Emvelweni, kunezinto ezinobuthi eziningi ezingadala ukulimala okuningi, kepha uma zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele nangokucophelela ngobuningi obuthile, lezi zinto ezinobuthi zingalimaza, kepha zizuze. Emkhakheni wezemithi, ubuthi bezilwane nezitshalo buvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo eziningi. Funda ukuthi ubuthi bungasindisa kanjani impilo.
1) Warfarin
I-Warfarin - Lesi yisichasiso esidala ukusetshenziswa kwaso njengesibulala-zinambuzane ukulwa namagundane futhi sisasetshenziselwa injongo efanayo, yize sekwenziwe ezinye izindlela eziningi eziphumelelayo zokulwa namagundane kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokuqala kokusetshenziswa kwayo, kwavela ukuthi i-warfarin iyithuluzi elisebenzayo neliphephile ukuvikela i-thrombosis ne-embolism. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1950, kanti lobu buthi busathandwa namanje. Naphezu kokusebenza kwayo, ukwelashwa kwe-warfarin kunezingqinamba eziningana. Izidakamizwa eziningi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zisebenzelana ne-warfarin ngendlela efanayo nokudla okuthile, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wayo kufanele uhlolwe njalo ngokwenza ukuhlolwa kwegazi.
2) Isihlungu senkontsho yesigaxa
Amatshe ayimigibe yolwandle ephakathi nenkulu ayizidakamizwa. Bazingela inyamazane futhi bayiqedela ukuhamba ngosizo lwamazinyo aguquliwe nezindlala ezinobuthi, eziqukethe ama-neurotoxins. Lezi zinhlungu kufanele zithintwe ngokucophelela, futhi kungcono ukungazithinti, ngoba iminenke ingagxwala kabuhlungu. Ukulunywa yinkunba enjalo akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu kunokugwazwa yinyosi, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zezigaxa, ezinkulu, zingamlimaza kabi umuntu, futhi kwezinye izikhathi zize zimbulele. Ubuhlungu bezinye izigaxa, ngokwesibonelo, isigaxa somlingo, yi-analgesic ephumelelayo engeyona umlutha, okunamandla okuphindwe kayinkulungwane kune-morphine futhi singasibuyisela. I-Painkiller ziconotide lisuselwa kubuthi besigaxa. Futhi, ezinye zezakhi zalobuthi ziyahlolwa namuhla ukwenza ikhambi le-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's kanye nesithuthwane.
3) Ubuthi be-Aconite
Kusuka ezimpandeni zohlobo lwezimbali Aconitum ferox (aconite) wenziwa ubuthi beNepal obizwa ngokuthi "bish" noma "nabi". Kuqukethe inani elikhulu le-alkaloids. pseudoconitinslokho kungabulala. Ezokwelapha zaseNtshonalanga, imithi ye-aconite yayisetshenziswa kuze kube yingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, kodwa namuhla ithathelwe indawo yimithi ephephe futhi ephumelela kakhudlwana. Imithi ye-aconite iyaqhubeka ukuthathwa, kepha kuyaqabukela, ukwelapha umkhuhlane, inyumoniya, i-tonsillitis, i-laryngitis, i-croup ne-asthma. Uma uthatha umuthi ngaphakathi, ubuthi be-aconite buthinta ukugeleza kwegazi, ukuphefumula kanye nohlelo lwezinzwa. Ukushayela kwehlisa ijubane, inani leenkontileka zenhliziyo lehla, kwezinye izikhathi kufinyelela ku-40-30 ukushaywa ngomzuzu. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izimbali ze-aconite zazisetshenziselwa ukukhomba ama-werewolves. Uma imbali ishiya isithunzi esiphuzi okhalweni lomuntu osolisayo, lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi une-werewolf.
4) ubuthi bedijithali
Ama-Digitalis angaqukatha ama-glycosides e-cardiac nama-steroid glycosides, kuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngenxa yalezi zinto ezinobungozi, ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zitshalo zithole igama lesidlaliso - Dead Man's Bells and Witch's Gloves. Sonke isitshalo sinobuthi, kufaka phakathi izimpande nembewu, futhi ikakhulukazi amaqabunga aphezulu kakhulu. Ungafa uma udla okungenani iqabunga elinjalo. Isidakamizwa i-Digitalis sibizwa digitalaline. Isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuzwela kwenhliziyo nokulawula ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ikakhulukazi nge-fibrillation ye-atrial engajwayelekile. Imvamisa imiselwe abantu abanesifo senhliziyo.
