Ezinganekwaneni zezizwe ezahlukahlukene, izilwane ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa amagama. Futhi bakhuluma kanjani? Lo mbuzo ubuzwe izazi eziningi zokuziphatha - abacwaningi ngokuziphatha kwezilwane. Ngabe izilwane zinolimi? Vele, uma ubukela umhlambi wezintethe, ungabona ukuthi abantu abaningana abadli, kodwa babheke ngokucophelela. Ngengozi encane, banikeza isibonakaliso ezihlotsheni zabo. Umhlambi wonke uqala. Ingabe lokhu kungasho ukuthi i-antelopes inolimi? Noma ingabe abanye abantu emhlambini bayasabela lapho isenzo sokwethuka sabathumeli? Ososayensi banqume ukulandela umkhondo wezimpawu zezinhlobo ezikhuliswe kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba wezilwane - ama-primates, amahlengethwa, imikhomo. Kulesi sihloko, sifingqe lokhu kuzanywa kwezinkawu zasekhaya. Lezi ngama-chimpanzee, ama-orangutan, ama-gorilla nezinye izinhlobo ezithuthuke kakhulu. Ngabe abantu bakwazile ukungena ezingxoxweni nabo, bafunda ngezansi.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala
Kukholelwa ukuthi ulimi luyikhwalithi eyisisekelo ehlukanisa umuntu nezilwane. Kodwa ingabe abafowethu abangazwakali kangako bayizingane zethu? Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi imisindo idlulisela imizwa yesilwane. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda kwenja kusho ukusongela, ukukhonkotha kusho ukweqa kude, ukukhala - ubuhlungu, ukukhipha isikhunta - isicelo, njll. Noma yimuphi umnikazi uqonda inja yakhe ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane. Kodwa amasiginali omsindo adlulisela imizwa engaphezulu kolwazi. Kepha ulimi luyithuba lokuxoxisana. Ingabe izinkawu zishintshana ngemininingwane? Ukuzibukela, singasho ukuthi lezi zilwane zixhumana kahle kakhulu. Uma ufihla into ukuze umuntu oyedwa azi ngendawo yayo, enye imonkey, eziswe kuqala, izoyithola. Kepha baludlulisela kanjani ulwazi? Ekuqaleni, ososayensi banquma lokho ngemisindo. Futhi baqala ukubatadisha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwahlanganiswa isichazamazwi.
Isinqumo esinqunyiwe
Incwadi yezisho emfushane yokuqala yahlanganiswa ngo-1844 ngusosayensi waseFrance uPiercon de Gembloux. Bekuqukethe inqwaba yamagama amafushane. Kodwa kwakungelona ulwazi, kepha kunalokho izibonakaliso ezingokomzwelo. Usosayensi wabo uqophe ngenkathi ebuka izinkawu zaseNingizimu Melika.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, uprofesa ovela e-USA L. Garner wahamba ngendlela efanayo. Ekutadisheni imisindo akasizwanga kudala kakhulu yigilamafoni elisunguliwe. Usosayensi ufake lolu cingo ekhejini ngezinkawu. Igilamafoni liqophe ukuthi baxhumana kanjani. Kudluliselwe ekhejini elilodwa, owesilisa unikezwe ithuba lokulalela inkulumo yowesifazane. Futhi wasabela sengathi uzwe imininingwane. Imisindo eyenziwe yizinkawu kunzima kakhulu ukuyibhala ngezinhlamvu. Ukuqoshwa okwenziwe yigonograph kwavumela uGarner ukuxhumana nezilwane. Usosayensi waphawula ukuthi lapho uhlobo oluthile lwezinkawu lukhona ngokwenhlalo, yilapho ulimi lwabo luthuthukiswa khona. Noma kunjalo, usosayensi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi amagama olimi ayasilela. Futhi isazi sezilwane u-Alfred Brem uvikele umbono wokuthi izilwane zenza imisindo, ziveze imizwa nemizwa, futhi zingadlulisi imininingwane.
Izinkawu ezikhulumayo
Bekukhona nososayensi abaqhubeke nengxoxo nama-primates ngendlela ehlukile. Akuwona abantu okufanele afunde ulimi lwezinkawu, kepha okuphambene nalokho. Uma ezinye izinyoni zikwazi ukuphimisa amagama, pho kungani ungazidaluli? Kepha inqubo yokufundisa ama-apile amakhulu olimini lwabantu ayiphumelelanga. Ngo-1916, uW. Wiss wafundisa i-orangutan ukuthi ibize amagama amabili: inkomishi futhi ubaba. Kepha ngokungafani nezinyoni, inkawu ayisebenzisanga le mibango, kodwa maqondana nezinto. Usosayensi waphawula ukuthi i-orangutan ibekwa amagama angcono kakhulu ekuphinyisweni kolimi nezindebe ezingabandakanyekanga. Eminyakeni engama-50 yekhulu lamashumi amabili, ososayensi bahlola uchungechunge lapho kwakwenziwa khona ikonyana elincane le-chimpanzee, uVicki wontanga bakhe nohlobo lokuzala komuntu. Futhi ekuxazululeni ezinye izinkinga ezinengqondo, inkawu ishiye izingane zishiya kude kakhulu. Kepha ngokuxhumana ngamazwi, uVicki wakwazi ukufunda amagama amane kuphela.
