Golden amazambane simila nematode | |||||||||||||
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Ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi | |||||||||||||
Umbuso: | Eumetazoi |
I-Superfamily: | I-Tylenchoidea |
Subfamily: | I-Geteroderinae |
Buka: | Golden amazambane simila nematode |
I-Globodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923
IGolide Potato Nematode (Latin Globodera rostochiensis.) - kohlobo ezikhethekile kakhulu nematodes ukuthi parasitize izimpande amazambane notamatisi, kuthinta nezinye izitshalo bomkhaya Solanaceae.
Development of amazambane simila nematode kwenzeka izimpande zalesi sihlahla aphethe. Izitshalo ezigulayo zakha iziqu ezibuthakathaka ezijika ziphuzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Nezilimo eziyizigaxa kwaveza kancane, zingabantu amancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi engekho ngokuphelele.
Ikakhulukazi nematode amazambane simila kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezifundeni ezingu ekhaya izingadi laqhubekela isifinyezo kwezitshalo Amasimu lapho amazambane etshalwa noma elula libuyele emuva endzaweni yalo yokuqala ngosuku lwesibili noma ngonyaka wesithathu. Ukulahleka kwezithelo kungaba ngu-30-80%. Ngaphandle ukulahleka ngqo, kukhona ukulahleka ngenxa mthetho noma izivimbelo zokuthutha imikhiqizo kusukela esishintshashintshayo ayibole njengoba amazambane simila nematode uyinto ngokuhlukaniswa zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.
I-Potato nematode isatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi esigabeni sama-cysts, anamathela ezintweni ezixhumene nomhlabathi ongcolile futhi ahanjiswa kunoma yiliphi ibanga. Imvamisa, ama-cysts aphathwa ngezinto zokutshala, enomhlabathi osele kuma-tubers, izitshalo ezimpande nama-bulbs, amanzi emvula nomoya.
Ama-Nematode ayizilwane ezihlukanisayo. Abesifazane basebenzise ama-ovari, ama-oviducts, isibeletho, nokuvulwa kobulili okungavuthiwe okuvula ohlangothini lwesitho somzimba. Owesilisa une-testis eyodwa edlulela emiphongolweni ye-vas. Igelezela esiswini sezinsikazi ngaphambi nje ko-anus. Umanyolo ungaphakathi. Iduna has a izinaliti ezithathekayo cuticular ngawo wethula isidoda ku ukuvulwa insikazi sika zangasese.
Kuvela e-Andes yaseNingizimu Melika. Kuqala ukutholakala eYurophu ngo-1913 eJalimane ngamazambane angeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Liphinde ezitholakala e-Afrika, e-Asia nase-Australia. Yatholwa okokuqala e-USA ngonyaka we-1941, eCanada ngawo-1960s, eMexico ngeminyaka yo-1970.
Amazambane simila nematode
Sonke sisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ukulinywa kwamazambane nokulwa neBhungane lamazambane leColorado, okuthiwa alikho futhi akunakuba yisidakamizwa esibi kakhulu kumazambane. Control ejenti futhi ikakhulu sigxile impi Colorado amazambane beetle izibungu yayo, ukuze lapho kubhujiswa lesi sisila, futhi izihloko ezihlobene amasu amazambane ukutshalwa esivame ukubizwa iyona Colorado amazambane beetle kophiko lwayo.
Eqinisweni, ngezinye izikhathi yingozi ngisho nangaphezu kwalabo abangamashumi Colorado amazambane bhungane on amazambane simila nematode okungukuthi, lena inkathazo kuyingozi kakhulu zazo, ngokungafani kuya Colorado amazambane bhungane, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuba nzima, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akwenzeki ukuqeda.
I-biology yezinambuzane
Ngu uqobo, nematode - a izikelemu amancane round eziwuhlupho, ubungako bawo angabhekwa encanyana.
Nematodes kukhona eziphilayo dioecious kutholakala esanda kutholakala, kwathiwa kwakucatshangwa ukuthi nematode hermaphrodite. Ukwakheka komzimba wama-nematode sowesifazane kuyindilinga; aqongelela amaqanda. Ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi efudumele esifazane nematodes die, kwakhiwa simila kokuba isikhumba kunalokho obukhulu ngenxa yalokho. Kamuva, kuvela izibungu ku-cyst.
Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokuphila kwe-nematode sincike kakhulu ezinhlotsheni, futhi ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ezifudumele.
I-nematode yethulwa ezwenikazi lethu, ngokunokwenzeka ngengozi evela eSouth America eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 eyedlule. E-Russia, i-nematode yaqala ukubonwa maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka edlule futhi yande kuzo zonke izifunda ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Izinhlobo zama-Nematode
Emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingama-20 zama-nematode.
Kwisitjalo samazambane, izinhlobo eziningi zama-nematode ziyingozi:
- ekunqandeni nematode,
- gall nematode,
- i-nematode yegolide,
- nematode ishidi,
- i-nematode imile.
Umahluko phakathi lezi zinhlobo nematodes e Umbala yabo, ngesimo khona zabo kule ndawo.
Isiqu sesode
It has a ubude mayelana 1.5 mm. Zibhekise ibe usongo olukhulu amazambane ngoba izibungu yayo zingene stolons nokuyizigaxa futhi imbangela ukusonteka we neziqu, ngokwezwi nezwi ulele, nabo hit izimbali kanye amahlumela. I-cyst yale nematode ingahlala isebenza kuze kube yizinkathi ezi-5, igobolondo layo linamandla ngangokunokwenzeka futhi nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme alikwazi ukuliqothula.
Nematode gallic
Ngokuyinhloko kuthinta uhlelo amazambane impande. Abantu abadala ezinsukwini zokuqala zempilo yabo mhlophe ngombala, ngokukhamba kwesikhathi baba sobala. Simila nematodes bazihlanganise uhlelo impande sitshalo, okuholela amashashazi ngokuthi Gauls zabo, kungakho igama nematode. Kuyi-galls, i-ovipositor iyi-nematode, futhi kamuva izibungu.
I-Golden Nematode
Ilimaza ngokoqobo uhlelo lwezimpande, ngenkathi ikhipha ubuthi, obuyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni. Le nematode iveza ama-cysts, kwesinye isikhathi kwesinye isikhathi sifinyelela amaqanda angama-700.