5) Ubuthi be-pocc moccasin
Inyoka ye-moccasin isisulu esilindile endaweni yokuqamekela, elinde inyamazane efanelekayo ukuba igijime eduzane. Lezi zinyoka zithanda ukugwema abantu futhi ngeke ziqale zihlasele uma zingathintwanga, kepha ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka eziningi, isixakaxaka kaningi esikhundleni sokuthi "abaleke" asale ekhona, ngakho-ke abantu bangangenela ngengozi futhi bazithole belunywe. Amagremu ayi-100 enobuthi be-muzzle yithosi elibulalayo. Ubuthi lobu buthakathaka obuthakathaka kunamanye ama-rattlesnakes futhi buthakathaka kancane kunobuthi besihlobo sakhe esiseduze kakhulu, i-muzzle yamanzi. Lezi zinyoka zivame ukwenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ukulunywa kwezixwayiso,” uma kungene, bese kukhipha isilinganiso esincane sobuthi, noma kungenjalo. Ubuthi be-Moccasin muzzle buneprotheni Contortrostatin, okuvimba ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza, futhi kuvikele nokusakazeka kwesimila kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Kuze kube Contortrostatin engaziwa njengesidakamizwa esisiza ukulwa nomdlavuza, iyaqhubeka nokuhlolwa elabhoratri.
6) Ubuthi hemlock
Lokhu ubuthi kungenye edume kakhulu emhlabeni. I-alkaloid ebaluleke kakhulu futhi enobuthi yi konyinenesakhiwo esifana ne-nicotine. IKoniin iyi-neurotoxin ephazamisa uhlelo lwezinzwa oluyingozi, iyingozi kakhulu ebantwini nasezilwaneni. IKoniin ibangela ukufa ngokuvimba ukuxhumana kwe-neuromuscular, njengoba kwenza ubuthi be-curare. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhubazeka kwemisipha nokukhubazeka kwemisipha yokuphefumula kwenzeka, okuholela ekufeni ngenxa yokuntuleka komoya-mpilo enhliziyweni nasengqondweni. Ukufa kungavinjelwa ukungena komoya ngemishini kuze kube yilapho isenzo sobuthi sesiphelile amahora angama-48-72. Imijovo ye-hemlock toom kunoma yiliphi inani ibangela ukwehluleka ukuphefumula nokufa. Uma umuntu egwinya amaqabunga amasha we-hemlock, noma inani elincane lembewu noma izimpande ezisikiwe, angafa. Naphezu kwemininingwane yalesi sitshalo, i-hemlock enobuthi isetshenziswa njenge-sedative and antispasmodic. Kwakusetshenziswa odokotela abangamaGrikhi nabasePheresiya ukwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nesifo samathambo.
7) Ubuthi be-belladonna
I-Atropine iyinto enobuthi etholakala kwi-belladonna, dope, mandrake kanye nezinye izitshalo zomndeni we-nightshade. Imijovo ye-Atropine isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-bradycardia (ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuhamba kancane), i-asystole nezinye izinkinga zenhliziyo. I-Atropine isetshenziswa futhi ekwelapheni uhlu olukhulu lwezifo, isetshenziswa ngisho nangaphezu kokujuluka ngokweqile.
8) Ubuthi be-scorpion ephuzi
Ubuthi be-arachnid eyingozi - i-scorpion ephuzi - lingasiza ekulweni nomdlavuza. Abaphenyi abavela I-Transmolecular Corporation ECambridge, eMassachusetts, kwakhululwa amaprotheni ayingxenye yobuthi bukasawoti ophuzi wase-Israyeli. Le proteni iyakwazi ukuthola nokubopha kumaseli e-glioma, umdlavuza wobuchopho okunzima ukwelapha ikakhulukazi. Abaphenyi basebenzise ubuthi obuvela kule proteni ngokunezela iodine e-radioactive kuyo. Lapho ingeniswa egazini, le proteni ithola amaseli e-glioma, ihlanganiswe nawo futhi ilethe nesixazululo se-iodine erediyo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amangqamuzana omdlavuza ayabhujiswa, futhi uma elashwa ngokwanele, umdlavuza uyancipha.
