I-Euglena eluhlaza - lat. I-Euglenophyta, ingeyokuphakama kwama-eukaryotes nomndeni - u-Euglenaceae. Ama-Euglens aluhlaza ayizi-protozoa e-unicellular; i-euglena itholakala ikakhulu emanzini amasha, emigodini nasezixhaphozini. Umzimba we-euglena eluhlaza unesimo esihlukile. Futhi, lapho utadisha ukwakheka kwe-euglena, kusobala ukuthi liqukethe iseli elilodwa le-microscopic.

Cishe ngamunye kini uqaphele ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi amanzi echibini noma esihlahleni uthola kanjani umbala oluhlaza, noma, njengoba besho, "blooms". Uma uthola amanzi anjalo futhi uhlola ithonsi ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, uzobona emanzini, nezinye izilwane nezitshalo ezilula ezintantayo okusheshayo ezihlala ezintabeni. Lawa aluhlaza okotshani. Ngokudalwa okukhulu kwe-euglena, amanzi ajika abe luhlaza.

Ukuhamba kwe-Euglena Green

Ukuhamba kwe-euglena eluhlaza kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa umkhondo omude futhi mncane we-protoplasmic - i-flagellum etholakala ekugcineni komzimba we-euglena. Ngiyabonga kuye, i-euglena luhamba luhlaza. I-flagellum yenza ukunyakaza okungahambi kahle, njengokungathi iklwebheka emanzini. Isenzo sawo singafaniswa nesenzo somhambisi wesikebhe sezimoto noma i-steamboat. Le ukunyakaza iphelele kakhulu kunokuhamba ngosizo lwama-pseudopods. I-Estroglen ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu kunesicucu ciliates.

Ukudla okuluhlaza kwe-Euglena

Ukuhlola i-euglena eluhlaza okotshani ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, umuntu angabona esivikelweni somzimba wakhe isibalo esikhulu semizimba emincane emise okwama-oval. Lawa ngama-chromatopresre lapho i-chlorophyll itholakala khona. Le euglena ifana nezitshalo eziluhlaza okotshani. Njengabo, ngosizo lwe-chlorophyll, ikwazi ukudonsa ikhabhoni kusuka kwikhabhoni dayokisayidi, bese yakha emzimbeni wayo izinto eziqukethe izinto eziphilayo. Kepha kanye nokudla okunjalo okusekwe ezitshalweni kwe-euglena, okuluhlaza kungakudla nezinto eziphilayo ezilungisiwe, ezihlala zisesimweni esincibilikisiwe emzimbeni owakhiwe kakhulu noma ongcolile wamanzi. Ugaya lezi zinto ngosizo lwezinto zokugaya ukudla, njengoba kwenza i-amoeba ejwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, i-euglena eluhlaza ingondla isitshalo kanye nesilwane.

Uhlobo lokudla kwalo kuncike ebukhoneni noma ukungabikho kokukhanya ezindlini ezihlala kuzo lesi silwane. Ntambama, phambi kokukhanya, i-euglena eluhlaza idla njengesitshalo. Uma kungekho kukhanya, indlela ondle ngayo izinguquko: njengezilwane, i-euglena idla izinto ezenziwe ngomumo ezenziwe ngomzimba. Ngalesi sikhathi sokudla, i-chlorophyll ekhona kuma-chromatophores iyanyamalala, bese i-euglena ilahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza. Uma ubeka i-euglena ebumnyameni, iyachaza futhi iqala ukudla njengesilwane.

Izindlela ezimbili zokudla i-euglena eluhlaza yinto enhle kakhulu. Ibonisa umsuka ojwayelekile wezitshalo nezilwane. Ukuqhathanisa izilwane eziphakeme ezinemilando eminingi nezitshalo eziphakeme, singakwazi ukwahlukanisa kalula. Ngeke siwuthole umehluko osobala onjalo uma siqhathanisa izilwane ezingezansi ezinama-unicellular (ngokwesibonelo, i-euglena eluhlaza) nezitshalo ezingama-unicellular.

Izimpawu ze-Euglena Green

Umzimba we-unicellular unesimo se-fusiform. Unogobolondo onzima. Ubude bomzimba busondele kumamilimitha ayi-0.5. Phambi komzimba ka-Euglena uyisimungulu. Nasi iso elibomvu. Kuyinto yezithombe, ivumela izindawo ezine-celed eyodwa “fodder” phakathi nosuku. Ngenxa yobuningi bamehlo eqoqweni le-Euglen, ingaphezulu lamanzi libukeka libomvu, nsundu.