Izinkawu zixhumana kanjani?
Ukuphumelela kwempimpi endala ekuthuthukisweni okunengqondo kuphoqelele ososayensi ukuba bacabangele umbono wesikhathi esidlule wokuthi izilwane azihambelani nolimi. Ngo-1966, lo mbhangqwana wakwaGardner, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezivela e-United States, zabuka ifilimu ekhuluma ngoVicki futhi wabona okuthile okwakudonsela amehlo kwizazi zezilwane. I-chimpanzee, iwabiza kahle amagama afundile, ihambisana nokuthinta. Ebuka izinkawu zixhumana, abakwaGardners baphetha ngokuthi kwakungeyona imisindo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane. Lo mbhangqwana uthole isishimane esisheshayo okuthiwa u-Washo waqala ukumfundisa ulimi lwezithulu. Bambonisa into futhi basonga iminwe yabo ngesenzo, beyiveza ku-Amslena. U-Washo wakhombisa amakhono amangalisayo. Akagcinanga ngokufunda amagama ayikhulu namashumi ayisithupha, awasebenzise ngempumelelo ukuxhumana nabantu. Waqala ukuhlanganisa amagama. Isibonelo, ngemuva kokubona ilula nokuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani, wasungula ukwakheka kwamagama amasha: ibhodlela lomdlalo.
Ukuqeqeshwa Kwenkulumo
Bakhuthazwe impumelelo yamaGardners, ososayensi baqhubeka nezivivinyo zama-primates angama-humanoid. Ngo-1972, izinkawu eziyishumi zaqeqeshwa e-Amslena e-University of Oklahoma. Lezi zivivinyo zenziwa ngezinhlobo zezenhlalo - ama-gorilla, amashimpanzi, ama-bonobos. Izinkawu zikhombise imiphumela emangalisayo. I-male bonobo Kanzi isebenza ngokukhululeka ngamazwi angaphezu kuka-160 (futhi waqaphela ngaphezulu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu ngendlebe). Waduma nangeqiniso lokuthi wenza amathuluzi. Wake wafuna ukuvula umnyango omhlukanisa nekhehla lentombi yakhe, isishimane esimhlanya uTamuli. Kepha ukhiye ubengekho umcwaningi S. Savage Rambo. Uthe: “UTamuli unokhiye. Sengathi anganginika futhi ngivule umnyango. ” UKanzi ubuke uTamula futhi wenze imisindo embalwa. Emva kwalokho, chimpanzee omfushane wanikeza umcwaningi ukhiye umcwaningi. Ukubona ukuthi izinkawu zixhumana kanjani omunye nomunye, singaphetha ngokuthi zisebenzisa ukubukeka kobuso, ukushukuma komzimba nezimpawu zomsindo ngasikhathi sinye.
Ukubukwa kwe-Smart
Ngokusobala, ukwakheka kwamathuluzi omphimbo kuphela okuvimbela izinkulungwane zokuqala ze-humanoid kusuka kahle amagama enkulumo yomuntu. Kepha lokhu akusona neze izinkomba zokuthi abanalo ulimi, noma ukuthi ubuchopho babo abukwazi ukwamukela ezinye zezakhi ezinengqondo ezaziwa ngabantu. Ama-primates ama-Humanoid ayakwazi ukwakha imisho futhi adale ama-neoplasms ngamazwi. Uma ubheka ukuthi izinkawu zixhumana kanjani, kuyacaca ukuthi zinenhlekisa. Ngakho-ke, i-gorilla Coco, ibona indoda eyimpandla, yathi: "Inhloko yeBarefoot." Ngokwemvelo, izinkawu zibamba izinguquko encazelweni yomusho kusukela ekuhlelweni kabusha kwamagama ("ngiyakondla" nokuthi "Uyangondla"). Edume kakhulu kwakuyizinhlobo zabesifazane ze-bonobo, ezamfundisa iklabishi ulimi lwezandla, ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
Izinga le-IQ
Akunangqondo ukuhlobanisa izinga lokukhula kwengqondo nesilulumagama somuntu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, isintu sithuthukise izivivinyo eziningi kanye nemisebenzi ukuthola inani le-IQ. Lapho nje kuvela amakhompyutha, ososayensi baqala ukwenza ucwaningo ukuze bakhombe ukuthi izinkawu zikhuluma kanjani zisebenzisa ikhibhodi negundane. Umduna we-bonobo uKanzi osuvele eshiwo yithina ubuchwepheshe ngokuphelele. Ama-lexigrams (izimpawu zejometri) asetshenziswa kukhibhodi. Ukusuka kwesilulumagama sakhe esicebile, uKansi wasebenza enezimpawu ezinjalo ezingamakhulu amahlanu. Ngokusho kokuhlolwa, izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe kunazo zonke i-Bonobi pygmy chimpanzee. Izinga laso lifana nengane eneminyaka yobudala emithathu. Cishe nama-gorilla ahlakaniphile. Khumbula uCoco, osenenkinga yezinhlamvu eziyinkulungwane.
