I-Diving beetle - igama elihlanganisiwe lezinambuzane zasemanzini ezishiwo ngokulandelana kwamabhungane. Emvelweni kunezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezine, ezingama-300 zihlala endaweni yaseRussia. Amabhungane angandiza futhi abhukude ngokuphelele. Bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo emanzini. Khetha amachibi namachibi ngamanzi amile. Ababhukudi abadala kanye nenzalo yabo bangabadli abakhuthele. Bahlasela inhlanzi kanye nefry, amadadolozi, izibungu zomiyane, ama-mollusks. Ezindaweni zokulima izinhlanzi, ukubukeka kwesibhungane sokubhukuda kuba yinhlekelele yangempela.
Encazelo Morphological
I-Swimmers (Dytiscidae) - umndeni wamabhungane aphakathi nendawo amakhulu ahlala emizimbeni yamanzi. Zitholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseAsia, eNyakatho Melika zaze zafinyelela nensimu ye-Arctic. Izinambuzane zikhetha izidumbu zamanzi amasha nenani elikhulu lezitshalo namanzi amile. Kungaba amachibi, amachibi, imisele kanye nezigodi ezijulile. Ubukhulu bhungane lokubhukuda, kuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo, lingama-2-4,5 cm.
Isinambuzane esijwayelekile siyakwazi ukukhamba, ukubhukuda futhi ukundiza. Akunabameleli abaningi bephiko lwamaphiko abanamaphiko abanikezwe amakhono anjalo. Emhlabeni, ukubhukuda kuhamba kancane, kutatazela kusuka ngapha nangapha. Imilenze yangemuva iyaxoshwa, kuthi phambili nangaphakathi kuhlukaniswe.
Incazelo yebhungane lokubhukuda
Umzimba webhungane, oyisicaba, ohambisanayo, oguqulwe kahle ukuze uhambisane nekholomu yamanzi. Imilenze yangemuva isebenza njengendlela yokuhlinzeka ngokunyakaza. Izingalo zinemisipha ekhule kahle. I-tibia ethotshisiwe kanye neTarsus kumbozwe ngemigqa emibili yezinwele ze-elastic. Indlela yokuhamba kwebhungane lokubhukuda emanzini ifana nokuhlehla ngezinsimbi ze-oars. Izingalo zomzimba wasemuva zihamba ngasikhathi sinye. Ama-bristles aqinile ebusweni bawo athatha indawo yokuthela. Imilenze ephakathi ilungisa ukuqondisa kokunyakaza - phezulu noma phansi. Izibalo zangaphambili azibandakanyeki. Imilenze yangaphambili naphakathi imfushane ngokubonakalayo kunemilenze yangemuva.
Isidumbu siqukethe iminyango emithathu: ikhanda, isifuba, isisu. Ikhanda ligxishwe esifubeni, okuthi, ngaphandle komngcele obukhali, lidlule liye esiswini. Umbala umnyama ikakhulu - luhlaza, nsundu, mnyama. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukuhlangana okukhanyayo (okumpunga noma okusawolintshi) kudlula esiqwini nasekhanda. Isisu sinezingxenye ezi-8 ezimbozwe yi-elytra eqinile.
Ikhanda lesi sinambuzane libanzi futhi liyisicaba. Amehlo amakhulu atholakala ezinhlangothini. Ngayinye inezinkulungwane ezilula zamehlo, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezimile nezihambahamba. Ngemuva kwepuleti elinqobayo lomlomo ophezulu ngumhlathi onamandla owenzelwe ukubamba nokuhlafuna inyamazane. Izinto zokusebenza zomlomo ziyaququda. Izimpondo ezinde eziveziwe ziyisitho sephunga. Akhiwe ezinhlangothini zebunzi, aqukethe izingxenye eziyi-11 ezingenqunu.
Ngabe iqhuma kanjani ibhungane lokubhukuda
Ababhukuda bachitha iningi lezimpilo zabo ngaphansi kwamanzi, kepha baphefumula umoya. Izinambuzane zidinga ukuvela njalo ukuze ziphinde zigcwalise izindawo ezigcina umoya-mpilo. Yiluphi uhlelo lokuphefumula lwebhungane lokubhukuda? Ukungena komoya emzimbeni kunikezwa ukuvuleka okukhethekile - iminyakazo etholakala esiswini. Ukusuka ezikhungweni kuya kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba, uhlelo lwamadonsa - i-trachea - diverges. Kunama-sacs omoya esifubeni sesinambuzane. Isisu sicindezelwa ngesigqi futhi singaziwa, okwenza ukunyakaza komoya ku-trachea.
