Isithombe: Blake Matheson

Ibhere elinamakhaza lisebenzisa ngaphezulu kuka-50% wesikhathi salo sokuzingela. Angakwenza ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside kakhulu, noma kwesinye isikhathi inyanga yonke. Kepha lapho kukhona inyamazane, umhlaseli udla ngokushesha kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-25 kg. Ibhere elinamakhaza londla kakhulu ngezimpawu zamanzi. Uhlala amahora amaningi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezinsuku, ulala ebambe inyamazane yakhe ngasemgodini weqhwa. Lapho kuvela uphawu emanzini ukuze kuphefumule umoya, ibhere lishaya ikhanda ngesihlakala salo, lihlaba umxhwele ngophini, bese lidonsa leso silo emanzini liqonde phezulu eqhweni. Kepha esikhathini esiningi ekudleni kwebhere elinamakhaza kukhona izinyoni nezilwane ezincane. Isisulu esiqinile ngeke senqabe emihlathini efile. Ibhere elinamakhaza lithola ukudla ngokubonga ngephunga elibukhali kakhulu - lizwakala iphunga le-carrion, noma ngabe lize lafika olwandle.

Kunezikhathi lapho amahlengethwa athanda ukubanda, anjenge-beluga whales kanye nama-narwhals, awela ogibeni oluyingozi. Isicupho esinjalo singaba umgodi weqhwa, lapho inqwaba yamahlengethwa inqwabelana. Bonke banikelwe ekufeni. I-Bear, ngemuva kokubona isicupho esinjalo, idlulisa zonke izilwane futhi ibekele ubusika. Inkosi yezingwadule zeqhwa ayizideleli izitshalo, phakathi kwayo okungahle kube amajikijolo, ama-moss, ama-lichens, utshani nabanye. Amabhere we-polar akhathazeka kakhulu ngokuhlanzeka kwawo. Ngemuva kokudla ngakunye, izilwane zinikeza imizuzu engama-20 kuye kwengama-30 ukuze bazihlanze kumfucumfucu wokudla nokungcola.

Kungani ibhere elinamakhaza liphenduka luhlaza?

I-algae encane eluhlaza kwesinye isikhathi ihlala ku-fur of amabhere. Lapho isilwane sisendaweni enomswakama, ulwelwe luqala ukwanda futhi lupende ijazi loboya bebhele ngombala oluhlaza okotshani.

Amabhere we-polar asemgqeni weqoqo lokudla futhi adlala indima ebalulekile esimweni esivamile sendawo yasolwandle. Okweminyaka eyizinkulungwane, baba yingxenye ebalulekile yamasiko nezomnotho zabantu base-Arctic. Isitha kuphela saleli bhere ngokwemvelo ngumuntu. Ukuzingela okuyi-Barbaric kubeka lesi silwane emaphethelweni wokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke, ibhere elinamakhaza lisohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN ngaphansi kwesimo sohlobo olusengozini.

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Ama-paws akhethekile

U-Oshkuy, Nanuk, Umka - konke lokho, ibhere elinamakhaza. AmaPomors, u-Eskimos noChukchi bamnika amagama ahlukile, kepha bonke bavumelana entweni eyodwa: lo ngumnikazi weqiniso we-Arctic.
Imvelo ya-oda ukuze owesibili (emva kwengwenya egwinyile) umhlaseli womhlaba omkhulu weplanethi ahlala ezifundeni zomhlaba ezilinganayo. Kepha uphathe kahle "impahla" yakhe, ngenxa yokuthi ibhere, mhlawumbe, akazi nokuthi yiziphi izimo ezinzima ahlala kuzo. Thatha umbala ofanayo - umhlophe: kwenza i-umka ingabonakali eqhweni, ebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Ijazi lebhele elinamakhaza aluhlaza - linesembozo esiqinile esiqinile. Akuvikeli umzimba wesilwane kuphela ukuthi ungamanzi ngamanzi abandayo, kodwa futhi futhi nokugcina ukushisa. Futhi ungqimba lwamafutha angaphansi - ukusuka ku-10 kuye ku-15 cm - luvimbela isilo ekuqandeni, noma ngabe izinga lokushisa lomoya lehla ngaphansi kuka-45 ° C. Ngisho nezinsimbi zamaphara zamabhere polar zimbozwe ngoboya, ezenza imisebenzi emibili ngasikhathi sinye: zikuvumela ukuthi "ugcine izinyawo zakho zifudumele" futhi usiza izilwane ukuthi zingatatazeli. Ngakho-ke abasongeli ukwelula eqhweni. Izidlamlilo zichitha iningi lazo izimpilo zazo zikhukhuleka ezintabeni zeqhwa, kwesinye isikhathi eziyisa emaphethelweni e-Iceland noma olwandle lwase-Okhotsk kanye nolwandle lwaseJapan. Futhi ukuze babuyele endaweni yabo ejwayelekile, kufanele bathathe uhambo olude baye enyakatho. Ngomhlaba, lezi zigodi zimboza amakhilomitha angama-5.5 ngehora, kepha uma uthatha isinqumo sokugijima, zisheshe zithuthukise isivinini esihle kakhulu sama-40 km / h. Emanzini, ashesha kakhulu. Ngenxa yolwelwesi lokubhukuda phakathi kweminwe, amabhere amhlophe angabhukuda ngejubane le-6.5 km / h. Ukucinga inyamazane, akubizi ngalutho ukunqoba amakhilomitha angama-160 ngamanzi, futhi noma ngubani ongahle abe nomona wokukwazi ukuba ngaphansi kwamanzi: imizuzu emi-2 ngaphandle komoya!

Bamba uphawu, omncane nomkhulu

Umnikazi we-Arctic uchitha uhhafu wokuphila kwakhe ekuzingeleni. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi ukhula ungaphumelelanga: i-umka ingakwenza ngaphandle kokudla inyanga yonke. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngemuva kokuzila okusheshayo kwezinsuku eziyi-10, imetabolism yakhe yehlisa ijubane - impela kuze kube yilapho ukudla kungena esiswini futhi. Ukudla okujwayelekile komdlwenguli kubandakanya izimbambo, izimpawu ezinamantambo, ama-walruse nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Esihlalweni esisodwa, ibhele lidla kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-25 kg wenyama. Ngenxa yephunga elihle kakhulu, ukuzwa kanye nombono, amabhere enamakhaza angabona inyamazane, ngokuba kude nayo amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngisho ungqimba olugqinsi lweqhwa alubavimbeli ekuholeni ukudla okungaba khona.
Ibhere elinamakhaza libekezela, lingahlala izinsuku emgodini, liqaphe inyamazane. Lapho nje uphawu lukhipha ikhanda emanzini, isihlakala sebhele siwela phezu kwaso ngamandla. Hhayi-ke, uma izimpawu zihleli eqhweni, lapho-ke ibhele lizoba namandla okulijika. Kunzima kakhulu kuye ukubhekana nama-walrus: akakwazi ukuwahlula emanzini.
Kwesinye isikhathi, lapho inqwaba yemikhomo ye-beluga noma ama-narwhals ehlangana emgodini obandayo, uyaba nenhlanhla enkulu: engalindi kuze kube yilapho sebefa, ubabulala ngamunye, abadonsele emhlabeni futhi abeke izidumbu endaweni egciniwe. I-carnivore ayideleli isidumbu. Ibhere elambile lizodla noma yini: i-carrion, inhlanzi efile, amaqanda ezinyoni, amaphuphu ngisho ne-algae. Umka, ohlala eduzane nasezindlini zabantu, uzothatha izimpahla agcina kuzo ukudla okuphephile lapho efuna ukudla futhi nakanjani uzohlola imfucumfucu yokulahla udoti. Futhi lapho edla isidlo sasemini, kungakapheli isigamu sehora uyohlanza ijazi lakhe loboya ezinsizeni zokudla nakwamanye udoti. Ukunxenxa ubumsulwa egazini lakhe.

Iphupho lasebusika

Umgodi wamabhele onamaparele uyinto yokunethezeka engenakufinyeleleka. Bemba imbobo emincane eqhweni kuphela ku-blizzard eqinile yokufihla isimo sezulu. Amabhere wedipper kuphela anayo “indlu” yawo - leyo elindele inzalo - nabesilisa asebekhulile, abaya ngokuya besiba nzima ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngakho-ke bakhetha ukulala ngokweqile. Futhi labo abancane nabakhululekile abaweli ekubandakanyeni ubusika, nje ebusika imitha yabo yehlisa ijubane.
Izinsikazi ezikhulelwe zidinga ukulala: Izinsuku ezingama-130 zilala, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi azidli noma ziwohloka. I-Urea iyaziwa ukuthi inobuthi, kepha i-microflora yamathumbu yamabhere omhlaba iyasebenza ukuze ikhiqize ama-amino acid anenzuzo. I-she-bear ayidingeki futhi ukuba iphuze amanzi ngenkathi i-hibernation, idinga enye etholakala ngenkathi kusetshenziswa izinqolobane zamafutha. Ukusuka emgodini weqhwa, insikazi kukhethwa ukuba mncane kakhulu, njengoba ingalahlekanga ngamafutha kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-20% esisindo semisipha. Noma yisiphi esinye isidalwa esiphilayo besivele singakwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yokuqina kwemisipha. Kepha ososayensi bathole ukuthi amabhere ahlala “eziqeqesha” - ngisho nasephusheni. Besebenzisa imishini ekhethekile, banquma: ngesikhathi hibernation esilwane, ezinye izingxenye zomzimba zivame ukushisa, okukhombisa ukuqina kwemisipha. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukushaya kwenhliziyo yebhele kuyehla, futhi ukuphuma kwegazi kuya buthaka.

