Ukubukeka nokuziphatha. Okukhulu, okunekhanda elimhlophe elinekhanda eline- "angular" ekhanda. Izinyoni ezindala zinesimo sobuso “esingenangqondo”. Uqhwaku lunamandla, ngokugoba okucacile kokufanelekile. Ihlala emaphethelweni emifula, amachibi nezixhaphozi. Imvamisa itholakala emadolobheni kanye nasezindlini zokulahla inhlabathi. Ubude bomzimba 55-67 cm, amaphiko ama-cmpan 138-150 cm, isisindo 717-1525 g.

Incazelo. Kwinyoni endala, ikhanda nezansi zomzimba zimhlophe ehlobo, ebusika ikhanda nentamo enemisipha emnyama noma emnyama. Ingubo ngimpunga okhanyayo, efana naleyo grey gull. Iphethini emnyama eguquguqukayo ekugcineni kwephiko ifinyelela kuzimpaphe ezi-5-6 ezindizayo. Izimpaphe ezedlulele (okweshumi) zivame ukuba nesiphetho esimhlophe ngokuphelele, umakhelwane (wesishiyagalolunye) - onendawo enhle ngokwanele emhlophe. Ezinyoni eziningi, “izilimi” ezimhlophe kulukhiye lwangaphakathi lwezimpaphe eziyinhloko zangaphandle kwesinye isikhathi zihlanganiswa ne-pre-peak emhlophe ku-penultimate penis (yesishiyagalolunye). Imicu emnyama eshintshashintshayo esimpukweni sempukane yesihlanu imvama ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Uthingo luphuzi. Amajwabuzi aphuzi, apinki noma abomvu. Uqhwaku luphuzi, lunendawo yewolintshi lapho kugoqwa okuvumayo kanye nesihloko esimhlophe. Imilenze ipinki, iphuzi noma mpunga.

Izinyoni ezincane ezigqokeni esidlekayo ezinamapayipi ansundu afanayo, ngaphandle kokuhluka okusobala kombala wekhanda, isifuba nesisu kanye nomzimba wonke (emuva, amaphiko). Izimpaphe zengubo ngombala onsundu, zinemikhawulo ekhanyayo. Izembozo ezinkulu zephiko elingaphezulu zakhiwe ngemizila, zinsundu ngombala onemikhawulo ekhanyayo "egcwele". Izimpaphe ezimnyama ezimnyama zasesibhakabhaka ziyafuduka, zinenqwaba yezindawo ezikhanyayo. Ezimpaphe zokuqala eziyinhloko kukhona insimu ekhanyayo ekhanyayo. Ngaphansi kwephiko kumnyama. Umsila nomsila umhlophe ngezinti eziningi ezinsundu; emsileni kukhona umugqa omnyama onsundu. Uthingo lumnyama. Uqhwaku lumnyama, inesisekelo esikhanyayo esibubomvana. Imilenze ipinki. Kusukela ngoSepthemba, izinyoni ezincane ziya zikhanya kancane kancane (ikakhulukazi inhloko), izimpaphe ezintsha zengubo yokuqala yasebusika ephethe iphethini enjenge-anchor ivele engutsheni. Ebusika bokuqala, kuze kube sentwasahlobo (Ephreli), izindondo zesiliva zigcina imbobo yezingane ezinamaphiko, ngokungafani nokuhleka kanye nokukhishwa kweMedithera. Ezinyoni ezembathweni sokuqala sasehlobo, ikhanda nezansi zimhlophe, izingxenye ezimnyama zamapulangwe ziyaguga. Uqhwaku luqala ukukhanyisa. Kwezinye izinyoni, uthingo luqala ukukhanyisela, kepha kubantu abaningi lokhu kwenzeka kamuva, kusukela ebusika lesibili.

Engubeni yesibili ebusika, izimpaphe ezintsha zinsundu. Ingubo iyi-grey-grey, iphethini elinobumnyama obuningi noma obuncane. Ikhanda nezansi zimhlophe, zinemisipha eminingi e-brown-brown. Izimpaphe ezedlulele (okweshumi) ngezikhathi ezithile zinocezu oluncane. Isisekelo somsila simhlophe. Umsila onomugqa omnyama we-apical. Uqhwaku uvame ukuvele ulula (umbala opinki noma ophuzi), unendawo emnyama yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobukhulu, kwabanye abantu ababala ibala elibomvu ku-mandible. Engubeni yesithathu yasebusika, izinyoni sezivele zibukeka njengabantu abadala, kodwa ngenani elincane lama-brown ansundu asemaphaketheni whip kanye nenkundla emnyama enkulu ekugcineni kwamaphiko (umbala omnyama awuthinti kuphela izimpaphe zangaphandle zamaphiko aphakathi nendawo, kepha futhi ufinyelela nasezindongeni ezingaphezulu ezinkulu neziphakathi nendawo izimpaphe kanye nephiko). Izimpaphe eziphakeme ngokweqile (kweshumi nesishiyagalolunye) zinendawo emhlophe encane. Insimbi endala yesiliva ihlukile kugqoko, i-chalea nokukhonkotha olwandle engubeni ekhanyayo, nakumbhexeshi lapho kukhona umdwebo omnyama ophikweni. Izinhlobo ezifuze kakhulu ukuhleka kanye ne-Mediterranean gull.

Ihluka ngokuhlekiswa ngokulingana (kungabonakali kancane, ngamaphiko nemilenze emfishane, umlomo omfishane futhi onamandla ngokugoba okusobala we-mandible, ikhanda "elingabonakali") nokukhala okude. Iphethini elimnyama lamaphiko kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili lifana kakhulu. Ngokungafani nokuhleka kanye nokugqwala kweMedithera, isiliva kaningi alinaso isigaxa esimnyama okosiba lwesihlanu lwendiza. Ebusika, imichilo eminsundu emnyama nekhanda ekhanda nasentanjeni emincane eminingi yesiliva ihlukanisa phakathi kokuhleka okukhanda elimhlophe. Umbala okhanyayo ophuzi awulona uphawu lokuhleka, lapho amehlo evame ukubonakala mnyama. Umbala wemilenze awusiwona uphawu oluqondile lokuxilonga, kepha ukuhleka, ikakhulukazi ebusika, imilenze ephuzi ekhanyayo abanye bezinwele zesiliva ayisiyo impawu. Amagogo esiliva anezinyawo eziphuzi zivame ukufana kakhulu nemifantu yaseMedithera. Ukuze uwahlukanise, kubalulekile ukunaka ngokulingana (imilenze yesiliva ivele yifushane), iphethini elimnyama (elinwetshiwe ngokwengeziwe kwe-Mediterranean gull, ngaphandle “kwezilimi” ezikhanyayo emikhawulweni yangaphakathi yezimpaphe, futhi indonsana yaseMedithera inomugqa omnyama okosiba lwempukane yesihlanu zihlala zikhudlwana), umbala wqhwaku (okhanyayo eMedithera, obomvu ngokugqamile kunokuba indawo yewolintshi emqhonyeni, ovame ukuya kubuhlalu).

Isici esichazayo sokuphuma kwezinsizwa ezincane zesiliva esidlekeni nasekugqokeni ubusika bokuqala ukuba khona kwensimu ekhanyayo ezimpaphe zokuqala eziyinhloko, okungekho ku-whale ne-chalea futhi okuncane kakhulu okuthuthukile ekuhlekiseni nasezintabeni zaseMedithera. Izindondo zesiliva ezisencane zimnyama kunokuhleka nokukhanya kwamaMedithera; izembozo zamaphiko azishintshi kuze kube sentwasahlobo yokuqala, ngokungafani nokuhleka kwentsha namagquma aseMedithera. Umsila ocishe ume mnyama, umahluko ophansi onentambo emnyama ephuzi ephukile umehluko kumsila ohlukile nomsila omhlophe onomugqa omnyama obabazekayo kuLitterter and Mount gull. Ngaphansi kwephiko kumnyama kunalokho okukhanyayo kwaseMedithera, futhi kumnyama kakhulu kunalokho kwahlekwa. Izimpaphe ezinamaphiko wesithathu zivame ukuhlukaniswa kakhulu kunalezo zokuhleka nokukhishwa kweMedithera. I-young silver gull ihlukile kunsizwa encane yolwandle enobukhulu obuncane, amaplamu amnyama ekhanda layo nangaphansi, umlomo onamandla ongekho mthethweni kanye nephethini yomsila (ekuthini ukukhanya kolwandle, iphethini isifiphele kakhulu), ibe nsundu, kunokuba ibe yithoni emnyama yamamaki kumnyama. Kusukela ebusika lesibili, amehlo aqonde esiliva aqala ukukhanya, okuyinto engahlosile ukuhleka. Ama-silvery gulls kulonyaka amnyama impela, anezimpaphe ezimbalwa ezihlanzekile ezingenalutho ngaphandle kwephethini elinsundu, ngokungafani nokuhleka okulula. Umsila ucishe ubumnyama, umehluko umehluko kunokahleko oluhlekisayo. Iningi lezinyoni ezigqokeni zesibili zobusika zishoda ngendawo encane ekhanyayo engwezini yempukwane eyeqile (okweshumi), okuyisici sokuhleka kwalesi sikhathi (okungekho ku-gull yaseMedithera). Ama-Proportions ahlala eyisici esibalulekile sokunquma ukutholakala okukhulu kwamakhanda amhlophe ngalesi sikhathi nakamuva.