Kulesi zinhlobo zama-nematode, ama-cysts aqine ngangokunokwenzeka, awafi futhi awadiliki ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu, noma ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphansi, usho, ngesikhathi sasebusika. Ngisho nemisebe kanye nama-insecticides endabuko awakwazi ukuqeda ama-cysts e-nematode yegolide. Ama-cysts we-Golden nematode angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-11.
Izinhlumba zingatholakala nematode yegolide amazambane phakathi ukumba ezihlabayo kuthiwa ibukeke njengoba ubuhlalu ezincane kokuba umbala yegolide, inani izikhathi mkhulu.
KUBALULEKILE
Lapho ugaya izihlahla futhi uthola inqwaba yama-cysts kuwo, awukwazi ukuzama ukuwasusa!
Ngakho-ke ngeke senze isimo sishube, futhi izinhlumba awela phansi.
Yini ingozi nematode
I nematode ngenkuthalo kuthinta uhlelo impande amazambane, stolons, nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Uyakwazi ukungena ngeziqu ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi.
- izitshalo amazambane baqale kwasalela emuva ekukhuleni, uma kubhekwa isivuno esincane, kodwa igciwane die eqinile.
- Nematodes nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokuvamile ziqale bola. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo azidliwe ekudleni, futhi akusizi ngalutho ukuzifaka kwisitoreji.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma ngabe nematode washaya isitshalo kancane, ngokuvamile ithwala igciwane lohlobo. Futhi uma umonakalo ngokomzimba lincane, amagciwane eyalo nematode, bawenze kahle umsebenzi wabo futhi namanje kungonakalisa isitshalo.
Ukusuka kumatato amazambane ungalahlekelwa isivuno kungaphansi
futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangaphezu kwalabo abangamashumi kusukela Colorado amazambane bhungane.
Ukulahleka kwezitshalo kuvame ukwedlula ama-50% futhi kufinyelele kuma-80%.
Ingozi yezitshalo iphezulu, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi akunakwenzeka ukuthi uyihlule ngokuphelele i-nematode, imelana ngokuphelele nama-insecticides ahlukahlukene. Ama-Nematode athela amandla engxenyeni yesitshalo esitholakala ngaphansi kobuso bomhlaba, futhi lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kuhlanganisa ukucubungula bese kwenza kube nzima ukubona kanye nokubona inkathazo.
KUBALULEKILE
I-Nematode AKUFANELE ingozi kubantu
Ukuqonda kanjani ukuthi amazambane ashaywe yi-nematode?
Eqinisweni, kunzima impela ukuthola i-nematode kumazambane ezigabeni zokuqala, ngoba i-nematode ihlala ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ngokuvamile abalimi bazi ukuthi nematode amazambane simila wamshaya ngezizathu eziningana:
- amaqabunga amaqabunga aqala ukuphuma aphuzi, alahlekelwa yi-turgor,
- lapho izitshalo zibuna,
- uhlobo ngokuvamile lubonakale ku amahlumela nezimbali amazambane.
Kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuba khona kwe-nematode ngalezi zimpawu, lokhu kuhlanganiswa. Nokho, ububi salokhu ukuthi lapho izitshalo uyaqinisa, abasindise kuwumzabalazo.
Izimpawu zokuqala ze-nematode ezitshalweni zamazambane
- usiko yellowing yakhe izindwani leaf uma ngabe ayikho eminye izimfanelo ngokuba lokhu akusikho,
- siqhubeke ukhulume khona nematodes izitshalo amazambane kungaba ngisho ukusonteka okuncane futhi kuya- ku ngeziqu - ke nje uphawu stem nematode,
- Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuthi uzosiphawula yini wilting kancane aphansi leaf izindwani futhi ihlumela ngaphandle ezinye izizathu, kubonisa khona nematodes,
- futhi uma amazambane efihlekile ngendlela ephambene neyemvelo amancane izimbali, lokhu kungadala usitshele khona nematodes ezitshalweni.
Uma izitshalo zamazambane zithinteka kakhulu yi-nematode, khona-ke kungenzeka ingaqhakaze, futhi ingaphezulu lamazambane eziqobelo livame ukubonwa.
Uma bambe up izitshalo ezifana, uhlelo impande kubo uzothola ukuqina - esebonisa khona inyongo nematode, kepha uma ubona amabhola we-cyst, khona-ke lokhu kukhombisa ubukhona be nematode egolide.
Uma kwenzeka ungabaza, ngikweluleka ukuthi uthinte ochwepheshe kwesinye seziphathimandla ezilawulayo, ngoba i-nematode iyingozi yokuhlala yedwa. Ukutholwa ngesikhathi kanye nokubhujiswa kwalesi sinambuzane kuyisihluthulelo ekulimeni okuqhubekayo kwamazambane kule ndawo.
Amakhemikhali
Ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kwe-nematode, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa izinambuzane ezivela eqenjini nematicides.
1. Kungenzeka usebenzise izidakamizwa eqenjini lokuxhumana, njenge
2. Yamukelekile ukusetshenziswa fumigantsokuthi ngesimo segesi singene enkambini bese sikubulala, lezi izidakamizwa:
Esebenzisa emzabalazweni abantu
Akusebenzi ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-infusions kanye nama-decoctions ukulwa ne-nematode, uzovele uchithe isikhathi sakho namandla ngeze, ngeke kube nomqondo ovela kubo noma kuzoba njalo, kodwa kuncane kakhulu. Kulokhu, lo amagciwane kukhona kuphumelela kangcono kunokuthi izindlela zabantu emzabalazweni ngesisekelo Iziphungo kanye infusions, futhi umonakalo emvelweni of amagciwane kanye infusions kanye Iziphungo yalezi zizathu akuyona.
Ukuchelela ngamanzi abilayo
Ezindlela ezithandwayo zokulawula, mhlawumbe ezisebenziseka kakhulu kuzo kungaba ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi abilayo ukuzisula ngenhlabathi.
- Isetshenziselwa lokhu cool esiphezulu abilisiwe amanzi.
- Inhlabathi kumele uyokhululwa generously uthele amanzi abilayo phezu kwalo.