Thwala uthando

Amabhere emvelo ahamba kancane ngokwemvelo. Bazolile kakhulu ngomunye nomunye futhi bafuna ukungathathi hlangothi. Kepha hhayi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ihambisana nabesilisa abalinganiselwa kwabayisikhombisa, okuthi phakathi kwabo, impela, kube nokuxabana. Kuyiqiniso, lapho nje lentokazi igcina i-estrus (futhi ihlala izinsuku ezintathu kuphela), abesilisa balahlekelwe yintshisekelo yakhe. Ngakho-ke ibhele liyakha umhume uqobo: lithathwa ngalo ngo-Okthoba, futhi maphakathi no-Novemba selivele ligudluzela endaweni yokuhlala entsha. Imvamisa ibhere ithatha indawo phezu kwegquma, ilala phansi ilinde isivunguvungu esinamandla seqhwa. Futhi amanga aze ambozwe ungqimba lweqhwa. Ngemuva kwalokho unyibilika umhume omncane ngokuphefumula kwakhe, ukhipha iqhwa kancane ngamawindi akhe. Futhi kwenza ukufinyelela ngaphezulu. Amanye amantombazane amhlophe abamba umhume ezindaweni eziqhwa ngamaqhwa eduze nolwandle, ukuze entwasahlobo indlela eya emanzini ingathathi isikhathi esiningi. Owesifazane kuqala ukwakha umhubhe eqhweni, bese kuthi ekujuleni okungaba yimitha anyathele umhume. "Ekamelweni" elinjalo izinga lokushisa lomoya lihlala lingaphezulu kwe-zero. Lesi yisibhedlela sokubeletha esifanele amabhere asebethambile. Bazala njalo ngeminyaka engama-2-3, ngaphandle kwama-cubs amathathu - ama-500 amagremu, izimpumputhe futhi cishe ngaphandle kwezinwele. Kodwa ngenxa yobisi lwebele olunothile futhi olunempilo, bathola ngokushesha amandla futhi kungakapheli izinyanga ezimbili baqale ukwenza i-sorties emifushane. Futhi lapho sebenezinyanga ezintathu ubudala bayazulazula e-Arctic nonina, okuthi, ngasendleleni, abondle “ibele” iminyaka efinyelela kwayi-1.5.

Umuthi we-scurvy

Ibhere elinamakhaza alinazo izitha zemvelo. Ingozi enkulu yokuzala amabhere ngabantu. Futhi hhayi njalo abazingeli. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukuphuma okuningana kwe-polar kwathola i-scurvy, eyayisizwa ngegazi. Umphenyi we-polar uJulius Payer, ekhuluma ngokuhamba kuka-Austro-Hungary noFranz Josef Land (1872-1874), wabhala ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi babulala amabhere angama-67 athi: “Amaphaphu namathanga amane kuhloswe ngawo itafula elijwayelekile, ulimi lwethulwa kudokotela, umpheki uthole inhliziyo. Igazi lebhere liye kusizelwa iziguli ezinama-scurvy, umgogodla nezimbambo zaphonswa ezinjeni. Isibindi siyingozi empilweni (ngenxa yokweqiwa ngokweqile nge-vithamini A. - Writing). Iphonswe emanzini, ubuchopho buye etafuleni elikwiwadi, amanoni aya emgqonyeni okhethekile. ” Futhi ngo-1912, uNikolai Pinegin, oyilungu lomkhumbi waseSedov, wakhumbula: “Bobabili abantu abaphilile nabagulayo baphuza igazi elishisayo. Kuze kube yilolu suku bengingeyona igazi, kepha namuhla ngidumisa kakhulu lolu ketshezi, ngaphandle kokunikeza ukubukeka sengathi kuyanginyanyisa: Bengazi ukuthi esimweni sethu igazi liyikhambi elingcono kakhulu le-scurvy. "
Namuhla, ngenhlanhla, asikho isidingo somuthi onjalo. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi amabhere aphephile. Naphezu kokuvinjelwa, futhi amabhere eboshwe kuhlu, ngokwesibonelo, eNcwadini ebomvu yaseRussia, ngonyaka abazingeli abazingeli babulala abantu abangaba ngu-150. Futhi yize kukhona ama-25,000 kuphela asasele emhlabeni jikelele ... Okuningi, futhi sizomemeza kwikhala: "[Nguwe, umka?"

Umsuka wezinhlobo

Kuqala, bekucatshangwa ukuthi ibhere elingena polar lihlukane nelinsundu eminyakeni engaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-45-150 edlule, mhlawumbe lisendaweni yase-Ireland yanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva luveze ukuthi ibhere elinamakhaza ahlukaniswe kokhokho bawo abansundu eminyakeni engama-338-934 eyedlule (isilinganiso seminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-600 edlule), kanye neminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-100-120 edlule ngenxa yokuzalaniswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, zahlangana, kwaholela wonke amabhere wesimanje anqabile ayinzalo yale nzalo.

Ukuxutshwa kwamabhere ansundu nasebumnyameni kwenzeke isikhathi eside, ngenxa yalokho ama-2% (kwezinye izakhamizi, kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10%) wezakhi zofuzo ezinamaparele atholakala kubantu abebala elimnyama. Amabhere we-Polar and brown akhiqiza inzalo ende, ukuze ifane ngofuzo. Kodwa-ke, angeke baphile isikhathi eside emcabangweni womunye nomunye wemvelo; bane-morphology ehlukene, imetabolism, indlela yokuziphatha yenhlalo, ukudla nezinye izinhlamvu ze-phenotypic, ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzihlukanisa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile.

Ukubukeka

Ibhere elinamakhaza angummeleli omkhulu womndeni webhere kanye nomyalelo wokuphinga. Ubude bawo bufinyelela ku-3 m, isisindo bufika ku-1. Ngokuvamile abesilisa banesisindo esingu-450-500 kg, ubude bomzimba buyi-200-250 cm.Izinsikazi zincane kakhulu (200-300 kg, 160-250 cm). Ukuphakama kubuna ama-130-150 cm. Amabhere amancane kakhulu atholakala eSvalbard, enkulu kunayo yonke - kuLwandle iBering.

Ibhere elinamakhaza ahlukaniswa kwamanye amabhere ngentamo ende nangekhanda elixekile. Isikhumba sakhe simnyama. Umbala wengubo yoboya uyehluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokuphuzi, ehlobo uboya bungaphenduka ophuzi ngenxa yokuvela njalo elangeni. Izinwele zebhere elikhuhla zingenawo amabala amabala, kanti izinwele azikho. Izinwele ze-Translucent zidlulisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet kuphela, enikeza izakhiwo ezifudumeza uboya. Ekuthombeni kwezithombe ze-ultraviolet, ibhele le-polar libonakala limnyama. Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezinwele, ibhere elinama-polar ngezinye izikhathi lingashintsha "luhlaza". Lokhu kwenzeka esimweni sezulu esishisayo (kuma-zoo), lapho ulwelwe lwe-microscopic lilimele ngaphakathi koboya.

Izinsika zezinyawo ziboshwe ngoboya ukuze zinganyeli eqhweni futhi zingabi yiqhwa. Phakathi kweminwe kukhona ulwelwesi lokubhukuda, futhi ingaphambili lamawashi lakhiwe ngamabhulashi aqinile. Izinzipho ezinkulu zingabamba ngisho nesisulu esiqinile.

Indawo yokuhlala yebhere

Amabhere ePolar ahlala e-Arctic, eGreenland nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho neNyakatho Melika nase-Asia. Bancamela ukuhlala endaweni evulekile yeqhwa. Lezi zilwane zivumelaniswa kahle nokuphila endaweni enemvelo ye-Arctic. Uboya bawo obude nobude obumhlophe noma obomvana bunikeza isivikelo esihle kakhulu kumakhaza.

Incazelo Nezici

Ubukhulu bale bhere budlula ibhubesi nehlosi. Lapho kukhona khona izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlaselayo esilwaneni sethu sasePoland! Ubude bawo bufinyelela kumamitha ama-3. Yize imvamisa 2-2.5 m. A isisindo sebhere elimnyama cishe isigamu sethani. Indoda endala inesisindo esingu-450-500 kg. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu. Isisindo sisuka ku-200 siye kuma-300 kg. Ubude bomzimba ukusuka ku-1,3 kuye ku-1.5 m.

Ukuphakama kwesilo esidala kuvame ukufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1,4. Amandla amakhulu wesilwane ahambelana nalawa masayizi. Izibonelo zivame kakhulu lapho ibhele lithwala kalula isisulu esikhulu, i-reindeer noma i-walrus.

Okuyingozi kakhulu ubuxhaxha obungafani nalesi silo, okunzima ngisho nokukholelwa, sinikezwe isisindo saso. Ukubukeka kwayo kuhlukile kwamanye amabhere. Okokuqala, imhlophe ngempela. Esikhundleni salokho, izinwele zakhe zisuka kokumhlophe kuye kokuphuzi okukhanyayo. Ebusika kukhanya kulula, ehlobo liphenduka liphuzi ngaphansi kwelanga.

I-Polar bear esithombeni Kuvela okumangazayo xaxa ngemuva kwezikhala zemvelo ezivulekile. Ukuvela kwayo lapho kucishe kuhlangane nama-ice hummocks, ekhaleni elilodwa elimnyama kanye namehlo ahlukile ngemuva kokujwayelekile. Kuyacaca ukuthi imvelo yalesi silo imhlophe kangakanani.

Ngokungafani nebhere ejwayelekile, ayinawo umzimba onesitoko, kodwa “omxoshayo”. Intamo ende, ikhanda elisicaba, impumulo ende nebucayi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi angakwazi ukunhogela inyamazane ethandekayo noma ngaphansi kwengqimba ye-ice-metres.

Imvelo yazinakekela “ngezingubo” zayo, inikezwe izimo ezinobunzima be-polar. Ijazi lakhe likhulu futhi lide; linezakhiwo ezinhle zokufudumeza ezishisayo. Izinwele azinalutho, zivumela imisebe yelanga.

Isikhumba ngaphansi kwejazi simnyama, futhi sishisa kangcono, sigcina ukushisa. Imilenze yomhlaseli inamandla amakhulu, iphetha ngama-paws amakhulu. Izinsika zamawashi zifakwe ngoboya ukuze zingazungezi abantu futhi zingabandeki.

Kukhona ulwelwesi phakathi kweminwe, ziyamsiza ukubhukuda. Ingxenye yangaphambi kwama-paws imbozwe ngama-bristles alukhuni. Izindala ezinkulu zifihlwe ngaphansi kwaso, ezikuvumela ukuba ubambe futhi ubambe inyamazane uze uyifinyelele ngamazinyo akho.