I-9) Ubuthi be-Chileantant tarantula
Ama-biophysicists aqhamuka Inyuvesi yaseBuffalo basebenzisa iprotein yesibuthi - i-pinkan tarantula yokulwa nokufa kusuka ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo. Izindonga zeseli zineziteshi ezincane ezivuleka lapho amaseli ekhula. Lezi ziteshi zibhekene nokuqanjwa kwemisipha yenhliziyo. Uma zivuleka kakhulu, zivumela ama-ion amahle ukuthi angenele amaseli. Lawa ma-ion aphazamisa amasiginali kagesi enhliziyweni, abangele ukuqina kwemizwa - ukudlidliza okuqinile okuvimbela amagundane enhliziyo ukuthi asebenze ekhonsathi. Isihlungu se-Spider sisebenza kulezi ziteshi, sivimba ukungena kwama-ion amahle kumaseli. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuqala kwe-fibrillation futhi kusindise isiguli ekufeni uma ubuthi bukhishwa ngenkathi kuhlaselwa inhliziyo.
10) I-Ergot mushroom ubuthi
Abantu bebesazi kudala ukuthi kuyini ubuthi be-ergot - ukhunta othinta i-rye futhi angadluliselwa kumuntu odla okusanhlamvu. I-Ergotism -I-fungal funging - ibangela ukukhohlisa nokuziphatha okungenangqondo, ukwehluleka futhi kungaholela ekufeni. Ezinye izinkomba zingafaka ukuhlangana kwesibeletho, ukugabha, isicanucanu, noma ukulahleka kwengqondo. Emuva ngeNkathi Ephakathi, imithamo ethile ye-ergot yayisetshenziselwa ukukhipha isisu, kanye nokuyeka ukopha ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ama-alkaloid we-Ergot asetshenziswa kumuthi onjenge kafergotequkethe i-caffeine, i-ergotamine, noma i-ergoline. Kuyasiza ekwelapheni amakhanda we-migraine. Ubuthi lobu busetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sikaParkinson. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-ergotism yayinecala lokuthi e-Europe ngekhulu le-16 isifo esingajwayelekile "UkuDansa Mania" sasihlasela, kepha lokhu akulindelekile.
Acids
Okudume kakhulu yi-acetic acid. Kepha lokhu akuyona ukuphela kwento enobuthi kubantu empilweni yansuku zonke. Ama-acid atholakala kumakhemikhali asendlini, avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza nokuhlanza. Ubuthi be-acid buyingozi empilweni. Uma igxilwe, i-acid ibanga ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwezitho zangaphakathi. Umuntu ukubonakala kobuhlungu obukhulu, ukuvuvukala kwe-larynx, inqubo yokuphefumula iyaphazamiseka.
I-ingress yama-acid esikhumbeni ivusa ukubukeka kokucasuka, izilonda zokulimala kwezilonda, ukushiswa.
Uma kwenzeka kunobuthi be-acid, kuyadingeka ngokushesha ukuthi uhlambe izimbotshana zomlomo, ulwelwesi lwe-mucous lwamehlo nezindinyana zamakhala, izinsalela zesikhumba ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Akuvunyelwe ukugeza isisu ngokudakwa okunjalo ngamasongo, inkambo ebuyayo ye-asidi iholela ekushisweni okuphindaphindekile kwe-esophagus.
Usawoti we-Mercury
I-Mercury itholakala kuwo wonke amakhaya, ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yokushisa. Kodwa-ke, insimbi enjalo ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuphrinteni nakwezolimo, ngakho-ke, ubuthi obunamasawoti we-zebra nawo buvame ukutholakala.
I-Mercury iyinsimbi enobungozi engaphansi kokuhwamuka ngokushesha. Imishanguzo enobuthi isakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni. Umphumela obulalayo uvela lapho kusuka ku-0,0 kuya ku-0,3 g kwensimbi.
Ngeshwa, azikho izimpawu ezicacile zobuthi ubuthi. Izimpawu ziyafana nezifo ze-bronchi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesistimu yezinzwa. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubonakalayo, imilenze ethuthumela, ukulimala esikhunjeni.
Uma ubuthi be-mercury benzeka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kufanele kunikezwe ngokushesha okukhulu. Uma kungenzeka, kungeniswa izakhamzimba, kuqalwa ukuqubuka kwesisu bese kuthi umuntu anikezwe izangoma. Ukuvakashela odokotela kuyadingeka.
IHydrocyanic acid kanye nama-cyanides
Lezi zingozi eziyingozi kakhulu ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu. Ungahlangana nabo emathanjeni ezihlahla ezithile zezithelo, ama-cyanides akhona ugwayi.