- Kungcono ukuphinda le nqubo kaningana ukuze ukhubaza inhlabathi ngobukhulu kanye nokujula okukhulu kakhulu okungenzeka.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ukucutshungulwa inhlabathi ngokusebenzisa Strait amanzi abilayo kuyafaneleka ukukhiqiza ezindaweni ezincane. Kepha ezindaweni ezinkulu, kusukela kumahektare ayi-10 nokuningi, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo amakhemikhali.
Ungakuvimbela kanjani ukuthi i-nematode ivele kumazambane?
Ngokunikezwe ukuthi i-nematode iyisidleke esiphikelelayo kakhulu futhi enobungqabavu ngokuqinile, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza yonke imizamo ukuvimba ukubonakala kwayo esizeni.
Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zihlobene kakhulu nezindlela zokuthibela zokuvimbela ukwedlula izindlela zokuvikela ezigcwele noma izindlela zokulawula izinambuzane.
- Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, isilinganiso sokuvikela okuhlose ukuvikela ukubonakala kwe-nematode nokuvikela amashubhu ekuhlaselweni kwayo kufakwa emigodini lapho kutshalwa amazambane anyanisi e-husk ngesixa esincane.
- Ezindaweni zamaholide ngemuva kokutshala amazambane kuwo, ngincoma ukuthi kukhule umquba oluhlaza ngokuhambisana nazo zonke izindlela zezolimo ezenzelwe isiko elilodwa noma elinye.
1. Ukutshala impahla
Izinyathelo zihlanganisa umhlaba kusayithi kuphela nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo amazambane ngaphandle kwesibonakaliso esincane senkambiso ebusweni bawo ngendlela yama-cysts noma ngaphakathi njenge-nematode bukhoma.
kumele kube ngesikhathi esifanele gciwaneamazambane zokutshala impahla, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona ingozi yokutheleleka noma ukungcoliswa emhlabathini.
Ngokwemvelo kudingeka usebenzise nematodoustoychivymi amazambane izinhlobo,
1. cultivars isencane:
2. kusukela maphakathi ekuqaleni konyaka:
3. maphakathi-ka:
4 srednepozdnih:
Lezi zinto ezihlafunwayo ziphawulwa iqiniso lokuthi lapho izibungu zingena ku-tuber, ziqala ukuzenza lukhuni izicubu, zivimbe ngokoqobo inkathazo eshubhu, emva kwalokho izibungu ziyafa.
2. Nqampuna Ukujikeleza
Gcina imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Izindlela zokulawula noma zokuvikela i-Agro-technical management noma ukuvikela amazambane amazambane zifaka ushintsho lwaminyaka yonke lwendawo lapho kuhlelwa khona ukukhulisa amazambane.
Into esemqoka ukuthi ungatshali amazambane endaweni efanayo amashumishumi eminyaka zilandelana, lokhu kuzoholela ekuqongeleleni okungenakugwemeka kwamagciwane, amagciwane, izilokazane ezahlukahlukene enhlabathini, kufaka phakathi i-nematode.
3. Ukunakekelwa
Ngaso sonke isikhathi yenza ukugcwala okufika ngesikhathi kwezitshalo zamazambane, ukulwa nezitshalo ezikhubazayo, izitshalo zamazambane, futhi uma kutholakala izitshalo ezithelelekile, zisuse endaweni leyo bese uzishise ngaphandle kwendawo yazo futhi ngaphandle kwalokho uzifake izinqwaba zomquba, khumbula ukuthi ama-cysts e-nematode ahlala esebenza kuze kube seminyakeni engu-11 ubudala.
Ngenxa yalokhu, singasho ukuthi i-nematode iyingozi, inokubekelwa indawo yokuhlala, kuphela ukuvimbela ukubonakala kwayo, ukulawulwa okunekhono futhi okufika ngesikhathi kwe-nematode kuyosusa ukwenzeka noma kungabinaki ubukhona balesi sinambuzane endaweni yakho.
Zokupheka ewusizo
- Mayelana nephrojekthi
- Faka uhlelo lokusebenza leselula
- Ngokubambisana bhala [email protected]
- Usebenzisa izinto zephrojekthi antonovsad.ru kungenzeka kuphela ngesibonakaliso esicacile somthombo kanye nokuba khona kwesixhumanisi esisebenzayo
Antonov Garden - isayithi for abashayeli bamaloli nomdlandla
Sikumema ekhoneni lethu elipholile! Sibheke phambili ukuzwa futhi babheke phambili amateur balimi, abalimi kanye experimenters onolwazi ukukhanya, okuzokwenza anikeze iseluleko futhi imibuzo otvetyat.My babelamukela lonke elaseRussia abuthele izihloko, izithombe kanye master emakilasini ukuba izinto ezithakazelisayo futhi ewusizo kwaba elula ukufunda futhi ubone.
Manje kunezindatshana ezingama-2 000 kulinywe utamatisi, ukhukhamba kanye nopelepele, ukunakekelwa kwe-apula, eliphakathi kwe nepulamu, ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, endaweni ebamba ukushisa nasendaweni evulekile, ukwakheka kwezihlahla nezihlahlana, ukunitha imifino nepine, ukugqoka izimbali.
Kubalulekile ikakhulukazi abashayeli bamaloli ukunquma nesikhathi esiqondile zokutshala kanye seeding evumayo izinsuku wokunisela, umanyolo ofanelekile futhi izihlahla. Kuze kube yimanje, thina njalo ukushicilela usuku ikhalenda bese ubeka uhlu imisebenzi eyenziwa ngezinkathi ezithile zonyaka kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuDisemba.
Izingxenye zigcwele amanothi kubuchwepheshe bezolimo bezithelo, amajikijolo, izimbali nemifino. Kukhona amasu anobuciko ingadi kwezifunda zonke zezulu. Tshala nini u-anyanisi kanye negalikhi ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba? Ungawanakekela kanjani amagilebhisi emgqeni ophakathi nendawo? Iziphi izinhlobo ongazikhethela iMpumalanga Ekude? Ungayikhokhela kanjani ama-roses eSiberia?