Kungani kunokuma ukuthuthuka?
Ochwepheshe bezengqondo ababheka ukuthi izinkawu zixhumana kanjani, baphetha ngokuthi endizeni yokuziphatha lezi zilwane zihlala ziyizingane. Bathanda ukudlala nokudlala. Ezindabeni zokuthola ukudla, izinkawu zibonisa ubuhlakani obukhulu nobuhlakani, zishiya izingane ezineminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala. Kepha ekuphokopheleni ulwazi, izingane zesintu zishiseka ngokwengeziwe. Futhi lokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuphelele komuntu. Izingane ziyakhula, kanye nazo izinga le-IQ yazo. Futhi izimfanelo zihlala ziyizingane impilo yonke.
Kungani ulimi lwezinkawu luncane kangaka?
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, izimfanelo zinamandla amakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukukhuluma kahle. Kepha kungani, ekuxhumaneni bodwa, basebenzisa inhlanganisela encane yemisindo nezimpawu zomzimba? Ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi ezingeni lentuthuko lomphakathi wabo, ukuxhumana akudingi okungaphezulu. Isibonakaliso sengozi engenayo, imibiko yokudla okuiseduze, ucingo lokuhlangana noma ukuthuthela kwenye insimu - yilolo iqoqo lokushintshana ngolwazi. Kodwa-ke, ikhona eminye imibono. Umuntu umane nje akakalizwisisi ngokuphelele izinga lokuxhumana kozimu. Uma utadisha ngokucophelela ulimi lwezinkawu, lapho-ke ungathola ukhiye wokuluqonda.
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Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izilwane, ikakhulukazi izinkawu, zinokufana kakhulu ngolimi oluhle lokhokho bethu. Lokhu kungenxa yezici zomzimba nezici zokucaciswa, kanye nemibandela yokuxhumana nokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ngaphakathi kweqembu.
Imisindo engokomzwelo ihlobene nemvelaphi yenkulumo. Izibonakaliso ezingokomzwelo zabantu nezilwane zifundwa ngabasebenza ngengqondo, izazi zezempilo nezazi zezilimi, futhi lezi zifundo ziqinisekisa ukufana kolimi oluzwakalayo lwezinkawu nokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo ekukhulumeni komuntu. Kepha kungani lokhu kwenzeka futhi ososayensi baluthola kanjani lolu lwazi?
Ukuxhumana okuzwakalayo
Umsindo, amaza omsindo abaluleke kakhulu ekudalelweni kokuphila eMhlabeni, ngoba kusebenza njengezindlela “ezethembisayo” zokudlulisa imininingwane emhlabeni wezidalwa eziphilayo, okufakazelwa yiqiniso lokubonakala kwenkulumo ezwakalayo nokwazi kubantu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izilwane azikhulumi phakathi kokuqonda kwethu komuntu, ulimi lwemisindo luyindlela ebalulekile yokuthi bakwazi ukuxhumana. Manje akekho ophika ukuthi ukuxhumana okuzwakalayo, kanye nezinye iziteshi, kusabalele embusweni wezilwane, futhi ukusabela okungokomzwelo, noma okulula, akulona uphawu lwabantu kuphela, kodwa nezilwane eziningi, ingasaphathwa eyezinkawu. Inkulumo yezilwane inokuziphendukela kwayo: Ngokomlando, umsindo ususukile ezwini elenzelwa "umakhenikha" uye izwi "langempela" usebenzisa umjelo womoya.