Ukusuka ebusika besithathu, ukungabikho komucu omnyama entanjeni yempukane yesihlanu kukhombisa ukuthokomala kwesiliva, hhayi ukuhleka kanye nokugqwala kweMedithera (ukuba khona komucu akusho lutho). Ukuba khona “kwezilimi” ezikhanyayo kwezinye izinyoni ezisekelweni elingaphakathi izimpaphe eziyinhloko ezihlanganisayo kuzihlanganisa nokuhleka futhi kuzihlukanise nezinkanyezi zaseMedithera. Njengomthetho, izingxenye zomzimba ezingacocekile ngalesi sikhathi emgudwini wesiliva zikhanya kakhulu kunokuhleka. I-Downy chick phezulu ingwephuzi ephuzi ngokungajwayelekile, amabala amnyama ansundu, ilula ngaphansi ngaphansi, imhlophe qwa. Ikhanda nomphimbo onamabala amaningi amnyama. Uqhwaku lumnyama ngombala opinki. Imilenze ibomvana.

Izwi. Izwi elinamandla le-silver gull ingenye yemisindo ehlukile yamatheku. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi “ukukhala okude” kuhambisana nesici esiyisici: inyoni iphakamisa ikhanda ngokuqhamukayo futhi ikhiphe ukushintshwa kokukloloda okukhulu komuntu ngamunye “qiau", Kuguqula kube" ukuhleka "kwangempela. Uma kukhathazeka, kukhipha ukukhala okuncane okunovalo "ha ha ha».

Isimo Sokusabalalisa. Uhla lokufuya luhlanganisa inyakatho nentshonalanga yeYurophu, ukusuka e-Iceland naseNyakatho yeNorway kuya ogwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseFrance nengxenye ephakathi neRussia YaseYurophu. Ejwayelekile enyakatho yeRussia YaseYurophu (isifunda saseMurmansk, Republic of Karelia). Engxenyeni ephakathi yesifunda, kungukuhlobo okungajwayelekile kokuzala kanye nezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokufuduka. Ezinye izinyoni ebusika ezingxenyeni ezingenawo uqhwa emifuleni emikhulu. Ubusika ogwini lwe-Atlantic lwaseYurophu naseLwandle iBaltic, akuvamile, kodwa njalo olwandle Olumnyama.

Indlela yokuphila. Ibuyela kumasayithi wokudlela (ogwini lwaseMurmansk) ngoMashi. Ukufuya ikakhulu emakholoni, kwesinye isikhathi ophahleni lwezakhiwo. Owesifazane nowesilisa bakha isidleke kusuka ku-moss, amaqabunga, iziqu noma amahlumela abawathola eduze kwesidleke. Ukufakwa kweqanda kuqala ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaMeyi. Ku-clutch ephelele, ama-2-3, amaqanda ayi-1 noma amane, umbala wawo uhluka kakhulu, onsundu noma uluhlaza ngombala onamabala amnyama. Bobabili abazali bafaka umhluzi ngezinsuku ezingama-26 ukuya kwengama-32. Imikhaza iqala ukundiza kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-38-45.

Idla izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane nezinyoni, amachwane namaqanda, ama-mollusks, amajikijolo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola, i-carrion. Imvamisa eminingi ekulahlekelweni komhlaba.

Isiliva gull (I-Larus argentatus)

Umnotho

Ukuvela kwesikhundla nokuhleleka kwe-gull yesiliva akuqondakali ngokuphelele futhi njengamanje kuyindaba yokuxoxisana phakathi kwe-ornithologists. Hlukanisa okubizwa ngokuthi "iqembu lezinhlamvu zesiliva" - i-taxa enezici ezivamile ze-phenotypic, njengombala omhlophe wekhanda kwizinyoni ezindala nendawo ebomvu ekugoqweni kwe-mandible. Izincwadi ezahlukene zichaza izinhlobo ezi-2 kuya kweziyi-8 ezihlukile zaleli qembu. Ngokusho kweminye yemibono edume kakhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yo-1970s, ukutholakala kwesiliva kungokwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "izinhlobo zezindandatho" - izidalwa ezihlukumeza imibono yasendulo yokungazwisisi kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwalo mbono, ukhokho ojwayelekile wezinyoni ezivela kuleli qembu wake wahlala eCentral Asia, futhi ngesikhathi sokushisa esikhathini sezikhathi ezihlukene waqala ukusakazekela enyakatho, bese kuya empumalanga, akha amafomu amasha njalo endleleni. Uhlobo ngalunye olusha lwaluphawulwa ngamapheya amaningi alula womzimba ophezulu, noma kunjalo, izinyoni ezivela kumuntu ngamunye owalandelayo ngokukhululekile zadlula nezangaphambili. Ekugcineni, umbuthano ozungeze i-Arctic uvaliwe, kepha inani labantu asempumalanga asethuthukile, njengamanje elithathwa njengesinono sesiliva, alisekho ubudlelwano obunjalo nentshonalanga yasekuqaleni (klush), okungukuthi, ngokuziphatha, yaziphatha njengohlobo oluhlukile.

Ukushicilelwa kwakamuva mayelana nalokhu, kufaka phakathi okusekelwe ocwaningweni lofuzo, kuvame ukufaka okungenani izinhlobo ezi-8 ezihlukile “kwiqembu lesiliva”, kufaka phakathi nesiliva uqobo, i-klusha (I-Larus fuscus), empumalanga klusha (Larus heuglini), I-East Siberiull gull (Isilo se-Larus), IMedical gull (I-Larus michahellis), Ukuhleka (Larus cachinnans), Isiliva laseMelikaLarus smithsonianus) kanye ne-Armenia gullI-Larus armenicus).

I-International Union of Ornithologists ihlukanisa umkhondo wesiliva njenge-gull (I-Larus ) futhi ihlukanise izinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi.

• I-Larus argentatus argenteus Brehm, CL & Schilling, 1822 - Iceland, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu.
• I-Larus argentatus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 - Scandinavia to the Kola Peninsula.

Ukubukeka kwe-Seagull

Ubude bomzimba wabamele abezinhlobo buyahluka phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-55-65. Izinsikazi zincane kunabesilisa cishe ngamasentimitha ayisihlanu.

Ama-gulls esiliva anesisindo esingama-800- 1300 amagremu. Abesilisa banesisindo esingama-gramu angama-200 kunezinsikazi ngokwesilinganiso. Ama-mappan ahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-130 kuya kwangama-150.

I-gull yesiliva iyinyoni yasolwandle edla inyama.

I-plumage yabesilisa nabesifazane iyefana. Umhlane ungwevu onsomi, nentamo, isiqu nekhanda kumhlophe. Izimpiko ziluhlaza grey. Izeluleko zezimpiko ezindizayo zimnyama, zixutshwe namabala amhlophe. Uqhwaku lucindezelwa ezinhlangothini, futhi ukuphela kwalo kugobe phansi. Umbala womlomo uphuzi, emqhonyeni kukhona indawo ebomvu ecacile.

Isimo sokuLondolozwa

Ebangeni lobubanzi bawo obukhulu, inani lama-silver gulls liphezulu futhi lizinzile, futhi alidingi zinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela. Inani lomhlaba wonke lesiliva gull licishe libe yizigidi ezi-1. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo lapho ubuningi nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo kukhawulelwe ngasizathu sinye noma kwesinye, lokhu kukhanya kufakwe ku-Red Red district. Ngakho-ke emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, izindondo zesiliva zohlobo lwaseYurophu ezivikelwe ziyavikeleka, ngoba inani labo lapho eminyakeni engu-25 edlule lehlile cishe ngo-50%. E-Russia, ngokwesibonelo, ifakwe ku-Red Book yeSifunda saseNizhny Novgorod.

Buka futhi ndoda

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nama-gulls cishe ngeke bube bohlobo “lwezinhlobo”; kwabaningi, zonke izinkomba ziyafana. Futhi njengoba izindondo zesiliva zihlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwendoda namaqhubu bungabhekwa kakhulu besebenzisa izibonelo zabo.

Ama-seagull angabangane abathembekile baba amatilosi futhi abonisa ukundiza, inkululeko nokuphila. Kunezinkolelo eziningi, izinganekwane nezinsimbi ezihlotshaniswa nezinyoni zasolwandle. Nazi ezinye zazo. Ama-seagulls angabanakekeli bemiphefumulo yabadobi namatilosi abafela olwandle, ikakhulukazi abaphukelwa yimikhumbi. Ukukhala okusobala kanyoni okufunwa ngabamanzi ukuba bangcwabe ngendlela yobuKristu emhlabeni. Abadobi asebekhulile baphenduka izimbumbulu ngemuva kokushona. I-seagull iwuphawu lowesifazane alangazelela umyeni nabantwana ababile. Ukubulala i-seagull kuyingozi kuwo wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza kuyo. Isandla asiphakamisi olwandle ngeseyili. Futhi lapha - ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu ngokuziphatha kwezinyoni zasolwandle. I-seagull ihamba phezu kwesihlabathi, itilosi libonakala lilangazelela kuze kube yilapho isivunguvungu singena emanzini, isivunguvungu silinde isimo sezulu. Izinyoni zasogwini ziphakamise ibhadi - esimweni sezulu esibi. Uma i-seagull ingena emanzini, linda isimo sezulu sihambe kahle.