Zonke izinsuku sifaka imibhalo yokuthi singayigcina kanjani impilo yezithombo, sivikele izithombo ezisencane ebunzimeni futhi sinikeze izakhamizi zasemaphandleni ukudla okuphelele nokudla okufanele. Izivakashi ziyakujabulela ukuxoxa ngemibono yokuthi abahlali bezindawo zokugcina izithombo nemibhede bathola kanjani amandla. Sisonke sifuna izindlela ezisebenzayo zokulwa ngempumelelo nezifo nezinambuzane, sibala izindlela zokufaka umanyolo nokufaka umquba.
Ngifune ukuziqhayisa utamatisi ngobukhulu? Ukukhetha ukhukhamba oluhamba phambili usawoti? Ufuna isivuno sokuqala? Ukuzama izindlela okuthembekile ukuqeda ukhula? Zizwe ukhululekile ukubuza engxenyeni ethi Umbuzo Nempendulo futhi uthole izimpendulo ezisheshayo nezinembile. Ochwepheshe abanolwazi, izazi zezolimo namahlathi, abacwaningi kanye abathanda abanolwazi siyaziqhenya ukwethula ukuphila siqu nokugenca namathiphu.
Abalimi ngentshiseko bakha i-oats emangalisayo egcwele ubuhle bezitshalo kanye nesivuno esivulekile! Sitshele ukuthi wena wahlala izivakashi ezingavamile emibhedeni, ezinye izindaba zaphesheya ongalokotha uzame. Bonisa izithombe uphinde uchaze okwashiwo engadini. Abahleli kanye nabafundi bajabule ukuthola ukuthi bakhula eTransbaikalia nasePrimorye, ezifundeni zaseLeningrad naseMoscow. Ithengise futhi uthenge izithombo? Nifuna imbewu ezingavamile futhi collectible? Beka izikhangiso eziyimfihlo ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni, ekusizeni nasekuhlinzekeni izinsizakalo. Kuthiwani uma kukhona utamatisi omkhulu wokukhethwa komlobi esifundeni sakho noma othunyelwe kusuka ku-Urals!
Hhayi-ke, lapho ufuna ukuthatha ikhefu kusuka ebhizinisini lakho othandekayo, bheka izindlela zokupheka ezilusizo - ukuthola umzimba onempilo netafula elimnandi. Imaski nama-okhilimu alula ekhaya, amalungiselelo amnandi, amasaladi, izithelo ezi-stewed ne-barbecue - konke okujabulisa ngenkathi futhi kufana nokunambitha kwezithelo ezintsha kusihlwa sasebusika. I-Antonov Garden ijabule kuwo wonke umuntu okuhlala kuyo ehlobo nokulima kuwumthombo wenjabulo nocezu lomphefumlo!
Izinambuzane
Endle, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20 zama-nematode - ama-roundworms, iningi lawo ezingamaphara. Zalethwa eYurophu zivela eSouth America, futhi isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu manje, emazweni aseYurophu, abalimi nabalimi balokhu belwa nalesi sifo.
Ezweni lethu, izinambuzane zokuqala zabonwa maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, manje sekutholakale i-nematode kuzo zonke izifunda.
Yini i-nematode? Lesi isibungu esibonakala ngemisuka emikhulu esangena ezimpandeni, ezithungwini, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, singena ezigxotsheni, esinciphisa futhi simise ukukhula kwezihlahla. Ama-nematode amaningi angama-dioecious, hhayi ama-hermaphrodites. Abesifazane bavame ukuba nemizimba eyindilinga lapho amaqanda aqongelela khona.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, izinsikazi ziyafa, zakha i-cyst ngegobolondo eliqinile, okuvela kuzo izibungu kancane kancane. Umjikelezo wempilo wezibungu uncike ezinhlotsheni, ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi nge-parasite kwenzeka ngaphezu kweminyaka eminingana.
Ama-tubers ayabola, awadliwa, agcinwa. I-Nematode iyisiphathi sezifo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane, esandisa umonakalo owenzayo. Lezi zinhlobo zama-roundworms azibi yingozi kubantu.
Kunzima ukuyilwa nayo, njengoba izibungu zikhombisa ukumelana nezinambuzane ezijwayelekile, zivuthisa ikakhulukazi engxenyeni engaphansi komhlaba yezitshalo, okwenza ukuthi kutholakale isikhathi eside ukuthi kutholakale isifo.
Izinhlobo
Izinhlobo eziningana zama-nematode ziyingozi kumigqomo yamazambane:
Umehluko usemibala, kanye nendlela yokuphila, izindawo ezihlala kuzo izibungu zeparashuic. Izici Key:
- isiqu sesode sifinyelela ubude obungu-1.5 mm, siyingozi ngamazambane, utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, isigaxa, ugalikhi. Izibungu zezibungu zingena kuma-stolons kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, ngenxa yalokho ukwenzeka kweziqu (ukuqhakaza), izimbali, amahlumela kwenzeka. AmaCysts akhona iminyaka engaba ngu-4-5, igobolondo lawo libhujiswa ngamazinga okushisa aphakeme,
- inyongo - inikela ngezimpande zamazambane, kanye nakwezinye izitshalo zomndeni osondelene. Ezigabeni zokuqala, abantu abadala (abadala) bamhlophe, bese imibala ishintsha ibe sobala. Ama-Nematode anamathiselwa ezimpandeni, lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-swellings (galls) namaqanda nezibungu,
- yegolide - ilimaze izimpande, ikhulule ubuthi obalimaza isitshalo. Ukuzala kabusha - ngama-cysts, ngalinye lingaba namaqanda angama-600-800. Ama-cysts alolu hlobo lwezibungu awashisi ekushiseni okuphezulu nangaphansi, ngaphansi kwemisebe, kuvezwa ubuthi bendabuko bendabuko. Umjikelezo wempilo wama-cysts ufika eminyakeni eyi-10. Zitholakala ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwezihlahla, lapho amabhola amaningi ezinombala wegolide omncane abonakala ezimpandeni.
Okubhaliwe! Lapho ugaya isihlahla esinegciwane, awukwazi ukushukumisa izimpande, ngaphandle kwalokho amashekhi awela futhi abuyele emhlabathini.