Imihlathi mikhulu, ithuthukiswe kahle, kukhona amazinyo afinyelela kwayi-42. Umsila webhele elikhuhlayo mncane, ukusuka ku-7 kuye ku-13 cm. Akubonakali kahle ngaphansi kwezinwele ezinde ngemuva komhlane.

Isilo sihlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nangobuhlakani. Ngenxa yokuthi uyisihlobo esiseduze sebhere elinsundu, akaze abe mfethu kangako. Kungashesha futhi kungakhathali ukugibela kufika kumakhilomitha ayi-6 emhlabeni, kushesha ku-40 km / h, ngaphambi kwalokho, kulandele isisulu ngesineke. Iqaqa kahle, ikhethe ukuhlakanipha kwesikhashana esifanele, usebenzisa ukungalingani kwenhlabathi, ihlasele ngokumangala ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ubhukuda futhi ushona ngokuphelele. Yenza ukubhukuda ibanga elifanele impela, ngejubane elingafika ku-7 km / h. Amatilosi, ahamba olwandle olusenyakatho, ahlangane kaninginingi amabhere ebhukuda olwandle oluvulekile kude nolwandle.

Ngeza kukho konke lokhu isibindi esingaphezu kwesinye senkosi emnyama nokuqhuma okunyantisayo, futhi kuzocaca ukuthi kungani kulezi zindawo ezisenyakatho yonke impilo isaba lo mashiqela. I-walrus kuphela, ehlome ngemfoloko emide, engena empini nebhere elisenyakatho. Futhi le ndoda, ithathe izibhamu, nayo yabiza isilo. Noma kunjalo, lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokunyamalala okuyinhlekelele kwesilwane esimangalisayo.

Sithatha izihlobo ezisondele kakhulu zebhere elingumbala njengebhere onsundu, ibhere elimnyama, ibhere laseMalawi, ibaribal (ibhere elimnyama), ibhere laseHimalayan kanye ne-panda. Wonke la mabhele ahlekisa, akhuphuka kahle, abhukuda, agijima ngokushesha ngokwanele, angama futhi ahambe isikhashana emilenzeni yawo yangasemuva.

Zinejazi elide eliminyene, umsila omfushane nephunga elihle kakhulu. Ikhala liyisitho esibucayi kakhulu kubona. Inyosi eyodwa ehlaba ikhala ekhaleni ingahola unomphelo isisulu sokukhipha.

UBrown bear ungummeleli owaziwa kakhulu kuleli qembu. Sisatshalaliswa endaweni enkulu kakhulu ye-Eurasia - ukusuka eSpain kuya eKamchatka, kusuka eLapland kuya ezintabeni zase-Atlas.

Kukhona ukuphambuka okuncane okuvela ohlotsheni olujwayelekile (ibhere elibomvu, ukubola - iSyrian), kepha alincane. Igcina ukubukeka kwayo okujwayelekile kuyo yonke indawo yayo yokuhlala: enkulu (ukuya kumamitha ama-2 ubude, isisindo esifinyelela kuma-300 kg), esindayo, ene-clubfoot. Ijazi likhulu, linombala onsundu ngombala, nenhloko inkulu.

Ibhere linokuziphatha okuyingozi, kepha hhayi okufihlayo. Uhlobo lwalesi silo lususelwa othandweni wokuthula ne-phlegmatism. Ibhere lesiliva noma elimpunga lihlala eNyakatho Melika. Bambiza kabi. Mkhulu kunozakwabo onsundu, ufinyelela ku-2,5 m, esindayo (kufika ku-400 kg) futhi unamandla ngokungenakuqhathaniswa nalokhu.

Umzimba wakhe omude onezinwele ezimnyama ze-shaggy ezimnyama, umphambili obanzi obucashile nezinsika ezinkulu ezihlome ngezihlakala eziqinile ezingafika ku-12 cm ubude zibonakala ngokushesha. Lesi sidlova, ngokungafani neyokuqala, sinobuqili futhi sikhohlisa.

Izinganekwane ezisabekayo zihamba ngomlingiswa wakhe. Njengokungathi akaphumuli, alimaze noma cha. Kwanele ngaye ukubona umuntu azomphonsa kuye. Kunzima kakhulu ukumfihla; ugijima ngokushesha futhi ubhukuda kahle impela.

Akumangazi ukuthi abantu abangama-Aborigine baseNyakatho Melika babheka isilinganiso samandla nesitha njengento ephezulu kakhulu yendoda. Labo abamehlula bazenzela umgexo wamathambo namazinyo ebhele elimnandi bajabulela inhlonipho enkulu esizweni.

Isimo esihle kakhulu sesihlobo salolu hlobo lwaso, elinye ibhere laseMelika liyisithoba, noma ibhere elimnyama. Unobuso obukhali, mncane kakhulu kune-grizzly, unezinyawo ezimfushane noboya obude obude ngombala omnyama okhanyayo.

Omunye wabamele amabhere ase-Asia ibhere laseHimalaya. AmaJapan ambiza ngoKuma, amaNdiya - uBalu noZonar. Umzimba wakhe mncane kakhulu kunowabafowabo, isibalo sakhe sikhonjwa, ibunzi lakhe nekhala lakhe bakha umugqa oqondile.

Izindlebe zikhulu futhi ziyindilinga, izinyawo zimfushane, izipikili nazo zimfushane, noma ziqinile. Uboya bumnyama ngokufana ngombala, bunomucu omhlophe esifubeni. Isayizi ifinyelela ku-1.8 m, nakho konke mayelana ne-110-115 kg. Ifana nensundu ngendlela yayo yokuphila, igwala kakhulu kuphela.

Ibhere laseMalay, noma iBiruang, litholakala e-Indochina naseGreat Sunda Islands. Mude, mubi, ikhanda lakhe likhulu ngesigaxa esibanzi, izindlebe ezincane namehlo abuthuntu.

Ama-paws amakhulu ngokuhlukanisayo aqeda ngozipho obuqinile. Ijazi limnyama, linamabala aphuzi akhanyayo esiqeshini nase esifubeni. Ngaphansi kwabanye, ubude bufika ku-1.5 m, isisindo kufika ku-70 kg. Ukwelapha okuthandekayo amasimu kakhukhunathi.

Ekugcineni, i-panda iyi-bear bamboo. Yize abanye benesibindi sokummisa phakathi kwama-raccoon. Ukuphila eChina. Umbala umnyama nomhlophe, imibuthano emnyama edumile izungeze amehlo. Izindlebe nama-paws amnyama. Ingafinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude, futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-150 kg. Uthanda ukudla amahlumela amancane woqalo. Kuwuphawu lwe China.

Ukubhebhetheka

Ihlala esifundeni se-circumpolar enyakatho ye-Earth.

Kusatshalaliswa nge-circumpolarly, enyakatho - kuya ku-88 ° C. w. , eningizimu - kuya eNewfoundland, ezweni elingumhlaba - ogwadule lwase-Arctic kuya endaweni ye-tundra. E-Russian Federation, uhlala esifundeni saseChukotka Autonomous ogwini lwe-Arctic, kanye nasemanzini aseChukchi naseBering Seas. Inani le-Chukchi polar bear libhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ihlala kuphi ibhere elinamakhaza?

Ibhere elingena polar lihlala kuphela esifundeni se-polis esenyakatho ye-hemisphere, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi lesi silwane sihlala yonke indawo lapho kungekho khona iqhwa le-Arctic elincibilikayo. Amabhere amaningi awadluli ngaphezu kwama-88 degrees enyakatho, kepha iphuzu elenziwa lokusatshalaliswa eningizimu yiNewfoundland Island, elinezakhamizi ezimbalwa ngokubeka izimpilo zazo nsuku zonke, zizama ukuhambisana nomzingeli oyingozi.

Izakhamizi zezindawo ezise-Arctic kanye ne-tundra zaseRussia, iGreenland, i-USA neCanada nazo ziwazi kahle ibhere elimhlophe. Iningi lezilwane lihlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi akhukhulayo, iqhwa langemuva, lapho kuhlala khona izingqimba eziningi kanye nama-walruse. Imvamisa, ibhele lingabonakala eduze kwempethu enkulu, emaphethelweni lapho iqhwa khona ilindele uphawu noma uphawu lwenhlama olusuka ekujuleni.

Akunakwenzeka ukunquma ngokuqondile izwe elingumhlaba lapho kuhlala ibhere elimnyama. Izilwane ezinwebeka kakhulu kulezi zilwane zaqanjwa ngeqoqo lazo eliyinhloko. Ngakho-ke, izisulu eziningi zithanda:

ogwini olusempumalanga yolwandle lwaseKara nase-East Siberian ulwandle, amanzi abandayo oLwandle Laptev, iziqhingi zaseNovosibirsk kanye neziqhingi zaseNovaya Zemlya (abantu baseLaptev), ogwini lweLwandle lwaseBarents, ingxenye esentshonalanga yoLwandle lwaseKara, iziqhingi zaseNovaya Zemlya kanye nezindawo zasolwandle zaseKara-Barents. , Ulwandle lweChukchi, inyakatho yeBering Sea, empumalanga ye-East Siberian Sea, i-Wrangel kanye ne-Herald Islands (inani labantu baseChukchi-Alaskan).

Ngqo e-Arctic, amabhere amhlophe awafani, akhetha izilwandle zaseningizimu ezifudumele nangaphezulu, lapho anethuba elingcono lokusinda. Indawo yokuhlala iyahlukahluka futhi ihlotshaniswa nemingcele yeqhwa elinamakhaza. Uma ihlobo le-Arctic lihudula, neqhwa liqale ukuncibilika, izilwane ziyasondela esigxotsheni. Lapho kuqala ubusika, zibuyela eningizimu, zikhetha izindawo ezigudle uthuthu nezwekazi elikhulu.

Indlela yokuphila kanye neHititat

Amabala amabhere ahlala ezifundeni ezixineneyo zomhlaba osenyakatho weplanethi. Ungumhlali wasendaweni yaseNyakatho yeqhwa. E-Russia, ingabonakala ogwini lwe-Arctic eChukotka, echibini le Chukchi neBering Seas.