Futhi ezinye izibonakaliso: lapho kukhona izinyoni zasolwandle, kukhona izinhlanzi, uma izimbaza zasolwandle zivela olwandle, ugu lusondele.

Lolu uhlobo lwe- "positive" lobuhlobo, kepha futhi kukhona "ongemuhle". Ngokungazelele, ubudlova, ukweba amashubo, umuntu angaqhathanisa, mhlawumbe, kuphela namagwababa. Abesabi nhlobo abantu, futhi kunezimo eziningi lapho, ezimakethe zezinhlanzi ezivulekile, babehudula izinhlanzi ngqo kusuka emashalofini ngaphansi kwezandla zabathengisi. Ukuvikela amaphuphu, ama-seagulls ahlasela ngesibindi abantu nezinja, ehudula cishe amakhanda abo. Futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubukwa kwemiphumela yemibono yensimbi kwikholoni eliqhamukayo, lapho amachwane amachaphaza abulawa omakhelwane (futhi ngezinye izikhathi abazali) eqa yonke indawo, akuyona eyokuphela kwenhliziyo. Emadolobheni asogwini, ama-gulls (kufaka phakathi amagolide esiliva) athengiswa emigqonyeni kadoti, akukho okubi kakhulu kunamagwababa. Noma ngubani, ngokwesibonelo, eSt. Petersburg, angaqiniseka ngalokhu, kunokukhanya okuthe xaxa ezindlini zokulahla udoti kunegwababa, futhi baziphatha ngendlela yebhizinisi. Futhi udoti wetiye ezakhiweni awunakubalelwa umhlobiso wokwakha izakhiwo zasemadolobheni.

Ukuqashelwa okunjalo kwezinyoni zasolwandle kuvame ukuholela emcabangweni wokuvukela umbuso wokuthi amatilosi, omiphefumulo yawo yathuthela olwandle, kwakungeyona into ngaphandle kwabaphangi nabaphangi basolwandle.

Mayelana neqhaza lesiliva elibonakalayo emisebenzini yezomnotho yesintu, imibono nayo iphindwe kabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zingadala ukulimala okuthile ekudobeni nasezinhlanzini zezinhlanzi futhi kulimaze izidleke zezinye izinyoni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuzingela kwasolwandle esiqiwini kubhubhisa inani elikhulu lamagundane nezinambuzane eziyingozi.

Ngazo zonke lezi zinto ezinhle nezingasolwandle ezinyukela ngaphezu kolwandle - kungokomfanekiso futhi muhle!

04.07.2019

I-silver gull (lat. Larus argentatus) ingeyomndeni wakwa-gull (uLaridae). Ungummeleli wakhe ojwayelekile kakhulu endaweni yasenyakatho. Inani labantu bakhona lidlula isigidi esisodwa. Le nyoni ayesabi nhlobo abantu futhi izizwa imnandi emadolobheni amakhulu. Ngokungakhathali nokuba nobudlova, idlula ngokweqile igwababa, ithathe inyamazane kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasolwandle futhi ichithe izidleke zayo. Imvamisa, ubamba nokudla ngqo ezandleni zabantu abedlula ngendlela, uma bengaphenduli lapho becela.

Esikhathini sokuzala, ama-gulls esiliva aba nolaka kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela abantu ngokubashaya ngamaphiko, ngemilomo nangezimpondo. Izinyoni ziqeda ukuhlaselwa kwazo ngokufafaza umhlanzo nezindunduma. Imvamisa, izilwane ezifuywayo kanye nezakhamizi ezingenacala zezindlu ziyahlupheka, ophahleni lwazo lapho izinyoni ezinomsindo zinqume ukwenza isidleke sazo.

Izizwe eziningi zase-Europe zikholelwa ukuthi imiphefumulo yabatiloshe bamanzi nabadobi abaphenduka izimbotshana, ngakho-ke awunakhungatheka ngamaqhinga abo. Ukubulala i-seagull kubhekwa njengesono futhi kusho inkathazo enkulu.

Uhlobo lolu lwachazwa okokuqala ngo-1763 ngumbhishobhi waseDenmark u-Eric Potnoppidan, owafunda izimbali nezilwane zaseNorway.

Ukusatshalaliswa

Indawo yokuhlala itholakala ku-subarctic futhi isizotha sezulu zone sePalearctic. Isiliva gulls isidleke eCentral naseNyakatho Yurophu, e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika. Izidleke zazo zivame ukutholakala ogwini futhi zihlala kakhulu ezweni.

Kunezindawo ezingaphansi kwezi-6.Izindlela zokuxhumana ezisatshalaliswa zisatshalaliswa zisuka eDenmark kanye nePeninsula yaseScandinavia entshonalanga ziye ePeninsula yaseKola empumalanga. Ubusika ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

I-subspecies iLarus argentatus smithsoniaus izidleke enyakatho ye-United States naseCanada, futhi indizela eMelika Ephakathi ebusika.

Ukuziphatha

I-gull yesiliva ebangeni eliningi ihola impilo yansuku zonke. Ekuphakameni okukhulu, iyakwazi ukukhombisa cishe umsebenzi oyindilinga-ngesikhathi se-polar. Iningi labantu lihlala ukuhlala phansi. Enyakatho yebanga, izinyoni zithutha ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka ziye eningizimu.

Izinyoni zihlala ogwini lolwandle, ezigodini zeziqhingi, eziqhingini nasemachibini amakhulu. Bakhangwa amabhishi anesihlabathi nendawo ezinamadwala. Ngezikhathi ezithile, zitholakala ogwini olunotshani obuminyene.

Ngesikhathi sokudla, abesilisa babusa abesifazane nabancane, bawaxosha noma bawathathe abawabambile. Abesifazane badlala indima enkulu ekukhetheni kwezindawo ezidlekayo.

Izinyoni ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa iqoqo lezindumi elizwakalayo. Izindlela ezibalulekile zokudlulisa imininingwane futhi ziyizikhundla ezihlukene zomzimba, ikhanda, amaphiko nomsila.

Isixwayiso senkukhu mayelana nengozi ikhumbuza inja encane. Lapho bemhlasela, wonke amaduku amadala aseduze aphuthunyiswa ukuzobasindisa.

Izindondo zesiliva azithandi ukuba wedwa, kepha zama njalo ukuziqhelelanisa nabantu bakithi. Uma bethola ukudla okwanele, bese bebizela ezinye izinyoni edilini. Kwezinye izimo, basakaza amaphiko abo kunokudla abakutholile futhi bakudle ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokuzazisa izihlobo ngokutholile kwazo.

Umsoco

Abamele lolu hlobo lwama-omnivores. Ukudla kwemvelaphi yezilwane kubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni. Izinyoni zasolwandle zidla izinhlanzi, izinyamazane ezincane nezincelisayo. Zidla amaqanda namachwane ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni.

Kwabanye abantu, isifiso sikhulu kangangokuba asikwazi ukumelana nesilingo sokudla iselamani sabomakhelwane abasondele kubo. Kwesinye isikhathi badla eyabo inzalo.

Izinyoni zidla ngokuzithandela kunoma imuphi udoti wokudla kanye ne-carrion. Ebusika, zihambahamba emasimini epulazi, zifuna izibungu, ama-slugs kanye neminenke. Izinyoni futhi ziyanelisa indlala ngamajikijolo, izithelo, ulwelwe nezinambuzane.

Ama-silvery gulls andiza phezu kwamanzi isikhathi eside endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha ayi-5, efuna isisulu esingaba yisisulu. Bangazulazula emanzini angajulile futhi bathole imollusks. Basuka benesihlakala esibanjwe uqhwaku lwabo bese besilahla ematsheni ukuze bephule igobolondo elinzima.

Ezifundeni eziningi ehlobo, ama-shrimp angena ku-90% wemenyu yansuku zonke. Ebusika, ama-mussels (i-Mytilus) ne-Cerastoderma) ajwayelekile ukwenza ubusika. Emini, inyoni idla ukusuka kuma-400 kuye kuma-500 g okuphakelayo.

Ukuzala

Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-4-5 ubudala. Isikhathi sokuzala siqala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni. Ama-silvery gulls akha imindeni eyindida. Bahlala esidlekeni semidlwane, ezintabeni noma emagqumeni, kwesinye isikhathi ophahleni lwezakhiwo. Ekoloni kukhona ukusuka emashumini ambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni zabashadikazi. Izinyoni eziningi zihlangana ndawonye, ​​amacala amaningi okugcwala kwemvelo abhekwa.