Lapho bangene ngenani elikhulayo, baphazamisa ubuchopho, banciphise kakhulu umfutho wegazi, babangele i-pathologies emsebenzini wenhliziyo. Umphumela obulalayo une-overdose wenzeka cishe khona manjalo.
Uma kunezimpawu zobuthi, udinga ukuhlanza isisu sakho ngokushesha, inqubo iyaphindwa kuze kukhishwe amanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kokugeza, isisulu sinikezwa ama-sorbents, ama-laxatives asetshenziswa. Kuyadingeka ukubiza odokotela.
Ubuthi nobungozi sekuyisikhathi eside kuyizikhali eziyimfihlo zezinsizakalo eziyimfihlo emhlabeni jikelele. Ososayensi baseSoviet kulokhu baadlula iningi lozakwabo. Kodwa-ke, izindlela izinsiza ezikhethekile ezenziwe ngazo futhi zahlolwa ngazo izikhali eziyimfihlo zadala impikiswano kuze kube namuhla.
Amaphayona Wetyhefu Ebulalayo
Ngo-1938, iPeople's Commissariat of Internal Affairs yaholwa nguLavrenty Beria. Ngemuva kwalokhu, umnyango waqala izinguquko ezinkulu, lapho kwacaca khona ukuthi ukuze kubonakale izitha zabantu nezinhloli, izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseSoviet zazidinga ukusebenza kahle futhi zibucayi. UBeriya ngokwakhe wayengeyena umuntu othanda umsebenzi onzima. Izazi-mlando ziphawula ukuthi inhloko ye-NKVD uLavrenty Pavlovich yathatha noma yisiphi isinqumo ngokubheka inqwaba yezimo nemiphumela.
L.P. Beria nendodakazi I.V. UStalin (uStalin ngemuva)
Kulesi sikhundla esisha, u-Beria wayengekho kangako ukuthi aqhubeke nomsebenzi owaqalwa owandulelayo uNikolai Yezhov nenhloko yokuqala ye-NKVD Heinrich Yagoda, kodwa ukuze aguqule ngokuphelele lonke uhlelo lomsebenzi oyimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, kwakunguYagoda owaqala ukubona ukuthi ilabhoratri eyimfihlo lapho kwakudalwe khona izikhali ezilwa nezitha zombili nezaphesheya kwezilwandle kubalulekile empumelelweni yezinsizakalo ezikhethekile.
Ngalezi zinhloso, emuva ngo-1935, inhloko entsha ye-laboratory enobuthi evaliwe, uGrigory Mayranovsky, weza e-All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. KwakunguMairanovsky okwathi, ngemuva kokuba uBeria efika esikhundleni senhloko ye-NKVD, waba ngomunye wabantu abavikelwe kakhulu e-USSR, futhi indawo yakhe yokucwaninga yahlukaniswa kakhulu.
Umuntu njengomuntu ongadla
E-USSR, umnyango okhethekile wokutadisha ubuthi kanye nobuthi ubelokhu usebenza kusukela ngo-1920, kodwa kuphela ngawo-30s wanaka kakhulu le ndawo. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuhambela kukaBeria esikhungweni esenzelwe izinjongo ezikhethekile, Mairanovsky kakhulu uqalisa ukukhuphuka ileli lomsebenzi. Ngo-1937, wayesengumbonisi wezokuphepha wombuso nodokotela wezesayensi yezokwelapha. Ilabhoratri uqobo nayo isishintshile, iMairanovsky, ngokulandela i-oda likaBria, yaqala ukuhola yodwa: kwavela amasistimu wokuhlunga umoya wesimanje, kanti nenkampani uqobo, eseVarsonofevsky Lane eMoscow, ihlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi ambalwa.
Ngamunye wabo wayehlukaniswe yedwa futhi ezimele, okwakuvumela izisebenzi zesikhungo sokucwaninga ngasese ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kwengozi. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi kaMairanovsky kanye nabasebenzi bakhe bahlotshaniswa nengozi enkulu - umsebenzi oyinhloko welebhu ekhethekile kwakungukusesha ubuthi nobuchopho obungeke butholakale ku-autopsy. Intshiseko yezinhlangano zezokuphepha ezenzweni ezihlukile kulula ukuyiqonda: akukho ukulandelela - abukho ubufakazi bokuphazamiseka, futhi umphumela waqinisekiswa imizuzu ethile.