Emzimbeni webhungane kunezindlala ezigcoba emikhawulweni ye-elytra nesisu. Ukuvuselela ukulethwa komoya, ukubhukuda kudalula ukuphela kwesisu ngaphandle. I-contraction yesitho ikuvumela ukuthi udonsa umoya ngaphansi kwe-elytra. Amagabha nawo aphefumula, isiqu sawo siphela ngokufakelwa kwefilimu, enza umsebenzi wezipiriti. Ukungenisa ingxenye yomoya, izinambuzane ziphuma njalo ngemizuzu eyi-10.
Indlela yokuphila
Umbhukudi ubhebhetheka kalula endaweni yokugcina amanzi, ngoba umzimba wakhe ulula ukwedlula amanzi. Ukwehluka kudinga umzamo owengeziwe. Ukuze uhlale ezansi echibini, kudingeka abambelele etsheni noma esitshalweni. Izimbotshana zebhungane zinezingwegwe ezikhethekile ezivumela ukuthi inamathele kunoma iyiphi indawo ebushelelezi. Izinambuzane ziyasebenza ebusuku, zizingela noma ziyafuna ikhaya elisha. Abathandi beFauna bayathanda ukuthi ibhungane lokubhukuda liyindiza noma cha? Abesilisa nabesifazane abadala banamaphiko akhule kahle. Lapho bafuna izindawo ezinhle, bandiza amashumi amakhilomitha.
Ngaphambi kwendiza, kulungiselelwa okuthile. Ubhungane lufika olwandle futhi lunikeze amandla okuphakathi kwamathumbu. Ube esegcwalisa izikhwama zomoya esifubeni sakhe. Ukunciphisa isisindo somzimba ngangokunokwenzeka, ukubhukuda kuyasuka. Lapho efuna amachibi, ugxila embonweni. Iqaphela ukukhanya, lesi sinambuzane siyawa phansi. Amaqhinga ajwayele ukwehluleka ukuthola izimbungulu, esikhundleni sedamu, ziwela emagumbini okugcina ingilazi noma ophahleni lwendlu. Abahambi abaningi bafa ngokushaywa ngamandla ukuya endaweni enzima.
Ngenkathi ebandayo, izinambuzane eziningi zifihla emifantwini noma emhlabathini. Kukuphi ubusika bokubhukuda? Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, kukhona labo abachitha ubusika esigabeni seqanda, izibungu noma umuntu omdala. Kwizinambuzane ezihlala eYurophu, ukucwiliswa ekuphanjukisweni kwamabhungane amadala kuyisici. Ngemuva kokuvela kwephayiphu ekwindla, amabhungane amancane asala ebusika udoti noma ngaphansi kwamagxolo. Ingxenye yokubhukuda ibuyela endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Ngomthamo owanele we-oxygen, azibhukuda ngenkuthalo. Ukuqandeka okungaphezulu komhlaba kubangela ukuba amabhungane agone ku-sludge futhi alale ukushisa.
Kuze kube nini mabhungane okubhukuda? Isikhathi sokuphila kwabantu abadala sisukela ezinyangeni eziningana siye eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemine. Izimbungulu eziningi ziphila cishe unyaka owodwa. Umjikelezo wempilo omfushane kakhulu wabamele izinhlobo ze-Agabusfuscipennis, ezivamile eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Izici zamandla
Ngabe udlani ubhungane wokubhukuda? Umhlaseli udla noma yikuphi ukudla kwamaprotheni, akadeleli ukudla inhlanzi efile. Ama-mandibles abukhali futhi abanzi akuvumela ukuba uhlasele inyamazane enkulu. Ubhungane olambile luhlasela izinhlanzi noma amasele amahlandla amathathu ubukhulu bawo. Ubhekana kanjani nokuphangwa okukhulu?
Babhukudi abasele abahlala echibini bayamsiza. Ngemuva kokuluma kokuqala, igazi lesisulu lingena emanzini. Ngenxa yomqondo obuthakathaka wephunga, izilwane ezidla ezinye zibamba ibanga elide. Eduze kwenhlanzi, kudonswa izimbungulu eziyishumi, ezikhipha izingcezwana ezilwaneni oluphilayo. Ezimweni eziningi, izinambuzane zineliswa ngama-invertebrates nama-mollusks.