Isidleke gull yakhelwe kusuka izingcezu ezithambile zezitshalo.

Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2-3 ubude cishe ngo-7 cm. Ukufakwa ngaphakathi kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-28- 30. Bazali bahlanyele amachwane ukushisa kwabo ukushisa komzimba izinsuku ezingama-3-4. Bazondla ukudla okugaywe ngogayi, bese bekuqhuma.

Imikhaza iba namaphiko lapho ineminyaka engaba ngu-45. Ngalesi sikhathi ambozwe ngamapayipi ansundu. Izingubo zabantu abadala zivele zivele ezincekwini ezivuthiwe.

Incazelo

Ubude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-55-68 cm.I-Wingspan 130-150 cm. Isisindo esingu-600- 1500 g .Kukhona i-dimorphism ehlobene nobudala.

Kubantu abadala, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ingemuva namaphiko grey, imikhawulo yamaphiko imnyama enezindawo ezimhlophe. Zonke ezinye izimpaphe zimhlophe ngezeluleko ezimpunga. Uqhwaku lunamandla, luphuzi, futhi lunendawo ebomvu esivalweni se-mandible. I-iris iphuzi.

Izinyoni ezincane zinombala omhlophe onamapulangwe ansundu emzimbeni wazo ongaphezulu. Uqhwaku lu nsundu. Iphethini le-brownish iyanyamalala njengoba ikhula. Ngaphambi kokuthomba, izinyoni zishintsha izingubo zazo cishe kayishumi.

Isikhathi sokuphila semali eyisiliva endle cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15. Ekudingisweni, uhlala iminyaka engaba ngu-20.

Indawo yokusabalalisa

Isigaxa sesiliva siqonde ezindaweni ezibandayo. Kuhlala endaweni esenyakatho. Ezinyangeni zobusika, lezi zinyoni ziya eFlorida, eningizimu yeChina, eJapan naseGulf of Mexico. Ukuze bathole izidleke, bakhetha iGreat Britain, Scandinavia ne-Iceland. Zingabonakala naseziqhingini ze-Arctic Ocean, eCanada, e-Alaska nasogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States.

Njengoba ukhula lwesiliva luncike kakhulu ekudleni okuhlala emanzini, luhlala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Uhlala ezintabeni, emadwaleni, emadwaleni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezindaweni ezinamathuku. Le nyoni iguqulwa ngokuphelele ukuze ihlale nabantu, ngakho-ke ihlala ihlala ophahleni lwezindlu.

Incazelo emfushane

Igolide lesiliva inyoni enkulu. Isisindo somuntu omdala singafinyelela amakhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu. Ubude bomzimba obujwayelekile bungamasentimitha angama-55-65. Ikhanda, intamo nomzimba wenyoni kumbozwe ngamapheya amhlophe. Izimpiko nangemuva zinombala olimpunga okhanyayo. Ekhanda le-seagull kukhona uqhotho olucindezelwe ezinhlangothini futhi lugobile ekugcineni. Iphuzi ngokwayo, kodwa ibala elibomvu libonakala kahle ngaphansi kwawo.

Eduze kwamehlo, i-iris edwetshwe emthunzini ompunga, kukhona izindandatho zesikhumba esiphuzi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-silver gull ithola amaplamu akhanyayo kuphela ngonyaka wesine wokuphila. Kuze kube manje, ukukhula okuncane kunombala we-motley, lapho amathoni ansundu kanye grey abonakala khona. Izimpaphe ziqala ukuqina ngemuva kokuba le nyoni ifinyelele eminyakeni emibili. Ikhanda ne-iris yentsha inombala onsundu.

Izici zokukhiqiza kabusha kanye nesikhathi sokuphila

Endle, isiliva laseYurophu lihlala iminyaka engama-50. Ubhekwa njengenyoni ehleleke kahle. Ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwabamele le zinhlobo bususelwa ohlotsheni lobuphathi. Isikhundla esivelele sihlala abesilisa. Ukuya ocansini obuthaka kubusa kuphela ezindabeni ezihlobene nokukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlela isidleke esizayo.

Lezi zinyoni ziyinyumbane. Ngaphandle kwezimo ezingandile, zakha izikhathi ezimbalwa nempilo. Abantu abafinyelele eminyakeni emihlanu bathathwa njengabakhulile kwezocansi. Baqala ukundizela endaweni yezidleke ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, ngokushesha nje lapho amanzi engenawo iqhwa.

Isikhathi sokudlekwa, lezi zinyoni zakha amakoloni wonke. Iqhubu lesiliva (i-larus argentatus) lihlela izidleke ezifakwe ngezimpaphe noma ngoboya emadwaleni, ogwini olunamadwala nasemathangeni ezimila obukhulu. Bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa babamba iqhaza ekwakheni. Ngaso leso sikhathi, basebenzisa utshani, amagatsha ezihlahla, ama-moss ne-algae owomile njengezinto zokwakha. Ibanga phakathi kwezidleke zomakhelwane cishe ngamamitha amahlanu.

Njengomthetho, insikazi ibekela amaqanda ama-2-4 womthunzi obomvana noma onsundu onendawo enkulu emnyama, lapho abazali bobabili bebandakanyeka khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwabalingani abahleli esidlekeni, izinyoni ngokucophelela futhi ngokucophelela ziguqula amaqanda.

Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokufakwa kwamasonto amane, kuzalwa amaphuphu. Imizimba yabo emincane imbozwe ngompunga phansi amabala amnyama ngokusobala. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili, izingane sezikwazi ukuzimela zodwa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, baqala ukushiya isidleke sabazali, ngaphandle kokuhamba amabanga amade. Uma kwenzeka kusongelwa, amachwane ayafihla, acishe angafaneki nesizinda esiseduze. Baqala ukundiza kungakenzeki ngaphambi kokuba baphenduke inyanga eyodwa nengxenye ubudala. Ababelethi ngokwehlukile bondla izingane zabo ngokuswayipha ukudla. Isisekelo sokudla kwezingane ezikhulayo inhlanzi.

Zidlani lezi zinyoni?

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-silver gull i-omnivorous. Imvamisa ibonakala eduzane nemikhumbi nokulahlwa komhlaba. Kwesinye isikhathi ubamba amaqanda namazinyane ezinye izinyoni.

Abamele lolu hlobo babamba izibungu, izinambuzane, izibankwa namagundane amancane. Bangadla namajikijolo, izithelo, amantongomane, nezilimo eziyizigaxa nezinhlamvu. Musa ukwenqena ukuthatha inyamazane kwezihlobo ezincane nezingenamandla. Babamba nezibungu zasolwandle, ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi.

Izici zokuhlalisana kwabantu

Vele uqaphele ukuthi i-silver gull ayisetshenziselwa ukuma emcimbini nabantu. Le nyoni ikhiqiza ngokuzikhandla megacities zanamuhla futhi ihlomisa izidleke ophahleni lwezakhiwo ezinamakamelo amaningi. Imvamisa uhlasela labo abazama ukulimaza inzalo yabo. Futhi, kunezimo eziningi lapho izinyoni ezikhukhumezayo zisemgwaqweni zithatha ukudla ezandleni zabantu abadlulayo.

Kodwa-ke, emashumini amabili eminyaka edlule bekukhona ukuthambekela kokunciphisa inani labamele lolu hlobo. EYurophu, inani labantu abashubile liye lehla cishe ngengxenye. Ososayensi bachaza lokhu ngethonya lezinto ezungezile nokuncipha kwezitoko zezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezisogwini.

Umsebenzi, ukuziphatha komphakathi kanye nomsebenzi wamazwi

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izinkalankala zesiliva ziphila impilo yansuku zonke, ezimweni ezithile zikhombisa umsebenzi wewashi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kwizinyoni ezihlala emthambekeni ophakeme ezimeni zosuku lwe-polar.

Abamele lolu hlobo lwenhlobo bayakwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene. Ziyakwazi ukugoqa, ukugoba, ukukhala futhi ngisho nomowow. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa kusuka kubo ungezwa ukukhala okuhlekisayo.

Izinyoni zasolwandle yizinyoni zamakoloni. Imiphakathi yabo ingaba namalunga angaphezu kwekhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala amakoloni amancane noma ahlanganisiwe. Umbhangqwana ngamunye unendawo yawo evikelwe ngokucophelela. Uma omunye wabo ehlaselwa isitha sangaphandle, lonke ikoloni liyohlangana ukuvikela izihlobo zalo. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuthula, imibhangqwana engomakhelwane ingaxabana futhi ihlaselane.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabashadikazi abulula. Ikakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa wenza ukondliwa komlingani wakhe. Futhi insikazi ihlala eduze esidlekeni bese iqala ukucwila kancane, icela ukudla kowesilisa. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, ukuthamba kancane kokuziphatha okuphawuleka kancane kuyabonakala, futhi ngokushesha kunyamalale ngokuphelele.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

I-silver gull, noma i-klush yasenyakatho, inamathela esigabeni esiqinile. Owesilisa uhlala ehamba phambili, futhi nguyena owenza ukhetho kowesifazane, obusa konke okuhlobene nokwakhiwa kwesidleke. Cishe wonke amalungu alo mndeni awathandi ukuzitholela imali yokudla, akhetha ukukususa kwabanye.