Inani labantu bakhona abangamaChukchi manje selibhekwa njengabakhulu kunabo bonke emhlabeni. Ngokusho kocwaningo, abameleli abakhulu kunazo zonke bahlala oLwandle iBarents, abantu abancane bahlala eduze nesiqhingi saseSpitsbergen. Silindele imibuzo engaba khona, sikwazisa ukuthi ibhere elingumbala alitholakali e-Antarctica. Izwe lakubo yi-Arctic.

Umnikazi wasenyakatho uhlala ezindaweni eziseduze namanzi. Uyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushayela phansi nokuqina komhlaba olwandle. Kwenza ukufuduka kwesizini kanye nezinguquko emngceleni weqhwa onamakhaza: ehlobo ihamba nawo isondele esigxotsheni, ebusika ibuyela ezweni eliphakathi. Ngoba ubusika buhlala emgodini emhlabeni.

Imvamisa abesifazane bangena ekubandakanyeni, besalinde ukuzalwa kwamawundlu. Ngalesi sikhathi bazama ukungasuki, ukuze bangalimazi inzalo ezayo. Ngakho-ke hibernation. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-80-90. Abesilisa nezinye izalukazi ezingalindelanga inzalo nazo ngezinye izikhathi zinokuzithokozisa, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside hhayi njalo unyaka ngamunye.

Ibhere lingumbhukudi omuhle kakhulu, futhi ijazi eliminyene elimnyama lilivikela kahle emanzini abandayo. Ungqimba obukhulu lwamafutha angaphansi lusiza nasekuvikeleni kumakhaza. Isilo sicasha kalula eqhweni naseqhweni, sizwa inyamazane amakhilomitha amaningana, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela noma ukubhukuda kude naso.

Abahambi bokuqala be-polar baphindaphinde ukwethuka ngezindaba zokuqina kwalesi silo. Babesho ukuthi akazange anqikaze ukungena ngemikhumbi efakwe eqhweni ukuze athole ukudla.

Babamba yonke inkampani emphemeni, abanesibindi nakancane amatilosi. Baphinde bahlasela amakamu obusika, bachitha izindlu zabahambi, baphahla uphahla, bezama ukungena ngaphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, izindaba zakamuva zabahloli bamakhaza sezikhulume ngokuzithoba okukhulu kwalesi silo. Noma engenaso isikhali, umuntu wayekwazi ukumemeza kakhulu ngokwanele ukusabisa isilwane futhi abaleke. Ukuthuliswa buthule kweqhwa kumfundise ukwesaba umsindo omkhulu.

Isilo esilimele ngaso sonke isikhathi siyabaleka. Ufihla eqhweni ukuphulukisa. Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu enquma ukuhlasela amawundlu noma angene emgodini wesilo, uba ngumphikisi omkhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho ngisho nesibhamu asimvimbi.

Unobuhlakani futhi unelukuluku, kodwa hhayi ubugwala. Basho ukuthi, lapho bekhubeke phezu kwebhele elimhlophe, abantu babaleka. Ngemuva kwalokho umhlaseli waqala ukubasukela. Endleleni, baphonsa izinto zabo - izigqoko, amagilavu, izinti, enye into.

Isilo sasima ngaso sonke isikhathi bese sithwebula okutholakele, sihlole into ngayinye ngelukuluku. Akucaci ukuthi ibhere yayijaha abantu, noma yayinentshisekelo ngezinto zabo zansuku zonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, bekubonga ilukuluku lomhlaseli ukuthi abantu bakwazile ukubalekela kulo.

Imvamisa, amabhere ahlala yedwa, ngaphandle kokudala amaqembu amakhulu emindeni. Yize kuqoqeka ngenkani phakathi kwabo isikhundla sobukhosi nesiyalo kusungulwa. Umhlaseli omkhulu kunabo bonke uhlala ebaluleke kakhulu. Yize bethembekile impela komunye nomunye. Kumawundlu amancane kuphela, amabhere amadala angaba yingozi kwesinye isikhathi.

Njengoba zenziwe ebusheni bazo, amabhere angaqokanga angahlala ngempumelelo ekudingisweni futhi ajwayele abantu. Zidinga ukugeza njalo, kungcono kakhulu ukuthi zishone eqhweni. Ngokuqondene nokudla, akukho nkinga encane nabo, ngoba badla konke - inyama, inhlanzi noju. Ngamanye amabhere athunjiwe, muhle anganendaba. Ekugugeni kuba lula kakhulu. Amacala ayaziwa ukuthi asinda enza iminyaka engama-25-30 aze anda.

Indlela Yokuphila Nempilo

Ihlala ekushayiseni nasekukhuleni olwandle lwasemanzini, lapho isebenzisa khona inyamazane yayo eyinhloko: uphawu olunamakhonkco, i-sea hare, i-walrus nezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Uyababamba, abambe ongezansi ngemuva kwezindawo zokukhosela, noma eduze kwezimbobo: lapho nje isilwane sikhipha ikhanda laso emanzini, ibhere lihlasela inyamazane yaso ngephasi bese liyidonsela eqhweni. Kwesinye isikhathi igumbuqela uqaqa weqhwa lapho kufakwe khona izimpawu zomuntu ngaphansi. Nge-walrus ikwazi ukubhekana nomhlaba kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi ihlasela ngisho nama-beluga dolphin abanjwe ngumkhumbi eqhweni. Okokuqala, kushwabadela isikhumba namafutha, okusele kwesidumbu - kuphela uma kunendlala enkulu. Izinsalela zezinyamazane zidla izimpungushe. Kwesinye isikhathi, sithatha u-carrion, ulamula, inhlanzi efile, amaqanda namantshontsho, zingadla utshani nezasolwandle, zidle ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezindaweni lapho zitholakala khona. Amacala wokwebiwa kwezitolo zokudla okuphuma e-polar ayaziwa. Ukusuka ekuhlafunweni, ibhele elinamakhaza lithola inani elikhulu lamavithamini A, elinqwabelana esibindini salo.

Kwenza ukufuduka kwesizini ngokuya ngezinguquko zonyaka emngceleni weqhwa onamakhaza: ehlobo kubuye kusondele esigxotsheni kanye nabo, ebusika buqhubekela eningizimu, lungene ezweni elingaseningizimu. Yize ibhere elisemakhazeni ligcinwa kakhulu ogwini naseqhweni, ebusika lingalala emgodini ezweni noma eziqithini, kwesinye isikhathi kube ngamakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka olwandle.

Izintokazi ezikhulelwe zivame ukuwela ezinsukwini ezingama-50-80 ezihlala isikhathi eside. Abesilisa nabesifazane ehlobo balele isikhathi esifushane hhayi ngonyaka.

Naphezu kokuhamba kancane, amabhere enamakhaza asheshayo futhi ashesha ngisho nasemhlabathini, futhi abhukuda kalula futhi angena emanzini. Ijazi elikhulukazi, eliminyene livikela umzimba webhere ekubandeni futhi lingene emanzini eqhwa. Indima ebalulekile eguqukayo idlalwa ngongqimba onamandla wama-subcutaneous fat aze abe yi-10 cm thick. Umbala omhlophe usiza ukufihla inyamazane. Umqondo wokuhogela, ukuzwa kanye nombono kuthuthuke kahle - ibhele lingabona inyamazane yalo amakhilomitha amaningana, isimbambo esinezintambo singanuka ngamamitha angama-800, futhi, njengoba singenhla ngqo esidlekeni saso, sizwa okuvusa amadlingozi. Ngokusho kwezikhumbuzo zePhini le-Admiral A.F.Smelkov, ibheredi lokubhukuda elixoshwa ngumkhumbi ongaphansi komhlaba liyakwazi ukushesha lifinyelele ku-3.5 amafindo (cishe u-6.5 km / h). Ukubhukuda okungamarekhodi aqoshwe phansi kwakungamakhilomitha angama-685, kuthwalwa uLwandle iBeaufort ngebhere, kubhukuda kusuka e-Alaska kuya enyakatho ukuyopakisha iqhwa lapho kuthengwa khona izilwandle. Ngesikhathi ebhukuda lwezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, leli bhere lalahlekelwa yingane yalo enonyaka owodwa futhi lalahlekelwa ngama-20%. Ukuhamba kwesilwane kubhekwe kusetshenziswa ubuhlalu beGPS obunamathiselwe kuyo.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Izilwane ezizodwa. Njengomthetho, banokuthula maqondana omunye nomunye, kepha ama-skirmishing ayenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana [ umthombo awucacisiwe izinsuku eziyi-1099 ]. Abesilisa abadala bangahlasela amawundlu.

Umjaho kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuJuni. Amadoda ama-3-4 ngokuvamile alandela owesimame ku-estrus. Ngo-Okthoba, izinsikazi zimba umgodi ezigobeni zeqhwa ezisogwini. Amabhere anezindawo azithandayo lapho aqoqelwe khona kakhulu amantshontsho, ngokwesibonelo, mayelana. I-Wrangel noma i-Franz Josef Land, lapho kunemihlwa engama-150-200 unyaka ngamunye. Amabhere ahlala lairs kuphela maphakathi no-Novemba, lapho isigaba sokugcina sokukhulelwa siphela. Isikhathi sonke sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-230-250, amawundlu avela maphakathi noma ekugcineni kobusika be-Arctic. Owesifazane uhlala e-hibernation kuze kube ngu-Ephreli.

Amabhere wePolar anekhono eliphansi lokuzala: insikazi kuqala ilethe inzalo eneminyaka engama-4-8, izala kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3 futhi ibe namazinyane angama-1-3 kulitha, ngaleyo ndlela ingalethi ama-cubs angaphezu kwe-10-15 phakathi nokuphila kwayo. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa azisizi ngalutho, njengawo wonke amabhere, futhi zinesisindo esingu-450 kuya ku-750 g. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, insikazi ishiya umhume wayo iqhubeke nendlela yokuphila eyendukayo. Amawundlu ahlala naye iminyaka kuze kube ngu-1.5, sonke lesi sikhathi ibhere lizondla ngobisi. Ukufa phakathi kwamawundlu kufinyelela ku-10-30%.