Ukuzala
I-dimorphism yezocansi yababhukudi iboniswa ngomehluko ngosayizi (izintokazi zikhulu) kanye nokwakheka kwengxenye yangaphambili neyaphakathi. Emadodeni, izingxenye ezintathu zokuqala zemilenze zinwetshisiwe. Banamapuleti okusika - ukusuka kweshumi elinambini kuye emakhulu izicucu. Zisetshenziselwa ukubamba umlingani ngesikhathi sokuzala. Isikhathi sokuzala amabhungane siba entwasahlobo. Inqubo yenzeka emanzini. Kwabesifazane, kungadla impilo. Ngenkathi yokuzalela, ihluleka ukuntantazela phezulu futhi igcwalise i-elytra ngomoya.
Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, izinsikazi ziqala ukwenza ubunyoni. Ubhungane wamanzi okubhukuda unamaqanda amakhulu, afinyelela kubude obuyi-5-7 mm. Umqondo wenziwa ku-substrate engezansi, izicubu zezitshalo. Isibalo samaqanda abekwa isizini ngayinye siyinkulungwane. I-ovipositor ebukhali ezihlahleni nasemaceleni yenza ukuqhekeka lapho kubekwa khona iqanda le-oval. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12, kuvela izibungu. Esikhathini sezulu esibandayo, isikhathi sokukhula kombungu sibambezeleka kuze kube inyanga.
Imininingwane. Ukubekwa kokubhukuda kusongelwa ngabagibeli abahlala emanzini. Lezi ngama-prestvichi, izinambuzane 1mm ngosayizi. Inzalo yabo igxile emaqandeni amabhungane nakumahlengezi. Eqeleni elilodwa, abagibeli abangaphezu kwe-100 bangakhula.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuyisidina
Umbala wezibungu zebhungathi yokubhukuda uphuzi, mpunga futhi nsundu. Imvamisa umzimba umbozwa iphethini yemivimbo emnyama namabala. Ngaphandle, inzalo ibukeka njengofezela, hhayi ababhukudi. Kusukela ekuzalweni, izibungu ziyizidlamlilo ezinamandla. Ukudla kokuqala yi-caviar, izibungu zezimpukane ze-caddis, izinyoka, omiyane. Ikhanda lithambile, isifuba sinezigaba ezintathu, isisu sezigaba eziyisishiyagalombili. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kukhona amehlo ayi-6 alula. Ama-Antennas amancanyana, eminyakeni yokuqala ehlukaniswe ngamakhulu amathathu, ngemuva kwezixhumanisi ezimbili - iziqephu ezi-6.
Izithasiselo zomlomo ziyahluka. Akukho mlomo ophezulu, futhi ongaphansi ubunjwe ngepuleti ebanzi enamakhanda eceleni komphetho. Ama-mandibles aqinile agobile ngendlela yesikela, emaphethelweni kuyakhonjwa. Ahamba kuphela ngendiza enezingqimba. I-mandibles ixhunywe kwi-pharynx ngeziteshi. Izibungu azikwazi ukuvula umlomo. Ukudla kungena ngomhlathi.
Uhlelo lokugaya kwezinambuzane nalo alujwayelekile. Isizinda asithuliwe esiswini, kodwa ngaphandle. I-larva ifaka ama-mandibles ayo emzimbeni wesisulu futhi ilimaze ujusi wokugaya ukudla. Ngemuva kwemizuzu embalwa, izicubu nezitho zithambisa. Okuqukethwe inyamazane kudonswa ngqo emphinjeni. Lapho usuqedile ukondla, lesi sinambuzane sihlanza ama-mandibles ngama-paws angaphambili. Izibungu zamabhungane okubhukuda, isisulu esingakhathali futhi esinamandla, uma sesiqedile nesisulu esisodwa, siyahamba sifuna okulandelayo.
Umzimba ophakeme obheke phezulu ekugcineni, umqhele amasonto amabili. Kuqukethe ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene: imisipha, bristles, isikali. Izimbambo ezintathu zemilenze emide zinamathele ezingxenyeni ze-thoracic. Imilenze yakhiwe ngezigaba ezi-5. Ezinqulwini nasemilenzeni engezansi kubhukuda izinwele, unyawo luphela ngozipho ezimbili.
Ekukhuleni kwayo, izibungu zithatha iminyaka emi-3. Eside kunazo zonke unyaka wesithathu wokugcina. Ekwindla yokuqala, izibungu zishiya ichibi. Esebeni, wakhela isidwaba kusuka ezinsaleleni zezitshalo nezinqwaba zenhlabathi. Ukuphapha kwenzeka ku-cradle. Isigaba sihlala cishe inyanga. UPupa mhlophe, uthambile, luhlobo oluvulekile. Izithonjana ngemuva kokuvela epulini nazo zithambile futhi zilula. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, ikhava yabo iba mnyama futhi ibe lukhuni.