I-flagellum nayo ifakwe emaphethelweni angaphambili omzimba weseli. Ezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa, kungenzeka kungenjalo, ngoba iseli lihlukanisa phakathi. IFlagellum ihlala kwenye yezingxenye. Isitho sesibili sezimoto sikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuphela kwasemuva komzimba wesitshalo se-Euglena Green kukhonjisiwe. Lokhu kusiza ulwelwe ukungena emanzini, kuthuthukise ukugeleza, kanye nesivinini esikhulu.

Amaqhawe endatshana ahambisana nemetabolism. Lokhu yikhono lokushintsha ukwakheka komzimba. Yize kuvame ukwakheka njenge-spindle, kungahle kube:

• njengesiphambano
• kuhlanganisiwe
• eyindilinga
• inhlama.

Noma ngabe u-Euglena wayenjani, i-flagellum yakhe ayibonakali uma iseli likhona. Inqubo ifihliwe emehlweni ngenxa yemvamisa yokunyakaza. Iso lomuntu alikwazi ukubamba. Ububanzi obuncane be-flagellum buyasiza kulokhu. Ungahlolwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.

Kuqinisekiswe yisazi

I-Euglena eluhlaza i-unicellular, ekugcineni komzimba kukhona vacuole contractile kanye ne-red stigma. I-flagellum itholakala ngaphambili, ngosizo lwayo iyahamba. Lokhu kungenxa yokunyakaza kokuqina kwe-flagellum.

I-Euglena iphefumula umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe emanzini. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ngomzimba.

Kuhlongozwa ngokwahlukaniswa okude kwalaba bobabili, i.e. indlela ye-asexual.

I-Euglena ihlala ikakhulu emanzini amile (izingulube, amachibi).

Izici, ukwakheka nendawo yokuhlala

Ummeleli ojwayelekile kakhulu walezi zidalwa emvelweni luhlaza we-euglena. Lesi silwanyana esilula kakhulu se-unicellular sisemfihlakalo kubaphenyi.

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi ososayensi bexabana bodwa ngokuthi lesi sidalwa esingaziwa sikabani. Abanye ososayensi bathambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi lesi isilwane, yize sinesakhiwo esilula futhi sincane kakhulu. Abanye thwala i-euglena eluhlaza ukuhlanganisa, okungukuthi, emhlabeni wezitshalo.

Ihlala emanzini amasha. Izimbotshana ezingcolisiwe, amanzi amile anamaqabunga awohloka kuyindawo yokuhlala ayithandayo yalo mmeleli we-flagella. Ekunyakazeni kwe-euglena isebenzisa i-flagellum eyodwa, ebekwe ngaphambi komzimba wayo obunjwebu. Umzimba wonke umbozwe igobolondo lokuqina lokuqina.

Isisekelo se-flagellum sihlotshiswe ngamehlo abonakala kahle, umbala obomvu okhanyayo obizwa ngokuthi i-stigma. Le peephole ine-photosensitivity ephezulu futhi iyalela i-euglena ukubhukuda ekukhanyiseni okuhle echibini, okunomthelela ekwenzeni kube ngcono photosynthesis.

Futhi ifakwe i-vacuole ye-pulsating, ebhekele uhlelo lokuphefumula nolokweqile lwalesi sidalwa. Kulokhu kuyafana i-amoeba ne-euglena luhlaza. Ngenxa yalesi sitho, umzimba ukhipha amanzi ngokweqile.

Ukuphela kwayo okuphambene kufakelwe umnyombo omkhulu, ophethe ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile kwazo zonke izinqubo zokuphila zalesi sidalwa esiphilayo. I-euglena cytoplasm iqukethe cishe ama-chloroplasts angama-20.

Zisebenza njengomthombo we-chlorophyll, enikeza i-euglena umbala oluhlaza. Lokhu kuphendula umbuzo - kungani i-euglena iluhlaza ibizwa kanjalo. Ngombala wayo, luhlaza okugcwele ngempela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chlorophyll isiza inqubo ebalulekile emzimbeni we-euglena - photosynthesis. Kokukhanya okuhle, lesi sidalwa sidla njengesitshalo esivamile, okungukuthi, i-autotrophic.

Ngokuqala kobumnyama, inqubo yokugaya iyashintsha ngandlela thile futhi I-euglena green eats, njengesilwane, sidinga ukudla okuku-organic, okuguqula kube yinto e-heterotrophic.

Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abakaze banqume ukuthi ngubani okufanele asho lesi sidalwa esiyingqayizivele - kwizitshalo noma ezilwaneni. I-cytoplasm yayo iqongelela okusanhlamvu okuncane kwezakhamzimba ezigcinayo, ukwakheka kwayo okusondele ekwakhekeni kwesitashi.