Isikhathi sokuphila singaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25-30, ekudingisweni irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside liyiminyaka engama-45. Amabhere we-polar ayakwazi ukuhlangana ngokusinsundu futhi anikeze okuvundile (okwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo) nzalo - ama-grizzlies we-polar.

Inani lezomnotho

Izakhamizi zase-Arctic, ngokwesibonelo, i-Eskimos, zithola ibhere elinamakhaza ngenxa yesikhumba nenyama. E-Russia, ukumzingela bekuvinjelwe ngokuphelele kusukela ngo-1956, nakwamanye amazwe (i-USA, Canada ne-Greenland) kunqunyelwe. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwamabhere polar kuyo yonke insimu yaseCanada eNunavut bekungokulandelayo: 2000-2001 - 395, 2001-2002 - 408, 2002-2003 - 392, 2003-2004 - 398, 2004-2005 - 507 abantu .

Isimo Sabantu Nokuvikelwa

Ibhere elinamakhaza libhalwe ku-International Red Book nakule ncwadi ebomvu yaseRussia. Ukufuya kancane nokushona okuphezulu kwezilwane ezincane kwenza lesi silo sibe sengozini kalula.

Kusukela ngonyaka we-1957, ngesimemezelo soMkhandlu WabaNgqongqoshe be-RSFSR, kwethulwa umthetho wokukhiqizwa kwamabhere onamakhaza. Esiqhingini i-Wrangel Island ngo-1960, kwenziwa indawo yokubhuka, yahlelwa kabusha ngo-1976 yaba yi-Wrangel Island State Reserve.

Ngo-2014, inani labantu (emhlabeni) lalilinganiselwa kubantu abangama-20,000-25,000.

Ngo-2008, ngokwesekwa uHulumeni waseRussia, umsebenzi waqala ngezinhlelo eziningana eziphathelene nokufundwa kwezilwane zaseRussia ezingandile futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu, kubandakanya nohlelo lwePolar Bear. Kusukela ngo-2010, le projekthi ibelokhu isekelwa yiRussian Geographical Society.

E-Russia, kunamabhere asezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-5-7, kanti ukudubula kokuzingela okwenziwa minyaka yonke kusuka kubantu abayi-150 kuye kwangama-200. Ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo sabantu baseDixon, ukuqothulwa kwebhele elinamakhaza kuncishisiwe. Ngenkathi yePleistocene, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu eyedlule, izinhlangano ezinkudlwana zamabhele amakhulu amnyama ahlala khona, ezazinkulu kakhulu.

Ngo-2013, inani lamabhere asezingeni eliphakeme eRussia lalinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-6. Ngemuva kuka-2018, kuhlelwa ukuthi kwenziwe i-akhawunti ephelele yamabhere asePoland eRussia.

Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu

Amacala okuhlaselwa kwabantu bebhemela kwe-polar ayaziwa ngokusuka kumanothi nemibiko yabahambi be-polar. Ngakho-ke, ababambe iqhaza kulolu hambo olwaluzungeza umgadli waseDashi uWillem Barents, ngesikhathi sabo sasebusika eNovaya Zemlya ngoNovemba 1596 - Meyi 1597, baphoqelelwa kaninginingi ukuthi balwe namabhere omhluzi ayebahlasela.

Hambisa ezindaweni lapho kunengozi yebhere, kuyadingeka ngokuqapha. Ezindaweni ezisezindaweni ezinjengalezi kufanele kube nokuncipha komhlaba okungatheni futhi okulula ukufinyeleleka njengokudla okuheha amabhere.

Edolobheni laseChurchill esifundazweni saseCanada eManitoba, eduze nalapho kuhlala amabhere amaningi, kunejele elikhethekile lokugcinwa kwamabhere okwesikhashana kulo muzi futhi kubeke engcupheni izakhamizi zalo.

Ngokwesiko

Njengomhlaseli omkhulu futhi onamandla, kwesinye isikhathi oyingozi kubantu, ibhere elikhuhla kudala bekuyisici esihlonishwayo sendabuko kubantu bomdabu baseNyakatho.Emisebenzini yobuciko obusetshenzisiwe be-Chukchi - ubuciko bokubeka emathanjeni nakuma-walrus tusk - esinye sezihloko ezithandwayo ubuciko bempi bomzingeli we-bogatyr umka.

Ezinganekwaneni nasemisukweni yama-Eskimos, ibhele elinamakhaza nanook Futhi kungumbono wamandla amakhulu wemvelo, ekulweni lapho umzingeli wesilisa ekhula khona, ukuqalwa kwakhe kwenzeka. Lo mbono wama-Eskimos mayelana nebhere eliqokile uboniswe endabeni yombhali waseMelika uJack London, "The Legend of Kish."

Endabeni kaLeah Geraskina "Ezweni lezifundo ezingafundile," ibhere elinamakhaza lidlala indima ebalulekile. Ulahlekelwe yiNorth Pole ngenxa yokuthi iVitya Perestukin ibize kabi izingqinamba zezindawo zesimo sezulu. Kumaphethelo, lapho uVitya aqambe igama lezindawo zezulu ngokufanele, ibhere libuyele eNorth Pole.

Inoveli kaDan Simmons yenoveli iTerror iTerror, eyashicilelwa e-USA ngonyaka we-2007, ezinikele ekuhlaselweni okuxakayo kokuxoshwa kukaJohn Franklin okuhamba phambili (1845-1848), kuchaza umlingiswa wezinganekwane zakwa-Eskimo ngombala Tuunbak - ibhere elikhulu le-cannibal elinobude bamamitha amane nangaphezu kwesisindo sethani.

I-Numismatics

• Ibhere elidala polar ku-floating eqhweni entantayo libonakaliswa ngokubuyiselwa kohlamvu lwemali lwaseCanada kumahlelo ama- $ 2. (uhlamvu lwemali belusakazwa kusukela ngoFebhuwari 19, 1996 kuze kube manje).
• Isithombe sebhere elidala polar ku-floating eqhweni ezintantayo lalikhona kwelinye lamaphrojekthi wesikhumbuzo semali eyingqobelo yaseMelika anikezelwe esifundeni sase-Alaska. Kodwa-ke, iphrojekthi enesithombe sokudoba ngokudlulele iphumelele (uhlamvu lwemali belusakazwa kusukela ngo-Agasti 23, 2008 kuze kube manje).
• Isithombe sebhere elingwe kanye ne-teddy bear litholakala ezinhlakeni zemali ezi-5 euros (zethusi nezinhlamvu zesiliva). Izinhlamvu zemali ngo-2014 zakhutshwa yi-Austrian Mint.

I-"Umka" ku-Chukchi isho ibhere, noma, ngokuqondile, "ibhere elidala lobudoda"

I-Cinema

• Umka (i-teddy bear emhlophe) - umlingiswa wamafilimu opopayi Umka, Umka ufuna umngane, no-Umka esihlahleni sikaKhisimusi. Kuvela futhi kumakhathuni "u-Elka kanye ne-Star Postman" no "Elka", osengumlingiswa wesibili kanye nogogo womphikisana naye.
• U-Elka - ibhele elimhlophe le-teddy, umlingiswa wamafilimu opopayi "u-Elka kanye ne-Star Postman" no "Elka", umzukulu ka-Umka.
• I-White Cloud (i-teddy bear emhlophe) kukhathuni "Mi-mi-mi-bears." Imvelaphi yaseNorth Pole. Ohlakaniphile, onengqondo, uthanda imvelo futhi unakekela ukulondolozwa kwayo.
• IPolar Bear ingumlingisi ophambili kuKhathuni Wekhathuni wase-1998, ngokusekelwe encwadini yezingane yeRaymond Briggs enegama elifanayo.
• Ekhathuni "Ezweni Lezifundo Ezingafundisiwe," kuvela ibhere elinamakhaza. Njengasesendabeni, walahlekelwa yiNorth Pole. Kepha uma endabeni ibhere livela kaninginingi, khona-ke kukhathuni livela kanye kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhathuni, ibhere alibuyeli eNorth Pole.
• I-Yorek Birnison ibhere elihlomile le-polar elivela ku-movie i-The Gold Compass, elifakwe kususelwa kusiqalo esimnyama sePhilip Pulman.
• UBernard - ibhele elinamakhaza, umlingiswa wochungechunge opopayi "uBernard".
• White (Ice ibhere) - umlingisi wochungechunge opopayi Lonke iqiniso ngamabhere.

Umsoco

Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwaisilwaneuzalelwe ukuzingela. Konke kwenzelwa inzuzo - nezinduna ezisezandleni zokubhukuda, nephunga elihle, nombono obukhali, nokuzwa okuhle. Ugijime, agxume, abhukuda, azifihle. Isimo sakhe njengomzingeli sesesibili kokukodwa eNyakatho.

Noma yisiphi isidalwa esibonakalayo singaba isisulu sakhe. Uzingela emhlabeni nasemanzini, wondla inyama nenhlanzi. Izintandokazi zezinyamazane - uphawu ne-hare. Uyakwazi ukuwaphunga ngobukhulu beqhwa, abese ebekezela umgodi ngesineke. Noma hlasela khona lapho emanzini. Ubulala inyamazane, bese eqala ukudonsa isikhumba namafutha. Le yingxenye yomzimba ethandwayo.

Empeleni abayidli inyama entsha, belungiselela isikhathi sendlala. Imenyu enjalo ibasiza ukuba baqoqe uvithamini A ukuze bakwazi ukusinda emakhazeni nasebusika. Izimpawu zasolwandle, ama-walruses asencane, ama-belugas, ama-narwhals, izinhlanzi zingaba izisulu zomzingeli. Lapho esemhlabeni, uyakwazi ukubamba impungushe, impisi, ne-arctic fox.

Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphansi kweqhwa lasentwasahlobo, bmba izimpande zokuguqula ukudla kwamaprotheni. Ukuze athole okwenele, udinga ukudla okungafika ku-7 kg. Umhlaseli olambile angahle adinge ngaphezu kwe-15 kg.