Ukwakheka nobukhulu

I-Molting

Ukuhlanza engutsheni yokuqala yasebusika kunengxenye, ezimeni eziningi kufaka inani elincane lezinsi esifundeni se-interscapular, phakathi kokuncanyana nentamo. Kwabanye abantu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zezimfumba zamapulangwe nazo zonke izinhlangothi ezingemuva nangaphansi kwesiqu. Le molt iqala ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi esifundeni se-interscapular, bese ifinyelela entanyeni, ehlombe nasemhlane, bese iphela ngo-Okthoba. I-molt engubeni yokugqoka ehlobo nayo iyingxenye, ithinta ubumnandi bendawo ye-interscapular esifundeni, esifubeni kanye nezimpaphe ezincane zamahlombe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabanye abantu izimpaphe ezizodwa zitshintshwa, kwezinye - izimpaphe ezintsha ezindaweni ezithintwe yi-molting. Lokhu ku-molt kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi.

Ukuhlanza engutsheni yesibili yobusika sekuqediwe, kuqala engxenyeni yesibili kaJuni, imvamisa ngokushintshwa kwento ebaluleke kakhulu. Izindiza ezincane ezindizayo ziqala ukufuduka kusuka ku-feya ye-distal ngesikhathi soshintsho lwe-VII - VI primary. Ngesikhathi ushintsho lwe-IV - III lubeka phambili, okulesibili kungenzeka kuvuselelwa ngokuphelele. Ama-helmsmen aqala ukushibilika kusuka kumbhangqwana ophakathi nendawo lapho kushintshwa i-VIII - VI ngokuyinhloko futhi uyiqede ngokufaka esikhundleni sezimpaphe zombili ezedlulele ngesikhathi kuncibilikisa i-VII - VI primary. Ukuthululwa kweplamu le-contour yomzimba kubantu abaningi kuqala futhi kuphele lapho kugudluzwa kokuqala. Kepha kwezinye izinyoni, ukuqala kwayo kungaphambili noma sekwephuzile maqondana nokuqala koshintsho lwempukane eyinhloko. Lo molt uphela ngo-Agasti nasekupheleni kukaSepthemba. Ukuthulula engutsheni yehlobo lesibili kuyingxenye, kumboza inani elincane lezinsiba ngemuva naphakathi kokuncanyana okuncane. Kugeleza ngoFebhuwari noMeyi.

Ukuhlanza engubeni yesithathu yasebusika kuqediwe. Inqubo yokuguqula i-plumage ivamile ngokufana naphakathi kokuncibilika kwengubo yesibili yasebusika. I-distal secondary ikhula ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwe-VI - V yokuqala, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhula kwenhloko ye-VII, konke okuphezulu sekuvele kusha. Ama-helmsmen nawo aqala ukuguquka kusuka kubabili abaphakathi, kwabanye abantu ngesikhathi sokuncibilikisa kwe-VII - V ngokubaluleka, kwabanye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-IV - III paramount. Ukuqala kokuncibilika kwamapayipi omsila womzimba kubantu abahlukile nakho kungahlangana nokuqala kokugudluka kwabokuqala, ngaphambi kwayo, noma kube sekwephuze kakhulu. Lo molt uqala ngoJuni bese uphela engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti. Ukuthungatha engubeni yesithathu yehlobo kuyingxenye, inkambo nesikhathi sayo akucaci ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ukugcotshwa engutsheni yesine yobusika sekuqediwe, kuqala ngoJulayi (i-XI no-X kubaluleke kakhulu, kwabanye abantu basebebasha ngaleso sikhathi). Lo molt uphela ngo-Okthoba (II paramount grow).

Ukuthungwa kwengubo yesine yehlobo kuyingxenye, isikhathi asicacile ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto. Ukuhlanza kusuka ehlobo lesine kuya kwelesihlanu (okokugcina) sekuphele ebusika sekuqediwe, kuqala ngoJulayi-Agasti (u-XI no-IX abaluleke kakhulu). Izinsuku zokuphela kokuncibilika kokuphathelene nezinto zethu azibanjwa, kusobala nje ukuthi futhi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngawodwana. Lokhu kungahlulelwa yisimo sokuncibilikisa ngoJulayi nango-Agasti abantu. Ukuhlanza kusuka ebusika (kokugcina) ebusika kuya kwelesihlanu (okokugcina) kwehlobo kusihlelele, kuqhutshwa ngoMashi-Ephreli. Ukuhlanza kusuka ehlobo lesihlanu (okokugcina) kuya eboyeni bokugcina sekuphelele, kumelwe uchungechunge lwamakhophi ayi-136. Izigaba zayo zokuqala (i-X - XI iyashintsha) enyakatho yebanga ukusuka ogwini lwaseMurmansk kuya ekuqhubekeni kwe-Anadyr Territory ukusuka ku-18.VI kuye ku-31.VII. Eningizimu yebanga, lokhu kwenzeka kusuka ku-1.VI kuye ku-27.VII. Ukuphela kwalesi molt kusukela ku-1.XI kuye ku-13.XII. Ngakho-ke, ukuqothuka kwekwindla kubantu abadala kuthatha izinyanga ezi-6 ukusuka kuJuni kuya kuDisemba.

I-Subspecies taxonomy

Ayenzelwe ngokwanele. E-fauna yomhlaba, abacwaningi abahlukahlukene babona kusuka ku-4 kuya ku-18 subspecies1 (Hartert, 1912-1921, Dwight, 1925, Peters. 1934, Stegmann, 1934, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975, Cramp, Simmons, 1983) eyehluka kakhulu ngombala umzimba ophezulu nemilenze. Ngokusho kwababhali abahlukahlukene, ukusukela kwabangu-6 kuye kwayi-11 bahlala e-USSR (Timofeev-Resovsky, Shtrezeman, 1959, Dolgushin, 1962, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975). Zingu-6 kuphela ezingabhekwa njengezihlukaniswe zivela kubo (izincazelo eziphambili kanye nokuxilongwa kokubhaliwe okuningi kunikezwa ngu: Stepanyan, 1975):

1. Larus argentatus argentatus

I-Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, c. 622, eDenmark.

Umhlane uphaphathekile, ungwevu-mpunga, ulula kunezinye izinhlanga, futhi ufana nowama-cachinnans. Imilenze ibomvu obomvu. 2. I-Larus argentatus antelius

ULarus fuscus antelius Iredale, 1913, B.B.O.C., 31, k. 69, izindawo eziphansi ze-Ob.

Umhlane umnyama, u-slate-grey. Imilenze iphuzi.

3. I-Larus argentatus taimyrensis

I-Larus affinis taimyrensis Buturlin, 1911, Ornipata. I-Vestn., 2, k. 149, kk. Ugu olujulile, olusempumalanga yeYenisei Gulf.

Umhlane ungwevu omnyama, olula kune-antelius futhi umnyama kune-vegae. Umbala wemilenze uhluka kusuka ophuzi kuya kokupinki okukhanyayo.

4. I-Latus argentatus vegae

I-Larus argentatus Brunn. var. vegae Palmen, 1887, Vega-Exped. IVetensk. Iakttag, 5, c. 370. IPitlekai, Inhlonhlo YaseChukotka.

Umhlane ungwevu-mpunga, ulula ukwedlula okubhalwe phansi kwangaphambilini, kepha kumnyama ukwedlula okuthiwe. Umbala wemilenze wehluka kusuka ku-brownish pink kuya ephuzi mpunga.

5. I-Larus argentatus cachinnans

I-Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., 2, k. 318, Ulwandle lweCaspian.

Umhlane uphaphathekile, okufana ne-subspecies engamagama, kepha ngmpunga encane. Imilenze iphuzi.

6. I-Larus argentatus mongolicus

Larus argentatus mongloicus Suschkin, 1925. Uhlu nokusatshalaliswa kwezinyoni ze-Russian Altai, k. 63, oz. I-Urygnor, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMongolia.

Umhlane ungwevu mpunga, ufana ne-vegae, umnyama ngaphezu kwama-cachinnans. Ngengubo yasebusika, ihluke ku-vegae ngemisinga emnyama engakhuli kahle ekhanda. Umbala wemilenze uhluka kusuka kumpunga opinki kuya ophuzi.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezichazwe ngaphambilini (L. a. Omissus, L. a. Birulae, L. a. Ponticus, L. a. Armenicus, L. a.i-barabiensis) kungenzeka ukuthi iyafana, noma ihlukaniswe kabi kakhulu noma ichazwe kwinto encane kangangokuba iqiniso labo liyangabazeka.

Lalela izwi lensizwa yesiliva

Akukho zimpaphe ezizungeze amehlo, isikhumba kulezi zindawo siphuzi. Iris ingwevu. Imilenze ipinki, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umbala wabo awuguquki. Izimpaphe ezihlala eScandinavia zinemilenze ephuzi. Esikhathini sobusika, amagobongo esiliva avela njengezigaxa ezimnyama entanyeni nasekhanda.