Basebenzisa i-euglena ngesikhathi sokuzila. Uma i-euglena isebumnyameni isikhathi eside, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-chloroplasts ayo akwenzeki. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-unicellular uqobo kuyaqhubeka. Le nqubo iphela ngokubonakala kwe-euglena, engenayo ama-chloroplasts.

Umzimba we-euglena luhlaza unesimo esidlulileko, esiqoqiwe eduze nesiqingatha sangemuva. Amapharamitha ayo ama-microscopic ngokuphelele - ubude bama-microns angaba ngu-60, nobubanzi obungadluli ku-18 microns.

Ukuhamba komzimba kungenye yezimpawu ze-euglena green. Iyancishiswa futhi inwetshwe uma kunesidingo. Lokhu kungenxa yemicu yamaprotheni etholakala ngaphakathi ukwakheka kwe-euglena eluhlaza. Lokhu kumsiza ukuba ahambe ngaphandle kosizo lwe-flagellum.

Izicucu izicathulo kanye nohlaza okuyi-euglena - lezi izidalwa ezimbili abantu abaningi abanokufana kakhulu. Eqinisweni, bahluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu kubonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko ngendlela abondliwa ngayo.

Uma i-euglena eluhlaza ingadla njengesilwane nesitshalo, ama-ciliates akhetha ukudla okune-organic. Lokhu elula kutholakala kuphi. Noma iyiphi echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile angagcwala abahlali abangajwayelekile kakhulu, kufaka phakathi i-euglena eluhlaza.

Isimilo nendlela yokuphila

Uma ubona ngokusebenzisa i-microscope impilo ka-Euglena Green, singaphetha ngokuthi lesi yisidalwa esinamafutha nesibindi. Ngomdlandla nomdlandla omkhulu wesabisa isicucu se-ciliates futhi, ngokusobala, kumlethela injabulo engavamile.

Kuhlelwe isikhathi eside ebumnyameni, kwaba nokushabalala okuphelele kwe-chlorophyll, okwenza kungabi nemibala ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuthinta ukuqeda kwe-photosynthesis. Ngemuva kwalokho, le flagellum kufanele ishintshe kuphela ekunakekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuhamba ngosizo lwe-euglene flagellum kungamboza amabanga amade. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-flagellum igoqeka emanzini okugeleza, ifana ne-propeller yezikebhe zezimoto noma i-steamboats.

Uma siqhathanisa ijubane lokuhamba kwe-euglena eluhlaza kanye nama-ciliates, eyokuqala ihamba ngokushesha okukhulu. Lezi ukunyakaza zihlala ziqondiswa kwizikhala ezikhanyiswe kahle.

Ijubane le-euglena lingakhuphuka kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-vacuole, esiza lesi sidalwa ukuthi sikhiphe konke okuphezulu, okunciphisa ukubhukuda kwayo. Ukuphefumula kwalokhu okulula kungenxa yokufakwa kwe-oxygen ngumzimba wayo wonke.

I-Eugene ingasinda kunoma iyiphi imvelo, noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo singaba nomona ngekhono layo. Isibonelo, echibini elineqhwa isikhathi esithile, uluhlaza we-euglena umane ungahambi futhi ungadli, ushintsha ukwakheka kwalo ngandlela thile.

Umsila walula, obizwa nge-flagellum, uyanyamalala bese kuthi i-euglena ibe yindilinga. Imbozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile lokuvikela ngakho-ke ingalinda noma yisiphi isimo sezulu esibi. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-cyst. Ungahlala kuyi-cyst kuze kube yilapho izimo zezemvelo zimuhle.

Ukuzala

I-euglena eluhlaza isakaza i-asex kuphela, lapho kuhlukaniswa khona iseli lomama ngokwahlukaniswa kwengxenye ende ibe ngamadodakazi amabili. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ngaphambi kokuhamba, ukwahlukaniswa okunamandla kwe-nucleus kwenzeka.

Ngemuva kwalokhu, iseli liqala ukwahlukana ngaphambili. Kulokhu, ukwakheka kwe-flagellum entsha kanye ne-pharynx entsha, kuguquka kancane kancane. Inqubo iphetha ngokuhlukaniswa emuva.

Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kwamaseli wamadodakazi amabili, angamakhophi aqondile eseli lomama, ayatholakala. Isigaba esilandelayo sihlotshaniswa nokukhula kwabo kancane kancane. Ngokuzayo, inqubo efanayo yokuhlukanisa iyaphindwa.