Uma ohlukunyeziwe ekwazi ukuphunyula kuye, futhi engenamandla okuzingela okusha, inhlanzi, u-carrion, amaqanda ezinyoni namachwane aya ekudleni. Kungaleso sikhathi sokudonswa ngendlala lapho eba yingozi ikakhulukazi. Angazulazula emaphethelweni okuhlala abantu, akhase udoti, aze ahlasele nomuntu.

Akanaki i-algae notshani, usebenzisa imali eqatha ngokushesha. Lezi ikakhulukazi yizinyanga zasehlobo, cishe izinsuku ezingama-120. Okudingwa yisilwane ngalesi sikhathi - akuzibolekisi ekuhlukaniselweni. Udla cishe yonke into.

Emvelweni, isilwane sinezitha ezimbalwa. Ama-walrus amadala kuphela angamdambisa ngemisipha yawo. Namawundlu amancane angahlushwa yiphakethe lezimpisi noma izinja. Ingozi enkulu kuye kwaba futhi uhlala eyindoda. Abazingeli bayambulala ngenhloso yokufihla okunethezeka nenani elikhulu lenyama.

Ukuzala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside

Izidalwa ezivuthiwe ukwakha umndeni ngeminyaka emi-4. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngaphambi kwabesilisa ngonyaka noma emibili. Isikhathi sokuzalela siqala ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi siqhubeka kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ibhere elilodwa lingathunyelwa ngabenzi bezicelo abaningana. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuba nokulwa okukhulu kothando phakathi kwabo. Ngisho namawundlu amancane angahlupheka uma ewela enkundleni yezokuthandana.

Amabhere azala izingane cishe izinsuku ezingama-250, cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. Ukukhulelwa kubambezelekile umbungu. Umama okhulelwe kufanele alungiselele ngokuphelele ukukhula kwesibeletho nokubandakanyeka isikhathi eside.

Kwenye indawo ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, uhlomisa ihlombe lakhe. Abaningi bambe umhume wabo eduze kwalapho esakhiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho ulala. Futhi maphakathi no-Novemba, ukukhula kombungu kuqala.

Maphakathi no-Ephreli, insikazi iyavuka, kuzalwe amawundlu angama-1-3. Zincane kakhulu, ngayinye inesisindo cishe isigamu sekhilogremu. Bazalwa bengaboni, amehlo abo evulekile ngemuva kwenyanga. Imizimba yabo imbozwe ngoboya obumfishane, obantekenteke, ongabagcini ekubandeni. Ngakho-ke, ibhere, ngaphandle kokusuka nomaphi, liyazifudumeza ngokushisa kwalo amasonto okuqala.

Lapho sezinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, ziqala ukukhasa zikhanye, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga ziphume emgodini. Noma kunjalo, azihambi kude nomama, njengoba beqhubeka nokudla ubisi. Ukuhlala kwabo ngokuhlanganyela kuthatha iminyaka eyi-1.5. Zisengozini enkulu ngalesi sikhathi ezilwaneni ezidla lubi. Umzali osekhulile kuphela ongabavikela.

Ukukhulelwa okusha kungenzeka kubo ngemuva kokukhula kwezinsana. Noma uma befa. Ngakho-ke, azivezi inzalo engaphezu kwesisodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu. Owesifazane oyedwa angazala cishe izingane eziyi-15 empilweni yakhe yonke.

Amabhere ePolar aphila endle iminyaka engaba ngu-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sokushona okuphezulu kumawundlu sifinyelela kuminyaka eyi-1. Cishe i-10-30% yamabhere amancanyana abulawa ezinye izinyamazane futhi kubanda ngalesi sikhathi. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zilwane zingaphila isikhathi eside, cishe iminyaka engama-25-30. Isikhathi eside kunazo zonke sabhalwa ku-Detroit Zoo. Owesifazane wayeneminyaka engama-45 ubudala.

Kungani ibhere elimhlophe “limhlophe”

Umzali ngamunye kungekudala uzizwa lo mbuzo "engane" yakhe. Noma uthisha we-biology esikoleni. Imayelana nokufaka izinwele izinwele zalesi silo. Akekho lapho. Izinwele ngokwazo azinalutho futhi zibukeka ngaphakathi.

Zibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga, zithuthukisa umbala omhlophe. Kepha lezi akuzona zonke izici zoboya bomhloli wamaphaza. Ehlobo, liphenduka liphuzi elangeni. Kwangaba umbala ogqamile kusuka ku-algae elincane elivale phakathi kwe-villi. Ijazi lingaba mpunga, onsundu noma lomthunzi ohlukile ngokuya ngezimo zokuphila zebhere.

Futhi ebusika icishe ibe ikristalu, imhlophe. Lesi isici esiyingqayizivele sesilo nokuzifihla okuphezulu. Ngokunokwenzeka, umbala wejazi elihlanganisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila.

Phakathi kokunye, isikhumba sesilo sinezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zokufudumeza ukushisa. Iyavuma futhi ayivumeli ukushisa. Futhi uma ibhere ithatha uvolo, "ingemuva," ayibonakali ngamehlo kuphela, kepha futhi nobuchwepheshe, ngokwesibonelo, abasebenza ngezithombe ezishisayo.

Kungani ibhere elinamakhaza libhalwe ku-Red Book

Lesi sidlakela sinezinwele ezinhle futhi sinenyama eningi. Le yimicabango ethukuthele futhi engenakuphikiswa yabazingeli abaye badubula isilo isikhathi eside. Ukwehla okukhulu kwesibalo somphakathi kube nomthelela ekushiseni komhlaba kanye nasekungcoleni kwemvelo. Ngokusho kososayensi, indawo yokwemboza iqhwa incishiswe ngamaphesenti angama-25, iqhwa liyancibilika ngokushesha.

Indawo yasolwandle yayingcoliswe ngemikhiqizo eyingozi nemfucuza. Futhi ibhere lethu liphila isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, libhekwa njengedlova elihlala isikhathi eside. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqoqa ubuthi obuningi obulimazayo kanye nama-anthropogens emzimbeni wakhe. Lokhu kunciphise kakhulu ithuba lokuzala.

Manje emhlabeni kunezinkulungwane ezingama-22 kuye kwezingama-31 zalezi zilwane ezinhle. Futhi ngokubikezela, ngo-2050 inani lingancipha ngomunye u-30%. Ngemuva kwalolu lwazi akukho mibuzo kungani ibhere elinamakhaza lifakwe kwi-Red Book.Ukubopha amabhere eParth Arctic kuvinjelwe kusukela ngo-1956.

Ngo-1973, amazwe ase-Arctic basin asayina isivumelwano ngokulondolozwa kwebhere elinamakhaza. Izwe lethu livikela lesi sidlakela njengezinhlobo ezisongelayo ezivela kuLuhlu lwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (i-International Red Book) kanye neNcwadi Elubomvu YaseRussia Federation.

Polar Bear Incazelo

Amabhere amancanyana achazwe ngezansi ayizidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu ezincelisayo emhlabeni. Bakweleta ubukhulu obukhulu kukhokho wabo okude, abaqothulayo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ezedlule. Ibhere elikhulu elipholishi lalinobude obungamamitha amane, linesisindo esingamathani ayi-1,2.

Ibhere lesimanje lepolar, elisindayo nokukhula, lincane kunalo. Ngakho-ke, ubude obukhulu bhere elimhlophe abudluli kumamitha ayi-3 anesisindo somzimba ofinyelela ku-1 ithoni. Isisindo esijwayelekile sabantu besilisa asidluli kumakhilogremu angama-500, izinsikazi zinesisindo esingama-200-350 kilos. Ukukhula kwesilwane esidala lapho kubuna kungamamitha ayi-1,2-1,5, kanti ibhere elikhulu elinamakhaza lifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha ayi-2-2,5.

Ngabe kudlani ibhele elinamakhaza?

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwebhere elinamakhaza kufaka uphawu. Amabhere azingela yedwa. Ngomgodi oseqhweni, bona, njengezinhloli, bangena eduze nesisulu, abaphumuza ukunethezeka eqhweni. Ekuzingeleni okunjalo, isimilo sebhere singafaniswa nokwendlala, njengesibonelo ibhubesi noma ihlosi. Ukucasha ngemuva kwamabhulokhi eqhwa, ibhere elisolwandle liyasondela futhi liphangiwe inyamazane, futhi lapho ibangana liba mfushane - izinyathelo eziningi ezinkulu ezahlukanisa umhlaseli ekuhlaselweni inyamazane. Amabhere we-Polar aqinile kakhulu futhi ukushaya kwe-paw eyodwa kwanele ukubulala isisulu.

Ngenxa yoboya obukhulu obuluhlaza, amabhere emvelo awabandayo e-Arctic.

Ehlobo, imenyu yebhele ibuye yenziwe ngamajikijolo, ama-mosses nezinye izitshalo ezitholakala ngalesi sikhathi. Abazideleli izidumbu futhi bavame ukuhamba ngasogwini beyofuna izilwane ezifile.

Lalelani izwi lebhere elisolwandle

Inani le-polar bear lehlile kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ukuzingela kwabo okwamanje kulinganiselwe. Kuwo wonke amazwe lapho kuhlala khona lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo, kunohlelo lokuvikela amabhele. Minyaka yonke, ama-Eskimos abulala inani elincane lamabhere, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yoboya bawo namafutha anempilo.

Ibhere elinamakhaza akusona neze isilwane esithambile nesinobisi.

Ubukhulu nobukhulu bebhere elinamakhaza

Iningi labesilisa abesilisa abadala linesisindo esisukela ku-300 kuye ku-800 kg (futhi lingaphezu kwethani elilodwa!) Futhi lifinyelela kubude obungu-2.4-3.0 m. Ukuphakama lapho ibuna lomuntu omdala webhere lifinyelela kusuka kumamitha ayi-1,3 kuye kwayi-1.5. izofika ku-3.4. m. Izinsikazi zivame ukuba yingxenye yesisindo futhi zibe nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-150-300 kg. kanye no-1.9-2.1 m ubude. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, amawundlu amancane anesisindo esingama-600-700 amagremu kuphela.

Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa

Ibhere elikhulu kunalo lonke elisindayo lalingaphezu kwethani. Lo mlisa wesilisa wabanjwa enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Alaska ngo-1960. Isisindo sesilwane sasingu-1002 kg.