Ngosizo lokushintshwa kwezwi (izinhlobo ezintathu eziphambili zokuguquguquka ziyaziwa - amplitude, imvamisa nesigaba) izilwane zingafaka imininingwane ehlukahlukene emisindweni abayenzayo futhi ifake izwi layo elikhulu ngezimpawu ezimfushane. Isibonelo, u-A. A. Nikolsky 2012 eziwombeni ezincelisayo zezilwane ezincelisayo zathola ukuhlukahluka okuhlanu kokushintshwa kwe-amplitude: ukungabikho kwayo, ukuqhubeka, ukuhlukaniswa, i-heterogeneous ne-multilevel. Izindlela ezifanayo zokuguquguquka kwe-amplitude zingavela ngokufana emisindo eyenziwe ngabamele bama-oda ahlukahlukene ezincelisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amafomu alo ahlukahlukene atholakala kumasiginali enza umsebenzi ofanayo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinkomeni zesimanjemanje, izindlela zokuxhumana nezokuxhumana ziyehluka hhayi ngokuhlukahluka kwazo, kepha futhi ekubikeni okuveziwe kanye nokufeza umsebenzi ovuselelayo okuhlose ukuguqula isimilo samalungu emhlambi. Fabry, 1999 Le misindo inencazelo ethile, njengoba kuboniswa ngocwaningo lukaN.I. Zhinkin wokuxhumana ngomsindo wezinkawu esifundeni senkawu saseSukhumi. Efihla itshe elikhulu endaweni yezindiza yamahhala, uNikolai Ivanovich wenza imisindo efana nolimi “lwenkawu”. Ukuthula okuqashiwe kwezakhamuzi zezindiza ngokushesha kwaqala ukuphazanyiswa ukukhala okubuyiselayo, noma izilwane zabaleka. Lokhu kushiwo kwakusho ukuthi umsindo owenziwe umuntu uyaqondakala, okungukuthi, ukuxhumana kuyasungulwa. Ubusika, 2001
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi, ngezinga elithile, le misindo iyazenzela futhi ibonwa kahle nakokuarekhodwa. Isibonelo esinjalo sokubheka kwesinye isikhathi sivame ukunikezwa. Morozov, ngo-1987 Ngosuku olukhanyayo, umhlambi wezinkawu wadla izindwani kule ndawo. Kungazelelwe ifu lafika futhi laqala ukuna. Izinkawu eziklolodayo zazicashe ngaphansi kophahla. Imisindo yamazwi abo ayeqoshwa kwirekhodi le-tepi. Ngolunye usuku olushonile ilanga, lapho kwakungekho imvula nhlobo, la makhasethi aqoshwa kabusha abhalwa yizinkawu zozimele. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkawu, zizwa ukukhala kwazo, zagijima ngaphansi kophahla. Kepha kufanele kuphethelwe kulokhu, njenge-NI Morozov, ukuthi “kulwazimagama” lolimi lwenkawu kunemisindo ebonisa “imvula”? I-Morozov, ngo-1987 Noma kumane nje kuyinkomba yokuxwayisa ekhuthaza ukuthi ucashe? U-N.I. Tikh ukholelwa ukuthi, ngokungafani nabantu, izinkawu zinezindlela zokuxhumana: imisindo nokunyakaza komzimba akunawo umsebenzi we-semantic ngakho-ke akusebenzi njengethuluzi lokucabanga. UFabry, ngo-1999
Izici Zokuxhumana Kwemonkey Monkey
Ukuxhumana ngezinkawu eziphakeme akucacisanga: amasignali e-acoustic awacaciswanga, futhi imiboniso yokuncishiswa iyancishiswa. I-Friedman, 2012 Isibonelo sokuxhumana okungaxhunywanga ngempumelelo okubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhala kokudla" kweCeylon macaques (Macaca sinica) Isisekelo sokukhalela simnandi esivamile, uhlobo lwe-euphoria oluvuselelwa ukutholwa kwemithombo emisha noma izinhlobo zokudla. Ubufakazi bokungacacisi kwesiginali iqiniso lokuthi umehluko ngamunye ekuphindweni kabusha kwama-macaque kuthinta kakhulu ukuqina komsebenzi wezwi kanye nezimpawu zokuvama kwemisindo ngokwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibonakaliso zesiginali azinciki ezimeni ezithile zezinto zokudla, okungukuthi, isinali lokudla lama-macaque alinantsingiselo enengqondo. Ukudla okufana nalokhu okungacaciswanga noma kunjalo kusebenza njengendlela ephumelelayo nethembekile yokuxhumana. Esimweni esanele, lesi sikhalo siqoshwe kumacala ayi-154 kwezingu-169. Ukusabela okuhle kwabanye abantu kuleso sikhalo kutholwe ku-135 kwayi-154. Amalungu alo mhlambi ezwe isililo abalekela kuwo ebangeni eliqhele ngamamitha ayi-100. Dittus, 1984
Ngakho-ke, umuntu angabona ukuvezwa okukhulu kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana kwezinkawu (ikakhulukazi, kuzo zonke izinkawu ezinemizila emincane, umsindo udlala indima ebalulekile kwezokuxhumana), kanye nokufana kwemisindo yawo ngezindlela ezingokomzwelo zokuxhumana kubantu. Ngaso leso sikhathi, inkinga yokuhumusha amasignali wezilwane ahlala njalo: ukuqashelwa okuyikho komuntu ngumuntu kusekelwe 'emqondini wakhe ojwayelekile' nasekuchazeni kwakhe leso simo (okungenzeka kungahambisani nombono walesi simo yizilwane). Kepha-ke, kusho ukuthini iqiniso lokwamukelwa okulungile nokunembile komuntu kwemizwa yesilwane ngokukhala kwakhe? Mhlawumbe kungukubhalelana okulula nje kwezigaba zokumemeza nezimo ezenziwe nguye ngokuya ngemibono yakhe (nakho kubalulekile), kepha hhayi ukuvumelana kwemizwa izilwane okufanele zibe nayo ngaleyo mizwa umuntu angaba nayo kulesi simo.