Fringed ukubhukuda
Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwamabhungane okuntywila okuhlala kuwo izidumbu zamanzi anamanzi amile noma aphansi wamanje. Umzimba we-oval umnyama noma onsundu. Izinyawo zinombala wewolintshi, njengoba nje edlula edlula elytra. Ubukhulu babadala buyi-27-35 mm, eMpumalanga Ekude kunezihlobo ezinkulukazi (32-37 mm). Iduna lincane kunensikazi futhi linobuso obushelelezi be-elytra. Izinyamazane ezidla izinyamazane zihlasela izibungu, gazinga, ama-tadpoles, lapho kungekho khona inyamazane encane - amasele nezinhlanzi. Bahlala eYurophu, e-Asia Ephakathi naseSiberia.
Ukubhukuda okubanzi
Ubude bomzimba bhungane elidala bungama-35-45 mm. Ubhungane obanzi obukhulu bunsundu noma umnyama nge-tint eluhlaza. Lesi sithombe sikhombisa ukuthi onqenqemeni lwe-expressionot ne-elytra yebhungane yokubhukuda kukhona umngcele ophuzi. Izibungu zinomzimba omude we-fusiform; zikhulu kunabantu abadala ngosayizi, zikhula ziye kuma-60-60 mm. Izinambuzane zihlala kumachibi anamanzi acwebile nodaka. Uncamela ukungagudli ugu. Kubonwe emizimbeni yamanzi egcwele i-sedge, ihhashi, ishiber, squirrel. Ukubhukuda okubanzi kuyizinhlobo ezingandile. Wanyamalala emazweni ayi-10 ase-Europe. Ibhungane lifakwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN.
Imininingwane. Ababhukuda banezitha ezimbalwa emanzini; izitha ezinkulu azizithinti. Izinambuzane zinendlela yokuzivikela - lapho isitha sihlasela, zikhipha uketshezi olumhlophe lwe-caustic.
Umakhelwane ongafuneki
Lapho sesizinzile echibini lokuhlobisa, isilwanyana esidla inyama sihlasela izinhlanzi zokuhlobisa kanye nezinye izakhamizi. Abanikazi bezidumbu zamanzi babhekana nenkinga enzima, kanjani ukususa ibhungane lokubhukuda echibini? Indlela encane yokuchitha isikhathi ukuthola izidumbu ezisebenza ngokubhubhisa izibungu ezishisayo. Enye inketho ukufaka okwesikhashana ipompo noma umthombo obumba ukuhamba kwamanzi. Lesi sinambuzane sithanda izidumbu zamanzi ezimi, ngakho-ke sishiya indawo yokukhosela futhi siyofuna indawo engcono.
Uma izindlela ezingenhla zingasebenzi, khona-ke kusalokhu kukhipha amanzi, kuhlanze futhi kubulale amagciwane phansi. Lokhu kuzobhubhisa izibungu ze-imago ne-mabhungane. Ngemuva kokwelashwa, kuthululelwa amanzi bese kwethulwa izakhamuzi ezintsha.
Ingozi ebantwini
Ungabhekana nokubhukuda kwesidleke echibini echibini noma echibini lakho. Ukuxabana kubantu kuyivelakancane kakhulu. Ukuluma kubuhlungu, kepha akubeki ingozi empilweni. Ibhhungane lokubhukuda liluma emanzini uma lizizwa lisongelwa. Ubuhlungu obuvela ekuvutheni kwesikhumba buhlala imizuzu eminingana. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, isilonda siyavuvukala, kungavela inhlama. Amabhungane awanobuthi, ngakho-ke akukho ukusabela komzimba.
Umuntu ohlukunyeziwe kumele anikezwe usizo lokuqala:
- hlambulula isilonda
- phatha nge-antiseptic (iodine, i-hydrogen peroxide),
- faka ibhandishi
- Faka u-ice ukudambisa ukuvuvukala.
Ukunakwa. Imvamisa ukulunywa bhungane lokubhukuda kutholwa yilabo abaluthatha ngaphandle kobuhlanga obudingekayo.
Abathandi bempilo yasemanzini bangaba nesibhungane sokubhukuda emanzini. Njengokudla, bamnika izingcezu zenyama eluhlaza nezinhlanzi. Isitsha simbozwe ngesembozo, ngaphandle kwalokho isinambuzane esinamaphiko sizondiza simuke. Isihlabathi sithululelwa ezansi bese kubekwa amatshe amatshe amakhulu. Noma yiluphi ulwelwe lukhethiwe; ukubhukuda akubadli. Into esemqoka ukuthi awukwazi ukulungisa izimbungulu ku-aquarium efanayo nezinhlanzi.