Okwamanje, inani le-polar bear libalwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25.

Uyazi ukuthi…

• Ibhere elinamakhaza lizwa lihle emithambekeni ebushelelezi ebushelelezi. Ulala esiswini sakhe futhi ugoqa phezu kwabo, usebenzisa imilenze yakhe yangemuva ukubopha ngesikhathi esifanele.

• Ubisi lwe-Bear lunamafutha amaningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, amawundlu akhula ngokushesha okukhulu futhi acishe angabi yiqhwa.
• Lezi zilwane zingabhukuda futhi zihlukahlukene futhi zingakwazi ukubekezelela imizuzu emi-2 ngaphansi kwamanzi.
• Amabhere we-polar anomqondo omuhle kakhulu wephunga. Ziyakwazi ukuhogela noma ngaphansi kwengqimba yemitha yeqhwa.
• Lesi sidlamlilo singafinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-40 km / h
• Amabhere kaTeddy ngesikhathi sokuzalwa awasekho nje amagundane amadala.
• Isikhumba sebhere elinamakhaza simnyama ngokuphelele, ngokungafani noboya balo obumhlophe noma obphuzi.
• Izinwele zebhere eliqinile ziphenduka ophuzi ngeminyaka.

Uma uthola iphutha, sicela ukhethe ucezu lombhalo bese ucindezela I-Ctrl + Faka.

Yini iphupho lebhere elinamakhaza

Kungaba yinto emangazayo uma kunjalo maqondana nebhere elimhlophe, asizange sikufake ukubaluleka ekubonakaleni kwamaphupho ethu. Lutho neze. Cishe kuzo zonke izincwadi zamaphupho ezaziwayo, umuntu angafunda ukuthi iphupho lithini iphupho. Abanye babheka ukubonakala kwakhe ephusheni njengento enhle futhi ethembisayo okuhle, abanye baluleke ukuzilungiselela inhlupho emva kwalokho.

Isibonelo, incwadi yamaphupho kaMiller ithi ibhere elingena emaphusheni limayelana nokukhetha impilo okuzayo. Uma ibhere ihlasela ephusheni, qaphela izitha empilweni. Ibhere elintanta phezu kukaphazili weqhwa lizokuxwayisa ngenkohliso.

Futhi ukubona ibhere lidla uphawu kusho ukuthi udinga ukuyeka imikhuba emibi. Uma ugcwala esikhunjeni sebhere elimnyama - uzonqoba kalula izinkinga ngokweqiniso. Bheka ibhere elinamakhaza - kusho ukuthi maduze silindele umshado nenzuzo yezezimali.

Ngokusho kukaFreud, ukuzingela ibhele elinamakhaza ephusheni kusho ukuthi udinga ukunciphisa ulaka kanye nokushisekela okungadingekile empilweni yakho. Futhi ngokusho kwe-Aesop, umhlaseli uphupha konke okuhle nokunesihluku. Awukwazi ukulwa naye ngephupho, uma kungenjalo uzohluleka ngokweqiniso. Kodwa-ke, uma wenza sengathi ufile lapho uhlangana naye, khona-ke ungaphuma kalula ezinkingeni ezingezinhle.

Ukulala ibhele kusho ukuthi izinkinga zakho zingakushiya wedwa isikhashana. Kunoma ikuphi, kuhle kakhulu uma ibhere lethu liphupha ngumuntu ocabanga ngobukhona bakhe besikhathi esizayo ephephile futhi elingamsiza ukuba aphile.

Uboya, izici zesakhiwo sesiqu kanye nekhanda

Umzimba wonke webhele elimhlophe umbozwe uboya, obuvikela kusuka eziqandeni ezinzima futhi likuvumela ukuthi uzizwe ukhululekile ngisho nasemanzini eqhwa. Kuphela amaphilisi ekhaleni ne-paw kuphela anqatshelwe kwesembozo soboya. Umbala wejazi loboya ungaba mhlophe kristalu, aphuzi futhi aluhlaza.

Ukugcwala koboya kuhlotshaniswa nokuvezwa njalo kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, okunika indawo okushisa ukushisa futhi kuvikele isilwane ekuqandeni. Imbangela ye-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yi-microscopic algae etha ngaphakathi kwe-hairline.

Eqinisweni, izinwele zesilwane zincishwe i-pigmentation, azinombala, izinwele azinalutho, ziwugqinsi, zilukhuni, zitholakala kude nebanga lazo. Kukhona i-undercoat ekhule kahle lapho kutholakala khona isikhumba esimnyama esinobubanzi bamafutha amasentimitha ayishumi.

Umbala wejazi elimhlophe uyisithunzi esifanele isilwane. Akulula ukuthi ngisho nomzingeli onesipiliyoni ukuthola ibhere efihlekile, kepha izindikimba nama-walruse zivame ukuba izisulu zalo mzingeli onobuqili nononya.

Ukwakheka komzimba, ikhanda nemilenze

Ngokungafani nebhere emnyama, intamo yebhele elikhuphukile iyaphakeme, ikhanda layo liyisicaba, Ingxenye yangaphambili iyaphakama, izindlebe zalo zincanyana futhi ziyindilinga.

Lezi zilwane zingabhukudi abanamakhono, ezitholakala ngenxa yokuba khona kolwelwesi phakathi kwezinzwane futhi kunqunywa lapho kuhlala khona ibhere elinamakhaza iningi lonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, akukhathalekile ukuthi ibhere le Polar linesisindo esingakanani, ngenxa yolwelwesi, lungasithinta kalula isilwane esisheshayo.

Imilenze yomhlaseli iyinqaba, iphetha ngamawele anamandla. Izinsika zezinyawo zimbozwe ngoboya, okusebenza njengesivikelo esifanele ekuqothulweni kweqhwa nokushelela.Izingxenye ezingaphambili zamawele zimbozwe ngamabreyidi abulukhuni, lapho kufihlwe khona izindwani ezibukhali, okuvumela ukugcina inyamazane isikhathi eside. Njengoba isibambe inyamazane ngemihlakulo, umdlwenguli usebenzisa amanye amazinyo ayo. Imihlathi yakhe inamandla, incisors kanye fangs zakhiwe kahle. Isilwane esiphilile sinamazinyo angama-42, akukho nhlobo ebusweni.

Bonke abamele lezinhlobo banomsila; ibhere elingena emaceleni liyahlukile kulokhu. Umsila wakhe mncane, ubude bawo ngamasentimitha ayi-7 kuya kwayi-13, ulahlekile ngokumelene nesizinda sezinwele eziphakeme sangemuva emuva.

Ukubekezela

Ibhere elinamakhaza ayisilwane esiqinile kakhulu, yize kubukeka sengathi kunenkani, liyakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha afinyelela kwayi-5,6 ngehora nomhlaba kuze kufike kumakhilomitha ayi-7 ngehora ngamanzi. Ijubane elijwayelekile lomhlaseli ngamakhilomitha angama-40 ngehora.

Amabhere wePolar ayizwa futhi abona kahle, futhi umuzwa omuhle wephunga ukuvumela ukuba unikeze iphunga lesinyamazane elisebangeni eli-1 km ukusuka kulo. Isilwane siyakwazi ukubona uphawu lokucasha ngaphansi kwamamitha ambalwa eqhwa, noma ukucasha ngaphansi komhlonyane, noma ngabe lijule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.

Kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani ibhere elinamakhaza?

Ngokudabukisayo, ekuthunjweni, amabhere wepolar aphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula endaweni yawo yemvelo. Isilinganiso sokuphila esijwayelekile kuleli cala asidluli iminyaka engama-20 kuye kwengama-30, kuyilapho umuntu ohlala ku-zoo enamandla okuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-45-50. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha kwesisekelo semfoloko, ukuncibilika kwaminyaka yonke kwamaqhwa nokuqothulwa okuqhubekayo kwabantu abazingelayo ngabantu.

E-Russia, ukuzingela ibhele elinamakhaza akuvunyelwe, kepha nakwamanye amazwe kunemikhawulo embalwa kulokhu, okuvumela ukuqothulwa kwabantu abangaphezulu kwamakhulu ambalwa abadlwengula ngonyaka. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzingela okunjalo akuhlangene neze nezidingo zangempela zenyama nezikhumba, ngakho-ke, kuyisiqalo sangempela esiqonde kulesi silo esihle futhi esinamandla.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Ibhere elinamakhaza libhekwa njengesidleke esinonya esihlasela ngisho nabantu. Isilwane sithanda indlela yokuphila yodwa, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sonke, amabhere ahamba kuphela emkhakheni wawo anqotshwe kwabanye abafowabo, futhi lokhu akusebenzi kwabesilisa kuphela, kodwa nakwabesifazane abanezizukulwane ezisanda kuzalwa.

Ukuzalela amabhele, sinakekela izingane

Ngokuhlobene nomunye, amabhere we-polar aziphatha ngokuthula impela, izimpi eziningi zenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngalesi sikhathi, hhayi izilwane ezindala kuphela ezingathwala ubunzima, kepha namawundlu avimba insikazi ukuthi iphinde ibambe iqhaza emidlalweni yokuguga.

Izilwane zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho zifinyelela eminyakeni emi-4 noma eyi-8 ubudala, kuyilapho izinsikazi zikulungele ukuzala iminyaka eyi-1-2 ngaphambili kunabesilisa.

Isizini yokuzalela iqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Mashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Owesifazane oyedwa angaxoshwa abesilisa abangafika kwabayisikhombisa. Ukuzalela kuthatha okungenani izinsuku ezingama-250, okuhambelana nezinyanga eziyi-8. Ukukhulelwa kuqala ngesigaba esisekupheleni, esibonakaliswa ukubambezeleka kokufakelwa kombungu. Lesi sici asihlotshaniswa kuphela ne-physiology yesilwane, kepha futhi nemibandela yendawo yaso. Owesifazane kufanele alungiselele ukukhula kwengane kanye nokuvinjwa isikhathi eside. Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, uqala ukuhlomisa umhume wakhe, futhi ngale njongo kwesinye isikhathi unqoba amakhulu amakhilomitha. Abesifazane abaningi bamba izindlu zokulala eduze kwezakhiwo ezikhona. Ngakho-ke, ezithombeni zikaWhangel noFranz Joseph kukhona okungenani amachibi aseduzane ayi-150.