Kodwa-ke, izisekelo zemibhalo yocwaningo kwakumelwe ziqinisekiswe ngovivinyo olusebenzayo. Ngale njongo, iziboshwa ezazigwetshelwe ukudutshulwa zazilethwa njalo esikhungweni esinqunyelwe ukuvalelwa endaweni yezisebenzi. Ubukhulu becala babeyizephula-mthetho, kepha izazi-mlando ziyaphawula ukuthi i-biography yabantu imvamisa ayizange ilethwe kososayensi.
Ama-Supertoxins kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo
Isikhathi eside, ukugxila okuyinhloko komsebenzi weqembu leMahiranovsky kwakuyi-tetrodotoxin, into eyingozi kakhulu eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlolwa kumthamo owandayo. Impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezibongo yatholakala ngesisekelo se-ricin, ubuthi beproteyini bemvelaphi yezitshalo. Kwavela ukuthi kunobuthi obukhulu kubantu ababesekamelweni, kanti uMairanovsky ukuncome ukuyisebenzisa ngendlela ye-aerosol ekhethekile.
Kodwa-ke, okweminyaka eminingi bekungenakwenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga enkulu - iminonjana yazo zonke izinto ezinobuthi ubuthi iqembu leMairanovsky lazwisa ubuthi obunamabomu ngokuzibulala emgodini welabhoratri eyimfihlo ngokungadalulwanga. Bakwazi ukubhekana nobunzima kuphela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-30 - ekuqaleni kwama-40s. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, insizakalo yamakhemikhali-yokudla ubuthi yelebhu yenziwa ubuthi obukhethekile - i-carbylamine-choline chloride.
Uhlobo ngqo lwamakhemikhali lwento namanje alikaziwa, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi le nto yayisebenza kakhulu. Ngemuva kokufaka isicelo, ubuthi obunamazinga amaningi okuthinta buthinta imisipha nokuphela kwezitho zezitho zangaphakathi, okwenza ukuba i-asphyxiation kanye nokuqhekeka kwemithambo yegazi. Njengomthetho, ngemuva kokufakwa kobuthi, umuntu wafa kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-10-15.
Isenzo saso sake savivinywa ngendlela engjwayelekile. Ngemuva kokuthi le ndaba inobuthi, kwathi ukufa kwakhe kwabhaliswa, isidumbu sendoda eneminyaka ephakathi eyayingakaze ihlaselwe yiziphi izifo yathunyelwa esikhungweni sokucwaninga iSayensi esabizwa ngemuva N.V. Sklifosovsky. Odokotela abasebenza, vele, bebengazi ukuthi isiguli sivelaphi, kwathi ngemuva kwe-autopsy banikeza isiphetho esingenakuphikiswa: "Ukufa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo."
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngaphakathi "kwelebhu yokufa" azidalelanga ubuthi obunamandla kuphela, kepha futhi nesikhali esiyingqayizivele lapho ubuthi bungahanjiswa emzimbeni. Ukudubula izimbotshana, amapeni okufafaza, imicamelo nezingubo zokulala ezimboze ubuthi, izinhlamvu eziyimicroscopic nezinaliti ezibucayi ezondile - yonke le nkinga yezempi, kufaka phakathi enye yezinguqulo zokuqala ze-ampule ene-hydrocyanic acid, uStepan Bandera anobuthi ngayo ngo-1959, wadalwa ongoti bakaMairanovsky.
Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi onjalo awuzange udlule ngaphandle kokulandela umkhondo kososayensi uqobo. Ukuxineka kwemitholampilo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kanye nemizamo yokuzibulala kwakungeyona into evamile.
- Babenentshisekelo kulo msebenzi ngokwawo. Uma umuntu alethwa, okwedlule okwedlule, izizathu zokuthi kungani eboshwa, nakho konke okunye bekungathandeki kakhulu. Lokhu akuwona umsebenzi wososayensi - ukwenza uphenyo nokuvela enkantolo, kodwa-ke, lo msebenzi ushiya umbono othile kwi-psyche- kusho isazi-mlando uYaroslav Mezentsev.
Udokotela WaseRussia Ukufa
Ukuhlolwa okukodwa kwabantu kwenziwa ngaphambi kwempi, kepha-ke, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwe-USSR, Mairanovsky kanye "nelabhorethri yokufa" abagcinanga ngokuyeka ukusebenza, kepha, kunalokho, baqala ukukhuphula ijubane labo. Ngo-1942, ngenxa yokwehliswa ngengozi komthamo we-ricin esivivinyweni kumuntu olandelayo owathola isigwebo sokufa, kwavela ukuthi iprotheni ubuthi usebenza kwizikhungo zezinzwa zomzimba futhi usebenza njenge "serum yeqiniso".