Izici zesakhiwo

I-Euglena eluhlaza iyisidalwa esilula kunazo zonke esine-unicellular organic enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulula. Unomzimba ophakeme nomhlane obukhali. Ubude be-euglena bungafinyelela kuma-micrometer angama-60, nobubanzi bama-microseter ayi-18. Iseli inayo:

• umnyombo
• igobolondo
• cytoplasm
• i-photosensitive peephole
• vacuole contractile,
• i-flagellum
• Photoreceptor
• chloroplasts
• amanye ama-organelles.

Isakhiwo siluhlaza nge-euglena. I-Euglena yinto ephilayo eluhlaza okotshani enesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi

Igobolondo (ipellicle) livikela isitokisi emathonyeni angaphandle. I-cytoplasm iminyene, kepha ipulasitiki, evumela umzimba ukuthi ushintshe ukwakheka kancane, ukwanda nesivumelwano uma kunesidingo.

Ngenxa yeso elibonisa ukukhanya, elinombala obomvu, i-euglena iphendula ushintsho oluncane lokukhanya. Lokhu kumvumela ukuba ahambe kancane esikhaleni - uhamba endaweni ekhanya.

Ngokunyakaza, umzimba usebenzisa i-flagellum (protoplasmic outgrowth) engaphambi kweseli. I-Flagellum yenza ukunyakaza okuhamba ngamandla, futhi ijubane le-euglena lidlula ijubane lamanye ama-protozoa amaningi, elinikeza ithuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-euglena ingahamba ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komkhosi wokuvakasha, umane unenkontileka.

Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:

Uphefumula i-euglena, udonsa umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wonke ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi lwamaseli, Umkhiqizo wekhabhoni wedijithali uphuma kubo. Isibonakaliso esivamile esinezitshalo ubukhona be-chlorophyll, enquma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi i-photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ye-chlorophyll, umzimba unombala oluhlaza okhanyayo.

Indawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila

Imvamisa, indawo yokuhlala eluhlaza euglena iba yimizimba yamanzi angcolile - amachibi, imisele, njll. Kepha lezi zindawo zingazinza emanzini ahlanzekile, kepha indawo enjalo ayikhululeki. Uma amanzi eqala "ukuqhakaza", okutsho ukuthi, liphenduka liluhlaza,-ke lokhu kuyinkomba yokuvela kwalawa manzi angenamanzi emzimbeni.

Ngokuqondene nokudla, i-euglena ibhekisela kuma-mixotrophs, okungukuthi, angasebenzisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ukukhiqiza amandla. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, okulula kakhulu kuziphatha njengesitshalo, okungukuthi, kudla ngendlela ye-autotrophic - ithola amandla avela ekukhanyeni ngosizo lwe-chlorophyll. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-euglena ayisebenzi, ihamba kuphela kumthombo wokukhanya.

Uma i-unicellular ihlala ebumnyameni isikhathi eside, ishintshela esimweni sokudla se-heterotrophic - imunca udaba lwe-organic emanzini. Kulokhu, ukuze ukucinga izinto zokulandela umkhondo, i-euglena kufanele ihambise okuningi. Izinguquko zangaphandle zenzeka neseli - ilahlekelwa umbala wayo oluhlaza bese icishe ibe sobala.

Yize i-photosynthesis iyindlela enkulu yokuthola amandla kwe-Euglene iningi, kunezimo ezikhetha ukudla ukudla okuvela emvelo ngokuzalwa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-unicellular inomlomo oyingqayizivele wokudla okunjalo. Yize ukudla kudliwa yi-microorganism, hhayi lo mlomo kuphela, kepha ulwelwesi lonke.

U-Euglena oluhlaza udla ama-organics, unomlomo kulokhu

Ngenxa yalesi sici sokudla okunempilo, izazi zebhayoloji azinawo umbono wokubumbana wokuthi ngabe i-euglena iyi-alga noma isilwane. Ososayensi bayachaza ukuthi lokhu kukhiqizwa kwamandla okumbaxambili kuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo nezilwane zinemvelaphi efanayo.

Njengoba ifakwe ebumnyameni emanzini acwengekile, ongenalutho lwento eziphilayo, ingqamuzana liyafa. Lapho ichibi loma noma iqhwa, liphenduka i-cyst. Ngalesi sikhathi, akadli noma aphefumule. I-flagellum iyanyamalala bese kuvela umfudlana omvikelekile. Kuleli fomu, lizohlala lize izimo ziphinde zamukeleke empilweni.