Ukuthuthukiswa kombungu kuqala maphakathi no-Novemba, lapho insikazi isivele ilele. Ukuqothuka kwayo kuphela ngo-Ephreli futhi cishe ngasikhathi sinye, ama-1-3s avela emgodini, anesisindo esisuka ku-450 kuya ku-700 ligremu ngalinye. Okuhlukile kuwukuzalwa kwamawundlu ama-4. Lezi zingane zimbozwe ngoboya obuncanyana, ezingabavikeli emakhazeni, ngoba emavikini okuqala empilo yazo insikazi ayishiyi isigodi, yeseka ubukhona bayo ngenxa yamafutha aqoqiwe.

Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa adla kuphela ubisi lwebele. Abavuli amehlo abo ngokushesha, kodwa inyanga ngemuva kokuzalwa. Izinsana ezinezinyanga ezimbili ziqala ukukhasa ziphume lair, ukuze kuthi lapho zifika ezinyangeni ezintathu zikushiye ngokuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, ayaqhubeka nokudla ubisi futhi asondele kowesifazane aze afike eminyakeni eyi-1.5. Amawundlu amancane cishe awasizi ngalutho, ngakho-ke avame ukuba inyamazane yezilwane ezinkulu ezizingelayo. Ukushona phakathi kwamabhere angaphansi kweminyaka engu-1 kuya okungenani ku-10-30%.

Ukukhulelwa okusha kowesifazane kwenzeka kuphela emva kokufa kwenzalo, noma ukwethulwa kwayo ebudaleni, okungukuthi, akusekho isikhathi esingaphezu kwesi-1 eminyakeni eyi-2-3. Ngokwesilinganiso, azikho ngaphezu kwamawundlu ayi-15 azalwa kowesifazane oyedwa empilweni yakhe yonke, uhhafu wawo uyafa.

Ukuzingela

Ibhere ilandelela inyamazane isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi imela amahora amaningi eduze ne-ice-hole ilindele uphawu oluzovela ukuze luphefumule umoya. Lapho nje ikhanda lesisulu lingaphezulu kwamanzi, umhlaseli uhlasela ngamandla. Isidumbu esimangele, ubambelela kwezihlakala zakhe adonsele emhlabeni. Ukuze andise amathuba ayo okubamba, ibhere yelula imingcele yomhlonyane futhi icishe icwilisa ikhanda layo emanzini ukuze ibonakale ukubukeka kwesisulu.

Izimpawu zasolwandle azikwazi ukuchitha sonke isikhathi emanzini, kwesinye isikhathi zidinga ukuphumula, okuyilokhu okusetshenziswa amabhere. Lapho selubonile uphawu olufanele, ibhele liyabhukuda libheke phezulu lize liphezu kweqhwa lapho lihlala khona. Isiphetho sophawulelo yisiphetho esinqunyelwe kusengaphambili. Uma i-walrus yaba inyamazane yebhere, khona-ke yonke into ayilula. Ama-Walruses anokuvikelwa okunamandla ngendlela yamafangs angaphambili, ngawo angabhoboza kalula umgadli ongathandeki. I-walrus endala ingaba namandla kakhulu kunebhere, ikakhulukazi uma isencane futhi ingakabi nakho okwanele ezimpini ezinjalo.

Unalokhu engqondweni, amabhere ahlasela kuphela ama-walrus angenamandla, noma amancanyana, akwenza kuphela emhlabeni. Isisulu silandelwa isikhathi eside, ibhere inyathela ibanga eliseduze kakhulu, emva kwalokho yenza gxuma bese incika isisulu ngayo yonke isisindo sayo.

Ngubani leli bhere elisolana nalo?

Endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo, ibhere linenamba elincane lezitha. Uma isilwane silimele noma sigula, khona-ke ama-walruse, imikhomo yokubulala, izimpisi, izimpungushe ze-arctic ngisho nezinja zingasihlasela. Ibhere elinempilo likhulu ukwedlula noma ibaphi abadla izambane likapondo futhi lingabhekana kalula nabaphikisi abaningi abahlasele inqwaba. Isilo esigulayo sisengozini enkulu futhi sivame ukukhetha ukugwema ukulwa, siphumule emgodini.

Kwesinye isikhathi inyamazane yezimpisi nezinja iba ngamathole amancanyana, umama wayo ayezingela, noma azibukele. Abazingeli abanesifiso sokubulala lesi silwane ngenhloso yokuthola isikhumba saso sokunethezeka kanye nenani elikhulu lenyama futhi basongela impilo yebhere.

Izibopho zomndeni

Amabhere avela okokuqala kule planethi cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule. Kepha ibhere eliqhephukile lahlukaniswa nokhokho balo ansundu eminyakeni engaphezulu kuka-600 edlule, kanti futhi ibhere elijwayelekile elinsundu liyaqhubeka liyisihlobo salo esiseduze kakhulu.

Kokubili ibhere le-polar kanye nebhere onsundu kufana ngofuzo, ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuwela, kutholakala inzalo esebenzayo ngokuphelele, kamuva nayo engasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izilwane ezincane. Amabhere amnyama namhlophe ngokwemvelo ngeke azalwe, kodwa abancane bazothola zonke izimfanelo ezinhle zombili zabantu.

Ngasikhathi sinye, amabhere amnyama nanombala onsundu ahlala ezinhlelweni ezihlukene zemvelo, okuthinte ukwakheka kwezinhlamvu eziningi ze-phenotypic kuzo, kanye nokwehluka kwezondlamzimba, ekuziphatheni nasendleleni yokuphila. Ukuba khona komehluko omkhulu kukho konke okungenhla kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwahlukanisa ibhere elinsundu, noma i-grizzly, njengohlobo oluhlukile.

Ibhere le-Polar kanye nebhere nsundu: incazelo yokuqhathanisa

Kokubili ibhere le-polar ne-brown bear kunezici ezithile ezihlukile, umongo wawo oqhubeka kuze kube ngokulandelayo:

Kokubili ibhere elinamaparele nebhere onsundu kuyizidlakudla eziyingozi, okuholela emibuzweni esemthethweni yokuthi ngubani onamandla empini, ibhere elimnyama noma ibhere elimnyama? Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza impendulo engenakuphikiswa kumbuzo obuzwe wokuthi ngubani onamandla, noma ukuthi ngubani onqobayo ibhere elimnyama noma elimdaka. Lezi zilwane cishe azikaze zihlukane. E-zoo, baziphatha ngokuthula impela.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngebhere eli polar

Kunezinganekwane eziningi nezinganekwane mayelana nebhere elinamakhaza. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezinye zezici zokuziphatha kwakhe zithakazelisa kakhulu kangangokuba zifanelwe ukunakwa hhayi nje kuphela ngabathandi bezinganekwane, kodwa ngababazi abancane bezilwane zasendle. Kuze kube manje, okulandelayo kuyaziwa nge-polar bear:

Izinyamazane ezinkulu kakhulu ezitholakala olwandle iBarents, izilwane ezincane zithanda isiqhingi saseSvalbard nendawo eseduze kwaso. Ezithombeni ezithathwe ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, uboya be-polar bubukeka bumnyama. Amabhere alambile angakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade, angahambi kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa futhi nokubhukuda. Kulokhu, amabhere we-polar kanye nebhere elinsundu kuyafana. Iqiniso lokubhukuda kwebhele elihlala ngaphezu kwezinsuku eziyi-9 laqoshwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi yanqoba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-660 oLwandle iBeaufort, ilahlekelwe ngamaphesenti angama-22 esisindo sayo nebhele elinonyaka owodwa ubudala, kodwa yaqhubeka nokuphila futhi yakwazi ukufika olwandle. Ibhere elinamakhaza alwesabi umuntu, umhlaseli olambile uyakwazi ukumenza isisulu sakhe, ajahe izinsuku eziningi ngokungakhathali. Edolobheni laseChurchill, okulesifundazwe saseCanada eManitoba, kunendawo ekhethekile lapho amabhere azulazula ngokungena esifundeni sendawo ahlala kuyo. Ukuba khona kwe-zoo yesikhashana kuyisinyathelo esidingekayo. Akesabi ubukhona bomuntu, umhlaseli olambile angangena endlini ahlasele umuntu. Ngemuva kokudla ngokweqile nokudla okunempilo, ibhere ishiya idolobha selivele linolaka, okumvumela ukuba nethemba lokubuya kwakhe kungekudala. Ngokusho kwabakwa-Eskimos, leli bhere elingumbala libonisa amandla emvelo. Indoda ayikwazi ukuzibiza okunjalo ize ingene ekuxabaneni okulinganayo naye. Ibhele elikhulu le-polar lingukhokho webhere yesimanje. Ngo-1962, kwadutshulwa ibhele elinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-1,002 e-Alaska. Ibhere isilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe lifinyelela kuma-degrees Celsius angama-31, yingakho kungelula ukuthi inyamazane inyakaze ngokushesha. Ukugijima isikhathi eside kungaholela ekushiseni komzimba ngokweqile. Izingane zethulwa ngesithombe sebhere elinamakhaza ngokusebenzisa amakhathuni anjenge-Umka, Elka, noBernard. Kuwo wonke amabhere wakho owathandayo kumaswidi aseNyakatho kukhona nesithombe sebhere elingwevu. Usuku olusemthethweni lwethwele elisolwandle luzoba ngoFebhuwari 27 nonyaka. Ibhere elinamakhaza angenye yezimpawu zase-Alaska.

Amabhere we-polar abhekwa njengavundile ongafanele, ngoba inani labo libuyiselwa kancane kancane. Ngokuya ngesheke okwenziwe ngonyaka ka-2013, inani lamabhere eRussia alizange lidlule kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-7 (abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20-25 emhlabeni jikelele).

Okokuqala ngqa, kwethulwa umthetho wokuvalwa ukukhishwa kwenyama nezikhumba zalezi zilwane ngo-1957, ngenxa yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwabahlali bendawo kanye nabazingeli. Amabhere we-polar, okuhlala kuwo kuphazamisekile, kuhlasela impahla yabantu.