I-nematode ebomvana ifana nezinhlobonhlobo zegolide, futhi ibhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezakha i-cyst, kepha umbala wama-cysts awusiwona ophuzi, kepha onsundu. Izinhlobonhlobo zamaqabunga ziyahlangana emafulethini ezitshalo, okuholela ekuphulweni kwe-photosynthesis kanye nokushiswa kwezilimo.
Izimpawu Zokulimala Kwamazambane
Akulula kangako ukuthola inkathazo esizeni, ngoba ihlala ngaphansi komhlaba wezitshalo. Abalimi bavame ukukhala i-alamu lapho bebona ukuqothuka nokufiphala kwezihlahla zamazambane, iziqongo ezonakele zeziqongo noma izimbali ezincane. Kepha lezi zimpawu zivele lapho izimpande nezilimo zamasiko zithelela igciwane, futhi isitshalo ngeke sisindiswe.
Iqiniso lokuthi ukufika kwalo lonakaliswe isibungu esingabonakali kungatholwa yizimpawu ezilandelayo:
- uphuzi obukhali ngaphandle kwesizathu esishiwoyo
- deformation (ukuvuvukala) kweziqu (isiqu sesode),
- ukubuna kwamaqabunga aphansi amahlumela ezihlahleni,
- efihlekile amancane nezimbali.
Kwezinye izimo, ngomonakalo omkhulu, kukhona ukuntuleka kokuqhakaza, kanye neziqongo zeziqongo. Ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezithinjiweko ezithintiwe, ama-thickenings (inyongo) noma amabhola amaningi ama-cysts (i-nematode yegolide) ayabonakala.
Okubhaliwe! Uma kusolwa ukuthi izikelemu zokutshala zilinyazwa izibungu ze-nematode, kufanele kumenywe ongoti bezokuphatha.
Amakhemikhali
Ngisho nabaxhasi bokulima i-organic bayavuma ukuthi kusebenza kakhulu ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali ukulwa nezibungu ze-nematode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, hhayi ama-insecticides endabuko, kepha adalwe ngokukhethekile "chemistry" - imali eqenjini le-nematicides.
- isenzo sokuxhumana - Karbofos, Lindane, Phosphamide,
- i-fumigants - yenza on the parasite, ingena emzimbeni wayo ngendlela yamagesi, i-Chloropicrin, i-Nemagon, ne-Carbation.
Ngaphezu kwamakhemikhali, kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo omzimba omncane, okubandakanya iMetarizin neBasamil.
Amakhambi esintu
Ekulwisaneni nenkathazo, ama-herbal infusions kanye nama-decoctions awaphumeleli.
Okuxwaya ezinye izinambuzane futhi ezilungele ukuvimbela nokwelashwa ezigabeni zokuqala akulungile esimweni esinama-nematode.
Umphumela ongasho lutho lapho ubhubhisa izibungu zezinhlobonhlobo zesiqu unikeza ukugcoba komhlaba ngamanzi abilayo. Kepha inqubo enjalo kulula ukuyenza ezingadini ezincane, kuyilapho amakhemikhali kuzodingeka asetshenziswe emasimini amakhulu amazambane.
Izakhamizi zasehlobo zizijwayezale ukutshala eduze kwemibhede yamazambane ama-marigolds, iphunga lazo lisabisa izibungu.
Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical
Izindlela zezolimo ziyizindlela zokuvimbela ezingavimbela i-nematode yamazambane ukuthi ingaveli esizeni. Phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- ilele kwizimbobo lapho utshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezikhukhamba ze-anyanisi isusa izibungu,
- ushintsho lwaminyaka yonke lwendawo yokutshala amazambane,
- ukulima okuphoqelekile kwenhlabathi (ukuhlwanyelwa umquba oluhlaza, ukuphumula indawo),
- ukuhambisana nawo wonke amasu esiko lobuchwepheshe bezolimo.
Izindlela zokuvimbela
I-Nematode yisinambuzane esishubile futhi esiphikelelayo, ngakho-ke, kulula ukukuvimbela ukuthi ungabonakali engadini kunokuchitha isikhathi nemali silwa kanzima njalo.
- ukutshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo,
- ukubulala amagciwane amazambane ngaphambi kokutshala,
- ukuthobela imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Imvamisa, izakhamizi zasehlobo zitshalile isivuno endaweni eyodwa amashumi eminyaka, yingakho amagciwane, amagciwane, izinambuzane ziqongelela enhlabathini, kanti nengozi yokubanjwa yigciwane ikhuphuka kayishumi.
- Ukusebenza kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala ngamanzi ashisayo,
- ukhula ngesikhathi, ukhula, ukuthambisa izilimo,
- ukususwa kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo emigqonyeni (kokubili ngesikhathi sokukhula nangemva kokuvuna amazambane).
Abafuyi bahluka izinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-hybrid zamazambane amelana nokuhlaselwa kwe-nematode (bheka ithebula).
Ukuvula izinhlobo | Amagama |
Ekuseni | I-Rikea, iLigi, iBellarosa, iRosara, iNqaba, iSandrine, iGloria |
Mid ekuseni | I-Aubriy, iDobrochin, iGala, iSante |
Isizini ephakathi | I-Aurora, Yanka, Hussar, Cascade |
Mid-late | IBanafa, iRuta, iGrouse |
Kamuva | IVectar, Zhuravinka, Ragneda, Volara |
Ezinhlotsheni ezinjengalezi, lapho kwethulwa izibungu, kuqina izicubu, futhi inkathazo iboshelwe phezulu kuyi-tuber. Izibungu ze-nematode ziphelelwa amandla okudla, bese ziyafa.
Isiphetho
Ukubonakala kwe-nematode kumazambane kuqhathaniswa nenhlekelele yemvelo, ngoba lesi sinambuzane sidala umonakalo omkhulu kusiko. Ukuvimbela abanekhono kuzokuvumela ukuthi ubhekane ne-nematode, kanye nokubambelela kumasu wokulima amazambane nezindlela zokuvikela ngesikhathi.