Indlela yokwandiswa kwe-euglena eluhlaza ukwahlukanisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-protozoa ingahlukanisa ngokushesha okukhulu. Kulokhu, ungabheka ukuthi amanzi aba kanjani ngamafu futhi aqhubeke kanjani eluhlaza okotshani.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwenzeka ngendlela esekude. Okokuqala, i-nucleus yeseli lomama ihlukaniswe, bese kuba yikho konke okunye. Igreyidi ende ethinta umzimba igijimisana nomzimba, lapho iseli likamama lihlukaniswe ngamangqamuzana endodakazi amabili.

Uma uthanda ividiyo, yabelana ngayo nabangani bakho:

Isakhiwo esiluhlaza se-Euglena

Ngaphandle, ingqamuzana limbozwe ungqimba omncane we-cytoplasm - ipellicle edlala indima ye-membrane. I-harness eyodwa isuka ekugcineni kwangaphambi komzimba we-euglena, ngenxa yokujikeleza kwayo okuya phambili.Phansi kwe-flagellum kuhlale kukhona ukuqina okuyisipesheli, okulele phezu kwayo ubambe wamehlo.

I-Euglena yathola igama layo ngombala onikezwa ama-chromatophores aluhlaza esitokisini.

Zi-oval ngesimo futhi zivame ukutholakala ekhejini ngesimo senkanyezi. Kuma-chromatophores, i-photosynthesis iyenzeka. Ama-carbohydrate akhiwa ekukhanyeni afakwa esitokisini ngesimo sokusanhlamvu okungenamibala. Kwesinye isikhathi zakheka kakhulu aze avale ama-chromatophores, bese i-euglena iba mhlophe. Ebumnyameni, i-photosynthesis iyama, bese i-euglena iqala ukugaya okusanhlamvu okuhlanganisiwe kwe-carbohydrate iphinde ibuye ibe luhlaza.

Emvelweni, ama-euglens ahlala emanzini angcolile nenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, ngakho-ke zivame ukuhlanganisa zombili iziqongo zokudla - i-photosynthesis, isimilo sesitshalo, kanye nokudla, isimo sezilwane. Ngakho-ke i-euglena, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilwane. Isakhiwo esinjalo “esixubekile” sisadala impikiswano phakathi kososayensi: ama-botanists athi i-euglen luhlobo olukhethekile lwesitshalo, kuyilapho izazi zezilwane zihlukanisa njengengcosana yamaflegellates.

Abanye abameleli be-Euglena detachment (izihlobo ze-Euglena eluhlaza) ngokuvamile abakwazi amandla e-photosynthesis futhi badla njengezilwane, isibonelo, i-astasia (i-Astasia). Izilwane ezinjalo zingakha namadivaysi omlomo ayinkimbinkimbi ngawo amunca izinhlayiya zokudla ezincane kakhulu.

Ukuzalela kwama-euglens aluhlaza kanjani

Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-euglena eluhlaza kwenzeka kuphela ezimeni ezivumeleka kakhulu. Esikhathini esifushane, amanzi amsulwa agcina kungaba uluhlaza obuthuntu ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezilula. Izihlobo eziseduze kwalokhu ezilula zingamaqhwa anamaqhwa futhi anegazi. Lapho lezi zingqamuzana zivela kabusha, izimanga ezimangazayo ziyabonakala.

Ngakho-ke, ngekhulu le-IV u-Aristotle wachaza iqhwa elimangalisayo "elinegazi", lelo, nokho, elivele ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinto ezincanyana. Iqhwa elinemibala lingabonakala ezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho yeRussia, ngokwesibonelo, e-Urals, Kamchatka, noma eziqhingini ezithile ze-Arctic. I-Euglena iyisidalwa esingathobeki futhi ingaphila ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima zeqhwa neqhwa. Lapho lezi zingqimba ezincane zanda, iqhwa lithola umbala we-cytoplasm yazo. Isithwathwa sangempela “siqhakaza” esinamabala abomvu ngisho namnyama.

Elula lisakaza kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa. Iseli likamama lihlukaniswe isikhathi eside. Okokuqala, i-nucleus ibhekana nenqubo yokuhlukaniswa, bese-ke okunye komzimba. Uhlobo lokwenza imisele luhlangana nomzimba we-microorganism, ohlukanisa umzimba womama kancane ube ngamadodakazi amabili.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa, umuntu angabona inqubo yokwenziwa kwe-cyst. Kulokhu, i-amoeba ne-euglena eluhlaza nazo ziyafana. Njengama-amoebas, ambozwe ngegobolondo elikhethekile futhi awela kuhlobo lwe-hibernation. Ngendlela yama-cysts, lezi zinto eziphilayo zithwalwa ndawonye nothuli futhi lapho zibuyela esimweni semanzini ziphaphama bese ziqala ukuphindeka ngamandla futhi.