Okusho ukuthi, kuvela umjikelezo omubi lapho i-axiom yokuqala umuntu ekwazi ukuhlukanisa ngayo izimo nemisindo ehambisana nayo ngesisekelo sezimpawu zabo iphenduka isitatimende - lezi zimfanelo ezifanayo zifakwa ezilwaneni. Umbuzo uhlala uvulekile kuze kukhiqizwe indlela yokuqhathanisa amasignali ahambisanayo nokunquma ukuhambelana kwekhwalithi yemizwa yabantu nalezi zimpawu ezizwakalayo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kuzokwazi khona ukufakazela ngokweqiniso ukufana kwezibonakaliso zemisindo engokomzwelo yabantu nezilwane futhi kufakazelwe ukucabanga okubekwe phambili nguC. Darwin 2001 mayelana nobudlelwano bemizwa yabantu nenkawu.
Ngokuqondene namakhono okukhuluma ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezinkawu, ukungakwazi okusemqoka kokufunda ulimi lwazo olucacile kufakazelwe kaningi. Fabry, 1999 Umuntu waba kanjani nenkulumo uma ehla evela kokhokho abajwayelekile ngezinkawu? Yini obekumele iguquke kumuntu ukuze athole ikhono lokukhuluma kahle? Noma yini elahlekile ngohlobo lwamanje lwezinkawu, ngenxa yalokho balahlekelwa yithuba elinjalo?
Mayelana nokucaciswa kokukhiqizwa komsindo wezinkawu nabantu
Uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu, i-larynx itholakala iphezulu kakhulu ezinkawu (ikakhulukazi, ku-chimpanzee). IZhinkin, 1998, Lenneberg, 1967 Lokhu kulula kakhulu ngoba ikuvumela ukuthi udle futhi uphefumule cishe ngasikhathi sinye. Isikhundla esiphansi se-larynx sivula amathuba wokuphinyiselwa okucacile kwemisindo yolimi lwesintu. Ezinganeni ezingabantu, i-larynx, efana neya chimpanzee, iphakeme (lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uncele futhi uphefumule ngasikhathi sinye). Cishe iminyaka emithathu i-larynx yehlisa, futhi lokhu kucishe kufane nesikhathi sokulawulwa okuphelele kohlangothi lomsindo lolimi. Ngokufanelekile, kufanele kuthiwe isikhundla se-larynx asihlali siguquliwe kukho konke impilo hhayi kubantu: ngokusho kweqembu lososayensi baseJapan, ukwehliswa okuthile kwe-larynx kuyabonakala nakuma-chimpanzee. Burlak, 2011
Mayelana nokuthi siyini isikhundla esiphansi se-larynx, kukhona imiqondo eminingi. Ngokwalokho okubonakala kunengqondo kakhulu, lokhu kuyadingeka ngokufanelekile ukuze kube nenkulumo enengqondo, ngoba kuvumela ulimi ukuba luhambe ngaphakathi kwephakethe lokukhuluma, bobabili ngokuqondile nangokuthe nkqo, okubuye kukuvumele ukuthi udale ukucubungula okuhlukahlukene komgogodla womlomo nepharynx ngokuzimela futhi Ngaleyo ndlela andisa kakhulu isethi yama-phonemes angaba khona, ehlukahlukane lapho imisindo imiswa khona futhi kuthi, kunalokho, igxishwe. Lokhu kwehliswa kwe-larynx kwenza sikwazi ukukhipha imisindo ephansi. Ngakho-ke, isikhundla esiphansi se-larynx singabhekwa njengophawu lwezinhlobo - lokhu kungenye yamadivayisi wokuveza inkulumo enengqondo. Burlak, 2011
Ngaphezu kwalezi zici zomzimba, i-Barulin, ka-2012 ingashiwo ngokungatholakali kwama-diastem wemvelo kubantu (igebe phakathi kwamazinyo, lapho kubekwa khona izingwebu, ngokwesibonelo, kumakhompiyutha), kanye nezinkawu zaseLenneberg 1967, ezihlukile emisipha yobuso bomuntu, futhi incane ngokuqhathaniswa neHeidelberg ububanzi bomuntu, i-paleoanthropic ne-neoanthropic ububanzi bendawo yomgogodla esifundeni se-thoracic, ekhombisa ukungakwazi ukulawula kahle ukuhamba komoya kuqondiswe ezintanjeni zezwi, isb. ukungabikho kwe-sp kwezenhlalo, imodi yokuphefumula kwenkulumo ezinkawu. IMacLarnon, Hewitt, 1999 Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izinkawu ezinethezeka ngokulinganayo zenze umsindo ku-exhale nasemphefumulweni uKelemen, ngo-1961, eLenneberg, ngo-1967, eDeacon, ngo-1997, ngenkathi i-glottis yomuntu ijwayelaniswa wakwazi ukusebenza kuphela nge-exhale yaseLenneberg, ngo-1967, eDeacon, ngonyaka we-1997.