Ukulimala kweGolide Potato Nematode
Emazingeni okuqala wokutheleleka, kunzima kakhulu ukukhomba inkathazo. Izimpawu ezilandelayo zikhombisa ukuvela kwe-potode nematato:
- Izitshalo zisele emuva ekukhuleni,
- ukufa ngokushesha kwamaqabunga aphansi,
- isisindo esiluhlaza siphela ngaphambi kwesikhathi bese siqala ukuphenduka,
- izindebe zigwegwe
- ukuqhakaza kancane noma ukungabikho kwayo ngokuphelele,
- ukufa kwezihlahla, amashubhu asayizi omncane,
- izimpande ziba nsundu.
Uma izindawo ezikhiwe ngokungahleliwe ezinezitshalo ezingathuthukisiwe zivele enkundleni yamazambane, lokhu kungaba wuphawu lwedosi ye-nematode. Njengomthetho, izimpawu zibonakala ngokucacile ezinsukwini ezingama-40-50 ngemuva kokutshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ingozi ebantwini yamazambane wegolide amazambane awekho ekuthelelekeni komuntu uqobo ngokudla izithombo zezimpande, kodwa ekwehleni kwesivuno, okungafinyelela ama-80% kanye nokungafanele ngokuphelele kwendawo yokutshala izilimo eziseduze kweminyaka eyi-10.
Kusakazeka kanjani amazambane wegolide amazambane nokuthi angalawulwa kanjani
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-nematode ingeyokuhlukaniswa izinto, indawo ehlala kuyo iyanda njalo. Ama-cysts avela emhlabathini ongcolile ayathwalwa:
- ngomoya
- ezicathulweni, okokusebenza,
- namanzi emvula
- ngezinto zokutshala.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu zezikelemu zokuhlanza, umbuzo wokuthi ungabhekana kanjani namazambane amazambane asezingene enhlabathini uyafaneleka. Maye, ngisho nesidakamizwa esinamandla kangaka i-Tiazon asinakuyiqeda ngokuphelele le nkinga, ngoba ama-cysts awatholakali kalula emiphumeleni yobuthi. Yonke imisebenzi ihlose ukuqukatha nokunciphisa ukukhula kwenani labantu:
- Ngemuva kokuvunwa, inhlabathi ifafazwa nge-lime ungqimba ngisho nangokwesendlalelo; ngesikhathi sokumba kuxutshwa nenhlabathi.
- Ngesikhathi sokutshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa, kuthathwa idlanzana elixubene ne-1 isipuni sokudonsa izinyoni kanye nezimbambo ezi-3 zomquba owomile zongezwa kulowo nalowo mthombo.
- Ukubhubhisa izibungu ngemuva kokutshala, ungahlakulela inhlabathi ngesisombululo sezimbiza zezinyoni. Kulokhu, umquba wezinkukhu owuketshezi ufakwa emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 20. Kwesikwele esingu-1. m udla kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-10 wamalitha wesisombululo esiphelile.
- Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ukukhuthaza ukudedelwa kwama-larvae kuma-cysts, kuthathwa i-tincture yamazambane ahlangene. Ikhilogremu eyodwa yezinqubo idinga ukuchobozwa, ungasebenzisa i-grinder yenyama, uthele amalitha ayi-10 amanzi bese ugcizelela usuku. I-Urea ifakwa enhlabathini, bese kuba nesisombululo esigcwalisiwe (ibhakede elilodwa ku-10 sq. M).
- Ngesikhathi sokufakwa, umanyolo wamaminerali wethulwa ezindleleni kude nge-5-6 cm ukusuka neziqu.
Njengesinyathelo sokuvimbela, kunconyelwa ukubheka ukujikeleza kwezilimo kanye nokuhlakulela izigaxa noma okusanhlamvu ngemuva kwamazambane. Okusunguliwe kumele kukhishwe amagciwane kuhlanzwe. Izinhlobo zamazambane ezingamelana ne-nematode zingatshalwa:
- I-Aspia, i-Pomegranate,
- I-Pushkin, Lukyanovsky,
- U-Zhukovsky wakuqala, uPicasso, uFrigate,
- I-Prolisok, iLatona, iCrystal,
- I-Belorussian, Karatop, Ngaphambi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-stem nematode kumazambane
Isikhathi eside, inkathazo ibiyiphutha nge-stalk onion nematode futhi eminyakeni engama-60 edlule kuphela umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlobene wachazwa. I-parasite iyamangaza, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba.
Lolu hlobo lwe-nematode luthinta nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngenkathi yokukhula nangesikhathi ligcinwa ezitolo zemifino. Ngaphezu kwamazambane, ingathela kwezinye izitshalo: amabhungane, ukhukhamba, utamatisi, izindle, amathanga. I-potode stem nematode ibonakala ngobukhulu be-microscopic ka-0.7-1.4 mm, umzimba omfishane omude futhi ocwebezelwe ubisi kancane. Izibungu ziyahlukahluka kubazali bazo ngobukhulu obuncane kanye nohlelo lokuzala olungathuthukisiwe.
Ngokuvamile ukutheleleka kwenzeka eqandeni lesibeletho ngesikhathi sokukhula. I-Nematode ingena ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi kwesihlahla zingene ezingxenyeni ezakhiwe ezakhiwe. Ukuthi kungenzeka isibungu sihlasele emhlabathini ongcolile, lapho izibungu eziqhamuka kumasiko edlule, asikhawulwanga. Amaqanda ama-stem nematode amelana nokushisa okuphansi futhi angafi lapho iqhwa ngumhlabathi.
Izibungu zihlangabezana nama-4 molting futhi zibe ngabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Owesifazane owandayo ubekela amaqanda angama-250 ngaphakathi kwe-tuber. Embusweni wokushisa omuhle we-20 20 ° C, ukuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esisodwa kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-25. Uhla lokushisa lowesifazane okwazi ngalo ukuzala inzalo lubanzi kakhulu: ukusuka ku- + 3 ° C kuya ku-37 ° C. Umswakama ophezulu, imvula nesimo sezulu esimanzi sithinta kahle ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa kabusha kwezimpawu zamazambane amazambane.