UMairanovsky ngokushesha wabika "phezulu" mayelana nokutholwa ngengozi futhi wacishe wasithola leso sikhathi ukuthi siqhubeke nentuthuko. Noma kungekho mininingwane eqondile mayelana nefomula yamakhemikhali ye- "serum yeqiniso", kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1944 kwenziwa amalungiselelo okuhlola asuselwa ku-richin, kanti izikhulu ze-NKVD zacela imithamo eminingana “ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni”.
Kodwa-ke, amaphrojekthi amakhulu kakhulu "welebhu yokufa" asindiswa ubuholi bezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela ukunqotshwa kwamaNazi kanye nokuzinikela kwe-Reich yesithathu, uMairanovsky waphathiswa umsebenzi wokwenza ubuthi obunamandla be-aerosol - owokuqala wohlobo lwawo ukuphathwa kwezinhlamvu ezisebenzayo. Ukuqondisa amasu, okungabalulekanga kangako njengebhomu lokuqala leSoviet, kwaqondiswa uLavrenty Beria.
Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlolwa, njengoba kuchazwa izazi-mlando, kuseseyimfihlo futhi igcinwe ezinqolobaneni ezivalekile zeminyango eminingana ngasikhathi sinye.
-Isihloko sokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali zebhayoloji, ikakhulukazi ingxenye ehlobene nokuhlolwa kwabantu, kade yavalwa. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi bakhohliwe ngemiphumela. Konke lokhu kubhaliwe, kusayinwe, kuvunyelwe futhi kufihlwe ngokuphephile. Uma kunesidingo, ngeke kube nzima ukukhipha konke okuhle emuva, - kusho isazi-mlando sezinsizakalo ezikhethekile uDmitry Sokolov.
Kubulawa ngomyalo
Ngo-1951, uMairanovsky nabo bonke osokhemisi abahola ubuthi endaweni yokucwaninga labasebenzi - Eitingon, Raikhman, Sverdlov kanye noMatusov - baboshwa kungazelelwe. Icala elihlelekile ngumzamo wokubamba amandla nokususa ngokomzimba ubuholi obuphezulu bezwe. Izazi-mlando ziphikisana ngezizathu zangempela kuze kube namuhla.
- Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu yilokhu: bonke ababekwa icala ngalezi zenzo zokuphathwa kabi zilele noBeria, lowo ohlela ukuba ngumholi wombuso yedwa. Kepha lokhu kuyinganekwane nje kuphela, le nguqulo ayivelwanga ngaphandle, ngoba uStalin, ngezinga eliphakeme kungenzeka, wayekwazi kahle ukuthi uBeria wenzani nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ayengamele yona., - kusho isazi-mlando uYaroslav Mezentsev.
Omunye wabaphathi abasebenza kuleliya lizwe, uPavel Sudoplatov, nosolwa ukuthi wabamba iqhaza ekuqothulweni kwezitha zabantu, izinhloli kanye nabanye abantu okuyingozi embusweni weSoviet, wafakaza kuMairanovsky ngesikhathi kuvalwa icala. Ebufakazini bakhe, uSudoplatov waphawula ukuthi uMairanovsky kanye "namalungiselelo" akhe asetshenziswe izinsizakalo ezikhethekile kusukela okungenani ngo-1937.
Ngesikhathi kuphenywa ngemibuzo, uGrigory Mayranovsky wathi wayethole imiyalo evela "ebuholini", kodwa akazange anikeze noma yimiphi imibhalo egunyaza ukuqedwa ngasese ngosizo lobuthi. Njengoba kunikezwe izinga lokuxhaswa kwezimali nokugcinwa kwemfihlo kwelebhu eyimfihlo, kanye nezikhundla namagama alabo abengamele futhi abagada i-laboratory ekhethekile endaweni yokuhamba imizuzu eyisihlanu ukusuka eLubyanka amashumishumi amabili eminyaka, leli cala lilalelwe ngendlela ekhethekile, azikho izimiso ezivela emihlanganweni ezingatholakala ezinqolobaneni kuze kube manje .