Imisindo ezinkawu nakubantu: jikelele futhi ehlukile
Kwezinye izinhlobo zeziqu, ezibandakanya abantu kanye nezingulube, ngaphezu kwamagama weqiniso, kunezintambo ezimbalwa zamazwi ezikhulayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-chimpanzee, ngokungafani nabantu, ingasebenzisa bobabili ama-ligaments ekukhiqizeni umsindo ngokuzimela, yize ukusebenza kwawo kudinga ingcindezi yomoya ethe xaxa. Lenneberg, 1967 Esintwini, izintambo zamazwi ezingamanga zingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemuva kohlelo olukhethekile lokuqeqeshwa, ngokwesibonelo, ngokucula komphimbo noma njengomphumela wokwelashwa ngudokotela okhulumela izinkulumo, lapho izintambo zezwi zangempela zihluleka. Onke ama-hominoids, ngaphandle kwabantu, anezikhwama ezibizwa ngokuthi umphimbo (noma i-laryngeal) de Boer, 2011, ezakha isizumo esisezingeni eliphansi ekukhiqizeni umsindo, ngenxa yokuthi imvamisa yama-reseonances asekuqaleni aguqulwa futhi asondele, okuthinta kabi ukwahluka kwemisindo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukuqamba kanye “nokusebenza okusebenzayo” kwamathuluzi wemoto kungabalulekile hhayi kuphela ekukhiqizeni inkulumo, kodwa nasekuboneni kwayo. Ukushayisana phakathi kwezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene zokubonwa nokuqina kokuqina kokuqonda kwezinto ezenziwa yifonetiki ngumuntu kuholele ekwakhiweni kwezinguqulo ezahlukahlukene zomcabango wezinqola zokukhuluma. I-Sorokin, 2007 Umqondo wokuthi lapho ubona inkulumo ngandlela thile usebenzisa imininingwane ephathelene nezakhiwo zokwakheka kwenkulumo kuncike emandleni omuntu wokufunda ukukhuluma. Isimo salokho okubizwa njengenkulumo yangaphakathi, okungukuthi, kwesinye isikhathi sibiza “buthule” kumbhalo ofundwayo, nakho kwabamba iqhaza elithile. Ukuqashelwa kwenxephezelo yokuphazamiseka kwemvelo nokwenziwe ngenqubo yenqubo yezemfundo noma yokuqonda kukweqiwe.
Izazi zezinzwa nezazi zokwelapha kade zazi ukuthi nge-paresis (ukukhubazeka) kwemisipha yobuso noma yangaphakathi, ukuzwela ukukhuluma kungathinteka. Isibonelo, ngama-paresis emisipha elawula ukunyakaza komhlathi ophansi, imisindo ye-labial iyavezwa ngenxa yokuphakama okukhulu kokunyakaza kwezindebe. Ukuqala ukugqoka amazinyo nge-palate enobunzima, kwezinye izimo, abantu babegcina ukuqina kwenkulumo yabo. Kwesinye isikhathi iziguli ezinelusini olususiwe zivuselelwa ngokuphelele enkulumweni yazo hhayi kuphela umehluko phakathi kwezimpawu ezivelisiwe nezisithulu, kodwa futhi nokufakwa kwamagama ngendlela efanele kweSorokin et al., 1998 futhi zazikwazi nokucula. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukufaka ulimi olukhishwe esikhundleni seplastiki kuvumela isiguli ukuba silondoloze inkulumo efundekayo. ISorokin, 2007 Onke lamaqiniso akhombisa ukwehlukahlukana kwamathuba okulungiswa kwemishini yokukhuluma nokuqina kohlelo lokuqonda nesizukulwane sokukhuluma ngokujwayelekile.