Abasha bathola amaplamu akhanyayo kuphela ngonyaka we-4 wokuphila. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, inqwaba yazo inemibala emibalabala, nsundu ne-grey itholakala kuyo. Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, izimpaphe zikhanya kakhulu, ngonyaka wesithathu umzimba ophezulu nekhanda liphenduka libe mhlophe. Ezinyamelweni ezincane, umlomo kanye no-iris wamehlo ansundu, amehlo ansundu abe ngonyaka we-4 wokuphila.

Izinyoni ziphuza amanzi.

Umehluko ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene

Ngokungafani nezinyoni ezingakafinyeleli ekuthomba, abantu abadala bahlukaniseka kalula kwezinye izinkomo. Uma uqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo ezisondele, ama-silver gulls abukeka amakhudlwana, futhi anezimpawu ezikhethekile ze-morphological. I-gull yaseMedithera inemilenze ephuzi egqamile, kanti leyo yesiliva ibomvu ngokubomvu. I-Oduen Seagull (Isi-Larus Audouinii) ibukeka kahle kakhulu, futhi inobuhlalu obomvu obumnyama nemilenze empunga. I-gull yolwandle ne-walleye kumnyama kakhulu - ihole grey noma emnyama - iplamu yaphezulu. I-Armeni gull (I-Larus armenicus) ihlukaniswa umugqa omnyama ozungeze uqhwaku. Ukuhleka okunekhanda elimnyama (I-Larus ichthyaetus) inhloko imnyama, ingakhanyi, njengesibani sesiliva. Ukukhanya okuluphikoAma-glaucescens e-Larus) nomphangi (I-hyperboreus ye-Larus) izimpiko zephiko zilula, hhayi ezimnyama.

Izwi

Vocalization ifana nezinye izinkomba ezinkulu - lokhu kuzwakala ngokukhononda okuzwakala nge-"gag-ag-ag", okuthi uma kwenzeka kuvela ingozi kuphindwe kaningi, okubenza babukeke njengokuhleka. Ngokukhamuluka okukhulu, kaningi baphonsa amakhanda emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bashicilela i-monosyllabic "alom-au ", efana ne-meow. Izwi liphakeme kunelikaKlosh, kepha liphansi kunelalowo obamba inkunzi.

Ukunyakaza

Indiza imvama ukuba bushelelezi, ukukhuphuka, ngamaphiko amaphiko angavamile. Kungaba semoyeni isikhathi eside, kunyuke phezulu ekukhuphukeni kwamagagasi omoya. Lapho uphishekela inyamazane, ingandiza ngokushesha nangendlela efanele. Ihlala isemanzini, kepha ayiveli ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi uma iba nengozi. Lapho kukhipha okuphakelayo, kwehlisa ikhanda noma ingxenye yomzimba ngaphansi kwamanzi. I-Steady emhlabathini, kwesinye isikhathi yenza ama-run amafushane.

Indawo

Ithala lesiliva lidlangile enyakatho ye-hemisphere, livela ezindaweni eziphezu kwe-arctic nasezimweni sezulu ezifudumele. Umngcele osenyakatho wohlobo lokuzalela uphakathi kuka-70 kuye kuma-80 ° enyakatho - eYurophu yilena yemingcele esenyakatho yeScandinavia Peninsula, e-Asia - ugu kanye neziqhingi ze-Arctic Ocean empumalanga yeTaimyr, eMelika - eBaffin Island kanye nasezifundeni ezihlangene zaseCanada nase-Alaska. Eningizimu, izinyoni zidla ukufika kuma-30 ° -40 ° enyakatho ukusuka e-Europe ukuya ogwini lwe-Atlantic eFrance, eMelika ezindaweni eziseningizimu neGreat Lakes. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nezimo ezingafani zokudlekwa kwalezi zinyoni ngaphandle kobubanzi bemvelo - ngokwesibonelo, e-Ukraine, Belarus kanye nesifunda saseVolga eRybinsk Reservoir.

Ukufuduka

Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho ziyafuduka, ebusika zifudukela eningizimu ezinye ziphila ngokuhlala noma izinyoni ezinyakazayo. EWestern Palaearctic, abahambeli eningizimu ye-Iberian Peninsula, kodwa eMhlabeni omusha bafika eCentral America naseWest Indies. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, izinyoni eziningi zihlala zidla ubusika phakathi nohlobo lokuzalela. Izinyoni ezingaphakathi kweScandinavia, eFinland, kanye nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho nentshonalanga yeRussia, njengomthetho, zihamba amabanga amafushane ziye ogwini lweBaltic noma olwandle oluseNyakatho. Ukusuka eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, izinyoni ziya eJapan, eTaiwan nasogwini loLwandle lwaseNingizimu China.

Habitat

Indawo yokuhlala ihlotshaniswa nezidumbu zamanzi ezahlukahlukene - zangaphandle nezangaphakathi. Kugudle ulwandle futhi kunamatshe okugcotshwa olwandle namachibi amakhulu, kufinyelela emifuleni ephansi, emigodini, nasezigudwini. Kuthandwa kuqala eziqhingini lapho zivikeleke khona kubazingeli bomhlaba. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwalelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, abelokhu akha amadolobha amakhulu, akha izidleke zawo ophahleni lwezakhiwo. Ebusika, njengomthetho, bahlala ogwini.

Amanothi we-taxonomy

Okwamanje, hhayi kuphela umthamo weqembu lezimali zesiliva awukasungulwa ngokuphelele, kodwa futhi nemibono emlandweni wemvelaphi nobudlelwano bomndeni ngaphakathi kuwo. Kwezincwadi, leli qembu belikhonjiwe kaningi njengesibonelo sobubanzi bendandatho obonisa ukucatshangelwa kwendawo. Komunye wemisebenzi yakamuva, uMayr (1968), ehlaziya futhi efingqa izifundo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje mayelana naleli qembu lezinyoni (iVoous, 1960, Timofeev-Resovsky, Stresemann, 1959, Goethe, 1960, Smith, 1960, Macpherson, 1961), aphoqeleka ukuba avume ukuthi isimo sangempela kule ring siye saphenduka saba nzima kakhulu kunokuba besicabanga ngaphambili. Uma ucubungula umlando waleli qembu, yena, elandela abanye balababhali, uphakamisa ukuthi ePleistocene uhla lwe-gull yesiliva lwahlukaniswa ngama-refugiums amaningana abekhona kuPalaearctic nase-Nearctic.

Iqembu lama-cachinnans elinezinyawo eziphuzi lavela esifundeni sase-Aral-Caspian futhi kamuva laqala iqembu le-Atlantic fuscus. Iqembu le-vegae kanye nezindlela ezihlobene ezinemilenze epinki zakhula ogwini lwePacific lwase-Asia futhi zaveza uhlobo oluhlobene kakhulu lwe-smithsoniaus eNyakatho Melika, olusanda kungena kwiNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho lwakha khona uhlobo lwe-argentatus. Lapho i-argentatus noma i-vegae itholakala khona ngezimo ezinemilenze ephuzi, ukushintshaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka kwezinye izimo phakathi kwazo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ogwini lwaseYurophu, lapho ama-argentatus noFuscus behlala khona ndawonye, ​​baziphatha njengezinhlobo ezinhle, cishe bangazenzi izingqangi. Isolates eNyakatho Melika anikeza izinhlobo ze-thayeri kanye ne-glaucoides.

Ukufuduka

Eningizimu yebanga e-Black Sea Reserve, eSivash, nasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandle lweCaspian endaweni yaseKirov Bay, kuqala ukukhanya ngoFebhuwari (Dunin, 1948, Kiselev, 1951, Borodulina, 1949, Ardamak, 1977c). Iminyaka eyi-10, kuvela izinyoni koloni maphakathi noJanuwari (Kostin, 1983). Bafika ogwini olusenyakatho loLwandle i-Azov nase-Eastern Ciscaucasia engxenyeni yokuqala kaMashi (Filonov et al., 1974, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982). Ogwini olusenyakatho yoLwandle Olumnyama esifundeni sesiqhingi saseTiligulsky, ukunyakaza okukhulu kakhulu kubhekwa ngo-Ephreli - Meyi (Chernichko, ukuxhumana ngomlomo). Ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yoLwandle iCaspian eKirov Bay, izindiza zanda ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari - ekuqaleni kukaMashi, ngasekupheleni kwale nyanga zibonakala buthaka futhi ziphela engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli (Zablotsky, Zablotskaya, 1963).

