, ukudla okulungiselelwe okwenziwe ngamagundane. Banikeza imifino - izaqathe, beet, i-zucchini, ukhukhamba nezithelo - ubhanana, amapharele, ama-apula, kanye nokudla okuluhlaza - isaladi yekhanda, i-alfalfa, amaqabunga e-dandelion, i-plantain, i-clover, njll. Izikhathi ezithile, lokhu kudla kuhlukahluka ngokudla kwamaprotheni (izimpethu zikafulawa, amakhethini, izintethe). Ukudla kwezilwane zasekhaya izikhathi 2 ngosuku.
Awungeke unikeze ukudla kwe-gopher kusuka etafuleni lomuntu, kanye neklabishi, ama-chestnut, ama-acorn, amagatsha e-oki. Kufanele njalo kube namanzi amasha ophuzayo.