Inkulumo ivelaphi
Umbono wemodeli yangaphakathi ehlongozwe nguV. N. Sorokin 2007 uhlanganisa izinqubo zokwakheka kwenkulumo nokuqonda futhi usivumela ukuba siqonde indlela yokuqina echazwe ngenhla. Imodeli yangaphakathi iyisici sohlelo lokulawula ukucacisa, ukuhlinzeka ngokulawulwa kwamanje nokulungiswa kokubekwa kokwephulwa okuhlukahlukene ngokuxazulula izinkinga eziphambanayo: "Ukuphathelene nokulawula" kanye "nokulawulwa kokuziphatha". Ukuze kusetshenzwe ngempumelelo, imodeli yangaphakathi kumele isuselwe kwidatha ye-mechanics, aerodynamics, acoustics yokwakhiwa kwenkulumo nemisindvo yolimi. Kwatholakala ukuthi uma kunemininingwane ye-acoustic, asikho isidingo sokukala lonke uhlobo lwepheshana lokukhuluma - ulwazi olwanele ngesikhundla sezindebe, umhlathi ophansi nangaphambi kolimi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukuxazulula izinkinga zokulungiswa kokucaciswa noma ukunxephezelwa kwephulwa, izidingo zokunemba kwezimpawu zokuphathelene nazo zenziwa buthaka.
Lokhu kukhulisa amathuba okuthi uhlelo lokulawula izinqubo lukwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukile ukuze kulawulwe ikhwalithi yesignali yenkulumo ekhiqizwayo kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nezinkambiso zefonetiki ezisungulwe kulolu limi. ISorokin, 2007 isebenzisa isivivinyo esiyimpicabadala, futhi kwaboniswa ukuthi indlela yephakethe lokukhuluma, eyembulwa ngokuxazulula inkinga ephikisayo isebenzisa idatha ye-acoustic ne-expression, ivumelana kahle nemiphumela etholwe ngesisekelo samapharamitha we-acoustic kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inhlangano enjalo yokuqonda nesizukulwane sokukhuluma kwangempela kungenzeka. Ekuqhubekeni kwalezi zifundo, kwatholakala nokuthi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga ephikisayo, ungasebenzisi hhayi izinqubo ezihlelekile kuphela, kodwa nele ncwadi ebizwa ngokuthi yi-codebook. Atal et al. Ngo-1978 umbono wakhe ukubala kusengaphambili iqoqo lemibhalo phakathi kwamapharagi anikezwe wemingcele yokucacisa kanye nemithambo ehambisanayo yemingcele ye-acoustic. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi, kusukela esikhathini se-babble, imodeli yangaphakathi, isebenzisa indlela yecala nephutha, iqapha inqubo yokushintsha ubukhulu bomqondo wepheshana lezwi futhi ilungisa okuqukethwe "kwencwadi yekhodi" ngokufanele.
Izibonelo zokubuyiselwa komthombo wezwi ngemuva kokususwa kwe-larynx zibuye zibonise ukubumbana okumangalisayo kohlelo lokuphathwa kwezinkulumo, olukwazi ukulandela nje izinguquko ezihlobene nobudala kumapharamitha wepheshana lokukhuluma, kepha futhi nokuguqula ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Kulesi simo, indima yomthombo wezwi we-surrogate ithathwa yi-sphincter, eyakhiwa yi-esophagus kanye ne-compressors yemisipha ye-pharynx, edlulisa imisebenzi emihle yemisipha ye-larynx eyihlane. ISorokin, 2007 Konke lokhu kukhulumela iqiniso lokuthi "umsebenzi", okungukuthi, isidingo sokukhuluma, umisa kakhulu "isakhiwo" - indlela yokulawula imishini yokusebenza yezimoto. Ngakho-ke, ukuphikisana ngokungatholakali kwezinkawu kuze kufike endaweni ethile kokhokho bethu bezinsiza zezwi eziguqulwe kahle ekukhulumeni njengesizathu sokuntuleka kwabo ukukhuluma akulungile. Esikhundleni salokho, ngokungafani, ukungabi bikho kwesidingo sokukhuluma ("imisebenzi") akuholeli ekuguqukeni kwesakhiwo. Ngokusobala, inkulumo ingaqala ukwakheka ngaphambi kokuba kuguqulwe izinguquko zokwenziwa komzimba, manje okubonakala kahle lapho kuqhathaniswa umuntu nezinkawu ezingakhulumi futhi osekungumphumela (nenkomba) wokuthuthuka kwenkulumo, hhayi isimo sokwakheka kwawo.