Ensimini enkulu yeKazakhstan (iDolgushin, 1962), izinsuku zokuqala zokufuduka kwentwasahlobo ziqala ukusuka ekuqaleni kukaMashi ethafeni laseMangyshlak oLwandle lweCaspian kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni emfuleni i-Irtysh, esiteshini i-Irgiza, indiza iphetha ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - maphakathi noMeyi. Emachibini eBaraba Lowland, okwenzeka kuqala kwabhalwa ngomhlaka 4, 1973, ukuthutha okuchazwe kahle kwabonwa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, baphela lapha ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi kaMeyi, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nasekuqaleni kukaJuni (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Khodkov, 1977). AmaSeagulls andizela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Altai ngo-14-20.IV, eningizimu yeBaikal - 28.III - 12.IV, enyakatho yeBaikal - 12-22.IV (Kuchin, 1976, Skryabin, 19776). EBaikal, ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi kwabafuduki kwabhalwa esigodini saseSelenga kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-22. Kanye nasesifundeni sase-Upper Angara kusuka ngo-22IV kuye ku-7.V, indiza kulezi zifunda iphela ngo-Ephreli - ishumi leminyaka lokuqala likaMeyi (Skryabin noSharoglazov, 1974). Ama-gulls wokuqala afike ezweni eliphansi laseKhanka engxenyeni yesibili kaMashi (Glushchenko, 1981), kanye nezinyoni ezifudukayo eningizimu Primorye aqoshwa engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi (Chersky, 1915, Panov, 1973). E-Sakhalin, ukunyakaza ukuya enyakatho kuqala ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Ephreli (Gizenko, 1955).

Enyakatho yebanga, okokuqala (eminyakeni ezahlukahlukene kusuka ku-22 kuye ku-26.III) izindondo zesiliva zindizela ogwini olungenaqhwa loLwandle iBarents (Modestov, 1967), nakamuva (kusuka ngo-26.V kuye ku-13.VI) - ezifundeni ezisogwini zeSiberia neTaimyr kuya e-Indigirka (Birulya, 1907; Pleske, 1928; Uspensky et al., 1962; Matyushenkov, 1979).

Ngokusho kwedatha yesikhathi eside, abantu bokuqala bafika e-Estonia ngokwesilinganiso 3.IV (Root-smae, Rootsmae, 1976). Ukufuduka okunamandla ezifundazweni zaseBaltic kwaqalwa kusukela nge-16 kuye kwangama-30 .V (Lein, Kasparson, 1961), eWhite Sea - kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuya ku-9.V (Bianchi, 1959. 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960). KuLwandle iBarents, ukufuduka kugcinwa kuze kube yingxenye yokuqala kaMeyi (Pleske, 1928, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960, Kokhanov. 1965), futhi kugeleza kakhulu lapha ngoMashi-Ephreli. Ekhondweni eliphakathi kwe-Ob eduze nedolobhana laseNarym naphakathi kweTym, izinyoni zokuqala zaqoshwa ngo-2-14.V (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977). E-Middle Yenisei endaweni yendawo. Kunokuthula nasemfuleni. Ukufuduka kwenqwaba yabantu kwaqoshwa eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu kaMeyi (Larionov, Sedalishchev, 1978, Rogacheva et al. 1978). KwaVilyue, uB.N. Andreev (1974) wabona indinyana echazwe kahle ukusuka ku-5 kuye ku-7.V. Ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKamchatka, ngokusho kuka-E.G. Lobkov (1980), ukufuduka kwabonwa kusukela maphakathi no-Ephreli kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Enyakatho yale peninsula ngasemfuleni. Indiza ejwayelekile yabhaliswa ngo-1960 nango-1961. kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-26V (Kishchinsky, 1980), naku-Anadyr endaweni yedolobhana. UMarkvo - kusuka ku-11 kuye ku-22V (Portenko, 1939).

Ezingxenyeni ezifudukayo, izingane ezincane zingaqhamuka ku-20 ziye ku-80% wenani labantu abadala, kuthi lapho kuphela indiza isibalo sazo sikhuphuke, okukhombisa ukuthi abantu abadala baqala futhi baqede ukufuduka ngaphambili kunabancane (Sushkin, 1908, Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Khodkov , 19776, 1981a, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Kishchinsky, 1980). Ezindaweni ezigudle ulwandle nemifula emikhulu, ama-gull ngokuvamile andiza eduze kwawo, kodwa futhi anganqamula izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kude nolwandle. E-White Sea, ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala kuhlala eduze kwamakamu noma olwandle oluvulekile, ezindaweni zokuzingela ama-seal (Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960).

Ukufuduka kwe-Autumn kuvame ukwandulelwa isikhathi sokuzulazula, okuhlala ezifundeni ezihlukene kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-7 ukuya kwezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-2,5 futhi kuboniswa izinkomba ezahlukahlukene (Modestov, 1967, Bianchi, Boyko, 1972, 1975, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Vinokurov, 1965, Khodkov, 1967). Kamuva, ukufuduka kancane kancane kuphenduka indiza yangempela. KuLwandle iBarents, luqala maphakathi no-Agasti - ikota yokuqala kaSepthemba futhi luphela maphakathi no-Septhemba (Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960, Modestov, 1967). Ukuqalwa kwe-White Sea kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba (Blagosklonov, 1960, Skokova, 1960, Flerov, Skalinov, 1960), ukufuduka kwabantu ngobuningi eKandalaksha Gulf ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 kwabhalwa eminyakeni eyishumi kaSepthemba (Bianki, Boyko, 1972, 1975), okuyizinsuku eziyi-10-15 ngaphambili kunaseminyakeni yama-1950. Ngaphesheya kwempumalanga eNhlonhlo yeKanin eduze komlomo we-Kuloy B. Zhitkov (1904) kuqaphela umhlambi wokuqala wendiza i-18.VII. ENovaya Zemlya, ukufuduka nokufuduka eminyakeni ehlukene kwaqashelwa kusuka ku-6.VIII kuya ku-19.IX (Gorbunov, 1929). Engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga, ukufuduka kubhekwa cishe phakathi maphakathi no-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba. Ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKamchatka, kudlula umgwaqo obuthakathaka ukusuka phakathi kukaSepthemba kuya ezinsukwini zokuqala zikaNovemba (Lobkov, 1980).

Ezifundazweni zaseBaltic, ukufuduka kwabonwa kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuLwezi; kwenzeka kakhulu maphakathi no-Septhemba kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba. Emkhakheni weVolga-Kama interfluve, indiza iqala ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba kuye ekuqaleni kukaNovemba (iVodolazhskaya, iZaletaev, 1977), ogwini lweBlack Sea ngasemfuleni waseDanube - ukusuka ngo-Okthoba kuze kube nguDisemba (Andone et al., 1965), esiqwini saseTiligulsky estuary (amadolobha ase-Odessa) ukwanda kwesibalo sezinyoni ezifudukayo sezivele zaqalwa ngoJulayi (Chernichko, ukuxhumana ngomlomo). Ukufuduka okunamandla kwenzeka ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle i-Azov ngo-Okthoba (Vinokurov, 1965), kanye nasolwandle lweCaspian esifundeni seHasan-Kuli, kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya engxenyeni yesibili kaNovemba (Isakov, Vorobyov, 1940). Ukufuduka okusebenzayo kwaqoshwa kuLwandle lweBaraba ngesiwombe sesibili sikaSepthemba - Okthoba (Khodkov, 19776, 1983). E-Transbaikalia eningizimu-ntshonalanga, ukudlula lokhu kwenzeka kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi kaSepthemba kuze kube sekupheleni kwale nyanga (Izmailov, 1967).

Izinyoni ezidla engxenyeni yaseYurophu ye-USSR, Kazakhstan kanye naseningizimu ye-Western Siberia, zihamba ziye entshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ekuweni komgodi oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic nolwandle iMedithera. Izinyoni zasolwandle zasolwandle ezisukela empumalanga yeWest Taimyr ziqhubekela eningizimu mpumalanga echibini loLwandle iPacific. Njengasentwasahlobo, izinyoni zinamathela ogwini lolwandle noma ezigodini zemifula emikhulu, kepha futhi zinganqamula izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kanye nezidalwa ezinkulu zamanzi ezisenkabeni ngqo (uLugovoi, 1958, Jõgi et al., 1961, Vaitkevicius, 1968). EWhite Sea, iGydan Peninsula, eNtshonalanga Siberia, abantu abasha bashiya izindawo zokuzalela ngaphambili kunabantu abadala (Naumov, 1931, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960), kwabanye (uVilyuy, Baikal, eMagadan Region), ngokuphambene nalokho, abantu abadala basuka ngaphambi kwabancane (Andreev, 1974, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Shkatulova, 1981). Ngandlela thile, lezi zifundo zikhombisa ukuthi inqwaba yabantu abasha nabadala ihlukaniswa ngesikhathi ngesikhathi sokufuduka.

Habitat

Okuhluke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ehlobo. Ngesikhathi sokusakazeka, kuzo zonke izindawo ezisezindaweni eziseduzane ne-tundra kuya e-semi-desert, zihlala zombili ezigudle ulwandle (ezinamadwala noma zithithiwe), futhi ngaphakathi nendawo yezwe, zithanda iziqhingi yonke indawo: ulwandle, emifuleni emikhulu nasemachibini, ezinhlobonhlobo zezixhaphozi nezindawo ezinkulu zokugcina. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kube nokuthambekela ekwakhiweni kwama-bithopes we-anthropogenic, okuholele ekushintsheni kokudlela ophahleni lwezakhiwo ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo eBulgaria, eBritish Isles, eGerman Democratic Republic naseJalimane, eFinland nase-USA (Reiser, 1894, Paynter, 1963, Cramp, 1971 : Kosonen, Makinen, 1978).