Inani eliqondile lezisulu zeRussia Doctor Death alikwazi ukubalwa. Imininingwane yabachwepheshe iyahlukahluka: abanye bathi inqwaba yabantu yabulawa ubuthi futhi yabulawa "ngezinhloso zokuhlola", abanye baphikelela ukuthi abantu abangamakhulu amaningana babulawa yiqembu leMayranovsky, kufaka phakathi abantu abedlula nje abaningi, ngubani, ngecala, ababamba " ilebhu yokufa "ngemuva kokuboshwa.
UGrigory Mairanovsky uqobo ugwetshwe iminyaka eyishumi ngokutholakala nezimbongi kanti, ngenkathi esejele, akazange ayeke ukudlulisa isinqumo. Elinye lamaphuzu wesigwebo kwakuwukuvinjwa kokuhlala eMoscow, eLeningrad namanye amakhosi enxusa lezwekazi lase-USSR. Ngo-1962, uMairanovsky wadedelwa wathuthela eMakhachkala. Lapho, wathola umsebenzi kwesinye sezikhungo zocwaningo, kwathi ngo-1964 washona ngokuzumayo embhedeni wakhe. I-autopsy iveze ukuthi ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo kuyimbangela yokufa. Ukutholwa kobuthi obabulawa nguMairanovsky iminyaka eminingi emzimbeni kasosayensi abutholakalanga.
Ikhabhoni monoxide
Ubuthi beCarbon monoxide akuyona into evamile. Into enjalo iphazamisa izinqubo zokuhlinzekwa komoya-mpilo kumaseli, ngenxa yalokho, ubuchopho nezinye izitho kuhlushwa i-hypoxia. Umuntu ungenandaba, ukozela, ukuquleka, ukubona izinto ezingekho emzimbeni, ukukhohlisa. Iqoqo eliningi lobuthi liholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuphazamiseka kwemizwa. Imbangela yokufa ukwehluleka kokuphefumula.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu zobuthi be-carbon monoxide ubuthi, umuntu unikezwa umoya omusha, ukuthula, bese uyiswa esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
Into efana nalena ikhona emizini eminingi futhi isetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane. I-Chlorine inemisipha eyonakalisayo ethinta kabi inqubo yokuphefumula. Ngokugcwala kwenqwaba yobuthi egunjini, umuntu uqala aqale ukugcwala futhi abulawe ukuhlaselwa ukugcwala. Uma umuntu enamanani amancane, kwenzeka i-bronchitis kanye ne-pneumonia.
Uma kunezimpawu zokuthi unoshevu ngama-chlorine vapor, umuntu unikezwa umoya omningi, ahlanze umlomo namehlo ngesisombululo esibuthakathaka soshukela bese ethunyelwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
Ama-Cyanides
Izinto ezinjalo zakha iqembu elikhulu futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zibuphe ubuthi ezimeni ezifuywayo nezimboni. IPotassium cyanide ingummeleli ovelele kakhulu wama-cyanides.
Umuthi uvame ukusetshenziselwa ubugebengu. Uma ungenile, kuholela ekufeni ngokushesha. Umthamo obulalayo uxhomeke empilweni yabantu, kepha ama-200 mg we-powder anele ekufeni ukuba kwenzeke ngemizuzwana embalwa. Umuthi onamandla yi-glucose.
Amatoxins
Izibungu ezinjalo zinesakhiwo samaprotheni futhi zitholakala isikhunta esiyingozi somndeni wama-amanite. Ingozi ikhona yokuthi izimpawu zokuqala zivele ngemuva kwamahora ayishumi ubuthi bungene emzimbeni, ngalesi sikhathi ithuba lokusindisa umuntu lisondela ku-zero. Noma ngomzamo ophumelelayo wokusindisa, isisulu sihlala sikhubazekile impilo futhi sinenkinga yezitho zangaphakathi.
URicin
URicin ubuthi wezitshalo. Linamandla amahlandla ayisithupha kune-potasium cyanide. Ingozi ethile uma ingena egazini, lapho umphumela wokufa ubonakala khona ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuphefumula ngamaphaphu akuyona ingozi, kepha futhi kuholela ebugebengwini obukhulu.
I-complate ingubuthi besenzo samasosha, inomphumela wezinzwa. Izinguquko emzimbeni zenzeka umzuzu ngemuva kokuphefumula, futhi umphumela obulalayo wenzeka ngemuva kwemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu. Ubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni buvinjelwe.
Izibongo eziphezulu eziphezulu ekhemisi
Imithi iyingozi kubantu uma isetshenziswe ngendlela engafanele. Zibuye ziyingozi futhi ziholele ekudleni ubuthi.