Ngesikhathi sokuqalwa kwesihlahla, ungaphawula izitshalo ezinama "curly" ngokweqile, ukuqina kwesiqu. Izimpawu zokutheleleka ngamagciwane zivame ukutholakala ngemuva kokuvunwa:
- ngaphansi kwesikhumba ungabona amabala amhlophe aqabulekile - izindawo zokuqongelela izinambuzane,
- emva kwalokho, isikhumba siguqa, soma, sihlukane kalula nesipele sesitshalo esiyimpande,
- amabala amnyama ane-luster yensimbi avela kuma-tubers, akhula kancane ngosayizi,
- ngokutheleleka okuthe xaxa, okuxoshwa ngaphandle kanye nokuqhekeka, nokuqukethwe yilungu lesibeletho kuyisisindo esishayayo.
Ungakuvikela kanjani ukutheleleka nge-stode nematode
Umonakalo omkhulu ubangelwa isibungu sokuhlanza kumazambane. Ezitolo zemifino, ukulahleka kwesivuno kufinyelela ngezilinganiso ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokulwa ne-amazode yamazambane kufanele zithathwe lapho kutholwa ngisho nezilimo eziyimpande eziningi ezithelelekile noma izibungu ezingama-25-30 ngekhilogremu eyodwa yenhlabathi.
Ungabhekana kanjani nenkathazo:
- Gcina kuphela nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo zokugcina.
- Gcina umswakama ofanele esitolo.
- Musa ukusebenzisa izinto ezingcolile lapho utshala.
- Ukususa ukhula njalo, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamaminerali ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukushiswa kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo, ukumba okujulile kwenhlabathi ngemuva kokuvunwa.
- Amanye amasiko, njengasemhlabeni i-nematode ihlala isebenza iminyaka eminingana.
Okubhaliwe! Izinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi azithinteki kakhulu ekuthatheni ama-stem nematode kunokuvuthwa kwangaphambi kokuvuthwa.
Gall nematode
Izinhlobo ze-nematode zithinta izitshalo zombili emhlabathini ovulekile nasesivaliwe. Ihlakulela izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilimo, kubandakanya amazambane. Kwenziwe indawo kusistimu yezimpande nakuma-tubers. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ngqo ezimpandeni. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamatapula amazambane, aholela ekuzaleni - aze afike kuma-2000 amaqanda, ngenxa yalokho ama-neoplasms - galls - ifomu kumasayithi athelelekile.
Ukulimala kuvimba ukuhamba kwamanzi nezakhi ezakhiweni, okuholela ekutheni kukhule, ukukhula futhi, ngakho-ke, kuthinte umkhiqizo.
- Ukujikeleza kwezilimo nokujikeleza kwezitshalo kungamelana nezilokazane.
- Ukwelashwa kwenhlabathi ngensimbi noma ngamalungiselelo avela eqenjini le-Avermectin, okuyinkimbinkimbi ephindwe kabili yezakhi zezinto eziphilayo nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali.
- Ukubulala amagciwane isitokhwe sokutshala, imishini.
Ukuntuleka komswakama kuvusa ukuthuthukiswa kwesibalo sabantu kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwama-nematode enyongo, ngakho-ke, eminyakeni eyomile, ukusatshalaliswa kwabo okukhulu kakhulu kuyaqoshwa.
Izimpawu ze-Potato Nematode
Imvamisa, i-nematode itholakala ezindaweni kuphela lapho ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi kufinyelela inani elibucayi. Enye yezimpawu eziqondile zokubukeka ukubakhona 'kwezindawo eziyimpandla' ensimini yamazambane: lapho phakathi kwamaqabunga aluhlaza, izihlahla eziningana ziphuzi futhi zomile ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Uma uthatha isihlahla esinezifo ezinempande, khona-ke ngaphansi kwaso, kungenzeka kakhulu, kuzotholakala nezilimo eziyizigaxa eziningi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwengilazi ekhulayo ezimpandeni kungabonakala “izinhlayiya zesihlabathi” ezincane - ama-cysts. Kodwa noma ngabe kungekho cysts obonakalayo, isihlahla esishwabene okungenasisekelo kufanele sithathwe ngokucophelela kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa nesigaxa senhlabathi (mayelana ne-1 kg) elabhoratri. Lapho, ochwepheshe bazonquma ukuba khona kanye nokuqoqwa kwamazambane amazambane.
Izindlela zokuvimbela nokulawulwa kwamazambane amazambane
I-potode nematode iyisitha esikhohlisayo, futhi ingahlulwa kuphela kusetshenziswa uhla lonke lwezindlela. Azikho izindlela ezisebenzayo neziphephile zokubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwe-potode nematode kubantu. Noma kunjalo, ungapheli amandla. EYurophu, lokhu kudla okuvelile ngaphambili kakhulu kunaseRussia, kunezindawo cishe ezizodwa lapho, kodwa ukuvuna amazambane lapho (ikakhulukazi amaDashi) kuphezulu impela.
Uma kwenzeka ukuthi isiza sakho sikule ndawo yokuhlukaniswa, khona-ke, ulandela eminye imithetho, ungakhula amazambane amahle.Ukuphela kwento okufanele uyikhumbule: amazambane avela ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe angadliwa noma kusetshenzwe kuwo kumabhizinisi endawo, kodwa angathengiswa kwezinye izindawo.
Ukuze ekugcineni ukwazi ukubhekana ne-amazode amazambane, kuzothatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yokusebenza kanzima, kepha inani labantu bakhona lingancishiswa kakhulu kungakapheli iminyaka emibili.
Uma inani lama-nematode lingeqi ama-cysts ama-3-5 nge-100 cm³ yenhlabathi, khona-ke inkathazo ayinawo umphumela kumazambane. Ukukhiqiza kuncishiswa kakhulu lapho kutholakala ama-cysts ayi-10-16 noma ngaphezulu enhlabathini engu-100 cm³.
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezilula nezingabizi zokubhekana namazambane amazambane:
Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo. Amazambane angeke atshalwe unyaka nonyaka endaweni efanayo. Uma ungasebenzisi ezinye izindlela, kodwa vele utshale amazambane endaweni eyodwa hhayi kanye eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemine, isayithi lizotheleleka kakhulu ngembatata yamazambane ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-45 kamuva.