Emashumini eminyaka edlule, lo mkhuba uye waqina (Kumerloeve, 1957. Goethe, 1960, Mountfort, Ferguson, 1961, O'Meara, 1975: Monaghan, Coulson, 1977, Fisk, 1978, Hoyer, Hoyer, 1978, Monaghan, 1982, Nanking, 1981, 1982). E-USSR, indawo yokuhlala kwizakhiwo ibhalisiwe eRiga kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1970 (Strazdins et al., 1987). Ebusika, izinkomo zesiliva zihlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle nasemaphethelweni aseduze kwemithombo yokudla.

Inombolo

Inani eliphelele lezinyoni ezidlekayo litholakele kuphela ezifundeni ezithile zezwe. Ngakho-ke, ogwini lwaseMurmansk, ngokusho kwezilinganiso zikaT. D. Gerasimova (1962) no-I. P. Tatarinkova (1970, 1975), izinkulungwane eziyisithupha zama-6-7, ezingxenyeni ezisogcwele zeKandalaksha Bay - okungenani amabhande ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,3. (Bianchi, 1967), ogwini olusentshonalanga i-Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970) kanye nogu oluseningizimu yeGulf of Finland (Renno, 1972) - 640 no-658 ngababili, ngokulandelana. Esiqhingini saseSwan oLwandle Olumnyama ngo-1979, ngababili abazimele abangu-9417 (Kostin, Tarina, 1981), esikebheni sobisi lwaseLwandle i-Azov ngo-1975-1979. kusuka kwabangu-481 kuya kwabangu-630 kwabhekwa ngabo (uSiohin, 1981), emlonyeni weDanube ngonyaka ka 1976-1979. kwabhalwa cishe ngababili ngababili (uPetrovich, 1981), e-Eastern Ciscaucasia ngonyaka we-1968 kuya ku-1980. kusuka kwabangu-240 kuya kwabangu-3270 ngokuzalanisa imichilo (i-Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975, 1977, 1981, Yazykova, 1975, Kazakov et al., 1981, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982).

Olwandle lweCaspian esifundeni seziqhingi zeBaku ngo-1961-1967 sisuka kuma-2,750 kuya kwangama-3 500 ngababili (Tuaev et al., 1972). Zingama-270 ngazimbili eziqoshwe eLake Baikal esifundeni sase-Upper Angara naseKichera (Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981), 560, 90, kanye namabili ngamabili, ngokulandelana, zanda endaweni yoLwandle Oluncane, umlomo we-Angara, kanye naseziqhingini eziseChivyrkuy Bay. Kamuva, bafinyelela ku-870 ababalwa oLwandle Oluncane, futhi bafika kwabangu-1,200 e-Angara Delta (Litvinov et al., 1977, Scriabin et al., 1977). Emachibini aseTorey ngonyaka we-1976, izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-3.7 zazakhiwe (Zubakin, 1981a).

Ezifundeni eziningi ze-USSR, inani liyakhula ngesivinini, ngokwesibonelo, eLwandle iBarents, e-Eastern Baltic, eBlack Sea naseSivash, eRybinsk Reservoir, e-Eastern Ciscaucasia naseLake Baikal (Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Kostin, 1975, Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975 1977, 1981, Nemtsev, 1980, Kostin, Tarina, 1981, Krivenko, 1981, Scriabin et al., 1977, Tatarinkova, 1975, 1981, Kumari, 1978, Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981, Siohin, 1981a), kwezinye (izindawo eziphezulu zezwe laseBaltic, iziqhingi ngazinye zaseVaikai zigudla ugu lwase-Estonia, iPearl Island ngasogwini olusenyakatho yoLwandle iCaspian) - kuyiwa (i-Aumees, ngo-196 7, Kumari, 1978, Baumanis, 1980, Gavrilov, Krivonosov, 1981, Petrins, 1982). Ngaphandle kwe-USSR, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasogwini lwe-Atlantic e-United States, umahlulelwa yizincwadi, kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwamanani. Izizathu zokwanda okubukhali nokushesha kangaka kwamanani kule minyaka engama-40-50 edlule, abacwaningi abaningi babona kulokho kuguqulwa kokudla kokuvela kwemvelaphi ye-anthropogenic. Ukwanda okubukhali kwamanani kungahle kuholele ekuguqukeni kusuka kokukodwa kuya kwesidleke samakoloni (Bergmann, 1982).

Ubudlelwano nomuntu

Izindondo zesiliva azesabi abantu. Bahlala ngentshiseko emamandleni ophahleni lwezindlu. Uma i-seagull ikholelwa ukuthi umuntu ufuna ukulimaza inzalo, uyamhlasela. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinyoni eziqhoshayo zihlwitha ukudla kubantu basemgwaqweni, zisuka ezandleni zabo.

Eminyakeni engama-25 edlule, kube nokuthambekela kokunciphisa inani lama-gulls esiliva. EYurophu, inani lalezi zinyoni lehle ngo-50%. Isizathu esikhulu salesi simo yizinto zezemvelo kanye nokwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezisogwini. Mayelana nale micimbi, ama-European gulls asencwadini ebomvu. Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-silver gulls anesimo sokulondolozwa, akwaziwa noma ngabe lokhu kuzosiza yini ukugcina izinhlobo.

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Vocalization

Ama-silvery gull anesethi ecebile yemisindo: i-squaring, ukuhleka, ukukhalima, ukugunda nokukhonkotha. Ukuhleka okubonakala kunesimilo esikhulu se-seagull ikhipha, ihlale phansi bese iphonsa ikhanda emuva. Ngalesi sikhalo ezifundeni eziningi babizwa ngokuthi "ukuhleka" (ukungadideki nokuhleka kwekhanda elimnyama).

Ukuziphatha komphakathi

Isiliva liyinyoni yamakoloni. Amakoloni angaba maningi kakhulu (amakhulu ambalwa ngamabili ngayinye), angaba mancane, angaba izinhlobo ze-mono, i.e. amagolide esiliva kuphela ahlala kuzo, kepha angahlanganiswa i.e. nezinye izinhlobo zokukhishwa. Ngaphakathi kolony, umbhangqwana ngamunye unendawo yawo eyodwa, ewugcina uqaphe. Uma maqondana nesitha sangaphandle onke amaqhubu asesikoloni aziphatha ngendlela enobungane kakhulu, ekhombisa ngokuhlangana ukuhlaselwa, khona-ke ngababili abangomakhelwane bavame ukuxabana phakathi kwabo, noma bamane bahlaselane.

Ngaphakathi kombhangqwana, ukusebenza kwezinyoni zasolwandle nakho kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Kukhona ukuqomisana emhlabathini, nokudla ngokwesiko okwenziwa ngowesilisa lowesifazane, kanye nokuziphatha “kwencanyana” yowesifazane (ohleli eduze kwesidleke, insikazi ifaka ngezwi elincane futhi icele ukudla kowesilisa). Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, le ndlela yokuvuthwa kancane kancane incipha bese iyaphela ngokuphelele.

Impilo e-zoo

E-Zoo yaseMoscow, ama-silver gulls ahlala ezindlini zokubhukuda e-bird House. Ukudla kwabo kuyafana nokwokuhleka kwekhanda elimnyama futhi kunengxube yokudla kwezilwane nemifino.

Kepha e-zoo kunezihlahla zesiliva ezihlala mahhala ezihlala ku-Big Pond ye-Old Territory. Baqale ukubonakala lapha ngo-2011, ngokusobala bathuthela kithi besuka eMfuleni iMoskva. Ngemuva kwalokho kwakuyibhangqa elilodwa kuphela, kepha, unyaka nonyaka ikoloni lenyuka futhi manje isidleke sobabili, futhi kukhona nezinyoni ezizodwa. Ngisho nalapho kwakhiwa kabusha i-Big Pond, lapho amanzi ayekhishwa kuyo, amanzi asolwandle awazange ashiye indawo ayithandayo, eneliswa yizimbotshana ezincane ezazisele. Zizalela njalo, zikhulisa amatshwele amaningana unyaka nonyaka. Izinyoni zasolwandle zidla lapha echibini, ehlobo yilezi zinhlanzi - izidumbu ezihlala echibini, namachwane ama-waterfowl (ama-mallards, ama-gogol nabanye), futhi ebusika - amajuba awabamba ogwini. Izinyoni zasolwandle zijwayele ichibi futhi ziziphatha ngokuzikhandla nangokukhalipha kangangokuthi ngisho neziziba azikwazi ukuncintisana nazo ekutholeni ukudla. Kanye nama-gulls, ama-terns ajwayelekile (Sterna hirundo), abamele abancane bomndeni we-gull, bahlala kuleli koloni. By way, kwaba yilabo abasungula leli koloni lamahhala kwi-Big Pond, abaxazulula lapha ngo-2010. Baqhubeka nokuthola isidleke ngisho namanje, naphezu komakhelwane abanolaka njengamaqhugwane esiliva.