Imizwelo nemvelaphi yolimi
Indoda yamanje nezinkawu zamanje zihlukile zombili ekwakhiweni kwemishini yokukhuluma nasemathubeni wokuxhumana okuzwakalayo. Kepha lwalunjani ulwimi, ukukhuluma komuntu, ngenkathi umuntu eqala ukwahluka ezweni lezilwane? Imisindo eyenziwe yizilwane zanamuhla ezimeni ezihlukile yehlukile kanjani, futhi nalezo ezisondelene kakhulu ngofuzo kubantu - izinkawu, kusukela kwimisindo yokukhuluma kwabantu? Umbuzo wokuthi umsuka wolimi uhlasela abacabangi abaningi abavelele, kodwa wabuzwa futhi waxazululwa ngokuhlukile. Phakathi kwemibono eminingi, umuntu angasho inkolelo-mbono yemvelaphi yolimi nomqondo wokuphazamiseka okuthuthukayo. Idlozi lale nkolelo-mbono kwakunguJean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Enkulumweni yakhe ephathelene nemvelaphi yezilimi, uRousseau 1998 wabhala ukuthi ulimi lokuqala lomuntu, ulimi olukhulunywa kunazo zonke, oluvezwa kakhulu futhi okuwukuphela kwalo, luyindlela yemvelo uqobo. Njengoba lokhu kukhala kwaqanjwa endodeni kuphela ngamandla ohlobo oluthile lwengqondo yemvelo ezimweni zesidingo esiphuthumayo sokucela usizo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi enkulu noma ngokuhlupheka okungathi sína, bekungasetshenziswa kakhulu empilweni yansuku zonke, lapho imizwa elinganiselayo iba khona.
Lapho imicabango yomuntu iqala ukwanda futhi iba nzima ngokwengeziwe, lapho kusungulwa ukuxhumana okuningana phakathi kwabantu, bazama ukuthola izibonakaliso eziningi nolimi oluthuthukiswe ngokwengeziwe. Baye bakhulisa inani lezinguquko zezwi futhi bangeza ukuthinta kubo, okuthi ngemvelo yabo kuveze kakhudlwana futhi okusho okuncike kakhulu kuncike kumbandela. URusso, 1998 Umqondo ongokomzwelo kaRusso wathuthukiswa futhi waziwa ngokuthi inkolelo yokuphazamiseka. Omunye wabavikeli bale nkolelo-mbono, isazi sezilimi zaseRussia uDkt N. Kudryavsky (1867-1920) wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphazanyiswa kwakuluhlobo lwamagama okuqala komuntu. Ukuhumusha bekungamagama athinta imizwa kakhulu lapho abantu basendulo befaka izincazelo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngesimo esithile. IStanoanov, 1975 Ngokusho kukaKudryavsky, ekuphazanyisweni kwemisindo nezincazelo zazisaxhunyaniswa ngendlela engalingani. Kamuva, njengoba izithasiselo zaphenduka amagama, umsindo nezincazelo zaphanjukiswa, futhi lokhu kuguqulwa kokuphindaphindwa kwaba amagama kwahlanganiswa nokubonakala kwenkulumo ebekiwe. IStepanov, 1975
Ulimi lwe-Ancestral
Kodwa-ke, ulimi lwemizwelo yezilwane zesimanje, kufaka phakathi izinkawu futhi, ngokusobala, okhokho abangabantu, lwanele ukuze bakwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga zabo zokuxhumana eqenjini, kufaka phakathi kwansuku zonke, bengadingi ingcindezi enkulu. Ukushiya umbuzo wezimbangela noma amandla okushintshwa kokuvela kolimi okuholele ekubonakaleni kwenkulumo yabantu, ake sibuyele embuzweni wezindlela kanye nesisekelo “sobuchwepheshe” sokuthuthuka kwenkulumo enengqondo. Ngabe umuntu usilondolozile uhlelo lwakudala lokuxhumana okuzwakalayo ngokomzwelo ebuqothweni, eqhubeka nokuhlangana njengohlelo lokubonisa imizwa, ngokuhambisana nohlelo oluzimele lomsindo lokukhuluma kahle? Ekukhulumeni okuzwakalayo okujwayelekile kwabantu banamuhla, isakhi somzwelo siyabonakala ngokuphelele. Ngiyabonga kuye, kungaqondakala ukuthi isikhulumi sijabule noma sikhathazekile, sithukuthele, sithukile, simangele, njll. Le ngxenye ingaqokonyiswa ngisho noma kungenakwenzeka ukuveza amagama ngesizathu esithile noma kwesinye.