Umphumela obulalayo awubandakanywa uma inani elivumelekile lomuthi liphindwa kaningi. Imithi eminingi itholakala ngokukhululekile ekhemisi.
- Kusho okuhloselwe ukwelapha uhlelo lwethambo nenhliziyo.
- Ama-antipsychotic nama-tranquilizer.
- AmaPainkiller.
- Ama-antibiotic nama-antibacterial agents.
Izidakamizwa ezilimazayo zingafaka izidakamizwa zokunciphisa isisindo, izidakamizwa okuhloswe ngazo ukwelapha ukungasebenzi ngamandla, ngisho nokwehla kwamehlo. Kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ukuthi ngezinga elincane umuthi uzosiza, futhi ngomthamo owandayo uzohola ubuthi nokufa.
Izibazi Eziyingozi Yezilwane
Okungenani abantu bahlushwa yizilwane ezinoshevu. Yiziphi ubuthi obuyingozi ezinjeni nasemakati?
- Imithi yesintu. Ngisho nenani elincane lezidakamizwa ezithile libonisa ubuthi obukhulu noma ukufa. Isibonelo - isoniazid, umuthi wokwelapha isifo sofuba - usetshenziswa abazingeli bezinja.
- Kusho ukuqeda amazeze kanye nemikhaza. Izilwane ziyafa ngokweqile kwemithi enjalo.
- Ukudla. Unganikeli ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo kusuka etafuleni, amagilebhisi alula aholela ekwehlulekeni kwezinso, i-xylitol ibangela ukwehla okubukhali kwamazinga kashukela kanye nokulimala kwesibindi komsebenzi.
- Ubuthi bamagundane. Ubuthi bamagundane buvame ukudala ukufa kwezilwane ezifuywayo. I-bait ye-rodent inephunga elimnandi, futhi ngenxa yalokho iheha ezinye izilwane. Uma kungekho lusizo, isilwane esifa ngokushesha okukhulu.
- Imithi yezilwane. Imithi yemithamo engalungile ingadala ukufa.
- Izitshalo zasekhaya. Amakati nezinja zithanda ukuluma izitshalo ezithile, eziningi zazo ziqukethe ujusi onoshevu, oyingozi empilweni.
- Amakhemikhali, amakhemikhali asendlini. Akhiwe ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka, imikhiqizo enjalo ivame ukuheha ukunaka kwezilwane. Ubuthi bukhula ngokushesha, njengoba kunjalo nokufa.
- Umanyolo nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane. Amakhompiyutha anjalo afanele izitshalo, kodwa ayingozi ezilwaneni.
Ngakho-ke, azikho izingozi nobungozi obuncane ezilwaneni kunakwabantu. Kunconywa ukubhekisisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwesilwane ngesikhathi ukumnikeza usizo lokuqala.
Izindlela zokuqapha
Ubuthi obukhulu bungagwenywa uma kulandelwa izinyathelo zokuphepha. Lapho usebenza nezibazi, kubalulekile ukugqoka okokuvikela okhethekile, amagilavu ezandleni. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-goggles kanye nama-respirators kunconyiwe.
Akunjalo, ngesikhathi somsebenzi, akuvunyelwe ukuthi udle ukudla, uthinte ubuso bakho noma ukhombe izindawo zesikhumba ngezandla. Ngemuva kokuba konke ukuqothuka kuqediwe, bahlanza izandla zabo kahle, bageza uma kunesidingo, bathumele izingubo zabo elondolo.
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amakhompiyutha angaziwa, kufanele ufunde imiyalo bese uyilandela ngokucophelela. Ukudla ukudla okungaziwa akunconywa.
Okufanele ukwenze uma unobuthi
Uma ubuthi kwenzeka, shayela udokotela ngokushesha. Ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe, isisulu sinikezwa usizo lokuqala.
- thinta isisu, uma kuvunyelwe,
- nikeza umuntu ubuthakathi,
- sebenzisa i-laxatives noma i-enemas yokuhlanza,
- ngenisa amakhambi lapho kungenzeka,
- hlinzeka umoya omusha, ukuthula,
- ukuletha ngokushesha esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
Ubuthi obunejubane eliphezulu bukhona eduze komuntu, kepha ngokuphepha kokuphepha kungenzeka ukugweme ubuthi. Lapho kuvela izimpawu zokudakwa, basiza usizo lokuqala futhi babize odokotela.