Uma uzungu lincane kakhulu, futhi alikho ithuba lokushintshwa kwezitshalo, ungatshala izinhlobo zamazambane ezingahambelani ne-nematode: iSante, Krinitsa, Red Scarlet, Atlant, Rosaru, Vesnyanka, Uladar, Breeze, Veras, Lileya, Janka, Lapis lazuli, Scarb, Zhuravinka, Rodrigo. Uhlelo lwezimpande lwalezi zinhlobo alugcini ngokumelana nezibunguzane kuphela, kepha lubulala lufinyelele kuma-80% wezibungu zamathumbu.
Kepha izinambuzane ziyajwayela ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, kunconyelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezibekezelela i-nematode zitshalwe kuphela iminyaka emithathu ilandelana, futhi unyaka wesine - ukusebenzisa imbewu yezinhlobo ezejwayelekile. Kukhona enye inketho: ukukhulisa izinhlobo zemvelo ezivimbela i-nemato kuphela, kepha uzishintshe njalo emva kweminyaka emine.
Ekwindla, zonke izembozo nokhula ezivela endaweni enegciwane kufanele zishiswe. Izinyathelo zokuqapha kumele zibhekwe: wonke amathuluzi asebenza ngemuva kokuvuna kumele abulawe amagciwane nge-4% formalin solution.
Umanyolo wezambane lamazambane - ubuthi. Ngakho-ke, ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, i-urea ingafakwa enhlabathini.
Uma indawo ethintwe yi-nematode incane, kunconywa ukuthi kugaywe umgodi o-1 m ukujula, kuqoqwe iziqongo ezinegciwane kanye nokhula kuyo, bese uyigcwalisa nge-urea ngesilinganiso esingu-5-6 kg nge-1 m³ ye-greenery. Fafaza yonke into ephezulu nomhlaba kusuka endaweni ongayitholi.
Ngaphambi kokuhluma, khetha ngokucophelela ama-tubers anempilo kuphela, uwageze bese uwafaka isibulala magciwane endaweni yokuxazulula i-potanganum permanganate (0.5 amagremu ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi).
Lapho utshala, sebenzisa ama-bird droppings (ijuba, inkukhu, izigwaca) njengomanyolo. Uma udoti womile, cishe isipuni esisodwa kufanele sengezwe emthonjeni ngamunye. Imfucumfucu entsha ifakwa engxenyeni engu-1: 10 yamazambane namazambane asele atshaliwe.
Kwi-nematode, ukuphuma kwezimpande ze-rye, ama-marigold, ama-marigold, ama-legumes (ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, uphizi), lwesinaphi, i-clover kuyingozi. Kuze kufike ku-90% wezibungu ezingaqothulwa uma i-rye itshalwe maphakathi noSepthemba. Ngaphambi kwesithwathwa, insimu kufanele ibiwe, futhi utshani obolile buzosebenza njengomanyolo omuhle kakhulu entwasahlobo. Izimila, ezimpandeni lapho kwakhiwa khona amaqhubu ane-nitrogen, kuvame ukutshalwa phakathi kwezintambo zamazambane.
Izitha zemvelo ze-nematode zingamakhonya. Ngokukhulisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi, ngesikhathi esifanayo uzokwakha izimo zokusakazwa kwezinyosi zomhlaba.
Uma ukuhlushwa kwe-nematode kuphezulu kakhulu, ungasebenzisa amakhemikhali anamandla anobuthi, ngokwesibonelo, i-thionazine. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimali kufanele zikhokhwe ngokuqinile ngokwemiyalo kungakapheli amasonto ayi-6 ngaphambi kokutshala.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwembiza yamazambane
Ama-potode nematode cysts, njengomthetho, awangeqi kumamilimitha ayi-0,5-0.8, anesimo esiyindilinga. Ku-cyst kukhona cishe izibungu ezingama-2-3 namaqanda, kwezinye izimo inani lamaqanda lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-600.
Isigaba sokuqala se-larval senzeka kulwelwesi leqanda. Umzimba wezibungu uhlukaniswe izigaba. Umbala umhlophe. Izisetshenziswa zomlomo zibukeka njengomkhonto obukhali, ngosizo lwazo ubuso buhlaba izithako zezitshalo bese budakwa ngamajusi alo.
Ezimpandeni zezitshalo, izibungu ziba zingagudluki, zidla ukudla okuvela esitokisini. Kunezigaba ezi-4 zokukhula kwesibungu ezimpandeni. Esigabeni sokugcina, kuvela abesilisa nabesifazane.
I-Golden Potato Nematode (i-Globodera rostochiensis).
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamazambane wamazambane kufana nokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane eziningi. Lezi izinambuzane molt lapho i-cuticle ivuselelwa. Uma isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi sizinzile, khona-ke izinambuzane zikhula cishe ngezinsuku ezingama-43. Uma izimo zivuma, khona-ke isizukulwane sesibili singakhula. Ekuthuthukisweni, izibungu zidinga izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-15 degrees, uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, khona-ke umsebenzi wezinambuzane wehla kakhulu.
I-nematode yabantu abadala
Ama-nematato amazambane amadala akhula kancane kunezibungu. Isimo somzimba emadodeni senziwa ngefilatera, sinwebekile, futhi sisezintokazi - siyindilinga xaxa.
Inani labantu bobulili obuhlukile ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Inani lamaqanda abekwe ngokuya ngenani lezakhamzimba ezidliwayo ngowesifazane. Izinsikazi ezisencane kuqala zinombala omhlophe, oguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ube ophuzi bese ube nsundu.
Abesilisa bahlala izinsuku ezingaba yikhulu. Uma izimo zingathandeki, kuzalwa amadoda amaningi.
Ngokokuqala ngqa eYurophu, kutholakala amazambane amazambane ngo-1913, eJalimane, kanye namazambane angenisiwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane amazambane
Abesilisa baphuma baye enhlabathini, bayofuna abalingani futhi bavundise. Izinsikazi zihlala ezimpandeni zezitshalo, amaqanda akha ngaphakathi kwazo.
Ezimweni ezihlukile, ukuzalwa kwe-parthenogenetic kungenzeka. Lokhu kukhiqizwa kubuye kubonakale kumazambane wamazambane aphaphathekile, amazambane wegolide wamazambane kanye nezindebe zamazambane asebusweni.